Durability and Fatigue Life Analysis Using MSC - Fatigue

MSC.
Software Corporation
2 MacArthur Place
Santa Ana, CA 92707, USA
Tel: (714) 540-8900
Fax: (714) 784-4056
Web: http://www.mscsoftware.com
Tokyo, Japan
Tel: 81-3-3505-0266
Fax: 81-3-3505-0914
United States
MSC.Patran Support
Tel: 1-800-732-7284
Fax: (714) 979-2990
Munich, Germany
Tel: (+49)-89-43 19 87 0
Fax: (+49)-89-43 61 716
Durability and Fatigue Life

Analysis Using MSC.Fatigue
PAT318 Course Notes
March 2002
PAT318, Section 0, March 2002

P/N P3*V2002*Z*Z*Z*SM-PAT318-NT1
S0-1
DISCLAIMER
MSC.Software Corporation reserves the right to make changes in specifications and other information contained in this
document without prior notice.
The concepts, methods, and examples presented in this text are for illustrative and educational purposes only, and are not
intended to be exhaustive or to apply to any particular engineering problem or design. MSC.Software Corporation assumes
no liability or responsibility to any person or company for direct or indirect damages resulting from the use of any
information contained herein.
User Documentation: Copyright 2001 MSC.Software Corporation. Printed in U.S.A. All Rights Reserved.
This notice shall be marked on any reproduction of this documentation, in whole or in part. Any reproduction or distribution
of this document, in whole or in part, without the prior written consent of MSC.Software Corporation is prohibited.
MSC and MSC. are registered trademarks and service marks of MSC.Software Corporation. NASTRAN is a registered
trademark of the National Aeronautics and Space Administration. MSC.Nastran is an enhanced proprietary version
developed and maintained by MSC.Software Corporation. MSC.Marc, MSC.Marc Mentat, MSC.Dytran, MSC.Patran,
MSC.Fatigue, MSC.Laminate Modeler, and MSC.MVision are all trademarks of MSC.Software Corporation.
All other trademarks are the property of their respective owners.
PAT318 Course Director:

Abdur.Razzaque@MSCSoftware.com
S0-2
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Section
1.0
Page
Overview of Durability and Fatigue Life
Company Overview .. 1-3
Course Schedule . 1-9
MSC.Fatigue Features . 1-10
MSC.Fatigue User Interface 1-11
Computer Aided Engineering Solutions 1-12
Durability Management .. 1-13
What is Durability .. 1-15
What Drives Durability Management . 1-18
Traditional Approach without CAE: Build it, Test it, Fix it . 1-21
Add CAE: Analyze and Optimize . 1-22
Predicting Product Life 1 Build and Use . 1-23
Predicting Product Life 2 Add Sign-off Testing 1-24
Predicting Product Life 3 Add Simulation Testing 1-25
Predicting Product Life 4 Add CAE 1-26
Integrated Durability Management Activities . 1-27
Integration 1-28
Design Approaches .. 1-29
History of Fatigue Early Days 1-30
A Short History of Fatigue -1 .. 1-31
A Short History of Fatigue -2 1-34
Fatigue Life Calculation Methods . 1-40
S-N Method Similitude 1-42
Crack Initiation (Strain Life) Method Similitude . 1-43
Crack Propagation Method Similitude .. 1-44
Fatigue Failure and Training ... 1-45
S0-3
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Section
1.0
Page
Overview of Durability and Fatigue Life
The Physical Basis for Fatigue 1-46
Slip and Stage I Growth 1-47
Initiation and Propagation .. 1-48
Use of Fatigue Technology . 1-50
Fatigue Calculations in .. 1-51
Who does what Fatigue Calculations 1-52
Design against Fatigue .. 1-53
Exploiting Fatigue Analysis the 5 box trick .. 1-55
Durability Tools for Analysis and Test 1-57
Integrated Approach to Durability . 1-58
How Testing supports Analysis 1-59
How Analysis supports Testing 1-60
2.0
Overview of MSC.Fatigue
Whats in MSC.Fatigue .... 2.3
Life Prediction Process 2-5
Elastic Stress or Strain Prediction Methods . 2-7
Transient Dynamic Case 2.16
Frequency Domain . 2.17
Vibration Fatigue Methods .. 2.18
FE Mesh Considerations . 2.19
MSC.Fatigue Analysis Process .. 2.20
MSC.Fatigue Main Form .. 2.21
Geometry/Stress Strain Results 2.24
Materials Database Manager .. 2.26
Loading Time History Database Manager .2.29
Stress Life Analysis (S-N) .. 2.32
Crack Initiation Analysis (E-N) 2.33
S0-4
TABLE OF CONTENTS (cont.)
Section
2.0
Page
Overview of MSC.Fatigue
Crack Growth Analysis (LEFM) .. 2.34
Post-Processing: Results . 2.36
Post-Processing: design Optimization .. 2.39
Advanced Features: MSC.Fatigue Spot weld .. 2.41
MSC.Fatigue Software Strain Gauge 2.47
MSC.Fatigue Utilities 2.52
MSC.Fatigue Vibration . 2.54
Multiaxial Fatigue .. 2.59
3.0
MSC.Fatigue User Interface

