Академический Документы
Профессиональный Документы
Культура Документы
A ]_q
R
t *
*q* t_q
http://www.univ-lille1.fr/bustl
o(eZ
o45npqZ
o_ e*^Lbpq0e0n&fne*^ Y* 0n&#b^Lc(fac4o&5q ^0p?
L ^Lp \utZ_f~^YH H f0e
^ y?H H 05y
Rutuqe]e
^ 55SS]4QS0n S4xf0e
^ y 55S]S&mY* 0n&#^Lc(f ^Lp C
H :H ]fne*^ y
H H L5y
o(eZ
o45npqZ
o_ e*^Lbpq0em40fne*^ yY4n
b^Lp?
a eSsH aRHf0e
^ yHR bHL
vmfn\ X(p
c4e["eo *h(e
^ \ptfne%fne*^ yHpt[ \ptf0e#R^0peY^0ec4uqe*[<e*o Y^0p e*^LA^ [eSj nf0p c(e \_ff~\ 4 Z
fLm\% u \e< m(
fne*^ y?u Z_fnptg_pto(e
Sy
\%Z_o4S0ptZ_oe
^b(pnem% 5*S4<^* ptueSp^neQc(of(e*j eu
<0e*ur c(e
< eSbH" sR H
re utc4^ e0pqbf(ej e*u
e*j f0pq&\o YSeS00e fnZ fnpSeSj (esj ^* \ ( eutuqe"q% 5*
<
syHo 0e*f f(ej n\0ptZ_og
fn\ X(p
c4e%
e*^Lpqo \fnpt\_o 0e \fYnfn\_o4^Lu\npqZ
oe
e*S0ec4f y
!
&
#"
%"
$
('
'
)'
+
-,
/.0&21
3.
4.
5*
6.0&71
8
9
-=
:
(s b b L
a ^0^0prpr
Y\ _e
s
w r Y\ _e
s<
_ a ^0p e*^Lpt[ \ptfe ^0p e*^L \_pqf
y ?\f?eSe*[ uqe
h
e
^bu c(o(p
c4ef(ej e*ur ej fnp&\_o Q eSs ut\"Z
o45npqZ
o xe*^LsAeSj 4o(pteZ_["["eu\]f(e*j Sp fnZ
c4e
esut\d(p e*5npqZ
o
4~ (5 Z
o\Ufne*^L0fnepto utesZ
["\_pqo4eseAej 4o(pq0ptZ_oeQ e*oe eS
h
o(eQf4e
j \utpt^0e \
^ac(o(ed(p e*S0ptZ_oeU ^Lc4f [ ?\_fYZ_o 0fne_h4 sf4e
j \utpt^0esc4o(eQd(p e*5npqZ
oeU ^0c(f
#5y
Q
m4Z_o ej fnp4e cr Z_o\<\_c4^n^Lp %
y
^0c(f h( %
>
@?
E HG
DFE
D
D
LK
VK
DZY
3A
9A
CBB
IJ1
'
IJ1
N
PORQ
K
UT
S
WN
PORQ
WN
PORQ
]\ T
6i 1
XQ
]\ T
+N
Ia1
:jFi ki 1
bM
qp r
ts
vu
m^
w
yx
IORQ
8^
+N
P
8_
:jli
W`
{|
S
9`
^Ch
` Edc egf
<' ;
.
_
on
qp r
r zs
>6'*
@*.(F/>6-?>6@ -F>6 '
}
http://www.univ-lille1.fr/bustl
2
1.8
1.6
1.4
1.2
y
1
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
1
x
f2
f3
f4
MF/>6+-?.: R
"
'
&
N
'
4
y
2
$ &%
$ &%
$ &$
&%
$ &%
$ &%
$ &$
&%
$%
&$ $%
&$ $%
&$ $&$
&%
%
&
$ &%
$ &&$
&$%
%
&
$ &%
$ &$
&$%
&%
$ &%
$ &$
&$%
%
&
$ &%
$ &$
&$%&%
&%
M@*R
RQ-
U'
:jFi
:jli
N
WN
w
:jFi
PM
http://www.univ-lille1.fr/bustl
\
e*<u eSnf(e*j ["p(e]j eu\SZ
fne \fAeSj 4o(pq0ptZ_ohZ
^ \d4^nSp^0^0ee h?^0pqoY Z
fn(Z_o(oYej ee
? < Ay
D
W1
S
H
c(o(eQ["e*^0c(fne(eQu \o(g
uqemZ_fnpteo (e"j !
