MODULE 2

Computing Derivative

• by using the techniques/rules of

differentiation.
• basic functions.

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 Learning Objective
At the end of the module, students should be
able to compute differentiation using suitable
differentiation technique such as

• power rule,
• product rule,
• quotient rule,
• sum rule and difference rule
• constant multiple rule.
• basic functions.
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 Introduction

Computing derivatives using definition can

be tedious, since the evaluation of
the limit can be difficult.

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Fortunately, several formulas or rules have
been developed in finding derivatives
without having to use the definition
directly.

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 DIFFERENTIATION TABLE and
TECHNIQUES

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 1. Derivative of a constant function

Given f(x) = c, then

df d
f ( x) (c ) 0
dx dx

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 1. Derivative of a constant function
Proof:
Given f(x) = c, then using definition
f ( x h) f ( x)
f ( x) lim
h 0 h

c c 0
lim lim lim 0 0
h 0 h h 0 h h 0

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 2. The Power Rule
Given f(x) = xn, then

n 1
f ( x) nx

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 f(x) = xn
Proof
f ( x h) f ( x)
f ( x) lim
h 0 h
( x h) n xn
f ( x) lim
h 0 h

Recall: xn yn ( x y )( x n 1
x n 2 y ... xy n 2
yn 1)

((( x h) x)(( x h) n 1
( x h) n 2 x ... ( x h) x n 2
x n 1 ))
f ( x) lim
h 0 h

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 (h)(( x h) n 1
( x h) n 2 x ... ( x h) x n 2
x n 1 ))
f ( x) lim
h 0 h

f ( x) lim ((x h) n 1
( x h) n 2 x ... ( x h) x n 2
x n 1 ))
h 0

f ( x) lim ((x) n 1
( x) n 2 x ... ( x) x n 2
x n 1 ))
h 0

f ( x) (xn 1
xn 1
... x n 1
xn 1) n times
f ( x) nx n 1

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 3. The constant multiple rule
Given a constant c and f(x), then

d d
[cf ( x)] c f ( x)
dx dx

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 The derivatives of basic
trigonometric function
d d
1. (sin x) cos x 4. (sec x) sec x tan x
dx dx

d d
2. (cos x) sin x 5. (cot x) csc2 x
dx dx

d d
3. (tan x) sec2 x 6. (cscx) csc x cot x
dx dx
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 d
Prove (sin x) cos x
dx
Proof:
f ( x h) f ( x )
f ( x) lim
h 0
h
sin( x h) sin( x)
lim
h 0
h

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 sin( x h) sin( x)
f ( x) lim
h 0 h
sin x cosh sinh cos x sin x
lim
h 0 h
sin x cosh sin x sinh cos x
lim
h 0 h
sin x(cosh 1) sinh cos x
lim
h 0 h

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 sin x(cosh 1) sinh cos x
lim lim
h 0
h h 0
h
f ( x) cos x

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 Derivative of Exponential Function
1. Given y b x , then
dy x
b ln b
dx

x
2. If b = e y e
dy x x
e ln e e
dx
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 x dy x
1. y 10 10 ln 10
dx
x dy x
2. y (0.3) (0.3) ln 0.3
dx

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 Derivative of Logarithmic Function
d 1
1. (logb x)
dx x ln b

d 1
2. (ln x ) , x 0
dx x
Also known as
Natural Logarithm

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 Proof

d 1
(log b x)
dx x ln b

d d ln x
(log b x) ( )
dx dx ln b
1 d 1 1 1
(ln x) ( )
ln b dx ln b x x ln b

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 d 1
1. (log 2 x)
dx x ln 2
d 1
2. (log x)
dx x ln 10

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 Theorem

x
1. log a (a ) x for every x R

2. log a x
a x for every x 0

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 Theorem
Theorem
If a > 1, the function f(x) = loga x is a
one-to-one, continuous, increasing function
with domain (0, ) and range R. If x,y > 0
and r is any real number, then
1. log a ( xy ) log a x log b y
x
2. log a ( ) log a x log b y
y
3. log a ( x) p p log a x

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 Hyberbolic Function
ex e x
1. Hyperbolic sine of x sinh x
2
ex e x

