Detailing of Members

Beams
Slabs, one-way and two-way spanning
Flat slabs
Columns
Walls
Deep beams
Foundations: Pile caps, Column & wall footings
Tying systems
Detailing rules for particular situations
Detailing comparisons EC2 v BS 8110
A
s,min
= 0,26 (f
ctm
/f
yk
)b
t
d but > 0,0013b
t
d
A
s,max
= 0,04 A
c
Section at supports should be designed for a
hogging moment > 0,25 max. span moment
Any design compression reinforcement (|) should be
held by transverse reinforcement with spacing s15 |
Beams
EC2: Cl. 9.2
Tension reinforcement in a flanged beam at
supports should be spread over the effective width
(see 5.3.2.1)
Beams
EC2: Cl. 9.2
Shear Design: Links
Variable strut method allows a shallower strut angle
hence activating more links.
As strut angle reduces concrete stress increases
Angle = 45 V carried on 3 links
Angle = 21.8 V carried on 6 links
d
V
z
x
d
x
V
u
z
s
EC2: Cl. 6.2.3
Where a
v
s 2d the applied shear force, V
Ed
, for a point load
(eg, corbel, pile cap etc) may be reduced by a factor a
v
/2d
where 0.5 s a
v
s 2d provided:
d
d
a
v
a
v
The longitudinal reinforcement is fully anchored at the support.
Only that shear reinforcement provided within the central 0.75a
v
is
included in the resistance.
Short Shear Spans with Direct
Strut Action
EC2: Cl. 6.2.3 (8)
Note: see PD6687-1:2010 Cl 2.14 for more information.
Shear reinforcement
Minimum shear reinforcement,
w,min
= (0,08\(f
ck
)/f
yk
Maximum longitudinal spacing, s
l,max
= 0,75d (1 + coto)
Maximum transverse spacing, s
t,max
= 0,75d s 600 mm
EC2: Cl. 9.2.2
For vertical links s
l,max
= 0,75d
(1) Sufficient reinforcement should be provided at all sections to resist the
envelope of the acting tensile force, including the effect of inclined cracks
in webs and flanges.
(2) For members with shear reinforcement the additional tensile force, F
td
,
should be calculated according to 6.2.3 (7). For members without shear
reinforcement F
td
may be estimated by shifting the moment curve a
distance a
l
= d according to 6.2.2 (5). This "shift rule may also be used
as an alternative for members with shear reinforcement, where:
a
l
= z (cot - cot )/2 = 0.5 z cot for vertical shear links
z= lever arm, = angle of compression strut
a
l
= 1.125 d when cot = 2.5 and 0.45 d when cot = 1
Curtailment
EC2: Cl. 9.2.1.3
For members without shear reinforcement this is satisfied with a
l
= d
a
l
AF
td
a
l
Envelope of (MEd /z +NEd)
Acting tensile force
Resisting tensile force
lbd
lbd
lbd
lbd
lbd
lbd
lbd
lbd
AF
td
Shift rule
Curtailment of reinforcement
EC2: Cl. 9.2.1.3, Fig 9.2 Concise: 12.2.2
For members with shear reinforcement: a
l
= 0.5 z Cot u
But it is always conservative to use a
l
= 1.125d
l
bd
is required from the line of contact of the support.
Si mpl e support (i ndi rect)
Simpl e support (di rect)
A
s
bottom steel at support > 0.25 A
s
provided in the span
Transverse pressure may only be taken into account with
a direct support.
Shear shift rule
a
l
Tensile Force Envelope
Anchorage of Bottom
Reinforcement at End Supports
EC2: Cl. 9.2.1.4
Simplified Detailing Rules for
Beams
How to.EC2
Detailing section
Concise: Cl 12.2.4
s h /3 1
s h /2
1
B
A
s h /3 2
s h /2 2
supporting beam with height h
1
supported beam with height h
2
(h
1
> h
2
)
The supporting reinforcement is in
addition to that required for other
reasons
A
B
The supporting links may be placed in a zone beyond
the intersection of beams
Supporting Reinforcement at
Indirect Supports
Plan view
EC2: Cl. 9.2.5
Concise: Cl 12.2.8
Solid Slabs
One-way and two-way spanning
EC2: Cl 9.3
Curtailment as beams except for the Shift rule a
l
= d
may be used
Flexural Reinforcement min and max areas as beam
Secondary transverse steel not less than 20% main
reinforcement
Reinforcement at Free Edges
Solid slabs
EC2: Cl. 9.3
Where partial fixity exists, not taken into account in design: Internal
supports: A
s,top
> 0,25A
s
of M
max
in adjacent span
End supports: A
s,top
> 0,15A
s
of M
max
in adjacent span
This top reinforcement should extend > 0,2 adjacent span
Solid slabs
EC2: Cl. 9.3
Flat slabs
EC2: Cl 9.4
What are flat slabs?
