Baterii din cristale

http://magneticuniverse.com/discussion/55/crystal-batteries/p1#axzz3!p"hne
! started #ondering $%o# #ould one ma&e the initial charge "or the '(% #ithout a generator or a
manu"actured car battery)$ *his led me to cement+ earth+ #ater/salt#ater batteries and "inally+ crystal
batteries. *he main reason these have caught my attention is because their li"espan seems to be o""
the records ,some have claimed to run -./s "or 01 years and motors "or 2 months be"ore 3ust
shutting them do#n4. 5thers have had 2 motors at a time running o"" earth batteries+ so it ma&es you
#onder #hat is possible #hen connecting a ton o" these in series ,"or more voltage4 or in parallel
,"or more amperage4.
6rystal batteries are basically any &ind o" crystal ,7alt+ sugar+ alum+ borax+ etc4 gro#n around 0
disimilar metals used "or 0 electrodes to produce current ,"rom my research and experiments+
aluminum is good enough "or - and copper is best "or 14. !8m not so sure about salt+ as it might
corrode metals+ but #hat !8m basically tal&ing about are alum/borax type crystals.
*he corrosion o" the metals seems to be nonexistent+ as opposed to #ater batteries or salt#ater
batteries+ and there are debates over #hether this is the common galvanic reaction "ound in most
batteries. *here are also a "e# researchers #ho have used gel-li&e substance #ith metals and noticed
the corrosion too& a much slo#er rate. *his might mean that the structure o" a crystal has the same
e""ect as #ater batteries but #ithout the corrosion.
!8m not sure i" many people are "amiliar #ith them+ so !8ll explain brie"ly some &ey points:
9ohn Bedini and 9ohn %utchison has #or&ed on them ,they are also called $%utchison cells$4 more
than anyone else+ ! thin&.
*here are a "e# youtube channelers #ho are really doing some amazing #or& ,lidmotor+ ibpointless
and lasersaber stand out4.
6hec& these out:
-iteral 6rystal Battery :unning a 'ulse (otor
https://###.youtube.com/#atch)"eature;player<embedded=v;t>o-p&?i&@
'olycrystalline -iteral 6rystal Battery
https://###.youtube.com/#atch)"eature;player<embedded=v;A>B6>'1%:Cg
,notice the voltage goes "rom C.55> - C.51> then bac& up and do#n again+ then later on it goes "rom
C.5 to C.5D then bet#een those ratios4
*he %utchison 6ell
https://###.youtube.com/#atch)v;3x"<9Bn/5B#="eature;player<embedded
,!gnore him dancing in drag Bueen out"it and pay attention #hen he says $this is the solution to the
energy crisis+ in my opinion$. (aybe he8s right)4
10> .arth Battery
https://###.youtube.com/#atch)v;eztc7EFp"9g="eature;player<embedded
6rystal 6ell :unning (agnet (otor 01 #ee&s ,be"ore he too& it do#n4
https://###.youtube.com/#atch)v;a#(c50!oCdG="eature;player<embedded
.arth Battery :uns 7ix (otors 6ontinuously
https://###.youtube.com/#atch)"eature;player<embedded=v;HIcFaJF!/@
Jro#ing Klum crystals is "airly easy:
https://###.youtube.com/#atch)"eature;player<embedded=v;sd@7-39L5'#
Eild stu"".
*han&s "or this. ! am researching the basis o" our current electrical theory and this "its right in place.
Ee call them crystals+ the ancients called them stones. $.ven the stones #ill cry out$ is a "amous
saying+ and reveals the #eird experiences people had around stones.
?rom stones #e get so much but "undamentally #e get magnetism and electricity. .lectricity "rom
stones #as not though important "or millennia+ but magnetism had an immediate use "or direction or
orientation "inding at sea etc. !t #as literally a stone called lodestone that #as used+ a crystal
direction "inder.
(etal+ extracted "rom stone or roc& seemed to exhibit this property in certain circumstances but it
#as not presented to the Eest until Jilbert. Ehat the ancient Klchemists and metallurgists &ne# and
too& "or granted #as demonized by the religious establishment in the #est+ and the monarchies that
"eared their treasuries #ould be made #orthless by $devilry$.
6onseBuently elctricity and magnetism #ere separated by centuries in terms o" scienti"ic enBuiry+
and the lin& bet#een them #as bro&en+ .lectra + that is amber #as pic&ed instead o" -ithos+ crystal
or stone. *he connection bet#een the t#o is clear but unbalanced. *he invention o" the electron
sealed the "ate o" magnetic theory.