2. Hyperbolic cosine of x cosh x

2

ex e x
3. Hyperbolic tangent of x tanh x
ex e x

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 Graphs of some Hyperbolic
Functions

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 Graphs of some Hyperbolic
Functions

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 Graphs of some Hyperbolic
Functions

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 Derivative of Hyperbolic Function
d
1. (sinh x) cosh x
dx

d
2. (coshx) sinh x
dx

d
3. (tanh x) sec h 2 x
dx

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 Continue

d
4. (sechx) tanh x sec hx
dx
d
5. (cschx) coth x cschx
dx

d
6. (cothhx) csch 2 x
dx

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 d
1. (sinh x) cosh x
dx

Proof:
d d ex e x
(sinh x) ( )
dx dx 2

e x e x ( 1) ex e x

coshx
2 2

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 Inverse Trigonometric
functions

The trigonometry functions are not

one-to-one.
Thus they do not have inverse function

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 To make the trigonometry function one-
to-one, we restrict the domains of
these functions.

Therefore, now, they have inverse

function.

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 Illustration

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 The function f ( x) sin x, x
2 2
is one-to-one.

Thus, the inverse of this restricted

sine function exists and is denoted
by
f 1 ( x) sin 1 x or f 1 ( x) arcsin x

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 Example
Evaluate

1
i. 1
sin ( )
2

1
ii. tan(arcsin )
3

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 Properties of sine inverse

i. 1
sin (sin x) x, for - x
2 2

ii. sin(sin 1
x) x, for 1 x 1

Cancellation Equation

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 Example
Evaluate

1. sin(sin 1 0.6)

2. sin 1 (sin )
12
1
3. sin (sin 2
)
3
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 Derivative of Inverse Trigonometric
Function
d 1 1
1. (sin x)
dx 1 x 2

d 1
2. (cos 1 x)
dx 1 x2

d 1 1
3. (tan x)
dx 1 x2
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 Continue

d 1 1
4. (csc x)
dx x x 2
1

d 1 1
5. (sec x)
dx x x 2
1

d 1 1
6. (cot x)
dx 1 x2
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 Derivative of Inverse Hyperbolic
Function
d 1 1
1. (sinh x) 2
dx 1 x

d 1 1
2. (cosh x)
dx x2 1

d 1 1
3. (tanh x) 2
dx 1 x
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 Continue
d 1 1
4. (csch x)
dx x x2 1

d 1
5. (sec h 1 x)
dx x 1 x 2

d 1 1
6. (cothh x )
dx 1 x2
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 Derivative of functions

+
All the rules of differentiation such as
constant rule, sum rule, difference rule, product
rule and quotient rule.

+
Functions Identities

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 4. The Sum Rule
Given functions f(x) and g(x) which are
both differentiable, then

d d d
[ f ( x) g ( x)] f ( x) g ( x)
dx dx dx
f ( x) g ( x)

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 Let F ( x) f ( x) g ( x)
Proof
F ( x h) F ( x)
F ( x) lim
h 0 h
[ f ( x h) g ( x h)] [ f ( x) g ( x)]
F ( x) lim
h 0 h

[ f ( x h) f ( x)] [ g ( x h) g ( x)]
F ( x) lim
h 0 h

[ f ( x h) f ( x)] [ g ( x h) g ( x)]
F ( x) lim lim
h 0 h h 0 h

F ( x) f ( x) g ( x )
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 6. The Product Rule
Given f ( x) and g ( x) both
differentiable,then
d d d
[ f ( x) g ( x)] f ( x) [ g ( x)] g ( x) [ f ( x)]
dx dx dx
or
[ f ( x) g ( x)] f ( x) g ( x) g ( x) f ( x)

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 5. The Difference Rule
Given functions f(x) and g(x) which are
both differentiable, then

d d d
[ f ( x) g ( x)] f ( x) g ( x)
dx dx dx
f ( x) g ( x)

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Let F(x) = f(x)g(x)

then,
F ( x h) F ( x )
F '( x) lim
h 0 h
f ( x h) g ( x h) f ( x) g ( x)
lim
h 0 h

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In order to evaluate this limit, we would
like to separate the functions f and g as
in the proof of the Sum Rule.

