MMM Group STORMWATER MANAGEMENT TECHNIQUES | October 19, 2007 Torontos Fast-Paced Development STORMWATER MANAGEMENT TECHNIQUES | October 19, 2007 Stormwater Management Traditional SWM Procedure Flood Control Control Peak Flows to Pre-Development Rates Maintain Pre-Development Runoff Coefficients 2, 5, 10, 25, 50, 100 Year Storms If Post-Dev Coefficient < Pre-Development, Nothing to Do! Water Quality Control New Development, If direct discharge to Creek, 80% TSS Removal Stormceptor (or other OGS / Structural) If discharge to downstream SWM Pond Pre-treatment or nothing City of Toronto: Wet Weather Flow Management Guidelines Heavier Focus on Water Quality Measures Must Address Water Balance Requirements STORMWATER MANAGEMENT TECHNIQUES | October 19, 2007 Water Balance Rain Infiltration, Evapotranspiration, Runoff Split based on Vegetation, Imperviousness, Soil Type. Goal of Water Balance: Inside Toronto: ensure no increase in overland runoff. Development: Addressing Water Balance in sync with Flood Control and Water Quality Improvement STORMWATER MANAGEMENT TECHNIQUES | October 19, 2007 Water Balance Inside Toronto Mostly Redevelopment, Isolated pockets of New Development Existing High Levels of Imperviousness No change or better runoff coefficient Still Doesnt Address Water Balance Water Balance Focus on dealing with weekly RAINFALL rather than stormwater (intense, low frequency events) STORMWATER MANAGEMENT TECHNIQUES | October 19, 2007 Water Balance Attempt to get site to the meaningful water balance needed to meet the goals of the WWFMMP. Grab FIRST 5 mm of rainfall Surrogate for Water Balance Goals Find another use instead of discharge to sewer. RAIN Collection by Gutters, Curbs, Catchbasins Sheet or Pipe Flow to Infiltration, Cistern, Green Roof Spill to On-site Storage with Orifice / Weir Control Treatment by OGS / Vegetative or Other for TSS Removal Discharge to Outlet (Sewer / Creek) STORMWATER MANAGEMENT TECHNIQUES | October 19, 2007 Water Balance: Project Planning Stage Strategy: Sheet or Pipe Flow to Infiltration, Cistern, Green Roof Spillover to Flood Control Structures Treatment by Water Quality Structures Discharge to Outlet Fill Water Balance Measures First! STORMWATER MANAGEMENT TECHNIQUES | October 19, 2007 Water Balance - Example South Beach Condominiums Post-development Imperviousness: 62% Soil Type: BC Water Balance Target: 9 mm Total Event Volume to be diverted from runoff: 93 m 3 STORMWATER MANAGEMENT TECHNIQUES | October 19, 2007 Water Balance STORMWATER MANAGEMENT TECHNIQUES | October 19, 2007 Water Balance Figure 1a - % of Total Annual Average Rainfall Depth Vs. Daily Rainfall Amounts (based on 1991 Toronto Rainfall Data from 16 Rain Gauge Stations) 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 Daily Rainfall Depth (mm) %
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D e p t h STORMWATER MANAGEMENT TECHNIQUES | October 19, 2007 Water Balance - Example STORMWATER MANAGEMENT TECHNIQUES | October 19, 2007 Water Balance - Example Target By Design Green Roof Storage: 23.1 m 3 46.7 m 3 Bioretention Storage: 28.0 m 3 49.4 m 3 Bioswale Storage: 21.6 m 3 36.3 m 3 Total: 72.7 m 3 132.4 m 3 Note: Difference between 93 and 72.7 is direct rainfall on pervious, landscaped site areas. STORMWATER MANAGEMENT TECHNIQUES | October 19, 2007 Water Balance - Example STORMWATER MANAGEMENT TECHNIQUES | October 19, 2007 Water Balance Infiltration - Concept Natural Filtration - Percolation Rate Clay Extremely Low Percolation Rate can be modified Silt Moderate Percolation Rates Sand Excellent Percolation Rates Gravel Excessive Percolation Rates Too High 2006 Building Code Supplement Supplementary Standard SB-6 Percolation Time and Soil Descriptions Gravelly Sands through to Clayey Sands K, cm/sec T, min/cm 10 -1 10 -3 2-8 10 -2 10 -4 4-12 10 -3 10 -5 8-20 10 -4 10 -6 12-50 2003 MOE SWM Planning & Design Manual Minimum Infiltration BMP Percolation Times BMP T, mm/hr Infiltration Basin >= 60 mm/hr Soakaway Pit >= 15 mm/hr Pervious Pipes >= 15 mm/hr Landscaped Areas >= 15 mm/hrz STORMWATER MANAGEMENT TECHNIQUES | October 19, 2007 Water Balance Infiltration - Concept 15 mm/hr (MOE Units) = 1.5cm / 60 min = 40 min/cm (SB-6 Units) Interpolating into SB-6 table K >= 2.71x10 -5 cm/s acceptable for minor infiltration purposes (i.e. infiltration trench, landscaping areas, soakaway pits, pervious pipes, etc.) Lower K soils good for larger, lower head water balance BMPs Porous pavement, landscaping application Higher K soils good for smaller, higher head water balance BMPs Infiltration trench, bioretention. STORMWATER MANAGEMENT TECHNIQUES | October 19, 2007 Water Balance Concept Percolation Time Table 2 Approximate Relationship of Coarse Graned Soil Types to Permeability and Percolation Time Soil Type (Unified Soil Classification) Coarse Grained More than 50% Larger than #200 Coefficient of Permeability, K cm/sec Percolation Time, T mins/cm Comment G.W. Well graded gravels, gravel-sand mixtures, little or not fines 10 -1 <1 Very permeable unacceptable G.P. Poorly graded gravels, gravel- sand mixtures, little or no fines 10 -1 <1 Very permeable unacceptable G.W. Silty gravels, gravel-sand-silt mixtures 10 -2- - 10 -4 4 12 Permeable to medium permeable depending on amount of silt G.C. Clayey gravels, gravel-sand-clay mixtures 10 -4 - 10 -6 12 50 Important to estimate amount of silt and clay S.W. Well graded sands, gravelly sands little or no fines 10 -1 - 10 -4 2 12 Medium permeability S.P. Poorly graded sands, gravelly sand, little or no fines 10 -1 - 10 -3 2 8 Medium permeability S.M. Silty sands, sand-silt mixtures 10 -3 - 10 -5 8 - 20 Medium to low permeability S.C. Clayey sands, sand-clay mixtures 10 -4 - 10 -6 12 - 50 Medium to low permeability depending on amount of clay Column 1 2 3 4 STORMWATER MANAGEMENT TECHNIQUES | October 19, 2007 Water Balance Infiltration - Technique Porous Pavement STORMWATER MANAGEMENT TECHNIQUES | October 19, 2007 Water Balance Infiltration Technique STORMWATER MANAGEMENT TECHNIQUES | October 19, 2007 Water Balance Infiltration - Technique Underpavement Disposal STORMWATER MANAGEMENT TECHNIQUES | October 19, 2007 Water Balance Infiltration - Technique Infiltration Basins STORMWATER MANAGEMENT TECHNIQUES | October 19, 2007 Water Balance Evapotranspiration - Principle Parking Lot Perimeter Bioretention . STORMWATER MANAGEMENT TECHNIQUES | October 19, 2007 Water Balance Evapotranspiration - Technique Green Roofs STORMWATER MANAGEMENT TECHNIQUES | October 19, 2007 Water Balance - Evapotranspiration Green Roofs STORMWATER MANAGEMENT TECHNIQUES | October 19, 2007 Water Balance - Runoff Amount of stormwater captured for water balance measures is directly subtracted from Flood Control storage requirements. Offset of $$ for water balance measure installation Cold Weather Performance Green roofs: Dormant vegetation in winter evapotranspiration reduced some evapotranspiration remains, similar to surrounding vegetation. Snow melts slower than black roof Insulates from heated areas below No additional roof Loads, just longer melt times. STORMWATER MANAGEMENT TECHNIQUES | October 19, 2007 Water Balance Key Points Utilize Water Balance measures first Spill to flood control and water quality controls Vegetative measures may be cheaper to install and maintain when compared to below ground, structural measures Soils with clay content may still support infiltration Use landscaping, grading and sheet flow to maximum benefit - Preserve hydraulic head 5 mm rain volume diversion is minimum water balance target Your site may require more! Above, at and below grade areas all have potential to address water balance requirements!