!t seems "unny that .d should inspire such a movement bac& to the origins o" this &no#ledge and i
thin& -ithos or crystal should be the basic notion. -ithic or lithicity is clearly an e""ect that has "orce
that attracts and repels+ and produces spar&s. /o #e need to use the electron concept or the
magnetron concept to explain it) *he plasma concept seems to be gro#ing in "avour and as a
substance concept ti meets #ith .d8s theoretical construct o" a substance that is the north and south
individual magnets behaviourally.
Jround crystals i" ground "ine enough #ill become a plasma. !t #ill also be $"luid$+ that is able to
"lo# #hether as a solid liBuid or gas+ viscous or other#ise. http://medical-
dictionary.the"reedictionary.com/magnetic1"ield1therapy
Kn iron curtain divides the sub3ects o" gravity and electrodynamics+ in todayMs academically
accepted versions o" physics. *hose attempting to cross it #ill ris& the intellectual eBuivalent o"
machine-gun "ire. Beyond+ lie even more serious obstacles #hich come+ not "rom outside+ but "rom
#ithin the mind o" the investigator. *o get at the source o" those sel"-imposed shac&les+ reBuires that
#e go beyond the bounds o" #hat is today de"ined as Nphysics+O into matters usually classi"ied as
philosophical+ or metaphysical. !n doing so+ #e cannot avoid noticing that there are t#o schools in
physical science+ each one so distinct "rom "rom the other as to constitute t#o entirely di""erent
domains. !t is the un"ortunate aspect o" our modern legacy that most+ even among #ell-educated
scientists+ are una#are even o" the existence o" such a distinction. @et+ i" the real history o" physics
o" the 1Ith century #ere &no#n+ most o" #hat passes as teaching o" "undamental topics in that
discipline today+ #ould be sho#n to be+ in the best o" cases+ misdirected+ in the #orst+ #ill"ul "raud.
Ee &no# o" no better #ay to correct this de"icit than to present this revie# o" the conceptual history
o" 1Ith 6entury electrodynamics. Ee have t#o purposes. ?irst+ to provide the reader #ith an
introduction to the mostly un&no#n electrodynamic theory o" KndrP-(arie KmpQre+ and his
successorsRthis+ as a necessary aid to understanding our "eature article on the sub3ect o" anti-gravity
by the distinguished ?rench research scientist+ /r. :Pmi 7aumont. 7econd+ by exposing a crucial
aspect o" the suppressed history o" gravity+ electricity+ and magnetism+ to address the deeper problem
o" method holding bac& science today.
*he heart o" the matter be"ore us+ begins #ith the hypothesis and experimental validation o" the
KmpQre angular "orce. Be"ore the discovery by 5ersted and KmpQre o" the e""ective eBuivalence o" a
closed current and a magnet+ it appeared that the pair#ise "orces bet#een bodies #ere governed by
the same la# o" universal gravitation+ #hich 9ohannes Sepler had "irst noted in his 12CI New
Astronomy.
1
Kt the time in Buestion+ 1L1I-1L01+ three &no#n phenomena appeared to behave
according to the assumption that the "orce bet#een t#o bodies #as determined according to the
inverse sBuare o" their distance o" separation. Kpart "rom gravitation+ these #ere the phenomena o"
electrostatic, and magnetic attraction and repulsion+ investigated especially by 6oulomb and
'oisson.
!n all three cases+ there #as some Buestion as to the per"ect validity o" the inverse-sBuare
assumption. !n the case o" magnetism+ the impossibility o" separating the t#o opposite poles+ made
exact measurement o" the pair#ise relationship o" one magnet to another al#ays inexact. *his
problem o" the existence o" a Nthird bodyO did not entirely go a#ay+ even in the case o" the most
care"ully observed o" these phenomena+ gravitation.
The Ampre Angular Force
!n 1L02+ KndrP-(arie KmpQre published a groundbrea&ing study+ summarizing the #or& o" "ive
years o" research into the la#s o" the ne# science that he had named electrodynamics. *he results
sho#ed+ that in the case o" the pair#ise interaction o" t#o in"initesimally small elements o" direct
current electricity #ithin conductors+ the "orce bet#een the elements #as not simply dependent on
the inverse sBuare o" their distance o" separation+ but also depended on the angles #hich these
in"initesimal+ directional elements made #ith the line connecting their centers+ and #ith each other.
,!ncluded among the e""ects o" the angular "orce #as the result that successive elements o" current
#ithin the same conductor #ould tend to repel one anotherRthe longitudinal "orce.4
0
KmpQreMs discovery did not escape the attention o" 6arl ?riedrich Jauss at JTttingen University+ the
"oremost mathematical physicist o" the age. Eithin t#o years o" the publication o" KmpQreMs results+
Jauss turned his attention to the matter o" "irmly establishing their validity. %is program+ #hich #as
not to reach complete "ruition until 1L2+ reBuired+ "irst+ the establishment o" an absolute measure
"or the "orce o" the horizontal intensity o" the .arthMs magnetism ,a measure o" the deviation o"t he
compass needle "rom true Aorth4. Up to that time+ all measure o" the strength o" the .arthMs
magnetism #as relative+ determined by counting the "reBuency o" vibration o" a particular magnetic
needle. Jauss+ a master"ul experimentalist as #ell as the leading mathematician o" the age+
determined to apply the precision techniBues o" astronomical measurement to the tas&. *he result
#as the instrument &no#n as the magnetometer. !n his paper o" 1L30+ Jauss created a revolution in
geophysics+ sho#ing ho# to determine the .arthMs magnetic "orce at any given location and time.