 We can achieve this separation by subtracting

and adding the term f(x + h)g(x) in the numerator, as
follows.

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F '( x )
f ( x h) g ( x h) f ( x h) g ( x ) f ( x h) g (x ) f (x )g (x )
lim
h 0 h

g ( x h) g ( x ) f ( x h) f (x)
lim f ( x h) g ( x)
h 0 h h

g ( x h) g ( x ) f ( x h) f (x)
lim f ( x h) lim lim g ( x ) lim
h 0 h 0 h h 0 h 0 h

f ( x) g '( x ) g ( x ) f '( x )

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 7. The Quotient Rule
Given that f and g are differentiable
functions,then
d d
d f ( x) g ( x) [ f ( x)] f ( x) [ g ( x)]
[ ] dx dx
2
dx g ( x) [ g ( x)]

[Order of differentiation is important]

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 OR

f ( x) g ( x)[ f ( x)] f ( x)[ g ( x)]

[ ] 2
g ( x) [ g ( x)]

[Order of differentiation is important]

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 Proof
f ( x)
Let Q( x) where Q, f and g are differentiable.
g ( x)

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 Now, rewrite as below, to use Product Rule
f ( x ) Q( x ) g ( x )
By the Product Rule
f ( x) Q ( x) g ( x) Q( x) g ( x)

f ( x)
Replace by Q( x)
g ( x)

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 f ( x)
f ( x) Q ( x) g ( x) g ( x)
g ( x)
g ( x) f ( x) Q ( x) g 2 ( x) f ( x) g ( x)

Q ( x) g 2 ( x) g ( x) f ( x) f ( x) g ( x)

Q ( x)
g ( x) f ( x) f ( x) g ( x)
2
Proof
g ( x)

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 Example 1

Find y if
3
1. y ( x 4) sin x.
3
x 4
2. y
sin x

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 Example 2
t 1 find
Given f (t ) , f (1).
t 1

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 Solution

1 1 1 1 1 1
(t ) ((t ) 1)
2 2
(t ) (( t ) 2 1)
2

f (t ) 2 2
1
2
(( t ) 1)
2

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 1 1 1 1
[( t ) (( t
2 2
1) (t 2 1))]
f (t ) 2
1
2
(( t ) 1)
2

1 1
(t ) 2 ( 2)
2 1
f (t ) 1
2 2
(( t ) 2
1) t ( t 1)

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 1
f (t ) 2
t ( t 1)
1
f (1) 2
1( 1 1)
1
f (1)
4
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 Example 3

Evaluate f ( )
cos
if f ( )
1 cos

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 Solution
(1 cos )(cos ) (cos )(1 cos )
f ( ) 2
(1 cos )

(1 cos )( sin ) cos ( sin )

f ( ) 2
(1 cos )

sin sin cos sin cos

f ( )
(1 cos ) 2
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 Solution

sin sin cos sin cos

f ( )
(1 cos ) 2

sin
f ( )
(1 cos ) 2

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 Example 4
Evaluate g ( ) if g (t ) 2
t sec t
4

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 Solution
2
g (t ) sec t (2t ) t sec t tan t

2
g (t ) 2t sec t t sec t tan t

2
g ( ) 2( ) sec( ) ( ) sec( ) tan( )
4 4 4 4 4 4
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 Solution

2
g( ) ( ) 2 ( ) 2
4 2 4

g ( ) ( ) 2[1 ] (1 )
4 2 8 2 8

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 Example 5
Compute the derivative of each of the
following;
x
e
i. f (x) 4 x
iii. f ( x)
x3 1

t
ii. g (t ) e sin t iv. f ( ) e (1 2 tan )

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 Example
Find the derivative for each of the following:

ln t
1. y x ln x 2. y
t2 1
1
3. y log 2 t 4. y 2
x log 2 ( x)
3

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 Example 6
Evaluate the first derivative of each of the
following:
2
1. f ( x) x tanh x
1
2. f( ) sinh
3. f( )
sinh
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 Example 7
Evaluate the derivative of each of the
following:
2 1
1. y ( x 1) tan x
1
tan t
2. y 2
t 1

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