BRAIN CHAIR

MAYANK SRIVASTAVA(1020018)
BIVEK RATH(1020038)
KUMAR HARSH(1020014)
KUNAL MEHROTRA(1020015)
SOUMYAJIT ROY(1020034)
SWAPNIL AGARWAL(1020035)


Engineering Project Report

Supervisor: A.Samui


School of Electronics Engineering

Prof. A. samui

Kalinga Institute of Industrial Technology

BHUBANESWAR-751024
DECLARATION

I hereby declare that I carried out the work reported in this report in the School of Electronics
Engineering, KIIT University, under the supervision of Prof. A. Samui . All sources of knowledge used
have been duly acknowledged.



MAYANK SRIVASTAVA

10186815626

1020018
APPROVAL

This is to certify that the project titled Brain Chair carried out by Mayank Srivastava, Bivek Rath,
Kumar Harsh, Kunal Mehrotra, Soumyajit Roy, Swapnil Agarwal has been read and approved for
meeting part of the requirements and regulations governing the award of the Bachelor of Technology
(Electronics & telecommunication) degree of KIIT University, Bhubaneswar, India.



PROF. A. SAMUI
(PROJECT SUPERVISOR)



PROF. A. K. RAY
(DEAN , SCHOOL OF ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING)



PROF. A.S. RAJI
(EXTERNAL EXAMINER)
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

We take this opportunity to express our sincere gratitude to our supervisor Mr. A. Samui for his
invaluable guidance. It would have never been possible for us to take this project to completion without
his innovative ideas and his relentless support and encouragement. It has been a very enlightening
experience to work under him.


We are also grateful to Prof. A. K. Ray, Dean of School of Electronics Engineering, for his constant
inspiration and encouragement during our work. We would also like to thank all faculty members of
Department of Electronics Engineering for their invaluable knowledge they imparted to us and for
teaching the principles in an exciting and enjoyable way.


Our special thanks to my friends for their constant suggestions in my work and moral boost. I thank all
staff members of School of Electronics Engineering of KIIT University who helped in many ways
directly or indirectly during the period of our work.
We express our deep sense of reverence and gratitude to our parents, for their love, concern and blessings
which are always with us.



MAYANK SRIVASTAVA
BIVEK RATH
KUMAR HARSH
KUNAL MEHROTRA
SOUMYAJIT ROY
SWAPNIL AGARWAL















Abstract


Brain Chair mainly works on the principle of EEG (Electroencephalography). EEG basically records
the electrical activity of the brain. When we think something our mind generates voltage fluctuations
resulting from ionic current flows within the neurons of the brain. This fluctuations in voltage can be
used to drive various machines.





Table of Contents

Title Page i

Declaration ii

Approval iii

Acknowledgements iv

Abstract v

Table of Contents vi

List of Figures vii

List of Tables viii

List of Abbreviations and Symbols ix


Chapter 1

Introduction


Electroencephalography (EEG) is the recording of electrical activity along the scalp. EEG measures
voltage fluctuations resulting from ionic current flows within the neurons of the brain. In clinical contexts,
EEG refers to the recording of the brain's spontaneous electrical activity over a short period of time,
usually 2040 minutes, as recorded from multiple electrodes placed on the scalp. EEG can be measured
with the devices like Neurosky Brainwave, Emotiv Epoc, etc.


Different brain states are the result of different patterns of neural interaction. These patterns lead to
waves characterized by different amplitudes and frequencies. The wave generated (Alpha, Beta, Gama,
etc.) are recorded by mindwave devices. They can be connected to windows, MAC etc. through
Bluetooth. The generated waves can be used as parameters and will be analyzed in Matlab or java with
help of various volunteers. After analyzing these graphs, generalized threshold values will be set.The
values obtained will determine which parameter occurred and accordingly will be passed.
New parameters can be created through EPOG headset and can be used by our patients with the help of
EEGLAB toolbox in MATLAB. With the use of such devices our brain can control things , we could make
things done without touching them. EEG can be used for paralyzed or disabled persons to get things
done which they have to rely on other to do it for them.