Solid concrete floors of constant thickness
They have flat soffits
Flat Slabs - Introduction
Distribution of moments
EC2: Figure I.1
Concise Figure 5.11
Particular rules for flat slabs
Distribution of moments
EC2: Table I.1
Concise: Table 5.2
Particular rules for flat slabs
Arrangement of reinforcement should reflect behaviour
under working conditions.
At internal columns top reinforcement of area 0.5A
t
should be placed in a width = 0.25 panel width.
At least two bottom bars should pass through internal
columns in each orthogonal direction.
Particular rules for flat slabs
EC2: Cl. 9.4 Concise: 12.4.1
Design reinforcement at edge and corner reinforcement
should be placed within the b
e
cz
cy
y
be = cz + y
A
cz
cy
y
A
be = z + y/2
z
A
Particular rules for flat slabs
EC2: Figure 9.9
Concise Figure 5.12
Flat slabs Top steel example
8m
Flat slabs Top steel example
Equivalent frame method
TR 64 Figure 14
Reduction in maximum hogging moment
at columns
Flat slabs Top steel example
Flat slabs Top steel example
Flat slab example design information
Area of reinforcement to resist full negative moment, A
t
= 8000mm
2
Panel width = 8.0m
Column strip width = 4.0m Middle strip width = 4.0m
0.5 A
t
in a width of 0.125 panel width either side of the column ie:
4000mm
2
in width of 2m
Distribution of top reinforcement
Distance (m)
600
100
200
300
400
500
0
B
e
n
d
i
n
g

m
o
m
e
n
t

(
k
N
m
/
m
)
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
Centre column strip:
4000 mm
2
or 2000 mm
2
/m
Outer column strip:
0.75 x 8000 4000
= 2000 mm
2
or 1000 mm
2
/m
Middle strip:
0.25 x 8000 = 2000 mm
2
or 500 mm
2
/m
Assume a total area of steel, A
t
= 8000 mm
2
Distribution 75% Column strip & 25% Middle strip
6000 mm
2
2000 mm
2
Punching shear
Punching shear does not use the Variable Strut inclination method
and is similar to BS 8110 methods
The basic control perimeter is set at 2d from the loaded area
The shape of control perimeters have rounded corners
bz
by
2d
2d
2d
2d
u1
u1
u1
Punching Shear
Cl. 6.4
Figure 8.3
kd
Outer control
perimeter
Outer perimeter of shear
reinforcement
1.5d (2d if > 2d from
column)
0.75d
0.5d
A
A
Section A - A
0.75d
0.5d
Outer control
perimeter
kd
The outer control perimeter at
which shear reinforcement is not
required, should be calculated
from:
u
out,ef
= V
Ed
/ (v
Rd,c
d)
The outermost perimeter of
shear reinforcement should be
placed at a distance not
greater than kd ( k = 1.5)
within the outer control
perimeter.
Punching Shear Reinforcement (1)
EC2: Cl. 6.4.5
Figures 12.5 & 12.6
1,5d
2d
d
d
> 2d
1,5d
uout
uout,ef
Where proprietary systems are used the control perimeter at which
shear reinforcement is not required, u
out
or u
out,ef
(see Figure) should be
calculated from the following expression:
u
out,ef
= V
Ed
/ (v
Rd,c
d)
Punching Shear Reinforcement (2)
EC2: Cl. 6.4.5
Figure 8.10
Columns
EC2: Cl 9.5
h s 4b
|
min
> 12
A
s,min
= 0,10N
Ed
/f
yd
but > 0,002 A
c
A
s,max
= 0.04 A
c
(0,08A
c
at laps)
Minimum number of bars in a circular column is 4.
Where direction of longitudinal bars changes more than
1:12 the spacing of transverse reinforcement should be
calculated.
Columns
EC2: Cl. 9.5.2
s
cl,tmax
= min {20 |
min
; b ; 400mm}
s 150mm
s 150mm
s
cl,tmax
s
cl,tmax
should be reduced by a factor 0,6:
in sections within h above or below a beam
or slab
near lapped joints where | > 14.