3
5ne methodological aspect o" the paper on magnetism proved de"ining "or physics to this day. Ks
also "or his later #or& #ith Eilhelm Eeber+ in connection #ith electrical measurement+ Jauss
determined that the measure o" magnetic "orce must be consistent #ith the units o" measure o" mass,
length, and time, already in use in other branches o" physics. 5#ing to the philosophical and
historical illiteracy o" most contemporary physics teaching+ ho#ever+ JaussMs intention is nearly
al#ays misconstrued+ to assume that these units are meant to be sel"-evident scalar Buantities.
:ather+ as a "amiliarity #ith JaussMs immediately preceding #or& on the sub3ect o" curvature #ould
sho# ,and+ as #as made per"ectly explicit in the "amous 1L5 Habilitation thesis o" his leading
student+ Bernhard :iemann+

4 Jauss had already introduced a "ully relativistic conception into the

"rame#or& o" experimental physics. %is 1L0L description o" the attempt to use state-o"-the-art
surveying techniBues to measure the angular de"ect o" a large terrestrial triangle should ma&e this
point evident
5
: Ks elaborated 02 years later by :iemann+ it is the principal tas& o" physics to
determine the nature o" the non-constant curvature o" the non-.uclidean+ multiply-connected
geometric mani"old #hich de"ines the action o" physical processes.
Ee #ill shortly see ho#+ in the 3oint #or& #ith Eeber on the determination o" the "undamental
electrical la#+ Jauss again introduces an actually relativistic conception+ this time in connection
#ith the measure o" "orce.
*he reader must be #arned+ at this point+ against a probable misinterpretation o" the import o"
statements made so "ar: *hat #ould be to assume+ that+ #ere my per"ectly accurate historical
statements to be proven valid to his satis"action+ it #ould only be necessary to correct some names
and dates to ma&e the accounts in existing textboo&s more or less valid. *he readerMs persisting error
#ould involve+ among other things+ a con"usion over our use o" the term relativistic. ?rom SeplerMs
re3ection o" a reductionist treatment o" the inverse sBuare la# o" gravitation discovered by him+
through the #or& o" -eibniz+ %uygens+ and the Bernoullis on the common isochronic principle
governing "alling bodies and light propagation in an atmosphere+ to JaussMs devastating proo" o"
SeplerMs planetary harmonics+ in his discovery o" the orbit o" 6eres+ there prevailed a conception o"
the "oundation o" physics entirely di""erent "rom that taught in todayMs respectable institutions o"
learning. *oday+ the term relativistic, means a "ormulaic correction to a system o" eBuations and
other "ormalisms premised on an assumed+ sel"-evident notion o" three-"old extension in space and
one-"old in time. Up to+ approximately+ the 1LL1 seizure o" po#er by %ermann von %elmholtz at
Berlin UniversityMs 'hysics /epartment+ the leading minds o" .uropean continental science re3ected
such an underlying assumption as sophomoric.
Kgain+ the problem is present-day historical illiteracy. !t is essential that the reader grasp that the
history #e s&etch here+ is not some Nalternative currentO in physics. *he early 1Ith 6entury
discoveries+ originating in 'aris+ and spreading into Jermany through the in"luence o" Jauss and his
students at JTttingen University+ #ere not some alternative current in physics. *hey remained+
throughout most o" the 1Ith century+ the central line o" thought. *odayMs academically acceptable
physics is built on a radical deviation "rom that line o" thought+ imposed+ not by reason+ but by
political maneuverings. ,Kttempts to provide alternative explanation+ rarely represent more than the
sort o" bureaucratic maneuvering #hich the advocate supposes to be necessary to maintain 3ob and
position.4 *he proximate source o" the errors can be traced to the imposition o" the (ax#ell
electrodynamics and the "la#ed doctrine o" thermodynamics associated #ith 6lausius and
%elmholtz. *he deeper di""erences go to the "raudulent representation o" the -eibniz calculus by
.uler and (aupertuis+ and its e""ect in suppressing the earlier brea&throughs o" the ?rench 7cienti"ic
Kcademy+ as exempli"ied by the #or& o" %uygens.