The Five Box Fatigue Analysis Trick 3.3
Overview of MSC.Fatigue Analysis Process 3.4
Running an FEA using MSC.Patran .. 3.5
Or Import the model and results . 3.6
MSC.Fatigue Main Form .. 3.7
Loading Information Form 3.8
Material Information Form .. 3.9
Solution Parameters Form .. 3.10
MSC.Fatigue Files 3.11
Job Control Form .. 3.13
Results Form ..3.14
Graphical Display of Fatigue Results .3.15
S0-5
Section
4.0
Page
Overview of Patran
Building a model using Patran .. 4.3
Step 1 - Analysis Preferences 4.4
Step 2 - Import/Build Geometry .. 4.6
Step 3 Creating an Analysis Model . 4.7
Step 4 Perform the Analysis .4.12
Step 5 Evaluate Results 4.13
Customization 4.15
Starting MSC.Patran 4.16
MSC.PATRAN File Option . 4.17
MSC.Patran Files . 4.18
The Main Form . 4.19
Typical Widgets used in MSC.Patran 4.21
System Icons . 4.22
Entity Picking . 4.24
Viewing/Model Manipulation 4.29
List Processor 4.30
Entity ID Syntax 4.31
MSC.Patran Standards 4.32
Online Help 4.33
S0-6
Section
5.0
Page
Geometry Modeling
Topological Structures 5.3
Geometry Building Blocks 5.4
Importing, Exporting Geometry and FEM . 5.12
MSC.Patran Database Access .. 5.17
File Export Options .. 5.21
Geometry Construction 5.24
Geometry Form Anatomy 5.25
Select Menu .. 5.26
Geometry Entities Point 5.27
Geometry Entities Curve . 5.33
Geometry Entities Surface .. 5.44
Geometry Entities Solid 5.59
Solid Geometry Boolean . 5.66
Geometric Entities Coordinate frame . 5.67
6.0
Meshing
Finite Element . 6.3
Introduction to Finite Element Meshing 6.5
MSC.Patran Meshing Algorithms . 6.6
Iso (Mapped) Mesher) 6.7
Paver (Free) Mesher for Surfaces 6.10
Iso (Mapped) Mesh Vs. Paver (Free) Mesh 6.12
Meshing Control using Mesh Seeds 6.16
Tetrahedral Mesher TET Mesh . 6.17
Sweep Mesher . 6.19
Association of Finite Elements to Geometry 6.21
Finite Element Form 6.22
S0-7
Section
6.0
Page
Meshing
Where to Start with Meshing .. 6.23
Mesh Seeding .. 6.24
Meshing Parametric Solids . 6.28
Tetmeshing Solids 6.29
Tetmeshing from 2D Elements surrounding Volume .. 6.31
FEM Creation Tool Transform 6.32
Sweep Meshing 6.33
FEM Creation Tool Element/Edit .. 6.35
Equivalence Tie Elements Together .. 6.37
Irregularity Checks 6.40
FEM Editing Node/Move .. 6.41
FEM Editing Node/Offset . 6.42
FEM Editing Node/Project 6.43
Node Editing Example . 6.44
7.0
Viewing
Viewing .. 7.3
Transformations of View . 7.4
Fit Model to Screen and Select New Center 7.5
Select Corners (Local Zoom) and Zoom by Factor . 7.6
Specify View using Angles . 7.7
User Defined Views .. 7.8
General Clipping Planes . 7.9
S0-8
Section
8.0
Page
Groups
Introduction to Groups . 8.3
Example of Groups .. 8.4
Groups Terminology . 8.5
Group Manipulation .. 8.6
Creating a Group .. 8.7
Method of Creating a Group 8.8
Display a Group 8.9
Modifying Groups . 8.10
Moving or Copying between Groups . 8.11
Setting Current Group . 8.12
Transforming Groups .. 8.13
Deleting Groups 8.14
Notes on Groups .. 8.15
9.0
Display
Display 9.3
Entity Type Display .. 9.4
Group Display 9.5
Plot/Erase .. 9.6
Highlighting 9.8
Geometric Attributes 9.9
Finite Element and LBC/Element Property Display Attributes .. 9.11
Titles Example .. 9.12
Spectrums . 9.13
S0-9
Section
10.0
Page
Analysis Setup
Analysis Setup . ..
Setting up the Analysis
Results Translation Back into MSC.Patran .
Reading a MSC.Nastran Bulk Data File ..
11.0
Lists
Lists Overview ..
How to Create a List
Boolean Operations .
Boolean Example .
12.0
11.3
11.4
11.5
11.6
Viewports
Viewports ..
Why use Viewports ..
Creating Viewports ..
Current Viewport ..
Viewports and Groups .
13.0
10.3
10.4
10.5
10.6
12.3
12.4
12.5
12.6
12.7
Results
Results Introduction . 13.3
The Results Main Form 13.6
Results Plot Types 13.7
S0-10

13.0
Results
Quick Plot Form 13.11
Quick Plot Animation Form . 13.12
Results Post-processing Procedure ...13.13
Select Results Form . 13.14
Target Entities Form . 13.16
Display Attributes Form 13.18
Plot Options Form . 13.19
Fringe Plot Options .. 13.22
Deformed Shape Plots 13.32
Vector Marker Plot .. 13.33
Marker Display Attributes 13.34
Create Results Form 13.35
X-Y Graph Plotting .. 13.37
Text Report Writer 13.38
Freebody Results . 13.41
Creating a Range .. 13.43
Results with Multiple Viewports .. 13.46
Results Animation . 13.47
Quick Plot Animation 13.49
Animation Control Setup . 13.50
Animation Options Form . 13.51
Animation Control 13.52
Setting up Non-Quick Plot Animation .. 13.53
S0-11

