Cul es la diferencia ms importante entre un motor IE1 de

eficiencia estndar y un motor IE2 de alta eficiencia?

Un motor de mayor eficiencia o rendimiento consume menos energa
para desarrollar la misma potencia mecnica. Si un motor se
utiliza ms de 2000horas al ao, el tiempo de amortizacin de la
diferencia de precios es relativamente rpido. Un ejemplo con
nmeros. Un motor de 15kW 4 polos con clase IE1 tiene un
rendimiento de 88,7% y el equivalente en IE2 un rendimiento de
90,6%. Para desarrollar los 15kW, el motor IE1 consumir
15/0,887=16,91kW y el motor IE2 consumir 15/0,906=16,56kW, es
decir, 0,35kW menos. Suponiendo que ambos motores trabajan a
plena carga durante 3000 horas al ao, el motor IE1 habr
consumido 0,35x3000=1050kW.h ms al ao, que a un precio de
0,08/kWh resulta en 84 ms de energa al ao. Si se compara
con la diferencia de precios de adquisicin de uno y otro motor,
se ver que el tiempo de amortizacin es del orden de dos aos.
Equivalen las nuevas clases de eficiencia IE1/IE2 a las viejas EFF1/EFF2?

La aparicin de las nuevas normas IEC 60034-2-1:2007 y 60034-30:2008 armoniz a nivel mundial el criterio de medicin del rendimiento o eficiencia de los motores de baja tensin (<1000V) con rotor de jaula de
0,75 a 375kW de 2, 4 y 6 polos, y fij las nuevas clases de eficiencia (IE= International Efficiency), que de menor a mayor rendimiento son las siguientes:
- IE1 (standard efficiency, similar al antiguo EFF2)
- IE2 (high efficiency, similar al antiguo EFF1)
- IE3 (premium efficiency)

Por qu cuesta ms un motor IE2 que un motor IE1?
La mayor eficiencia se consigue bsicamente con ms cantidad y ms calidad de materiales. Es por eso que un motor IE2 es un motor con un precio entre un 40% y un 10% superior, segn tamaos.
Merece la pena la inversin en un motor IE2?
La diferencia de precio entre un motor IE1 y un motor IE2 se amortiza rpidamente si el motor se utiliza ms de 2000 horas al ao. Si uno analiza los costes totales durante la vida til de un motor de baja tensin,
ver que los costes energticos representan un 97%, el coste de adquisicin del motor un 2% y los costes de mantenimiento un 1% de los costes totales. Al incrementar el coste de adquisicin pasando de un
motor IE1 a un motor IE2, empeoramos la pequea partida del coste de adquisicin pero mejoramos la partida ms importante que son los costes energticos.
Qu otras ventajas tiene un motor IE2 frente a un motor IE1?
Por un lado, la ventaja econmica debida al menor consumo energtico. Al amortizarse rpidamente la diferencia de precio, se aumenta la productividad del cliente final (mejora directa de la cuenta de
resultados).Por otro lado, el mantenimiento es mejor, pues estos motores poseen mejor factor de servicio y mayor reserva trmica.
The efficiency of an electric motor can only be improved through
a reduction in motor losses. Improvement in the design,
materials, and construction have resulted in efficiency gains of
2 to 6 percent which translates into a 25 percent reduction in
losses. A small gain in efficiency can produce significant
energy savings and lower operating costs over the life of the
motor. Consequently, the higher purchase price of high-
efficiency motors (15 to 30 percent) can, in most cases,
be recovered in 2 years through cost savings in energy and
operation.
The efficiency of a motor is the ratio of the mechanical power output to the electrical power
input. This may be expressed as:
Output/ Input
Efficiency = Output/ Input
Input = Output + Losses

Efficiency = Output/ Output + Losses


Design changes, better materials, and manufacturing improvements reduce motor losses,
making premium or energy-efficient motors more efficient than standard motors. Reduced
losses mean that an energy-efficient motor produces a given amount of work with less energy
input than a standard motor.2
Motor Losses and Loss Reduction
Techniques
A motors function is to convert electrical energy to mechanical energy to perform useful work.
The only way to improve motor efficiency is to reduce motor losses. Even though standard
motors operate efficiently, with typical efficiencies ranging between 83 and 92 percent, energy-
efficient motors perform significantly better. An efficiency gain from only 92 to 94 percent
results in a 25 percent reduction in losses. Since motor losses result in heat rejected into the
atmosphere, reducing losses can significantly reduce cooling loads on an industrial facilitys air
conditioning system. Motor energy losses can be segregated into five major areas, each of
which is influenced by design and construction decisions.9 One design consideration, for
example, is the size of the air gap between the rotor and the stator. Large air gaps tend to
maximize efficiency at the expense of power factor, while small air gaps slightly compromise
efficiency while significantly improving power factor.10 Motor losses may be categorized
as those which are fixed, occurring whenever the motor is energized, and remaining constant for
a given voltage and speed, and those which are variable and increase with motor load.11 These
losses are described below.
1 . Core loss represents energy required to magnetize the core material (hysteresis) and includes
losses due to creation of eddy currents that flow in the core. Core losses are decreased through
the use of improved permeability electromagnetic (silicon) steel and by lengthening the core to
reduce magnetic flux densities. Eddy current losses are decreased by using thinner steel
laminations.
2. Windage and friction losses occur due to bearing friction and air resistance. Improved
bearing selection, air-flow, and fan design are employed to reduce these losses. In an energy-
efficient motor, loss minimization results in reduced cooling requirements so a smaller fan can
be used. Both core losses and windage and friction losses are independent of motor load.

3. Stator losses appear as heating due to current flow
4. Rotor losses appear as I2R heating in the rotor
5. Stray load losses are the result of leakage fluxes (I) through the resistance (R) of the stator
winding. This is commonly referred to as an I2R loss. I2R losses can be decreased by modifying
the stator slot design or by decreasing insulation thickness to increase the volume of wire in the
stator winding. Rotor losses can be reduced by increasing the size of the conductive bars and
end rings to produce a lower resistance, or by reducing the electrical current.induced by load
currents. Both stray load losses and stator and rotor I2R losses increase with motor load. Motor
loss components are summarized in Table 5. Loss distributions as a function of motor
horsepower are given in Table 6 while variations in losses due to motor loading are shown in
Figure 4.

How Much Can You Save?
The amount of money you can save by purchasing an energy-efficient motor instead of a
standard motor depends on motor size, annual hours of use, load factor, efficiency mprovement,
and the serving utilitys charges for electrical demand and energy consumed Three pieces of
information are required to evaluate the economic feasibility of procuring an energy-efficient
motor instead of a standard motor. First, obtain a copy of your utilitys rate schedule. Then
determine load factor or percentage of full rated output. Finally, determine the number of motor
operating hours at rated load With this information you can determine your annual energy and
cost savings.