Ampre constructed many different electrical apparatuses to deduce the relationship of current
elements that went into his angular-dependent force law. Here, a reproduction from his 18! wor"
of the #econd $%uilibrium $&periment, in which a movable conductor, 'H, is suspended between
parallel vertical beams, () and *#, one containing a straight wire, one a sinuous wire. +he
e&periment shows that 'H does not move when current passes through all the wires.
The Fundamental Electrical Law of Weber
*he experimental validation o" the KmpQre "orce #as accomplished over the period 1L30-1L2+ by
JaussMs assistant and leading experimental collaborator+ Eilhelm Eeber. EeberMs discovery made a
revolution in physics+ the "ull implications o" #hich are still unrealized. Eorse+ today+ the underlying
discovery itsel" is almost buried.
KmpQreMs experimental conclusions dre# on a series o" brilliant geometrical deductions+ derived
"rom the observation o" con"igurations o" current-carrying #ires in #hich the "orces+ presumably+
cancelled each other+ producing no observable motion. *o validate the KmpQre -a#+ one needed to
be absolutely sure that the lac& o" motion #as not due to "riction in the 3oints o" the apparatus+ or
related e""ects. Jauss and his young assistant+ Eilhelm Eeber+ devised a ne# apparatus+ the
electrodynamometer+ #hich could directly measure+ to #ithin "ractions o" a second o" arc+ the
angular displacement produced in a multiply #ound electric coil by another electrical coil
perpendicular to it. By reducing the e""ects o" each o" the t#o coils to that o" circular current loops+
KmpQreMs simple la# "or the "orce exerted by a current loop could be applied. 'lacing the coils in
di""erent positions+ and at di""erent distances "rom each other+ allo#ed "or determinations o" the
electrodynamic "orce+ geometrically eBuivalent to those #hich KmpQre had deduced "orm his null
experiments.
*he results o" a rigorous program o" instrument building and experimentation+ interrupted by
EeberMs expulsion "rom JTttingen University as a result o" the political events o" 1L3D+ #ere "inally
published at -eipzig in 1L2.
2
*hese results completely con"irmed the deductions o" KmpQre+ and
also introduced a ne# physical principle.
*he discovery o" the phenomena o" electrical and magnetic induction had introduced a ne# element
into the considerations o" electrical la#+ not ta&en up in KmpQreMs 1L02 #or&. *here thus existed+
side by side+ three seemingly valid descriptions o" the electrical interaction: ,14 the 6oulomb-'oisson
la#+ describing the interaction o" t#o electrical masses at restV ,04 the KmpQre la#+ describing the
interaction o" elements o" moving electricity+ and: ,34 a description o" the la#s o" induction+
elaborated by .mil -enz and ?ranz Aeumann. !n his ?undamental .lectrical -a#+ stated in 1L2+
Eeber achieved the uni"ication o" these various phenomena under a single conception.
!nstead o" the mathematical entities+ described as current elements by KmpQre+ Eeber hypothesized
the existence #ithin the conductor o" positive and negative electrical particles. %e assumed that the
presence o" an electrical tension caused these particles to move at eBual velocities in opposite
directions. !" one regards an KmpQre current element as containing+ at any given instant+ a positive
and a negative electrical particle+ passing each other+ then in the pair#ise relationship o" t#o current
elements+ there are "our interactions to be considered. By the 6oulomb la#+ these interactions+
consisting o" t#o repulsions and t#o attractions+ cancel each other. %o#ever+ the elementary
experiments o" KmpQre had sho#n that a motion is produced bet#een the #ires+ implying the
existence o" a "orce not described by the 6oulomb la#.
?or example+ t#o parallel conducting #ires attract each other #hen the current in the t#o #ires
"lo#s in the same direction+ and repel each other #hen the opposite is the case. *he situation is
per"ectly #ell explained under the KmpQre "orce la#+ #hen one ta&es into account the angular
relationship o" the respective current elements. %o#ever+ EeberMs uni"ying approach #as to assume
that the relative velocities o" the electrical particles produced a modi"ication in the 6oulomb
electrostatic "orce+ to produce the resultant "orce bet#een the #ires. 6onsidering all the
con"igurations #hich KmpQre had examined+ as #ell as those arising "rom the phenomena o"
induction+ he #as able to "ormulate a general statement o" the ?undamental .lectrical -a#. *his
sho#ed that the general la# describing the "orce o" interaction o" t#o electrical particles+ depends
upon the relative velocities and the relative accelerations o" the particles.
D
*he 6oulomb electrostatic
la# thus becomes a special case o" EeberMs general la#+ #hen the particles are at relative rest.
!t is not too di""icult to see that EeberMs ?undamental .lectrical -a#+ almost un&no#n today+ is a
statement o" a relativistic la# o" physics+ long predating the statement o" relativity #e are
accustomed to.