% " Ae*^Lb\utZ_f~^Afn\
p\o4^~5y
oAej 4o(pqej g \ute["eo ?n\_oa
# < 4 $% < '& )(*?+( yvmfn\ X(p c(e["eo
hn\_oA - ,
21 4 y
pt^Ln\_o4SeQ\_uqg?ej d(fnp
c4e
5H e*^LbWYX4\_ue
^m . 1 0/ 3
/
5 Z ^Lptoc4^be^0pto c&^m^0Z_o * e*j f0ptZpt c(e
^h&n\_o(g_e*o 0e<4 e*^L6 * e*j f0ptZpt c(e^0pqoc4^meSmn\_o(g_e*o 0e"^LZ
o
mpq[ \_qp fne*^*h
Z
^0pqoc4^Ae*^L \_pqfne_yRvmf~\ X(e
^
,
'
' '+'
7'
Iw
10
6
y
0.5
0.5
6
10
87 H
(M.'* :F>6.
Z_fn[c(u\ptf0e<
SZ
^ r%^Lpto q
SZ
^*]9
*R SZ
^&^Lpto"9* ^LptoYn\_o"9*Rn\_oa
SZ
^*] & R ^Lptoa4^0pqor" & RZ
^.~\o< & $:% w<
SZ
^* & ^Lptoa4^0pqo & R SZ
^(n\_o & $% w<
SZ
^* SZ ^ ^0pqo 4^Lpto R Z
^b^0pqoa(n\o w5 $$:%% <<;
^Lpto R !S? ^Lpt2o Z
^ !&SZ
"^ A^Lpt#o !s
Z
^
R !SHZ
^ ASZ ^ ! ^0pqo4^0pto2!s
n\_oR !SH w5$ % <$:% < $$% % <'<=< <
H: >_'
H A?
Z
^*A @ C
B.^0pqoA @ Y^*e
j Sfnp\_c4^0^0pH E
DZ
^# @
F?5h&Zrc GB<YeSHDmGF?
^0Z_o af0e*uqpe
j ^ \fI D )
B h4Z
J^ F 4K eSb^0ptLo F3
MK F.e
^bAeSj 4o4p\ * f*e
^nSy
`
)'
'
)'
'
'
`
'
'
'
/'
N
2004 Tous droits rservs.
http://www.univ-lille1.fr/bustl
?
s
(Lb L
Z_pq% Cc4o(e]Z_o&50ptZ_oe HQ^0Z_og
fn\ X(e_hr0f~\_e<j (\_o4^Qc(ofne e fne < 5y oAeSj 4o4p
w HH h H] 5h HbeSm _bH!~Sheg
fn\ X(e*^bf0e
^ e*S0pq^ w h h eS
y Z
c4^a\utuqZ
o4^ _Z
pqfa c(eQute*^Yg
fn\ X(e*^ ?^0eUe*j (c(pt^0eo ae \_fe*^a0f~\o4^LZ_fn[]\0ptZ_o&^]e*j uSej ["eo n\_pqfne*^*y
>
9A
:
8
8
% '
+
)
-/.102043 576
8
*
;
,9
8
:
#R(!
< 8
!
6 n
;9
*
$
-/.102043 56 :
,+
&%
%"!#R(!
I "!#R#!
