26/09/2011 Derivatives - by definition 1

Computing Derivative
-by definition
Module 1
26/09/2011 Derivatives - by definition 2
Learning Objective
At the end of the module, students
should be able to
compute derivative of a function
at arbitrary point using definition.
determine whether a function
is differentiable or not.
26/09/2011 Derivatives - by definition 3
Secant line
x
0 x
0
+ h
x
y
P
f(x
0
+h)
f(x
0
)
0
y = f(x)
Q
h
x f h x f
x h x
x f h x f
m
PQ
) ( ) (
) (
) ( ) (
0 0
0 0
0 0
Slope of the secant line PQ:
26/09/2011 Derivatives - by definition 4
x
0 x
0
+ h
x
y
P
f(x
0
+ h)
f(x
0
)
0
y = f(x)
Q
, provided the limit exists.
Derivative as slope to a curve y = f(x)
at the point x = x
o
.
which can be represented as limit below:
h
x f h x f
m
h
) ( ) (
lim
0 0
0
By moving the red dot closer and
closer to the black dot we can
approximate slope on the curve at point P.
26/09/2011 Derivatives - by definition 5
Derivative of a function
The derivative (slope) of a function f at
with respect to the variable x,is
is defined by
), (x f
h
x f h x f
x f
h
) ( ) (
lim ) (
0
26/09/2011 Derivatives - by definition 6
Example 1
Given , ) (
2
x x x f
) (x f
ii. Compare the graph of f(x)
and
). (x f
i. Find using definition.
iii. What is the domain of f(x)
and
). (x f
26/09/2011 Derivatives - by definition 7
Example 1 - solution
, ) (
2
x x x f
h
x f h x f
x f
h
) ( ) (
lim ) (
0
(i)
26/09/2011 Derivatives - by definition 8
Example 1 - solution
, ) (
2
x x x f
h
x x h x h x
h
)] [( )] ( ) [(
lim
2 2
0
h
x x h x h xh x
h
)] [( )] ( ) 2 [(
lim
2 2 2
0
(i)
26/09/2011 Derivatives - by definition 9
Example 1 - solution
h
h h xh
x f
h
2
0
2
lim ) (
1 2 1 2 lim ) (
0
x h x x f
h
(i)
h
h x h
x f
h
) 1 2 (
lim ) (
0
26/09/2011 Derivatives - by definition 10
Example 1 - solution
1 2 ) ( x x f
(ii)
, ) (
2
x x x f
-1/4
1/2
1
x
y
0
Domain?
26/09/2011 Derivatives - by definition 11
Example 2
Find the derivative of , 1 ) ( x x f
Is there any difference between the domain
of
? and f f
26/09/2011 Derivatives - by definition 12
Example 2- solution , 1 ) ( x x f
h
x f h x f
x f
h
) ( ) (
lim ) (
0
h
x h x
h
1 1 ) (
lim
0
26/09/2011 Derivatives - by definition 13
Example 2 - solution
1 1 ) (
1 1 ) (
.
1 1 ) (
lim ) (
0
x h x
x h x
h
x h x
x f
h
1 1 ) (
) 1 ( 1 ) (
lim
0
x h x h
x h x
h
26/09/2011 Derivatives - by definition 14
Example 2 - solution
) 1 1 ) ( (
lim ) (
0
x h x h
h
x f
h
1 2
1
1 1 ) (
1
lim
0
x x h x
h
26/09/2011 Derivatives - by definition 15
Example 2 - solution
1 2
1
) (
x
x f
, 1 ) ( x x f
Domain
Domain
26/09/2011 Derivatives - by definition 16
Example 3
Find .
2
2
) ( if ) (
t
t
t g t g
What is the difference between the
domain of
? and g g
26/09/2011 Derivatives - by definition 17
Example 3 - solution
.