L
%ere it is the force, rather than the mass, #hich varies #ith the relative motion. But+
not only does it predate the .instein "ormulation+ it is methodologically "ar superior. 5ne can+ in
various #ays+ attempt to sho# an eBuivalence o" the t#o statements+ but the use"ulness o" such
e""orts is doubt"ul. *he problem lies else#here. *he t#o statements lie in t#o entirely di""erent
domains. 5ne is a continuation o" the -eibnizian current o" physicsV the other+ #hatever the
intentions+ serves to hide errors embedded in the assumptions underlying the (ax#ell eBuations.

,eft, a schematic diagram of the magnetometer designed by -arl .riedrich 'auss in 18/1, to
measure, for the first time, the absolute intensity of the $arth0s magnetic force. Needle 1 tends to
produce an angular deflection in the second, oscillating needl1, while the $arth0s magnetism
attempts to realign it with the magnetic meridian. +he resulting deflection is measured by reflection
of the meter stic" into the telescope. 2y comparing this deflection of needle to the oscillation of the
same needle, when acting solely under the influence of the $arth0s magnetism, the absolute intensity
of the magnetic force is determined.
At right is a portable magnetometer built for 3ilhelm 3eber in 18/4
The Weber Constant
!n the Eeber .lectrical -a#+ there is a relative velocity+ corresponding to the constant c in his
"ormula+ at #hich the "orce bet#een a pair o" electrical particles becomes zero. *he Eeber-
Sohlrausch experiment+ carried out at JTttingen in 1L5+ #as designed to determine this value. !t
#as "ound to be experimentally eBual+ in electrodynamic units+ to the product o" the velocity o" light+
in vacuo, #ith the sBuare root o" 0. *hat value+ became &no#n as the 3eber constant. !n
electromagnetic units+ it #as eBual to the light velocity. Bernhard :iemann+ #ho participated in the
experiment+ soon #rote up the obvious conclusion o" a deep connection bet#een light and
electrodynamic+ or electromagnetic phenomena. Ehat #as not obvious+ #as the ans#er to a Buestion
#hich Jauss had insisted+ in his 1L5 correspondence #ith Eeber+ be a prereBuisite to "urther
progress. *hat #as to "ind a constructible representation o" ho# the propagation o" the
electrodynamic interaction occurs.
I
Ehat (ax#ell is "amously celebrated "or+ uni"ying the representation o" light and electromagnetic
phenomena using a #ave conception+ #as precisely #hat JaussRand KmpQre be"ore him+ had
re3ected as an oversimpli"ication. KmpQre had been so close to the development o" the modern #ave
theory o" light+ that its "ounder+ his good "riend Kugustin ?resnel+ lived in his 'aris apartment at the
same time that KmpQre #as carrying out his electrical researches. *o suppose that KmpQre+ and later
Jauss+ did not consider a #ave representation "or electromagnetic propagation is absurd. !n order to
establish his theory+ (ax#ell had to disregard the most crucial Buestions and anomalies that had
arisen in the decades-long study o" these phenomena by the greatest minds be"ore him. ?oremost
among these #ere the angular ,or relative velocity4 dependency o" the electrodynamic "orce+ and the
little problem o" #here gravitation should "it in.
Gravitation
*he possibility o" subsuming the phenomenon o" gravitation under electrodynamics+ came up "or
serious discussion early in this history. 5ne o" the more #idely discussed contributions #as a
memoir o" about 1L3C by 5.?. (ossotti+ a ?rench physics teacher at the University o" Buenos
Kires.
1C
(ossotti proposed to account "or gravitation in the "ollo#ing #ay: !" matter is assumed to be
constituted o" eBual amounts o" positive and negative electricity+ then+ by the usual interpretation+
there #ould be a cancellation o" the attractive and repulsive "orces. %o#ever+ i" it be assumed that
the attractive "orces bet#een particles o" opposite electrical charge+ slightly exceed the repulsive
"orces o" the li&e particles+ a universal tendency "or attraction #ould result.
%istorical 6ollection o" JTttingen University !. 'hysical !nstitute
+he electrodynamometer, constructed in 1851, which 3ilhelm 3eber used in the final determination
of the validity of Ampere0s electrodynamics. 6t consists of two perpendicular electrical coils. +he
outer coil is suspended in such a way that its rotation, under the influence of the inner coil, can be
precisely determined by observing the deflection of the mirror image of a meter stic" in a telescope,
as in the 'auss-designed magnetometer. +he inner coil can be removed, and placed at various
distances.
Eeber gave serious consideration to the (ossotti hypothesis. !n a posthumously published
manuscript on the relationship o" electricity and gravitation+ he discussed the extreme di""iculty o"
experimentally determining #hether such a small di""erence bet#een attractive and repulsive "orces
exists.