;
6
'
' ;
$
w 0( w HR
" H L U w : ShZ
o4 w ^Le
Ae*j c(pqe _\ fY0f~\o4^0u\0ptZ_oe _e
5nec(f y
0(
H] ] L(m H 5hrZ
o4 ^Le<e*j (c(pe \f
nfn\_o4^Lu\npqZ
oc
e*5nec(f y
_0(
H CH m ?y\]nfn\_o4^LZ_fn["\0ptZ_o c(p\ \
^0^0ZSpte
^* \ ( eutuqemu 4&< r 8 m Y
nn m(USY _U0n
(5 me
^aAej 4o(p \f b5
:
h
Zrc e*^L%ute fnZ e(ej (e }
^Lc4f m \f~\utue ute["eo \ mSy e
^<u pt["\_g_e(e \f<SeS00e\ ]o(pq(e j
o(Z(ej e 1
1 Sh4 c(pSZ
o4^0pt^L0eQZ
o4]\] pqu\nef c(o\_S0e*c(f(\_o4^Yu\<(pqfne*S0ptZ_oeQu \e] m(Sy
0(x
OH !5 !~0( : 7 1 1
5 ^0eAe
j c(pqe \f
ptu\n\0ptZ_o c(o\_5nec(f w< (\o4^Yu\"ptf0e
50ptZ_oeu \e" mSy
_> '(*_
=
Z
`
4n
-,
FE
)
? '
Z
!
:
' ;
"A
!
b
DC
4n
;B
]'
'
' ;
:'
bn
]'>
@
:
4n
-,
n
'y''
3n
HG
-,
'V'
I
pg
fn\ (X ee
^%Z_o4S0ptZ_o4^<utZ_g eS"eS y o\xutZ_g
:: << \ _e* 3- (~ q( q 5h(Z_o4
utZ_g ^Le]Ae
j c(pqUe \f 1 * 1 ^0p
0^ p q \_uqZ
fn^
q \_uqZ
fn^
4y
o\%eS _ 7
+ : < hZ_o& < ^0esAe
j c(pqY(e \_f 1 1
y Apteo^c(k f
h
e ^LZ
o a^ [eSj nf0p c(e*^ \_fafn\ ( Z
fLU\< "y
8^JI
K
fL
N!&71
PI
M
M5
aM
S
R1"
"
K
:jFi
ONI")1
&
M5
7Q
http://www.univ-lille1.fr/bustl
ptpZ
o45npqZ
o4^QX(Z
[<Z
g_f~\ X4pt c(e
^""H < 4( ! 4h^0pqo4Z_oZ_oZ
d0pteo4(fn\_pc4o(e]Z_o&50ptZ_o
\ "o4eQH ]m4 b y
Wfn\_pnZ_o4^Yu eSe[ uteU^Lc4p \o UH ww & m w
y\"p p^LptZ_oe*c4Sutpt(pqe*o(o(eUe
^ Z
u oZ
k ["e*^
w w y\xZ_o&50ptZ_oH<^Le
Z
o(o(e = q q w h Zrc ww
w w
\_d(f0p c(e \
^s\ \
^s\ \f00ptfea w SZ_["["es^0c(pqbZ_oSZ
o4^L0fnc(pA \_d&Z
fn< ; w w b w Sh
y co(p
e*\_c e*^g_f~\ X(e*^x ; x
c4pt^ w w 5hmeo(4o H
;
;
1
1 m ; Sy
e*\_^Yg?ej oYej f~\u&^0e0f~\pq0eQeQu\<[ek ["; e[]\o(pe fne< Z
c(fa0f~\_efYuteQg_f~\ X(e c(o(eZ
o45npqZ
oX4Z_["Z_g
fn\ X(p
c4e
e*og?ej oYej f~\uh
Z
o fnZe
eZ_o4Z_["["eU^Lc(pqQ
Z_o0f~\_esute*^\
^ [ nZ0e
^Y e<
c4p^LZ
o Yute*^a\e*^aeu X e*f0dZ_ute
Z_o u\_Seute Z
pqo 4nH
R <
Z_o0f~\_esute*^ad4fn\_o4~X(e*^YeQu X efnd&Z
uqe
^
'
'
? A
G
'
'
'
+ '
t
W1
-1
4
' ;
? A
9
3
7
47
w
7
w
7
e
1
@ !#"
8!