14.0
X-Y Plotting
X-Y Plot .
XY Plot Terminolgy ..
Curve Data from File
Scale and Range .
Titles ..
Modify Display Parameters
Modify XY Window ..
Modify Curve .
15.0
14.3
14.4
14.5
14.6
14.7
14.8
14.9
14.10
MSC.Patran Files
MSC.Patran Files
Reverting your Database
Rebuilding a Database
MSC.Patran Files - Generating Hardcopy Plots .
MSC.Patran Files Customization Files .
S0-12
15.3
15.4
15.5
15.6
15.7

16.0
Stress-Life (S-N) Theory

Stress-Life (S-N) Theory 16.3
Some Definitions . 16.4
S-N Analysis . 16.5
S-N Curve . 16.6
S-N Approach 16.9
S-N Curves 16.11
Component S-N Curves .. 16.15
S-N Method Similitude . 16.18
Variable Amplitude Loads Miners Rule and Rainflow Counting 16.20
Miners Rule Block Loading . 16.21
Nonlinear Damage Theory .. 16.26
Rainflow Cycle Counting . 16.29
Analysis Route An Overview .. 16.35
Influence on Fatigue Life . 16.36
Mean Stresses Corrections 16.40
Component Size 16.46
Type of Loading . 16.49
Notches .. 16.51
Surface Treatment & Finish 16.63
How do we get pre-compression? . 16.69
Stress Life in MSC.Fatigue . 16.70
Goodman based Factor of Safety (f) . 16.71
Summary of Total Life Method 16.73
Example Problem . 16.75
Exercise .. 16.82
S0-13

17.0
Strain-Life (E-N) Theory

Strain-Life (E-N) Theory 17.3
Strain Life Testing . 17.8
The S-N and E-N Life Curves . 17.11
Materials Characterization .. 17.12
The Bauschinger Effect 17.16
Masings Hypothesis (Stabilized) Hysteresis Loop) 17.18
Strain Control Vs. Stress Control .. 17.20
Cyclic Softening 17.21
Cyclic Hardening . 17.22
Cyclic Stress-Strain Curve Determination 17.23
Strain Life Results from a series of LCF Tests 17.27
Coffin-Manson-Basquin Equation . 17.29
Transition Fatigue Life Calculation 17.31
Variability in Material Behaviour and the effects on Fatigue Life Prediction .. 17.33
Variable Amlitude Loads Counting Cycles 17.34
Rainflow Counting and Stress/Strain Space 17.38
Mean Stress Corrections . 17.40
Exercise . 17.44
Elastic-Plastic Correction and Local Geometry .. 17.45
Use of Kf in Strain Life Modeling 17.48
E-P Correction including Kf. 17.50
Refinement to the Neuber Method . 17.51
Seeger-Beste Method and Mertens-Dittman Method . 17.54
Surface factors . 17.58
Stress Strain Tracking, Neuber Analysis, Material memory and Damage Calculation . 17.60
Example Problem: E-N Analysis of a Spider 17.73
Exercise .. 17.77
S0-14

18.0
Multiaxial Fatigue
Why do Multiaxial Fatigue Fatigue Calculations? 18.3
The Life Prediction Process E-N Approach . 18.4
Tensor Representation of Stress State 18.7
Stress Tensor Rotation .. 18.10
Principal Stresses (and Strains) . 18.11
Free Surface Stresses . 18.16
Multiaxial Assessment . 18.17
Example: Near Proportional Loading 18.18
Example: Non-Proportional Loading . 18.21
Effect of Multiaxiality on Plasticity, Notch Modeling and damage Modeling 18.23
Exercise . 18.24
Deviatoric Stresses .. 18.25
Yield Criteria .. 18.26
Equivalent Stress and Strain Methods .. 18.30
Some Equivalent Stress/Strain Criteria . 18.32
S-N with Equivalent Stress . 18.33
E-N with Equivalent Strain ... 18.34
Comments on Equivalent Strain Methods . 18.38
ASME Pressure Vessel Code . 18.40
Notch Rules for Proportional Loading 18.43
Extending Neuber to Non-Proportional Loadings 18.49
Multiaxial Fatigue Theory 18.55
MSC.Fatigue Multiaxial Analysis 18.58
Normal Strain Method . 18.61
Shear Strain Method 18.62
S0-15

18.0
Multiaxial Fatigue
Smith-Topper-Watson-Bannantine Method
Fatemi-Socie Method ..
Wang-Brown Method ..
Dang-Van Method
Summary of Approach
A Multiaxial Assessment
Exercise
19.0
18.63
18.64
18.66
18.72
18.80
18.81
18.85
Fatigue Crack Propagation

Fatigue Crack Propagation (LEFM) Method 19.3
Crack Stress Concentration .. 19.6
Modes of Crack Opening 19.7
Mechanics of Cracks .. 19.8
K Controlled fracture .. 19.12
Stages of fatigue Crack Growth 19.14
Factors Affecting Crack Growth Rate .. 19.19
Crack Tip Plasticity . 19.20
Mean Stress (R-Ratio) Effects .. 19.22
Variable Amplitude Loads . 19.24
Environment . 19.25
Calculating Lifetimes 19.26
Crack Growth Laws . 19.27
MSC.Fatigue Crack Growth Analysis Steps 19.29
Summary of Approach . 19.32
MSC.Fatigue Crack Growth Analysis - Applications 19.33
Example Problem: Crack Propagation Analysis . 19.34
Exercise . 19.40
S0-16