A min of 3 bars is required in lap length
s
cl,tmax
= min {12 |min; 0.6b ; 240mm}
Columns
EC2: Cl. 9.5.3
Column starter bars - foundations
Column starter bars should be anchored, with a full compression
lap length.
Bends and hooks cannot be considered to contribute to the
compression anchorage
The compression anchorage length should therefore be taken as
41 for concrete class C25/30 (smaller for higher concrete
classes)
The effect of cover cannot be considered (
2
)
Whittle has recently reported on some testing that shows that it
may be considered. Reduces anchorage length to 29 (class
C25/30)
Whittle, R. Are modern pad footings and pile caps too shallow? Concrete May
2011 pp 53- 55, The Concrete Society
MPA - The Concrete Centre 33
Walls
EC2: Cl 9.6
Walls
A
s,vmin
= 0,002 A
c
(half located at each face)
A
s,vmax
= 0.04 A
c
(0,08A
c
at laps)
s
vmax
= 3 wall thickness or 400mm
Vertical Reinforcement
Horizontal Reinforcement
A
s,hmin
= 0,25 Vert. Rein. or 0,001A
c
s
hmax
= 400mm
Transverse Reinforcement
Where total vert. rein. exceeds 0,02 A
c
links required as
for columns
Where main rein. placed closest to wall links are required.
(at least 4No. m
2
)
Deep beams
EC2: Cl 9.7
Foundations
EC2: Cl 9.8
Tying systems
EC2: Cl 9.10
Detailing rules for particular
situations
PD 6687-1:2010 Annex B
Replacement for EC2: Annex J
PD 6687-1:2010 Annex B
Detailing Comparisons
d or 150 mm from main bar 9.2.2 (8): 0.75 d s 600 mm
9.2.1.2 (3) or 15| from main bar
s
t,max
0.75d 9.2.2 (6): 0.75 d s
l,max
0.4 b s/0.87 f
yv
9.2.2 (5): (0.08 b s \f
ck
)/f
yk
A
sw,min
Links
Table 3.28 Table 7.3N S
max
d
g
+ 5 mm or | 8.2 (2): d
g
+ 5 mm or | or 20mm s
min
Spacing of Main Bars
0.04 bh 9.2.1.1 (3): 0.04 bd A
s,max
0.002 bh -- A
s,min
Main Bars in Compression
0.04 bh 9.2.1.1 (3): 0.04 bd A
s,max
0.0013 bh 9.2.1.1 (1): 0.26 f
ctm
/f
yk
bd >
0.0013 bd
A
s,min
Values Clause / Values Main Bars in Tension
BS 8110 EC2 Beams
Detailing Comparisons
places of maximum moment:
main: 2h s 250 mm
secondary: 3h s 400 mm
3d or 750 mm secondary: 3.5h s 450 mm S
max
d
g
+ 5 mm or | 8.2 (2): d
g
+ 5 mm or | or 20mm
9.3.1.1 (3): main 3h s 400 mm
s
min
Spacing of Bars
0.04 bh 9.2.1.1 (3): 0.04 bd A
s,max
0.002 bh 9.3.1.1 (2): 0.2A
s
for single way
slabs
A
s,min
Secondary Transverse Bars
0.04 bh 0.04 bd A
s,max
0.0013 bh 9.2.1.1 (1): 0.26 f
ctm
/f
yk
bd >
0.0013 bd
A
s,min
Values Clause / Values Main Bars in Tension
BS 8110 EC2 Slabs
Detailing Comparisons
Columns
150 mm from main bar 9.5.3 (6): 150 mm from main bar
12| 9.5.3 (3): min (12|min; 0.6 b;240 mm) S
cl,tmax
0.25| or 6 mm 9.5.3 (1) 0.25| or 6 mm Min size
Links
0.06 bh 9.5.2 (3): 0.04 bh A
s,max
0.004 bh 9.5.2 (2): 0.10N
Ed
/f
yk
s 0.002bh A
s,min
Main Bars in Compression
1.5d 9.4.3 (1):
within 1st control perim.: 1.5d
outside 1st control perim.: 2d
S
t
0.75d 9.4.3 (1): 0.75d S
r
Spacing of Links
Total = 0.4ud/0.87fyv 9.4.3 (2): Link leg = 0.053 s
r
s
t
\(f
ck
)/f
yk
A
sw,min
Values Clause / Values Links
BS 8110 EC2 Punching Shear