International Journal of Engineering Trends and Technology (IJETT) Volume 4 Issue 10 - Oct 2013

ISSN: 2231-5381 http://www.ijettjournal.org Page 4535

Experimental Analysis Of Tobacco Seed Oil Blends With
Diesel In Single Cylinder Ci-Engine
1.K.Srinivas, 2.T.Sudhakar babu, 3.B.Raghava rao, 4.Dr.K.Sivaraju
1. Assistant Professor, Mechanical Engineering Department, V.R Siddartha Enng College, Vijayawada, Ap, India.
2. M-Tech Student, Mechanical engineering Department, V.R.Siddartha Engg College, Vijayawada, Ap, India.
3. Professor, Mechanical Engineering Department, V.R Siddartha Enng College,Vijayawada, Ap, India.
4. Principal Scientist Biochemistry Central Tobacco Research Institute, Rajhamundry, Ap, India.
Abstract: The objective of this paper is to investigate
the mechanical properties and performance
characteristics of biodiesel extracted from tobacco seed
oil. The objective is achieved by transesterifing the
tobacco seed oil by transesterification reaction using
heterogeneous base catalyst. Experimental
investigations have been carried out to examine fuel
properties and performance characteristics of different
biodiesel blends in comparison to diesel. The
performance characteristics of blends are evaluated at
variable loads at constant rated speed of 1500rpm and
results are compared with diesel. Brake specific fuel
consumption, Brake thermal efficiency, mechanical
efficiency and emissions are studied in comparison with
conventional diesel.
Keywords: Biodiesel, Esterification, Free fatty acid,
Non-edible oil, Transesterification.
I.INTRODUCTION
In developing countries like India, where edible oils
are short supply, the contribution of non edible oils
like Tobacco seed oil as source for biodiesel
production will be of great importance in the coming
days. . In India, edible oils are in short supply and are
too expensive; hence non-edible oils like jatropha,
pongamia, neem, mahua, and tobacco seed oil have
been found to be promising biodiesel feed stocks. In
a number of studies, appreciable research efforts have
been put in to producing biodiesel from non-edible
oils giving much focus to jatropha.
Tobacco seed is a rich source of oil. Tobacco seeds
contain about 35%semi-drying oil which is nicotine
free. Tobacco seed is very small. There are about
3,00,000 seeds in one ounce, or more than 10,000
seeds per gram. One tobacco plant may produce one-
half an ounce, or about 1,50,000 seeds, which is
enough for 100 square yards of seedbed area. Under
favorable conditions seeds from one plant may
provide enough seedlings from 2 to 5 acres of field
tobacco. In the recent year some new industrial uses
of tobacco have been envisaged as a strategic
development in case the anti-tobacco movement
curbs its conventional use so that tobacco leaf farmer
do not suffer by producing crop. The strategy does
not make tobacco leaf available for smoking but
produce socially relevant useful products like good
grade proteins and edible oils. It is appropriately
named as alternate use of tobacco.
II.OTHER USES
Tobacco seed oil is classified as a semidrying oil
(drying index, 55-75) and with its valuable non-
yellowing property; the oil is extensively used in
paint industry. The high degree of un-saturation of
the oil could render it susceptible to auto-oxidation
and polymerization, resulting linked and tough films
upon exposure to air. Alone or blended with linseed
oil, tobacco seed oil could be used in synthesis of
modified alkyd resins for air drying glossy paints
(Eshetu, 200). It is also reported in the literature
(personal communication) that in Philippines,
tobacco seed oil is being looked as a fuel. The
composition of tobacco seed oil meal is similar to
those from other oil seed. The tobacco seed cake after
extraction of oil is rich in nitrogen (6%) and an
animal feed supplement.
III.OIL EXTRACTION
Oil content in tobacco seeds was estimated of by
soxhlet (Sadasivam and Manikam1992). 500 grams
of seeds was pounded well using mortar and pestle
and packed in to Whatman thimble. A piece cotton
was placed at the top to evenly distribute the solvent
as it drops on sample during extraction. The thimble
International Journal of Engineering Trends and Technology (IJETT) Volume 4 Issue 10 - Oct 2013
ISSN: 2231-5381 http://www.ijettjournal.org Page 4536