Chapter 2

The Literature Review

A timeline of the history of EEG is given by Swartz. Richard Carton (18421926), a physician practicing
in Liverpool, presented his findings about electrical phenomena of the exposed cerebral hemispheres of
rabbits and monkeys in the British Medical Journal in 1875. In 1890, Polish physiologist Adolf
Beck published an investigation of spontaneous electrical activity of the brain of rabbits and dogs that
included rhythmic oscillations altered by light.
In 1912, Russian physiologist, Vladimir Vladimirovich Pravdich-Neminsky published the first animal EEG
and the evoked potential of the mammalian (dog). In 1914, Napoleon Cybulski and Jelenska-Macieszyna
photographed EEG-recordings of experimentally induced seizures.
German physiologist and psychiatrist Hans Berger (18731941) recorded the first human EEG in
1924.
[6]
Expanding on work previously conducted on animals by Richard Caton and others, Berger also
invented the electroencephalogram (giving the device its name), an invention described "as one of the
most surprising, remarkable, and momentous developments in the history of clinical neurology". His
discoveries were first confirmed by British scientists Edgar Douglas Adrianand B. H. C. Matthews in 1934
and developed by them.
In 1934, Fisher and Lowenback first demonstrated epileptiform spikes. In 1935 Gibbs, Davis and Lennox
described interictal spike waves and the 3 cycles/s pattern of clinical absence seizures, which began the
field of clinical electroencephalography. Subsequently, in 1936 Gibbs and Jasper reported the interictal
spike as the focal signature of epilepsy. The same year, the first EEG laboratory opened at
Massachusetts General Hospital.
Franklin Offner (19111999), professor of biophysics at Northwestern University developed a prototype of
the EEG that incorporated a piezoelectric inkwriter called a Crystograph (the whole device was typically
known as the Offner Dynograph).
In 1947, The American EEG Society was founded and the first International EEG congress was held. In
1953 Aserinsky and Kleitman describe REM sleep.
In the 1950s, William Grey Walter developed an adjunct to EEG called EEG topography, which allowed
for the mapping of electrical activity across the surface of the brain. This enjoyed a brief period of
popularity in the 1980s and seemed especially promising for psychiatry. It was never accepted by
neurologists and remains primarily a research tool.




References


Atkins, M., and Milich, R. (1987). IOWA-Conners Teacher Rating Scale. In M. Hersen & A. Bellack (Eds.),
Dictionary of Behavioral Assessment, Pergamon Press, New York, pp. 273-275.
Barkley, R. A. (1992). Is EEG Biofeedback Training Effective with ADHD Children? CHADDer Box, April, p. 5-
11.
Captain's Log, Sandford, J.A., 727 Twin Ridge Lane, Richmond, VA 23235 (804) 320-0105
Cartozzo, H.A., Jacobs, D., Gevirtz, R.N. (1995). EEG Biofeedback and the Remediation of ADHD
symptomatology: a controlled treatment outcome study. Presented at the Annual Conference of the
Association for Applied Psychophysiology and Biofeedback, Cincinnati, Ohio, March.
Fine, A. H., and Goldman, L. (1994). Innovative techniques in the treatment of ADHD: An analysis of the
impact of EEG biofeedback training and a cognitive computer generated training. Paper presented at the
102nd Annual Convention of the American Psychological Association, Los Angeles, CA August 12-16.
Greenberg, L.M., Department of Psychiatry, Box 393 UMHC, 420 Delaware Street Southeast, Minneapolis,
Minnesota 55455 (612) 626-5806.
Kaufman, A. & Kaufman, N. (1990). K-BIT: Kaufman Brief Intelligence Manual. Circle Pines, M.N. American
Guidance Service.
Linden, M., Habib, T., Radojevic, V. (in press). A controlled study of the effects of EEG biofeedback on
cognition and behavior of children with attention deficit disorders and learning disabilities. Biofeedback and
Self-Regulation
Lubar, J.O., and Lubar, J.F. (1976). EEG and behavioral changes in a hyperactive child concurrent with
training of the sensorimotor rhythm. Biofeedback and Self-Regulation, 1, 293-306.
Lubar, J.F. (1991). Discourse on the development of EEG diagnosis and biofeedback for attention
deficit/hyperactivity disorders. Biofeedback and Self-Regulation, 16, 201-225.
Othmer, S.F, Othmer, S., and Marks, C. S., (1991) EEG Biofeedback Training for Attention Deficit Disorder,
Specific Learning Disabilities, and Associated Conduct Problems, EEG Spectrum, 16100 Ventura Blvd., Suite
10, Encino, CA 91436.
Othmer, S. F., and Othmer, S., (1994). Professional Training Syllabus, EEG Spectrum, 16100 Ventura Blvd.,
Suite 10, Encino, CA, 91403.
Swanson, J., Nolan, W. & Pelham, W. (1981). The SNAP rating scale. Resources in Education.
Sterman, M.B. (1980). EEG biofeedback in the treatment of epilepsy: an overview circa 1980. In Leonard
White and Bernard Tursky (Eds.), Clinical Biofeedback: Efficacy and Mechanisms. New York: Guilford Press.
Tansey, M.A. (1990). Righting the rhythms of reason. EEG biofeedback training as a therapeutic modality in
a clinical office setting. Medical Psychotherapy, 3, 57-68.
Ullman, R.K., and Sleator, E.K., (1986). Responders, nonresponders, and placebo responders among
children with Attention Deficit Disorder. Clinical Pediatrics, 25, 594-599.