ASME Section VIII

Design
2
Outline
Basic Design Philosophy
Design Loadings
Responsibilities for Design Parameters
J oint Type and Limitations
Design Requirements for Radiography
Special Service Vessels
Corrosion Considerations
3
Outline (contd.)
Vessel Minimum Wall Requirements
Head and Shell Formulas
Shell Openings and Exemptions to
Reinforcement Calculation
Inspection Openings
4
Basic Design Philosophy
5
Bases of Code Design
Fabrication type
Material type
6
Code Requirements
Code formula, when applicable, shall
be used
Owner must specify type of service
and other pertinent information for
the required service conditions
7
Service Types
Lethal Service
Low Temperature Service
Unfired Steam Boiler
Directly Fired Vessels
No Restriction
8
Design Loadings
9
Design Loadings
Pressure Loads
Temperature Gradient
Vessel Weight and Content
Localized Stresses
Impact Loads
Wind and Earthquake Loads
Note: Section VIII provides rules for
calculating pressure loads only
10
Responsibilities for
Design Parameters
11
Who is Responsible?
The Manufacturer is responsible for
assuring compliance with all
applicable Code requirements
12
Users Responsibility
Information supplied to the
Manufacturer by the Owner/User:
Design Pressure and Temperature
Loadings
Corrosion Allowance
PWHT or Radiography if not required by
Code
13
Vessel Design
Design may be performed by:
Customer or Customers agent
Certificate Holder (Manufacturer)
Subcontractors
Manufacturer who stamps the vessel
is responsible for complying with
the Code
14
J oint Type and Limitations
15
J oint Type
J oint Design
Types 1 thru 3 are Butt J oints
Types 4 thru 6 are Fillet J oints
16
Type 1 Weld J oint
J oint welded on both sides
17
Type 1 Weld J oint
NOTE:
Only when the thickness is greater than
5/8 or the outside diameter is over 24
and meets UW-35 of the Code
18
Type 2 Weld J oint
Backing Ring or Strip
19
Type 3 J oint
UW-2 Service Restrictions
Circumferential joints only t<5/8, OD<24
J oint Efficiency: No; RT = 0.60
Categories = A, B, and C
20
Type 4 J oint
UW-2 Service Restrictions
Longitudinal J oint t<3/8, Category A
Circumferential J oint t<5/8,
Categories B & C
J oint Efficiency: No; RT=0.55
21
Type 5 J oint
UW-2 Service Restrictions
Head-to-Shell Attachment Category B with head
<24 OD to shell with t<1/2
Circumferential joint for attachment of shell to
jacket with t<5/8
Distance from center of plug to plate edge is not 1.5
times plug diameter
J oint Efficiency: No; RT=.50;
Category C
22
Type 6 J oint
UW-2 Service Restrictions
Head convex to pressure to shell t<5/8; fillet
weld on inside of shell
Head-to-shell attachment with shell t<1/4 and
OD<24, fillet weld on outside of head flange
J oint efficiency: No; RT=0.45
Categories A and B
23
Type 7 J oint
Angle >30Deg
Service Restrictions
As limited by UW 13.2 & figure UW-16.1
For J oint Categories C&D
J oint efficiency: No. When required a value of E <1.00
may be used
Categories A and B
Full penetrations, partial penetration, and/or fillet
welded
24
Type 8 J oint
Angle Joints
Design per U-2 (G) for category B & C joints
J oint Efficiency : No
Covers B, C and D category joints
25
Limitations on J oint Type
J oint
Type
Thickness Circumfer.
Diameter
Longitudinal
Thickness
Notes
1 All All All
2
For offset joints
<5/8 unless a hemi
head then <3/8
All All
3 <5/8 <24 OD Not Permitted
4 <5/8 All <3/8
5
Head to Shell <1/2 <24 OD
Not Permitted
Not Permitted on
Hemi Head
Shell/J ackets <5/8 All
6
Head convex to
pressure <5/8
All heads
All
<24 OD
26
J oint Category
J oint Location
J oint Categories
A
Ellipsoidal
A
A
B
A
D
C
B
A
C
28
Design Requirements
for Radiography
Full, Spot and J oint Efficiencies
29
UW-11(a) Full Radiography
1. Vessel contains lethal substance
2. All butt welds in shell longitudinal &
circumferential joints over 1-1/2 or
the lesser as prescribe in the material
subsection
3. Unfired steam boiler over 50 psi
30
Table UCS-57
P Numbers
1
3
4
5A,5B
9A,9B
10A,10F
10B,10C
Minimum T
1 1/4
3/4
5/8
0
5/8
3/4
5/8
31
UW-11(a) (contd.)
4. Categories B and C butt welds in
nozzles and communicating
chambers, which are attached to a
vessel, and are to be fully
radiographed do not require
radiographic examination if the
diameter does not exceed 10NPS or
1 1/8 thick
32
5. Categories A and D butt welds, on
joint efficiency in UW-12(a), in which
case:
a. Category A or B welds connecting the
vessel section or heads shall be of
Type 1 or 2
UW-11(a) (contd.)
33
UW-11(a) (contd.)
b. Category B or C welds (not including
nozzle or communicating chambers)
which intersect with Category A welds or
seamless vessel sections or heads shall
meet the spot radiography of UW-52.
Spot radiographs required by this paragraph
shall not be used to satisfy spot radiography
as applied to other weld increments
34
UW-11(a), (contd.)
6. All butt welds joined by electrogas
welding of butt joints >1-1/2 in a
single pass and all joined by
electroslag welding
7. Ultrasonic examination (UW-53) may
be substituted for radiography on
final closure seam weld if
radiography is not practical
35
UW-11(b) Spot Radiography
Types 1and 2 butt welds which are not
required to be fully radiographed in
accordance with UW-11(a) above, may
be spot radiographed (UW-52)
Spot radiography is not required for
nozzles and communicating chambers
having no more than 10NPS and
t<1-1/8
36
Spot Radiography
One spot radiograph (min. 6) required
for each 50 ft. increment or fraction
thereof
Must include work of each Welder or
Welding Operator
Location chosen by the Authorized
Inspector
J oint Categories
Ellipsoidal
Spot R.T.
Flange
A
A
D
C
B
C
A
A
B
38
UW-11(c) No Radiography
Vessels designed for external pressure
only and the joint design complies
with UW-12(c)
39
UW-12: J oint Efficiencies
J oint Type Full Spot None
1 1.00 0.85 0.70
2 0.90 0.80 0.65
3 - - 0.60
4 - - 0.55
5 - - 0.50
6 - - 0.45
4