were placed in the butt tubes of the Soxhlet extraction
apparatus. The extraction was done with 1500 ml of
hexane for 12 hr by gentile heating. After the
extraction the flasks were cooled, hexane was
removed using flash evaporator (vacuum evaporator).
The flasks were dried in the oven to remove traces of
hexane at 70
o
C. and the flasks were cooled in the
desiccators and weighed.
IV.ACID CATALYZED ESTERIFICATION
PROCESS
The esterification process is effective for oils that
contains high free fatty acid (FFA) content. In this
process the excess of the free fatty acid gets reacted
and remaining acid content in the oil undergoes
Transesterification. Generally concentrated sulphuric
acid is used as a catalyst for this process.
The raw tobacco seed oil measuring 1litre is taken in
a reaction flask and heated to 40
o
C initially with a
continuous stirring. Then oil is filtered using a tissue
paper. The filtered oil is again heated to 60
o
- 65
o
C
for 15 minutes in a reaction flask. After the heating of
the oil is carried out, then the mixture containing
500ml Methanol and 3ml Sulphuric acid is poured
into the reaction flask slowly. The reaction takes
place at constant stirring with suitable speed and
process is carried out at 60
o
C for about 1hour. After
the completion of process, the mixture is transferred
into a Separating flask and then allowed to settle
down to separate into two phases. The upper layer is
dark acid layer and the lower layer is oil. Then
transesterification process is carried out.

V. TRANSESTERIFICATION
A know quantity of acid pretreated tobacco seed
oil was poured into the reactor, and heated at
60
o
C. CaO was dissolved in methanol by vigorous
stirring, and then added to the pretreated oil. The
CaO amount was decided based on the amount
needed to neutralize the unreached H
2
SO
4 in the
pretreated oil, plus the amount needed for the catalyst
(1 wt.%), with respect to per-treated oil. the reaction
was carried out for 1hr at
60
o
C. Biodiesel produced
by this process contains soap, catalyst and glycerol.
If biodiesel is used directly in the engine without
removing these particles, deposition will occur in
engine component, and the engine parts will be
affected. Hence, the biodiesel was washed with an
equal quantity of hot distilled water for three to four
times, using a small aqua pump forming air
bubbles. Moisture from the biodiesel was removed
by heating it on a hot plate at 100110
o
C.

VI. PROPERTIES OF TOBACCO SEED OIL

Tests Pure diesel Tobacco seed oil
Density @ 15
o
C
in gm/cc
0.83 0.8902
Viscosity @ 40
o
C
3.58 cst 4.54 cst
Flash Point by
PMCC method
50
o
C 56
o
C
Fire Point by
PMCC method
56
o
C 82
o
C
Gross Calorific
Value in Kcal/kg
10119 8600

VII.EXPERIMENTAL SETUP
The experimental setup shown in fig. Computer
based four stroke single cylinder diesel engine eddy
current dynamometer

This engine analysis software is software is lab view
based software developed by TECH-ED for testing of
performance analysis and combustion analysis of the
given engine test setup
VIII.SPECIFICATION OF TEST RING
Rated power 3.7Kw (5 HP)
Bore diameter 80mm
Stroke length 110mm
Connecting rod length 234mm
Swept volume 562cc
Compression ratio 16.5:1

Rated speed
1500rpm


International Journal of Engineering Trends and Technology (IJETT) Volume 4 Issue 10 - Oct 2013
ISSN: 2231-5381 http://www.ijettjournal.org Page 4537

IX.RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS
Performance and emission characteristics of a high
speed diesel engine at various loads from no load to
full load fueled with tobacco seed oil and its diesel
blends are discussed below as per the results
obtained.
A. Torque V/S Bsfc: The variation of brake specific
fuel consumption with torque is shown in fig. the plot
reveals that as the torque increases the fuel
consumption decreases. The BSFC of tobacco seed
oil blends increases when compared to the diesel at
full load condition



B. Torque V/S Air Fuil Rate: The variation air fuel
ratio with torque is shown in fig. from the plot
observed that as the load increases the air fuel ratio
decreases. The air fuel ratio of tobacco seed oil
blends decreases less when compared to the diesel at
full load condition.

C. Torque V/S Bth Efficiency: The variation of brake
thermal efficiency with torque is shown in fig. from
the plot observed that as the torque increases the
brake thermal efficiency increases. The brake thermal
efficiency of tobacco seed oil blends increases when
compared to the diesel at full load condition.

0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
6 12 18 24
B
s
f
c
(
k
g
/
K
w
h
)
Torque(Nm)
TORQUE V/S BSFC
Diesel
Blend 10
Blend 20
Blend 30
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
6 12 18 24
A
i
r

f
u
i
l

r
a
t
e
Torque(Nm)
TORQUE V/S AIRFUIL
RATE
Diesel
Blend 10
Blend 20
Blend 30
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
6 12 18 24
B
T
h

e
f
f
i
c
i
a
n
c
y
(
%
)
Torque(Nm)
Torque v/s BTh
efficiancy
Diesel
Blend 10
Blend 20
Blend 30
International Journal of Engineering Trends and Technology (IJETT) Volume 4 Issue 10 - Oct 2013
ISSN: 2231-5381 http://www.ijettjournal.org Page 4538


D. Torque V/S Mechanical Efficiency: The variation
of mechanical efficiency with torque is shown in fig.
the plot reveals that as the torque increases the
mechanical efficiency increases The mechanical
efficiency of tobacco seed oil blends decreases when
compared to the diesel at full load condition.



