1

Week 5 CHEM 1310 - Sections L and M 1

Important Equations
!c = !"
c = 3 x 10
8
m per second
! = wavelength
" = frequency
!E = h!
h = Plancks constant = 6.62 x 10
-34
J s
or
h = 6.62 x 10
-34
kg m
2
s
-1
E
photon
= h ! =
h c
"
Week 5 CHEM 1310 - Sections L and M 2
Quantum
! Light is quantized [Max Planck, 1901]
Quite a surprise as light was thought to be continuous
! Energy can be gained or lost only in integer multiples
of h!.
!E = n(h!)
n is an integer (1,2,3,)
! Each unit of size h! is called a packet or quantum
Week 5 CHEM 1310 - Sections L and M 3
Energy Has Mass!
E = mc
2

m =
E
c
2
E = hn = h
c
l






m =
hc
" c
2
=
h
" c
h
" =
mv
h
" =
mc
2
Week 5 CHEM 1310 - Sections L and M 4
Hydrogens Atomic Spectrum
Week 5 CHEM 1310 - Sections L and M 5
Light & Energy Are Quantized

DE
n
=
hc
l
n
n is excited state orbitals
n = 1, 2, 3,
Week 5 CHEM 1310 - Sections L and M 6
Bohr Model
Niels Bohr
(1885-1962 )
Nobel Prize
Physics,
1922
Discrete energy levels
available to electrons
in which to move
3
Week 5 CHEM 1310 - Sections L and M 7
Bohr Model
Niels Bohr
(1885-1962 )
Nobel Prize
Physics,
1922
Another
View
Week 5 CHEM 1310 - Sections L and M 8
What Bohrs Calculations Led To

E
n
= -
Z
2
n
2
(2.18x10
-18
J)
Angular
momentum,
radius, and
energy of the
electrons
traveling in
discrete orbits

Angular Momentum = m
e
vr
= n
h
2p
n = 1,2, 3,.....
2
n 0
0
n
r a radius of each orbital
Z
a called the bohr radius, a constant
n orbitals, excited states
n 1,2,3,... n 1 called ground state
Z is the postive charge on the nucleus
(1 of H, 2 for
= =
=
= =
He, etc.)
Week 5 CHEM 1310 - Sections L and M 9
Heisenberg Uncertainty Principle

Dx ! mDv "
n
4p
imprecision of
position
imprecision of momentum
You cannot measure/observe something without changing
that which you are observing/measuring.
Werner Heisenberg
1927
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Week 5 CHEM 1310 - Sections L and M 10
Schrdinger Equation
"#= E#
" is a Hamiltonian operator in linear algebra
E = total energy of the atom
#= a wave function which defines an electrons
position in 3D space (x, y, z), called an orbital
#
2
= the probability that an electron is in a certain
region of space; this defines the shape of the orbital
(s, p, d, f)
Week 5 CHEM 1310 - Sections L and M 11
Movement of an Electron
The H e
-
can be visualized as a standing wave
around the nucleus.
Not the planetary orbits assumed by Bohr.
Week 5 CHEM 1310 - Sections L and M 12
Solutions to the Schrdinger Eqn
1. n = principal quantum number
n = 1, 2, 3,
n is related to the size and energy of the orbital
2. l = angular (azimuthal) quantum number
l = 0, 1, . (n-1)
l is related to the shape of the orbital
l = 0 is called an s orbital
l = 1 is called a p orbital
l = 2 is called a d orbital
l = 3 is called an f orbital
l = 4 is called a g orbital
#(n, l, m
l
)
#(n, l, m
l
)
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Week 5 CHEM 1310 - Sections L and M 13
Solutions to the Schrdinger Eqn
3. m
l
= magnetic quantum number
m
l
= -l, , 0, .+l
m
l
relates to the orientation of the orbital
4. Although not a solution to the
Schrdinger Equation, a 4
th
quantum
number is
m
s
= electron spin quantum number
m
s
= +1/2, -1/2 denoted by "#
#(n, l, m
l
)
Week 5 CHEM 1310 - Sections L and M 14
Hydrogen Atom
n l orbital
designation
m
l
# of
orbitals
1 0 1s 0 1
0 2s 0 1
1 2p -1, 0, +1 3
0 3s 0 1
1 3p -1, 0, +1 3
2 3d -2, -1, 0, +1, +2 5
0 4s 0 1
1 4p -1, 0, +1 3
2 4d -2, -1, 0, +1, +2 5
3 4f -3, -2, -1, 0, +1, +2, +3 7
2
4
3
n is related to the size and energy of the orbital
l is related to the shape of the orbital
m
l
relates to the orientation of the orbital
Week 5 CHEM 1310 - Sections L and M 15
Representations of Orbitals
#(1, 0, 0) #(2, 0, 0) #(3, 0, 0)
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Week 5 CHEM 1310 - Sections L and M 16
Representations of p-Orbitals
Week 5 CHEM 1310 - Sections L and M 17
Representations of d-Orbitals