40
Stress Multiplier
E - a stress multiplier which may be
either a J oint Efficiency or
Quality Factor
41
UW-12(d) (contd.)
When calculating circumferential
stress in seamless vessel sections or
seamless head, E = 1.0 when spot
radiography requirements of
UW-11(a)(5) are met
42
UW-12(d) (contd.)
E = 0.85 when spot radiography of
UW-11(a)(5) is not met, or when the
connecting welds are Types 3, 4, 5 or
6 of Table UW-12
43
UW-12 (d) (contd.)
Quality Factors in UW-12(d) are used
to determine the efficiencies for
calculations in seamless shells made
from forgings, pipe, or formed
seamless heads
Note: Electric resistance welded pipe
(ERW) is considered seamless pipe for
this matter (see UW-12e)
44
Special Service Vessels
45
Special Requirements
for Radiography
Service Full Radiography Reqd.
Lethal All Butt Welds
Unfired Steam Boiler >
50 psi
All Butt Welds
Butt Welds >Specified
thickness UW-11(a)(2)
All Electroslag Welds
All Butt Welds
46
Special Service Vessels
Lethal Service
Category Type
A 1
B 1 or 2
C 1 or 2
D Full Penetration
47
Special Service Vessels
Unfired Steam Boilers
Category Type
A 1
B 1 or 2
C -------
D -------
48
Special Service Vessels
Low Temperature
Category Type
A 1
B 1 or 2
C Full Penetration
D Full Penetration
49
Special Service Vessels
Directly Fired Steam Boilers
Category Type
A 1
B 1 or 2
C -------
D -------
Categories of J oints
J oint location
A
D
A
A
D
D
B
B
C
?
A
C
?
?
?
?
?
J oint location
A
D
A
A
D
D
B
B
C
A
A
C
B
A
A
C
B
Categories of J oints
52
Corrosion Allowance
53
Corrosion Allowance
The Owner is responsible for
specifying corrosion allowance due to
service conditions
NOTE: Corrosion allowance is not
considered in strength
calculations
54
UG-25 (f)
Vessels subject to corrosion shall
be provided with a drain at the
lowest point
55
Minimum Wall Requirements
for Vessels
56
UG-16
Minimum wall thickness is generally
1/16, with exceptions
57
Thickness of shells and heads of
unfired steam boilers shall be at least
1/4, excluding corrosion allowances
Compressed air service, steam
service and water services shall be at
least 3/32, including any corrosion
allowances
Minimum Wall Thickness
Exceptions
58
Tubes in air-cooled and cooling tower
heat exchangers provided the
following are met:
Tubes are not used for lethal service
Tubes shall be protected by fins or other
means
Tube OD must be between 3/8 1-1/2
Minimum Wall Thickness
Exceptions
59
Tube minimum wall thickness shall not
be less than that calculated from the
formula using 500 psi at 70
o
F, or
0.022 whichever is greater
Minimum Wall Thickness
Exceptions
60
Minimum Wall Thickness
Exceptions
Not applicable to
Heat transfer plates of plate-type heat
exchangers
Inner pipe of double pipe heat
exchangers
Tubes in shell-and-tube heat exchangers
61
Head and Shell Formulas
62
Minimum Wall Thickness
Shell Calculation
P SE
PR
t
P SE
PR
t
4 . 0
6 . 0