X.VARIATION OF UNBURNED
HYDROCARBON WITH TORQUE
A. C0 Emissions: The variation of carbon monoxide
with torque is shown in fig. from the plot observed
that as the torque increases the carbon monoxide
decreases. The carbon monoxide of tobacco seed oil
blends decreases when compared to the diesel at full
load condition.


B. Hydro Carbons: The variation of hydro carbons
with torque is shown in fig. from the plot observed
that as the torque increases the hydrocarbon
increases. The hydro carbon of tobacco seed oil
blends decreases when compared to the diesel at full
load condition.



0
10
20
30
40
50
60
6 12 18 24
M
e
c
h
a
n
i
c
a
l

e
f
f
i
c
i
a
n
c
y
(
%
)
Torque(Nm)
TORQUE V/S MECHANICAL
EFFICIANCY
Diesel
Blend 10
Blend 20
Blend 30
0
0.05
0.1
0.15
0.2
0.25
6 12 18 24
C
o
%
Torque(Nm)
TORQUE V/S CO
diesel
B10
B20
B30
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
6 12 18 24
H
c
(
p
p
m
)
Torque(Nm)
TORQUE V/S HC
DIESEL
B10
B20
B30
International Journal of Engineering Trends and Technology (IJETT) Volume 4 Issue 10 - Oct 2013
ISSN: 2231-5381 http://www.ijettjournal.org Page 4539

C. Oxides Of Nitrogen: The variation of nitrogen
oxide with torque is shown in fig. from the plot
observed that as the torque increases the nitrogen
oxide increases. The nitrogen oxide of tobacco seed
oil blends increases when compared to the diesel at
full load condition.


XI. CONCLUSION
The conclusions derived from present analysis.
The analyzed mechanical properties of
tobacco seed oil based biodiesel are near to
the pure diesel.
The Brake specific fuel consumption is
increases with the blends when compared to
diesel.
Brake thermal efficiency decreased with all
blends when compared to the conventional
diesel fuel.
CO and HC emissions are decreased
significantly with the blends when
compared with diesel.
Emission of Nox are increases with the
blends when compared to diesel.


XI. REFERENCES
[1] Bello E.I and Makanju, Production,
Characterization and Evaluation of Castor oil Biodiesel
as Alternative Fuel for Diesel Engines, J ournal of
Emerging Trends in Engineering and Applied Sciences
, 2011,PP 525-530
[2] Y. V. V. Satyanarayana Murthy, Performance Of
Tobacco Oil-Based Bio-Diesel Fuel In A Single
Cylinder Direct Injection Engine International J ournal
of the Physical Sciences Vol. 5(13), pp. 2066-2074, 18
October, 2010.
[3] Athanasios Balafoutis, Spyros Fountas, Athanasios
Natsis and George Papadakis Performance and
Emissions of Sunflower, Rapeseed, and Cottonseed
Oils as Fuels in an Agricultural Tractor Engine
Athanasios International Scholarly Research
Network ISRN Renewable Energy,2011, Article ID
531510, 12 pages.
[4] M. Pugazhvadivu1 and G. Sankaranarayanan
Experimental Studies On A Diesel Engine Using
Mahua Oil As Fuel, Indian J ournal of Science and
Technology, Vol. 3 No. 7 (J uly 2010) , PP 787-791.
[5] Md. Nurun Nabi and S. M. Najmul Hoque
Biodiesel Production From Linseed Oil And
Performance Study Of A Diesel Engine With Diesel
Bio-Diesel Fuels J ournal of Mechanical Engineering,
vol. ME39, No. 1, J une 2008.,PP40-44
[6] S-ehmus Altun, Hu samettin Bulut,_, Cengiz
Oner The Comparison Of Engine Performance And
Exhaust Emission Characteristics Of Sesame Oil
Diesel Fuel Mixture With Diesel Fuel In A Direct
Injection Diesel Engine, Renewable Energy 33
(2008) 17911795
[7] V.R. Sivakumar, V.Gunaraj, P.Rajendran
Statistical Analysis On The Performance Of Engine
With J atropha Oil As An Alternate Fuel
International J ournal of Engineering Science and
Technology Vol. 2(12), 2010, 7740-7757



0
100
200
300
400
500
600
6 12 18 24
N
o
x
(
p
p
m
)
Torque (Nm)
TORQUE V/S NOX
diesel
B10
B20
B30