11
!n the same memoir+ Eeber revie#s the #or& o" several astronomers+ #ho attempted to apply his
?undamental .lectrical -a# to correct the la# o" gravitation+ by including terms "or the relative
velocities and relative accelerations o" a pair o" bodies. 5ne o" the glaring anomalies in the Ae#ton-
-aplace theory o" gravitation #as its inability to accurately predict the advance o" the perihelion o"
the planets+ o" #hich (ercuryMs is the largest. ,*he phenomenon is "amous as being one o" the
"oundational proo"s "or general relativity.4
!n 1L2+ the JTttingen astronomer 6. 7eegers proposed to examine the advance o" the perihelion
"rom the standpoint that the gravitational "orce be represented in the same #ay as the ?undamental
.lectrical -a#.
10
*hus+ the relative velocities and accelerations o" the bodies o" the solar system
#ould have to be ta&en into account+ and the "actor 1/c
0
introduced as a correction. .ight years later+
'ro". 7cheibner in -eipzig determined a secular variation o" 2.D3 arc-seconds "or the perihelion o"
(ercury+ attributable to the application o" the Eeber la#. !n 1LD0+ *isserand "ound the value 2.0L
seconds "or (ercury+ and 1.30 seconds "or >enus+ by applying the Eeber la#.
13
Knother approach to the uni"ication o" gravitation #ith the KmpQre-Jauss-Eeber electrodynamics+
#as ta&en at the beginning o" the 0Cth 6entury by the 7#iss mathematical physicist+ Ealther :itz.
K"ter brilliant successes in spectroscopy at JTttingen+ :itz launched an attac& on the
electrodynamics o" (ax#ell and -orentz+ and attempted to revive the abandoned approach o" Jauss+
Eeber+ and :iemann. !n a short paper on gravitation+ he suggested that the net e""ect o" the
electrodynamic "orces bet#een t#o electrically neutral bodies #ould be an attraction. %is approach
#as not that o" (ossottiV rather+ he seems to be considering the internal motions o" the electrical
particles in the atoms as generating such a net e""ect. *he paper is all too shortV :itz died in 1ICI at
the age o" 31. ,/eviations in the gravitational "orce+ detected at eclipses+ and other anomalous e""ects
suggesting the need "or radical revamping o" accepted theory continue to ma&e themselves &no#n.
*he recent #or& o" (aurice Kllais+ Benedetto 7oldano+ and 7hu-#en Fhou is notable.
1
4
:itz #as not alone in his dissatis"action #ith the oversimpli"ication o" the (ax#ell electrodynamics.
?rom the "irst 1L0C brea&through hypothesizing the origin o" magnetism in microscopic electrical
currents+ the KmpQre electrodynamics #as seen as a means o" gaining insight into the microphysical
domain. *he enormously complex tas& o" adducing the atomic structure "rom such indirect evidence
as that provided by spectroscopy+ came to an abrupt+ abnormal halt about the time o" the 1I0D
7olvay con"erence+ #here BohrMs great oversimpli"ication o" atomic structure #as imposed by
political thuggery o" the #orst sort. %ere again+ #e come to the importance o" a virtually un&no#n
aspect o" EeberMs #or&.
Limiting Velocit and Critical Length
Ks "or electrodynamics+ so "or the history o" atomic theory+ the modern teaching is largely a "airy
tale. K brie" loo& at t#o crucial matters #ill establish this point beyond contradiction+ and may help
orient the reader to "inding a #ay out o" the present impasse. !" it appears+ at "irst+ that #e have Ndug
him in deeper+Oby ma&ing matters more complicated than they might have already seemed+ #e are
con"ident the "eeling #ill be only temporary.
*he point here is best summarized by re"erence to the last t#o o" the memoirs+ published in EeberMs
li"etime+ under the title $le"trodynamische 7aassbestimmungen ,/eterminations o" .lectrodynamic
(easure4. *he 1LDC memoir+ available in .nglish+ #as the "irst to come to this #riterMs attention+
about a decade ago.
15
*he immediate topic is %elmholtzMs ob3ection+ that EeberMs .lectrical -a#
could lead to the possibility o" in"inite #or& arising "rom a "inite amount o" #or&. Eeber sho#s that
"or %elmholtzMs "ears to be realized+ electrical particles #ould have to move at enormous relative
velocities+ exceeding the constant c. %e thus arrives at a concept o" a limiting velocity+ Buite similar
to that "ound 35 years later in the 7pecial *heory o" :elativity+ yet arrived at by an entirely di""erent
process than that #hich leads .instein to this assumption. ,Kgain+ the usual #arnings apply: Kny
attempt to "ind an eBuivalence or interpolation+ as by algebraic means+ bet#een the KmpQre-Jauss-
Eeber electrodynamics+ and todayMs Brand 8, is "ruitless. *o achieve any use"ul understanding+ the
reader must relive the original discovery as i" it #ere his o#n4.