20.0
Spotweld Fatigue
Motivation ..
Structural Stress Based Method
How do we model Spotwelds
Structural Stress Calculations ..
Fatigue Properties Typical Test Specimen .
Damage Calculation Procedure
Results Postprocessing Options ..
Polar Plot of Damage .
Example Problem: A Spotweld Analysis .
Exercise
21.0
20.3
20.5
20.7
20.9
20.11
20.13
20.14
20.16
20.17
20.22
MSC.Fatigue Software Strain Gauge

Software Strain Gauge 21.4
Correlation Applications . 21.6
Welded Structure Analysis . 21.8
Gauge Definition .. 21.10
Implementation . 21.11
Example Problem: A Software Strain gauge 21.12
Correlation Techniques .. 21.16
Exercise . 21.17
S0-17

22.0
Vibration Fatigue Analysis

Overview .. 22.3
Benefits of Vibration Fatigue . 22.5
How do we Calculate Damage .. 22.6
What is a PSD .. 22.10
Expected Zeroes, Peaks and Irregularity Factor from a PSD ... 22.12
Probability Density Functions (PDFS) . 22.14
Dirlik Solution 22.15
Other Solution Methods .. 22.16
Summary of Features .. 22.18
Example Problem: Vibration Fatigue . 22.20
Exercise 22.26
23.0
MSC.Fatigue Utilities
Utilities Overview . 23.3
PTIME (Time History Manager) . 23.5
Time History Manipulation Tools 23.6
Graphical Editing of Data GED 23.13
Time History Analysis/Statistics 23.14
Filtering . 23.17
Frequency Analysis . 23.19
Peak Valley regeneration REGEN .. 23.12
Fatigue Analysis (local or test based) Tools 23.23
Other Fatigue Related Tools .. 23.24
Time Correlated Damage TCD 23.26
Stress Concentration Library KTAN 23.27
Rosette Analysis SSA .. 23.28
Data Conversion and other Utilities . 23.29
Exercise 23.30
S0-18
SECTION 1
OVERVIEW OF DURABILITY AND FATIGUE
LIFE ANALYSIS
S1-1
S1-2
COMPANY OVERVIEW
n
The MSC.Software corporation (formerly MacNeal-Schwendler

Corporation) has been supplying sophisticated computer-aided
engineering (CAE) tools since 1963
MSC.Software is the developer, distributor, and supporter of the most

complete and widely-used structural analysis program in the world,
MSC.Nastran as well as the first commercial nonlinear analysis program
in the world, MSC.Marc.
u
u
u
u
MSC.Nastran
MSC.Marc
MSC.Patran
MSC.Dytran
u
u
u
u
S1-3
MSC.MVision
MSC.Fatigue
MSC.Laminate Modeler
MSC.Autoforge
and more
COMPANY OVERVIEW (CONT.)

n
MSC.Software Milestones
u
1963
Company founded by Dr. Richard MacNeal and

Mr. Robert Schwendler. Developed first program
called SADSAM for Structural Analysis by Digital
Simulation of Analog Methods. This was the
forerunner of MSCs flagship program,
MSC.Nastran.
1965
MSC participates in NASA-sponsored

project to develop a unified approach to
computerized structural analysis. The program
became known as NASTRAN (NASA Structural
Analysis Program)
S1-4

u
1965
A team of researchers at Brown University initiated the

development of the technology leading to the MARC program.
1971
The MARC Analysis Research Corporation was founded.
1972
MSC releases proprietary version of NASTRAN, called

MSC.Nastran.
1972
MAR Corporation releases the first proprietary version of

MARC, the first commercial Nonlinear finite element analysis
program.
S1-5
1994
MSC merged with PDA Engineering (Developer of PATRAN)

to become the largest single provider of finite element
analysis (FEA) software to the CAE market.
1999
MSC.Software merged with MARC Analysis Research to

lead both the linear and the nonlinear analysis worldwide
CAE market.
S1-6
1994
MSC merged with PDA Engineering (Developer of PATRAN)

to become the largest single provider of finite element
analysis (FEA) software to the CAE market.
1999
MSC.Software merged with MARC Analysis Research to

lead both the linear and the nonlinear analysis worldwide
CAE market.
S1-7
MSC CLIENT SUPPORT

n
With corporate headquarters in Santa Ana, California, MSC.Software

maintains regional sales and support offices worldwide.
u
MSC Technical Support Hotline 1-800-732-7284 (USA/Canada). Staffed

Monday through Friday 7:00 a.m. to 3:00 p.m. Pacific Standard Time.
E-mail support (USA/Canada) at

mscfatigue.support@mscsoftware.com
mscpatran.support@mscsoftware.com
Support (USA/Canada) Fax 714-979-2900

Internet support http://www.mscsoftware.com
S1-8
COURSE SCHEDULE
Day 1:
Day 3 (Continued):
Intro to Fatigue Analysis