+'
(
& ' % %$
)
1
x
g
g1
g2
f
MF>6+ ?.#!/.10
2
2004 Tous droits rservs.
http://www.univ-lille1.fr/bustl
? L
Z_pq c(opqo nef #\_uqutee%hH eSxc4o(eUZ
o45npqZ
oeSj &o(pqe%^Lc(f 4h^0\_c%e j
eo 0c4eutuqe*[<e*o eo y opqm c(e
#Q % b4] ^0pHYe*^Lb\c4^n^0p fnZ~X4e c(eQu Z_o _e*cbe Z
c(fUpuqe
^a
\_^n^Le f0Z~X(e
^eU yalse[]\o(pe* f0efnpqg
Z_c(fnec4^0e_hZ
opq* Z_c(fanZ_c 4h(ptuep^L0e <0e*u c(e_he
^a c(eU
e*^La4\o4^YuteQZ_[]\pto(eeUeU\< p^~\o4epqo#ej fnpqe*c(f0e]\ e h4\utZ_f~^AHAe
^\< pt^Ln\_o4Septo#e*j f0ptec(fne<\ (e (
Z_o e*csptf0eQeu\%e*o\d(f(ej g?ebj eQu\<[]\o(pe fne^Lc(p \o 0e
5
H
oe
j SfnpQ?utpq[ Q H y
?e[ ute*^
\
H(utpt[ HR
d&H q ^0^0pp
y
uqpt[ Hor eSpt^L0e \_^*h*[]\_pt^Z
oUpq c(e Z ^0^e* (ec4o(eRutpq["pq0es\a g \c4~X4ee*o UZ
om\pqr0e*o4fneR _e*fn^ a\ _e*
Reac(o(emuqpt["pne]\" fnZ_pq0emeo pt(e[\
e*
sZ
oe
j SfnpAuqpt[ H q eAutpq[ HR (y
*H q ^0^0pp
y
uqpt[ HAor ept^L0e \
^h([]\_pt^Yutpq[ HRutpq[ H
4HO^0pqo w x
]o4e Z ^0^*e
e \_^eutpq["pq0eeo (hao(p]\.
fnZ_pq0e
hao(p<\
g \c4~X4ee*uquteZ
^nSptutuqe
pqo4AeSj 4o4pq["eo e*o
nf0e q eS q h(e utc4^aeo utc4^ pq0eQ c4\o&Z
o^* \ ( fnZ~X(ee
S
y
&l1
&l1
&21
E '
e E "
8' E "
F1*
&71
"71
P1
&21
71
S
b&21
C1
S
F1
l1
l1
l1+*
%'
0.5
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
0.5
5 eUe*^n^Lpto _Z_c&^Yf0e*o4^Le*pqg
o(eSLptu f~1\pt["eo ^Lc(fau e _e*o 0c(e*uquteuqpt["pneQeo
P
I1
http://www.univ-lille1.fr/bustl
oAej 4o(pqej g
\_uqe*["eo Ae
^Auqpt["pne*^Ypto4o(pte*^Hutpq[ Q H Se e
^utpt[<pq0e
^U\ u pqo&o(p?Huqpt[ H
Z
c
%
'
" " *
<"%_% <<
pq["pq0eUeU
pq["pq0eUem
pq["pq0eUeU" 4
n*Y
U <6
pq["pq0eUe
pq["pq0eUe
pq["pq0eUe&
4S <r <
rpt["pneUe
q
rpt["pneUe w
:j
7j
:j
'
:j
:j
'
:j
'
'
:j
'
:j
'
8&J1
8&71
m"71
8"21
:j
:j
'
:j
'
:j
'
:j
'
'
:j
'
'
:j
:j
'
:j
F1
:j
:j
'
w
:j
'3j
4!'