(ore startling than the immediate ans#er to %elmholtzMs ob3ection+ are the conclusions Eeber is led
to in his preliminary summary o" the ?undamental .lectrical -a#. %ere+ he introduces "or the "irst
time the consideration that the electrical particles possess not merely a Buantity o" electricity ,the
magnitude #e today call charge4+ but also mass. Ehen the consideration o" mass is introduced into
his velocity-dependent electrical "orce eBuation+ it results that there is a critical length belo# #hich
the "orce o" repulsion bet#een t#o electrical particles is changed to attraction+ and vice versaW *he
Eeber critical length has the value:
!t is among the delight"ul ironies o" the o""icial cover-up &no#n as modern scienti"ic historiography+
that the expression "or the classical electron radius ,a concept #hich is not supposed to come into
existence "or another 3C or more years4+ "alls out o" EeberMs expressionRindeed+ as a trivial caseW
!t gets more interesting. Eeber has already dared+ in the 1LDC paper+ to conceive the notion #e &no#
today as the proton-electron mass ratio+ #hich leads him to #onder as to the possible motions o" the
di""erent con"igurations o" particle pairs. !t turns out that+ according to his relativistic electrical la#
,one #hich #as never considered in the accepted+ modern "ormulations o" atomic theory4+ it is
possible to develop an orbital system "or the case o" a lighter electrical particle o" one sign+ orbiting
a heavier particle o" the opposite signW !t is also possible "or t#o similar particles o" the same sign to
develop a closed system o" oscillations along the straight line connecting them.
Ee leave to a "uture time+ the treatment o" the last ma3or accomplishment o" Eeber+ the re"utation o"
6lausiusM thermodynamics and the %elmholtz .nergy 'rinciple.
12
*he problem #ith the "raud &no#n
as modern+ academically accepted science+ is not merely that credit has not been given "or these prior
discoveries. ?ar more devastating is that+ in the modern "ormulation o" notions similar to those that
Eeber had derived "ar earlier+ there is no la#"ul derivation. Ee "ly+ rather+ by the seat o" our pants+
hoping to reach the destination intact.
9,aurence Hecht
!otes """"""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""
1. 9ohannes Sepler+ New Astronomy, Eilliam /onahue+ transl. ,6ambridge: *he University 'ress+
1II04 p. 3I5
0. KndrP-(arie KmpQre+ N(emoire sur la thPorie mathPmatiBue des phPnomenes PlectrodynamiBues
uniBuement dPduite de lMexperience+O in K.(. KmpQre+ $lectrodynami%ues, uni%uement d:duite de
l0e&perience,; <'aris: K. %ermann+ 1LL34. K partial .nglish translation appears in :.K.:.
*ric&er+!$arly $lectrodynamics= +he .irst ,aw of -irculation ,Ae# @or&: 'ergamon+ 1I254 pp.
155-0CC. OK revie# o" the KmpQre-Jauss-Eeber electrodynamics appears in -aurence %echt+ N*he
Ktomic 7cience *extboo&s /onMt *each+O 1st -entury, ?all 1II2+ pp. 01-3.
*he la# o" "orce #hich KmpQre derives is:
3. 6arl ?riedrich Jauss+ >ie 6ntensit?t der $rdmagnetischen @raft auf absolutes 7aass
AurB"gefBhrt, ed .. /orn+ Cstwald0s @lassi"er der $&a"ten 3issenchaften, >ol. 53 ,-eipzig:
Eilhelm .ngelmann+ 1LI4. .nglish translation in 1st -entury #cience archive ,*he !ntensity o"
the .arthMs (agnetic ?orce+ :educed to Kbsolute (easure4.
. Bernhard :iemann+ N5n the %ypotheses Ehich -ie at the ?oundations o" Jeometry+O in /avid
.ugene 7mith+ ed.+ A #ource 2oo" in 7athematics ,Ae# @or&: /over 'ublications+ 1I5I4 pp. 11-
05.
5. 6arl ?riedrich Jauss+ 'eneral 6nvestigations of -urved #urfaces, transl. Kdam %iltebeitel and
9ames (orehead ,%e#lett+ A.@.: :aven 'ress4
2. Eilhelm Eeber+ N.le&trodynamische (aasbestimmungen: Xber ein allgemeines Jrundgesetz der
ele&trischen Eir&ung+O 3er"e ,Berlin: 9ulius 7pringer+ 1LI34 Bd. 3+ pp. 05-01. .nglish translation
in 1st -entury #cience archive ,/eterminations o" .lectrodynamic (easure: 6oncerning a
?undamental Jeneral -a# o" .lectrical Kction4.
D.