MSC.Fatigue Software Overview
MSC.Fatigue User Interface
User Interface Exercises
Intro to Multi-axiality
Hands-On Exercises
Day 4:
Crack Propagation
LEFM Exercises
Spot weld
Software Strain Gauge
Vibration Fatigue
Hands-On Exercises
Advanced Features
MSC.Fatigue Utilities
Day 2:
User Interface (Continued)
Influences on Fatigue Life
S-N Exercises
Day 3:
Strain-Life (E-N) Theory
Mean Stress Correction
E-N Exercises
S1-9
MSC.FATIGUE FEATURES
n
MSC.Fatigue is an advanced Fatigue life estimation program for use

with finite element analysis. It provides state-of-the-art Fatigue analysis
tools which can be used to optimize the life of a product early in the
design process. Key capabilities include:
u
u
u
u
u
u
u
u
Total Life Analysis (S-N) based on nominal stress-life

Crack Initiation Analysis (E-N) or the local strain method
Crack Growth Analysis - linear elastic fracture mechanics
Spot and Seam Weld Analysis
Vibration Fatigue analysis
Materials and Time History Databases
Biaxiality Analysis leading to Multiaxial Fatigue Life Calculations
Software Strain Gauge and other Utilities
S1-10
MSC.FATIGUE USER INTERFACE

n
MSC.Fatigue has a graphical user interface which consists of the

following major components:
u
u
u
u
u
Windows-Style User Interface

Finite Element Model and Results Import
Analysis Preferences
Engineering Functionality
Results Visualization
S1-11
COMPUTER AIDED ENGINEERING SOLUTIONS...

MSC
Finite Element
Analysis
Software
Materials
& Loading
Information MVI - Flightloads
Engineering
Services
MSC
MSC Institute
Training
Services
S1-12
Tailored
Software
Solutions
DURABILITY MANAGEMENT
MEASUREMENT
TEST
nCode
MSC
ANALYSIS
S1-13
A partnership for excellence in

durability technology
S1-14
WHAT IS DURABILITY?
S1-15
Durability is do ben
u
u
the ability to do what its supposed to

for as long as its supposed to do it!
Reliability is
u
having half a chance of doing what its supposed to for as long as its
supposed to do it!
S1-16
Fatigue is ...
u
the process where repeated variations in loading cause failure even when
the nominal stresses are below the material yield strength;
and is
u
made up of crack initiation and subsequent crack growth as a result of

cyclic, plastic deformation.
S1-17
WHAT DRIVES DURABILITY

MANAGEMENT?
S1-18
GOALS, DRIVERS AND REALITIES

n
Competition requires FASTER concept-to-customer.
Costs/profits require CHEAPER products, materials and

manufacturing processes.
Functionality requires BETTER products with hi-tech features and

performance.
Legislation requires products with LONGER, more

durability and inspection periods.
The customer requires the last mile/flight/hour to be the same as the

first.
S1-19
reliable
PRODUCT DEVELOPMENT LIFECYCLE COSTS
Cumulative Cost
Production
Pilot
Production
Engineering
Prototype
Engineering Prototype
Mechanical
Prototype
DESIGN
FIX
TEST
CAE for Durability
Concept
Concept
Mechanical
Prototype
Development Time
Traditional Design Development
CAE Design Objectives
S1-20
TRADITIONAL APPROACH WITHOUT CAE:

BUILD IT, TEST IT, FIX IT
Generate
idea
Build it
Fix it
Test it
OK?
NO
NO
Begin
Production
Out of
time?
YES
S1-21
ADD CAE: ANALYSE AND OPTIMIZE

Generate
idea
Analyse
Optimize
NO
Previous
experience
OK?
Build it
Correlate test
& analysis
Test it
NO
OK?
S1-22
Measure
YES
Begin
Production
PREDICTING PRODUCT LIFE 1

- BUILD AND USE
Customer
Usage
Product
Life
Check Life Based on

Customer Usage
Build it and Use It
S1-23

- ADD SIGN-OFF TESTING
Customer
Usage
Accelerated
Sign-off Test
Re-Design
S1-24
Product
Life

- ADD SIMULATION TESTING
Customer
Usage
Simulated
Component
Test
Accelerated
Sign-off Test
Measured
Service
Loading
Re-Design
S1-25
Product
Life

- ADD CAE
Customer
Usage
Accelerated
Sign-off Test
Simulated
Component
Test
Measured
Service
Loading
Stress
Analysis
Material
Properties
Product Life
Correlation
Computer-based
Fatigue Life
Simulation
Product Life
Re-Design
Optimize
S1-26
INTEGRATED DURABILITY MANAGEMENT

ACTIVITIES
Modern
Integrated
Approach
DESIGN
ANALYSIS
Analytical
Loads
Kinematic
Modelling
Structural Integrity
Optimization
DATA &
CORRELATION
CORRELATION
DATA
DEVELOPMENT
ANALYSIS
DATA
MEASURED
STRAINS & LOADS
Characterisation
Correlation with FEA
Assess Modifications
Measurement
Validation
Correction
SIMULATION
TEST
Verification
Monitoring
Correlation
DATA
DATA
S1-27
INTEGRATION
n
Achieving Faster, Cheaper, Better Integrated Durability

Management requires:
u
u
u
u
Integrated multi-disciplinary teams.