2
2
) ( if ) (
t
t
t g t g
h
t g h t g
t g
h
) ( ) (
lim ) (
0
h
t
t
h t
h t
t g
h
]
2
2
[ ]
) ( 2
) ( 2
[
lim ) (
0
26/09/2011 Derivatives - by definition 18
Example 3 - solution
h
t h t
h t t t h t
t g
h
) 2 )( 2 (
) 2 )( 2 ( ) 2 )( 2 (
lim ) (
0
) 2 )( 2 (
) 2 )( 2 ( ) 2 )( 2 (
lim ) (
0
t h t h
h t t t h t
t g
h
26/09/2011 Derivatives - by definition 19
Example 3 - solution
) 2 )( 2 (
) 2 2 2 4 ( ) 2 2 2 4 (
lim ) (
2 2
0
t h t h
ht t t h t ht h t t t
t g
h
) 2 )( 2 (
4
lim ) (
0
t h t h
h
t g
h
26/09/2011 Derivatives - by definition 20
Example 3 - solution
2
0
) 2 (
4
) (
) 2 )( 2 (
4
lim ) (
t
t g
t h t
t g
h
26/09/2011 Derivatives - by definition 21
Example 3 - solution
2
) 2 (
4
) (
t
t g
2 except number real all domain
2
2
) ( t t
t
t
t g
2 except number real all domain t t
No difference in their domain.
26/09/2011 Derivatives - by definition 22
Example 4
Find the derivative of the function
, 1 3 ) (
2
x x x f
at the number x = 2.
26/09/2011 Derivatives - by definition 23
Example 4 - solution
, 1 3 ) (
2
x x x f
By
h
x f h x f
x f
h
) ( ) (
lim ) (
0 0
0
0
26/09/2011 Derivatives - by definition 24
Example 4 - solution
h
f h f
f
h
) 2 ( ) 2 (
lim ) 2 (
0
h
h h
f
h
] 1 2 ) 2 ( 3 [ ] 1 ) 2 ( ) 2 ( 3 [
lim ) 2 (
2 2
0
26/09/2011 Derivatives - by definition 25
Example 4 - solution
h
h h
f
h
] 1 2 ) 2 ( 3 [ ] 1 ) 2 ( ) 2 ( 3 [
lim ) 2 (
2 2
0
h
h h h
f
h
] 11 [ ] 1 ) 2 ( ) 4 4 ( 3 [
lim ) 2 (
2
0
11 11 3 lim
11 3
lim ) 2 (
0
2
0
h
h
h h
f
h h
26/09/2011 Derivatives - by definition 26
Example 5
Given that f(x) = x
3
+ 1
(a) Find the average rate of change of f
with respect to x over the interval
[ 2, 6].
(b) Find the instantaneous rate of
change of f with respect to x at
x = - 2.
26/09/2011 Derivatives - by definition 27
Example 5 - solution
(a)
4
) 1 2 ( ) 1 6 (
2 6
) 2 ( ) 6 (
3 3
f f
r
ave
52
4
208
2 6
9 217
h
x f h x f ) ( ) (
change of rate average
0 0
f(x) = x
3
+ 1
26/09/2011 Derivatives - by definition 28
Example 5 - solution
h
f h f
h
x f h x f
r
h
h
inst
) 2 ( ) 2 (
lim
) ( ) (
lim
0
0 0
0
(b)
h
h
h
) 1 ) 2 [( ] 1 ) 2 [(
lim
3 3
0
f(x) = x
3
+ 1
26/09/2011 Derivatives - by definition 29
Example 5 - solution
(b)
h
h
h
) 7 ( ] 1 ) 2 [(
lim
3
0
h
h
h
8 ) 2 (
lim
3
0
Note: ) )( (
2 2 3 3
y xy x y x y x
h
h
h
3 3
0
2 ) 2 (
lim
26/09/2011 Derivatives - by definition 30
Example 5 - solution
(b)
h
h h h
h
) 2 ) 2 )( 2 ( ) 2 )(( 2 2 (
lim
2 2
0
h
h h h h
h
) 4 2 4 4 4 )( (
lim
2
0
12 12 0 0 ) 12 6 ( lim
2
0
h h
h
26/09/2011 Derivatives - by definition 31
Practice
Find the derivative of the given function using
definition and state the domain of the function
the domain of its derivative.