= Inside Radius
UG-27
Outside Radius
App.1-1
63
UG-31
Pipe may be used as shell with the
required wall thickness using the
formula in UG-27 for internal pressure
and UG-28 for external pressure
Thickness must be increased for:
corrosion, erosion or wear
threaded connections
64
Type of Head Design
Four (4) types of head design in
Section VIII, Div.1 included in the
exam:
Ellipsoidal
Torishperical
Hemispherical
Flat
65
Ellipsoidal Head
P SE
PD
t
2 . 0 2
=
Inside Diameter
UG-32(d)
Outside Diameter
App.1
t
PD
SE P
o
=
+ 2 02 .
ASME Code Section VIII, Div.1:
UG-32(d) Ellipsoidal Head
Major Axis
Minor Axis
2:1 Semi-Ellipsoidal
1Unit
Minor
Axis
2 Units
Major Axis 4 Units
2:1 Semi-Ellipsoidal Head
1Unit
Major Axis 4 Units
1/2 Minor Axis
2:1 Semi-Ellipsoidal Head
Tangent Line
Major Axis
1/2 Minor Axis
(head depth)
2:1 Head
Minor Axis = Major Axis
2 4
Skirt
70
UG-32(e) Torispherical Head
When the knuckle radius is 6% of the
inside crown radius (L) and the inside
crown radius is equal to the skirt O.D.
t
PL
SE P
=

0885
01
.
.
P
SET
L t
=
= 0885 01 . .
Torispherical Head
UG-32(e) Crown radius is equal to the
outside diameter of the skirt
Outside
Radius
L
72
Torispherical Head
L = Outside radius
of the skirt.
C
L
73
Torispherical Head
C
L
The corner radius,
measured on the
concave side, shall be
0.06L
L
74
Torispherical Head
C
L
L = Radius Knuckle
or
Corner
Radius
75
Torispherical Head
L
Tangent Line
skirt
Knuckle
radius
C
L
76
UG-32(f) Hemispherical Head
When t does not exceed 0.356L or
p does not exceed 0.665 SE, then:
t
PL
SE P
=
2 02 .
Hemispherical Head
L
R= Radius
ID=2L
inner height=L
78
Flat Heads
Welded Circular
Bolted Circular
Welded Non-circular
Bolted Non-circular
79
UG-34
SE CP d t =
The minimum thickness of a flat,
unstayed, circular head is:
t
s t
f
t
r =3t
f
min.
d
Flat Head (b-1)
t
f
min. = 2t
s
C=0.17
t
f =
nominal thickness of flange
ts =nominal thickness of shell
81
Design of
Bolted Flanged Connection
Two Methods:
Standard rated flanges
ANSI Standards
Manufacturers Standards
Design calculations, per Appendix 2
Gasket must be enclosed by bolt holes
No contact of flanges outside bolt holes
82
Openings and Reinforcements
Circular
Ellipsoidal
Obround
Other Shapes
83
Maximum Size
Vessel Shell Size Maximum Openings
ID < 60 1/2 vessel ID, but not to
exceed 20
ID > 60 1/3 vessel ID but not to
exceed 40



84
UG-36 (c)(2)
Reinforcement may be waived for
welded connections:
3-1/2 (89 mm) in diameter in vessel
shells or heads <3/8 thick minimum
required thickness
2-3/8 (60 mm) in diameter in vessel
shells or heads > 3/8 thick minimum
required thickness
85
Inspection Openings
86
UG-46 Openings
Pressure vessels used for compressed
air and those subject to corrosion shall
be provided with sufficient manhole,
handhole or other inspection openings
for inspection and cleaning.
87
Exemptions
Vessels with non-corrosive products
Telltale holes are used in lieu of
inspection openings
88
Minimum Size Openings
Manway
Elliptical - 12 x 16 or 10 x 16
Circular - 16 ID
Handhole Openings
Elliptical - 2 x 3
89
UG-45 Nozzle Neck Thickness
UG-45 is used to determine the
wall thickness of the nozzle
based on loading
90
The thickness is specified by UG-22,
based on loading and corrosion.
However, in no case less than:
The required thickness of the attached
shell or head, plus the corrosion
allowances. (Efficiency used is always
100%)
The minimum thickness of standard wall
pipe, plus corrosion allowance.
UG-45 Nozzle Neck Thickness
91
UG-45 Nozzle Neck Thickness
Remember to consider the
manufacturing tolerance which is
approximately 12.5%
92
Questions?