Integrated software tools common to all departments.
Integrated data exchange within company structure.
Integrated data exchange between the company and
its suppliers and service providers.
S1-28
DESIGN APPROACHES
n
SAFE LIFE
u
FAIL SAFE
u
Evaluate expected life, use a margin of safety, design to survive

expected service life, then retire.
Provides redundant load paths, design to fail into a safe condition

and survive until repair.
DEFECT TOLERANCE
u
Assumes flaws do exist, design to live with some crack growth

below critical size, requires regular inspections.
S1-29
HISTORY OF FATIGUE EARLY DAYS

Over design 42
Under design 7
Product life used to be a hit and miss affair

S1-30
A SHORT HISTORY OF FATIGUE - 1

1828
1839
1849
1850
ALBERT tests mine hoist chains under cyclic loading

PONCELET designs mill wheels with cast iron axles. First uses
the term Fatigue in a book on mechanics
IMechE debate the "CRYSTALLIZATION" theory
on WHLER conducts first systematic Fatigue investigations on
axles.
Develops the ROTATING-BENDING Fatigue test, S-N curves
and the concept of Fatigue LIMIT
Starts the development of design strategies for Fatigue. Identifies
importance of cyclic and mean stresses
S1-31
Wohlers Railway Component Test Rig
S1-32
Stress Amplitude
Unnotched Shaft
Notched Shaft
Log (Fatigue life)

Some of Wohlers data for rotating bending tests
S1-33

1864
1886
1903
1910
1920
FAIRBAIRN experiments with repeated loads

BAUSCHINGER first documents Stress-Strain HYSTERESIS
EWING & HUMPHREY disprove the Crystallisation theory and
show that Fatigue is due to SLIP
BAIRSTOW investigates stress-strain response during cycling
- develops concepts of cyclic HARDENING and SOFTENING
GRIFFITH investigates cracks in glass - the birth of
FRACTURE MECHANICS
S1-34
CRACK INITIATION AND GROWTH - STAGE I

AND II
~1mm
Persistent Slip
band formation
Stage I
Crack Growth
S1-35
Stage II
Crack Growth
MICROSTRUCTURAL CRACK GROWTH

da/dN
S1-36

1955
MANSON and COFFIN investigate Fatigue under STRAIN

conditions - thermal cycling - low cycle & plastic strain
considerations
1959
PARIS and ERDOGAN present first systematic method for
handling CRACK PROPAGATION using fracture mechanics
1961
FORSYTH identified stage I and stage II crack propagation
1961 - NEUBER proposed a method for estimating elastic-plastic
stresses and strains at stress concentrations
1968 - MATSUISHI and ENDO present the rainflow method for cycle
counting
S1-37
STRAIN LIFE RESULTS FROM A SERIES OF

LCF TESTS
Life Curve Display
Total strain curve fit
Total strain data
Elastic strain curve fit
Elastic strain data
Plastic strain curve fit
Plastic strain data
1E0
Sf': 670 MPa

b : -0.0582
L o g S tr a in
1 E -1
(X/Y)
Ef': 0.374
1 E -2
c : -0.54
E : 2.05E5 MPa
(X/Y)
1 E -3
: Run-out pts
1 E -4
1E0
1E1
1E2
1E3
1E4
1E5
Log Life (Reversals)
S1-38
1E6
1E7
1E8

1982 - Battelle Labs in the US estimated annual cost of Fatigue and
fracture to the US was 4.4% of GDP (Billions of $) and that
cost could be reduced by 29% by application of current
technology
1982 - nCode International established to market Fatigue life
estimation software & consultancy services
1990 - MSC.Fatigue launched by PDA Engineering
S1-39
FATIGUE LIFE CALCULATION METHODS

n
S-N (Total Life Method)

u
e-N (Crack Initiation Method)

u
Relates local strain to crack initiation life
LEFM (Crack Propagation Method)

u
Relates nominal or local elastic stress to total life
Relates stress intensity to crack propagation rate
All methods rely on SIMILITUDE
S1-40
f
Total Life
S-N
Crack Initiation
Local Strain
S1-41
p
+
Crack Growth
LEFM
S-N METHOD - SIMILITUDE
nom
nom
The life of this . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . is the same as the life of this . . . . .
if both are subject to the same nominal stress
S1-42
CRACK INITIATION (STRAIN - LIFE) METHOD SIMILITUDE
The crack initiation life here . . . . . is the same as it is here . . . . .

if both experience the same local strains
S1-43
CRACK PROPAGATION METHOD - SIMILITUDE
This crack . . . . . . . grows at the same rate as this one

if both experience the same stress intensity factors
S1-44
FATIGUE FAILURE AND TRAINING
"Despite 150 years of Fatigue research, unintended Fatigue failures still

occur.
More research will NOT reduce the incidence of Fatigue failure - more
education will!"
-Quote by Prof. D. Socie

University of IIIinois,1990
S1-45
THE PHYSICAL BASIS OF FATIGUE

n
Fatigue failures typically start at the surface of a specimen or

component
Fatigue failures start at small microscopic cracks and accordingly are
very sensitive to even minute stress raisers
It has been demonstrated that the Fatigue failure process is related to
reversed plastic flow
S1-46
SLIP AND STAGE I GROWTH

n
Under cyclic loading the slip bands tend to group into packets or
striations, forming both ridges and crevices
There is good evidence that the crevices are closely associated with
the initiation of cracks.
Small localised deformations (called extrusions and intrusions) may
occur in the slip bands. These surface disturbances are approximately
1 to 10 microns. They constitute initial microcracks.
S1-47
INITIATION AND PROPAGATION
S1-48
INITIATION AND PROPAGATION

n
The process of Fatigue encompasses the entire range from the

formation of a microcrack in a persistent slip band to the propagation of
a long crack in an elastic-plastic continuum.
There are many ways of starting a small crack:
u
u
u
u
u
u
cracking or debonding of second phase particles,

natural scratches and machining marks on the surface
corrosion pits or intergranular attack
porosity from casting
laps from forging and forming
brittle surface layers
S1-49
USE OF FATIGUE TECHNOLOGY

n
Fatigue Technology is not new (50-170 years old);
A collection of empirical rules to fit observed behaviour;
Does not require the engineer exploiting it to understand all the finer
points;
Can be used (with training and experience) to achieve IDM goals.
S1-50
FATIGUE CALCULATIONS IN?