Y
H'
I:'
:j
:j
I'
Sj
3'
:jFi
2&
6'3j
2"
:j
uqpt[ 4
uqpt[ 4
+
(utpt[ + (y
utoa (utpt[" uqoa y
D
D
utpq[
utpq[
^Ch
^Ch
:j
:j
:j
G
^Ch
:j
^Lp
L^ p
^Lp
^Lp
&J1
"J1
&71
"71
l1
'
6
http://www.univ-lille1.fr/bustl
Z k o(Z_["eUe utc4^aX&\cbe*g_f(esj (e
#1
:j
[Z_k o(Z
[<eQe uqc4^d4\_^ae*g_f(esj (e
tu pq[ tq** uqpt[ [
Z_k o(Z
[<eQe utc4^ad&\_^ae*g_f(emj (e
.' x/ 4*
a U 0tA(5]S"_00#S"Y "40xn<_ 8.n! t6 _ x 4_4
5" $ 4 S nSQSaY %S % x]SYn HL 45"S<S_ #
*'4 >
>_ H' ' q
HeS
uqo " 4 Qutpt[<pq0e
^\ fnpqZ
f0p 0pqo4AeSj nefn[<ptoYe*j e*^ (heQu\<Z_fn[<e
Z_c m
0u eS Z_o(e*o
npqe*uquteu e[ Z_f00eQ^0c(faut\ c(pt^n^n\o4ese*o
u qpt[ + 4
q
y
1
Sj
:jl*
^Ch
:j
:j
l1
^Ch
&71 5*
e*j g
\_uqe*[<e*o s
utpq[ 4 utoa
utpq[ 4 +
Z_dneoc(e\ \f00ptfe q Aeo\p^0\_o YuteU~X4\_o(g_e*[<e*o a(e \_f0p\d(ute a
F1
&J1
!
F1
)'
2004 Tous droits rservs.
http://www.univ-lille1.fr/bustl
!"$#%'&()*,+$
-./"
021436571489125;:;371=</>/>?A@B</>/>/C
D'EF"
G H$IKJLMONQP=RSJT7MKIVUKPWLUKT7XYM6IQIQZ[\Z]IKJ_^a`cbedfMgJ`Qh]XYZ]X.i)RM6IQR.jkP=XT7M6IQX
Kl mn o
opF"YqsretAuvu 1436wx125 uzy4{
| :;} tAu 5K~v125 | 575k143;:;} tAu 565;v} |u :7125
0/5 }w' | }:1 | | A t v37~' v}Y}w'vwx14v3 | ~v148 | } uF
<$g t v36: t v:6~ |u 566S~$}}x571e
$K6':714wnz1O14:K/
lKmn o
op%q=t }:K u 3 y 14wS125 | 5757143;:;} tAu 5c5;v} |u :712565 tAu :@14wwx125K3 | }x125 t | z5757125c
0/9!KsnWK
<$ 'W
$9s9K
?z
sn
$
lKmn o
op'q=cu2tAu 57}x~v4371Ow y
| :;} tAu 5;v} |u :71/
= n ,)a$ve
14: tAu2tAu 5;}x~v4371Owx1253 | }x5 tAuvu 14891 u :75e5;v} |u :75
}9 cu v371 u ~~v14$5 t wv:;} tAu 5614:~v1 57} | u 1O u }xz1O5 t wv:;} tAu | w t 3756k
}}9 t }x1 u :c14:6~v14$5 t wv:;} tAu 5K~v19 tAu|
k
125K~v14$3 | }x5 tAuvu 14891 u :75e~$}x571 u :@}wx56w | 894891 t 571
t vp144@ t z5e~ y ~$v}371~v1sw ut w | v:;371
~v1 1253 | }x5 tAuvu 14891 u :75
z1, || 8 t } u 5 u 15 t wv:;} tAu | vwz5) u 15 t wv:;} tAu | u 1
5 t wv:;} tAu
]I=_LU6j7TJ]XXYP=LjkZ]X2M6IQRnJTkM6I=X
Kl mn o
opnqt }x1 u :c14:6~v14$3 y 14wx5 y 3;} |u :6$O14:e29c retAuvu 143 u
1 uz| ~$3714891 u :e~v1OQc14:
lKmn o
op'q n125~v12575;} u 595;v} |u :7514vp1 u :@}wx54:;371~v125 { 3 | vz125f~' u 1 tAuz :;} tAu ~ |u 59 u