L. (ore than a decade be"ore the publication o" EeberMs 1L2 paper+ one can "ind an 1L35 entry in
JaussMs Aoteboo&s+ sho#ing a hypothesized "orm o" the electrodynamic "orce la#+ dependent on
relative velocity and acceleration+ that is essentially eBuivalent to that #hich Eeber used in the 1L2
publication. !nterestingly+ the Jauss "ormulation appears on the same page as an alternative
"ormulation+ #hich #as the one 9ames 6ler& (ax#ell chose to use in his text +reatise on $lectricity
and 7agnetism to "alsely imply a di""erence in electrodynamic vie#s among the three collaborators+
Jauss+ Eeber+ and :iemann.
c. N*ext o" the Jauss-Eeber 1L5 6orrespondence+O ,in N*he Ktomic 7cience *extboo&s /onMt
*each+O4 1st -entury, ?all 1II2+ pp. 1-3.
1C. 5.?. (ossotti+ N5n the ?orces #hich :egulate the !nternal 6onstitution o" Bodies+O in :. *aylor+
ed. #cientific 7emoirs, >ol. 1+ pp. L-2I.
11. Eilhelm Eeber+ N.le&trodynamische (aassbestimmungen+ insbesondere Xber den
Fusammenhang des ele&trischen Jrundgesetzes mit dem Jravitationsgesetze+O 3er"e ,Berlin:
7pringer+ 1LI4+ Bd. + pp. DI-505. .nglish translation in 1st -entury archive+ ,/eterminations o"
.lectrodynamic (easure: 'articularly in :espect to the 6onnection o" the ?undamental -a#s o"
.lectricity #ith the -a# o" Jravitation4.
10. 6. 7eegers+ N/e motu perturbationibusBue planetarum secundum legem electrodynamicum
Eeberianam solem ambientium+O JTttingen+ 1L2
13. *isserand+ N7ur le mouvement des planQtes autour du 7oleil dMapres la loi electrodynamiBue de
Eeber+ -ompt. rend. 7ept. 3C+ 1LD0.
1. (aurice Kllais+ N7hould the -a#s o" Jravitation Be :econsidered+O 1st -entury,3?all 1IIL+ pp.
01-33. Benedetto 7oldano+ N7pace 'robe Kcceleration Knomalies 7uggest AoneBuivalence+O 1st
-entury, 7ummer 1III+ pp. 22-2I+ D5. Yhu-#en Fhou+ NKbnormal 'hysical 'henomena 5bserved
Ehen the 7un+ (oon+ and .arth Kre Kligned+O 1st -entury, ?all 1III+ pp. 55-21.
15. Eilhelm Eeber+ N.le&trodynamische (aasbestimmungen+ insbesondere Xber das 'rincip der
.rhaltung der .nergie+O ,1LD14+ 3er"e ,Berlin: 7pringer+ 1LI4+ Bd. + pp. 0D-0II. .nglish
translation in (hilosophical 7agaAine, th series+ >ol. 3+ Ao. 0L3+ 9anuary 1LD0+ pp. 1-0C+ 11I-1I
,N.lectrodynamic (easurementsR7ixth (emoir+ relating speci"ically to the 'rinciple o" the
6onservation o" .nergyO4.
12. Eilhelm Eeber+ N.lectrodynamische (aasbestimmungen+ insbesondere Xber die .nergie der
Eechsel#ir&ung+O 3er"e, Bd. + pp. 320-10.
http://###.01stcenturysciencetech.com/articles/springC1/.lectrodynamics.html
*his is a dra"t o" the basic analysis o" the current state o" electro magnetic theory. !nspired by .d8s
observations it dra#s upon Eebers research and the research o" others even today. *he modern
dielectric and diamagnetic models+ though better+ carry "or#ard a "undamental misconception #hich
is due to the retention o" mass as matter that is essentially solid particles. !n "actno particle physicists
thin&s o" particles any more+ they thin& o" electrical energy "rom #hich magnetic energy is derived+
and space is a "luid "illed up o" these 0 energies+ &ind o" $congealing$+
%o#ever Eeber+ li&e .d thought that magnetic dipoles or monopoles+ ,i pre"er magnetron+ and one
researcher uses magneton4 should be the basis o" all these phenomenon.
(y analysis indicates that the magnetic dipole is the most logical "undamental.
Klthough ! believe .d moved the monoliths conventionally+ #ith lever and pulley and other tac&le+ it
is possible that he made motors that helped turn the pulleys+ and #ind the chains and ropes.
By care"ully balancing one against the other even a little motor #ould help li"t by lever action.
%ydraulic levers also give an amazing advantage.
-oo&ing care"ully at some o" the pictures reveals that ed cemented metal rods into the monoliths.
*his #ould give him purchase at the right tipping point+ but they may also have provided po#er to
run electric #inding gearW