n
Concept design phase:

u
u
Verification phase:
u
u
Analytical loads, previous design loads, estimated

properties, early design optimization
Measured loads, real properties, design

refinement and optimization
Production phase:
u
Continued development, new markets, firefighting
S1-51
WHO DOES WHAT FATIGUE CALCULATIONS?

n
Design analyst:
u
u
Development engineer
u
u
Measures data on the real component, tells the

design analyst where its wrong and how to fix it.
Test rig engineer

u
u
Design optimization for durability on the virtual

component
Pre-predicts rig tests and edits out non damaging

parts to speed them up.
Production engineer
u
u
Investigates service failures, monitors production,

feeds back improvement ideas.
S1-52
DESIGNING AGAINST FATIGUE

n
Requirements:
u
u
u
u
u
higher performance
lower weight
longer life
reasonable cost
as soon as possible
S1-53
DESIGNING AGAINST FATIGUE

n
Constraints:
u
u
u
u
u
life calculations are much less precise than strength calculations

Fatigue properties can not be inferred from static mechanical properties
laboratory tests often exhibit scatter and are difficult to translate to full size
components
full scale prototype testing is often required to confirm an acceptable life
designs should be defect tolerant - stressing and materials selection to
ensure slow crack growth and detectability before failure
where possible designs should be fail safe
S1-54
EXPLOITING FATIGUE ANALYSIS - THE 5 BOX

TRICK
LOADS
BLACK BOX
GEOMETRY
Wrong answer
ANALYSIS
LIFE (42)
Garbage OUT
MATERIALS
Garbage IN
Lots more wrong

answers very quickly
RE-DESIGN
RE-ANALYSE
S1-55
EXPLOITING FATIGUE ANALYSIS

n
The information required for rapid and effective Fatigue analysis can be
broken down into:
u
u
u
a description of the loading environment

a description of the geometry of the component
material specific information on the deformation behaviour and Fatigue
properties
S1-56
DURABILITY TOOLS FOR ANALYSIS AND TEST

n
The Fatigue modelling tools used in design analysis and in test analysis
use:
u
u
u
the same time history files

the same materials databank information
the same Fatigue algorithms (and similitude)
The only difference is that the analyst uses an FE model while the tester
uses a strain gauge.
S1-57
INTEGRATED APPROACH TO DURABILITY

n
Facts:
u
Testing is not a good way to optimize designs, but is always required for
sign-off.
Useful Fatigue analysis requires verification and good test-based
information.
Neither Testing nor Analysis have exclusively the right Fatigue answer;
therefore its not an argument between rivals.
Best results are obtained when an integrated approach is adopted
incorporating analysis and testing.
S1-58
HOW TESTING SUPPORTS ANALYSIS

n
n
n
n
n
Provision of load data

Provision of material Fatigue properties
Verification of stress/strain analysis results
Correlation of life predictions
Final sign-off
S1-59
HOW ANALYSIS SUPPORTS TESTING

n
n
n
n
Eliminating unnecessary tests

Test acceleration
Gauge type selection and positioning
Test design
S1-60
Engineering is the art of being approximately right rather than exactly

wrong
-Quote by Prof. Rod Smith

University of Sheffield,1990
S1-61
S1-62
SECTION 2
OVERVIEW OF MSC.FATIGUE
S2-1
S2-2
WHATS IN MSC.FATIGUE?
n
Analysis methods:
u
u
u
u
u
u
u
u
Stress Life (S-N)

Crack Initiation (E-N)
Fracture Mechanics
Weld Fatigue
Vibration Fatigue
Multiaxial Fatigue
Spotweld Fatigue
Software strain gauge
u
u
Available in 2 options
u
u
Integrated in MSC.Patran
Standalone MSC.Fatigue
Pre&Post
Features:
S2-3
Time-domain (Quasi-static or
Transient analysis)
Frequency-domain (forced or
random vibration)
Fast preview analysis
Design optimization & sensitivity
analysis
Import from: MSC.NASTRAN,
ABAQUS, ANSYS, MSC.MARC,
SDRC Ideas
MSC.FATIGUE CAPABILITIES
Analysis Options
Geometry & FEA Results
Stress (total) Life

Strain (initiation) Life
Fatigue Life Contours

Cross Plot of Data : S61STRAIN1KT
DISPLAY OF SIGNAL: TEST101.DAC
Crack Propagation
1500
7
6
5
4
Kt( )
Strain (uE)
Vibration Fatigue
Multi-axial Fatigue
-1500
Time (seconds)
Spot/SeamWeldAnalyzer
12
1E3
1E4
1E5
1E6
Life(Miles)
Software Strain Gauge
Test (Lab) Results
Sensitivity Analysis
and Optimization
Utilities
Strain Life Plot
605M30
Sf': 857 b: -0.067 Ef': 0.636 c: -0.579
Strain Amplitude (M/M)
DAMAGE HISTOGRAM DISTRIBUTION FOR : TRACK05.DHH