37144371 2tAu p1 uY| vwx14891 u : t }x57}
0
2004 Tous droits rservs.
http://www.univ-lille1.fr/bustl
MKI=RSJT7M6IQXRj7U6XXYTePQZ]X
lKmn o
op'q 3 |A 143wx125 { 3 | vz125~v125 tAuz :;} tAu 5
c
$
lKmn o
op
q 3 |A 143Owx125 { 3 | vz125O~v125c tAuz :;} tAu 5) !" # %$'&
(
$)& + * , /.102 43 5 /7 6 (8:9'& $7; -<>=@?A8
lKmn o
opC
BnEq Du ~$}xz143c5;}Swx1256 t 3;8vwx1255;v} |u :71255 tAu :3 | }x125 t | z5757125=
: F
G$'& Y $'&g 4 $)&
E$)& Y H$)&gI$'&J
G$'&
$'&g)K
$)&g
M L
K M L
a
lKmn o
opO
NnQq Pcy 5 t z~$371=wx125 y | :;} tAu 5e5;v} |u :7125)S R@TU > $)& ! $)& =W
V X
$'& =
$'& O v
lKmn o
op"#nq |2tAuz 1 u :;3 | :;} tAu ~' u 3 y|A :;}g~' u 193 y|A :;} tAuF v}8}xz1~$}:71)} S} Y[Z\@]/^/_a`#Y
_ab@YAb@] g125;:6~ tAuvuzy 1 | 2t v375c~$:7148z56 | 36w | w t }
c
c e d;
c d
x w
t[ uzy 6,
{ w t[ u|y ,5
t u $'&
w
t u y $'&
{ t[ u~} S
kT [\TJZ]XZJR.M6IcJTkIPQTJ
lKmn o
opF"nq | w vwx143Kwx125w}8}:7125c5;v} |u :7125s
$'& m
$'9'
$'&
$'9) $'&g
|$)9'
|$'9' fX
4 L
$'9)
4
4 L
,)K=@?A8 4 ;
$)9'
4
4
R@TU 8:9'&
4 L
4$'& ;!
G$'9'
4
<
2004 Tous droits rservs.
E4$'9'
L
i
G$'9'
4
=@?A8
http://www.univ-lille1.fr/bustl
lKmn o
opF"Sq n125 tAuz :;} tAu 565;v} |u :7125c5 tAu :@14wwx125 2tAu :;} u z125
0/gw
t[ u
<$gw
t[ u y $'&
$gw | tAuz :;} tAu ~ y u }x1O | 36tu i 5;}'a
14:6t[uW5;}'
Q14: } u ~$} | :;} tAu ]z14wwx125g5 tAu :
?zgw | tAuz :;} tAu ~ y u }x1c | 3 -89'& 5;}
wx125w}8}:7125c~v125K5;v}:7125 6) L 14: 6
lKmn o
op"$'q q uy :;z~$} |u : 143;: | } u 125) t vvw | :;} tAu 5 t }3 2t v3755;v3Qwx125 y
| :;} tAu 5~$} y 371 u @
:;}x14wwx125 tAu 571371 u ~ 2t 8v:71 n 14wwx12514vp1 u : y t wz143 | 2t v375~$:7148z55k14w tAu wx125w t }x5
e d;
i
o t e d7 Q i o Du :7143;v3 y :71439wx125 2tAu 5;: |u :71259 14:
v}g} u :7143;}@
1 uvu 1 u :9~ |u 5 125Qw t }x5!"#$%&')()(*+","-.#$.,.-/'0*-/%12(3453 67)8
-.'9=-/.*I))(7E5*
9=9:3=9>%&(@)KA(; !<,3=9>(/87()3?%19@#$
(A%.B C%.B 9=.D,"-))(-/E(9F5
9@)(G(H
979=.I)(J45C,(
http://www.univ-lille1.fr/bustl