1 ) ( x x f
(i)
2
1
) (
x
x f
(ii)
26/09/2011 Derivatives - by definition 32
Some other notations for derivative
If y = f(x), then the derivative can also be
denoted as
dx
df
dx
dy
y x f ), (
) ( ) ( ) ( x f D x Df x f
dx
d
x
26/09/2011 Derivatives - by definition 33
Definition
A function f is differentiable at c if
exists.
) (c f
26/09/2011 Derivatives - by definition 34
Definition
It is differentiable on an open interval (a,b)
[ or or or ] if it is
differentiable at EVERY NUMBER IN THE
INTERVAL.
) , (a ) , ( a ) , (
26/09/2011 Derivatives - by definition 35
Example
Determine, where the function
x x f ) (
is differentiable?
26/09/2011 Derivatives - by definition 36
Example
Recall
0 ,
0 ,
) (
x x
x x
x x f
0
x
y
26/09/2011 Derivatives - by definition 37
Example - solution
Case 1: If x > 0
h
x f h x f
x f
h
) ( ) (
lim ) (
0
1 1 lim
) (
lim
0 0 h h
h
x h x
Therefore, f(x) is differentiable for all x when
x > 0.
0 ,
0 ,
) (
x x
x x
x x f
26/09/2011 Derivatives - by definition 38
Example - solution
Case 2: If x < 0
h
x f h x f
x f
h
) ( ) (
lim ) (
0
1 ) 1 ( lim
) ( ) (
lim
0 0 h h
h
x h x
Therefore, f(x) is differentiable for all x when
x < 0.
0 ,
0 ,
) (
x x
x x
x x f
26/09/2011 Derivatives - by definition 39
Example - solution
x
y
0
x x f ) ( x x f ) (
Case 3: If x = 0
h
x f h x f
x f
h
) ( ) (
lim ) (
0
h
h
h
0 0
lim
0
does not exists.
26/09/2011 Derivatives - by definition 40
Example - solution
x
y
0
x x f ) ( x x f ) (
Case 3: If x = 0
1
0 0
lim
0
h
h
h
1
0 0
lim
0
h
h
h
and
Therefore, is not differentiable at x = 0. x x f ) (
The domain where is differentiable is x x f ) (
) , 0 ( ) 0 , (
26/09/2011 Derivatives - by definition 41
Example - solution
x
y
0
x x f ) ( x x f ) (
The domain where is differentiable is x x f ) (
) , 0 ( ) 0 , (
26/09/2011 Derivatives - by definition 42
Theorem
If f is differentiable at x = a, then f is
continuous at x = a.
Note that the opposite (or converse) of the theorem
is not always true (See previous example).
26/09/2011 Derivatives - by definition 43
3 possibilities a function is not
differentiable.
y
x
0
If the graph of the function
has a sharp corner in
it, the the graph has no
tangent at this point and therefore
the function is not differentiable at that point.
1.
26/09/2011 Derivatives - by definition 44
3 possibilities a function is not
differentiable.
y
x
0
If the graph of the function
has jump discontinuity (i.e the
function discontinuous), then
the function is not differentiable.
2.
26/09/2011 Derivatives - by definition 45
3 possibilities a function is not
differentiable.
y
x
0
If the graph of the function f
has vertical tangent at x = a,
that is, f is continuous at x = a,
however
3. (Infinite discontinuities)
. ) ( lim x f
a x
a
This means that the tangent lines becomes steeper
and steeper as
. a x
26/09/2011 Derivatives - by definition 46
Practice
Show that
1 , 2
1 , 2
) (
2
x x
x x
x f
is continuous but not differentiable at x = 1.
Sketch the graph of f and .
f
26/09/2011 Derivatives - by definition 47
END OF THE MODULE 1