Maximum height : 4.8548
Z Units : %
1E-1
4.8548
1E-2
Damage
Z-Axis
0
0
1E-3
1E0
1E1
1E2
1E3
1E4
1E5
1E6
1E7
Life (Reversals)
1574.7
Materials and Loading

Information
808.7
Mean
uE
Y-Axis
Range
uE
X-Axis
1E8
-750.4
Damage Distributions
S2-4
LIFE PREDICTION PROCESS
Loads
Stress
or Strain
S2-5
LIFE
LIFE PREDICTION PROCESS:

APPROACH
measured
strains
constitutive
model
stress and
strain
components
elastic strains
from FEA
-N
LIFE
damage
model
constitutive
model and
notch rule
S2-6
ELASTIC STRESS OR STRAIN PREDICTION

METHODS
n
Time-domain:
u
u
Quasi-Static method (with or without inertia relief)

Transient method (direct or modal)
Frequency-domain:
u
u
Forced Vibration Response (transfer function method)

Random Vibration (PSD input to / output from NASTRAN)
S2-7
QUASI-STATIC ANALYSIS
n
n
n
Identify set of static FE loadcases and constraints to simulate

service environment
Measure or predict loading histories Pk( t )
Elastic stress histories calculated from linear superposition:
ij , e
(t) =
ij , e , k
P k ( t )
P
k , fea
where k = loadcase i.d.
S2-8
STRAIN COMBINATION, CYCLE COUNTING,

ELASTO-PLASTIC CORRECTION, AND DAMAGE
CALCULATION
[ij](t)
Combination
q(t)
q = Max. Absolute Principal
Signed von Mises
Signed Tresca
Component
Cycle
Counting
Range-Mean
Histogram
Material Properties
Elastic Plastic
Conversion &
Damage Calculation
LIFE
S2-9
EXAMPLE - STEERING KNUCKLE
S2-10
LOADING HISTORIES
Force(Newtons)
LOAD03.PVX
84.71
Sample = 1
Npts = 1610
Max Y = 84.71
Min Y = -50.05
-50.05
0
500
1000
1500
point
Force(Newtons)
LOAD02.PVX
7720
Sample = 1
Npts = 1610
Max Y = 7720
Min Y = -7998
-7998
0
500
1000
1500
point
Force(Newtons)
LOAD01.PVX
3769
Sample = 1
Npts = 1610
Max Y = 3769
Min Y = -2654
-2654
0
500
1000
1500
point
Screen 1
S2-11
QUASI-STATIC STRAIN CALIBRATION &

SUPERPOSITION
Time Histories
FE Loadcase
Results
FE Loadcase
Loads
This process is repeated for each node/element
S2-12
Local Strain
Histories
STEERING KNUCKLE
S2-13
FE ANALYSIS FOR STATICALLY

BALANCED CASE
n
n
n
n
n
Ideally determine all Free Body Diagram (FBD) loads (and

check for static balance)
At least 6 DOF constraints
(can be arbitrary if all FBD loads are used)
Redundant constraints must be realistic
Location of constraint may be chosen arbitrarily or for
convenience (e.g. where loads are not easily measured)
S2-14
FE ANALYSIS FOR STATICALLY

UNBALANCED CASE
n
n
n
Must determine all FBD loads (unless there is partial support,

e.g. a hinge)
Constrain 1 node for 6 DOF (unless there is a hinge for
instance)
Use Inertia Relief
Inertia Relief calculates the reaction forces and mass matrix at
the constrained node and redistributes inertia loads according to
the calculated accelerations
S2-15
TRANSIENT DYNAMIC CASE

n
Time histories of stress or strain calculated directly using FE transient

analysis.
Analysis driven by measured vertical forces, accelerations.

FE analysis time consuming for large models.
S2-16
FREQUENCY DOMAIN
Frequency domain analysis can account for dynamic (resonant) effects
Response variation
Time Domain
Fast Fourier Transform (FFT)
(throw away phases)
5
10
15
Response2
Hertz
20
Power Spectrum
Time in seconds
Frequency (Hz)
Inverse Fourier Transform (IFT)

(create random phases)
S2-17
Frequency Domain
VIBRATION FATIGUE METHODS

The PSD can be used to estimate the statistics of the stress
history and to estimate a PDF of Stress Range
Total plot of file NOISE.CYH
DISPLAY OF NOISE.PSD
50
Cycles
RMS Power (MPa^2. Hz^-1)
753.5
Frequency (Hz.)
1494.141
Original Title : Stress
S2-18
Range
796
FE MESH CONSIDERATIONS
n
FE Stress Analysis is a pre-processing activity for durability

analysis
Global stiffness convergence is a necessary but not a sufficient
condition for a good FE model
The essential requirement is for good local stress information in
the critical areas
For crack initiation calculations this normally means good
stresses at free surfaces
S2-19
MSC.FATIGUE ANALYSIS PROCESS

MSC/PATRAN - Applications MSC.Fatigue
FIN
NOR
LST
FNF
Fatigue Results Filter
Global Fatigue
Analyzer
FEF
FPP
Factor of Safety
Analyzer
FOS
DAC
Design
Optimization
Analyzer
FAL
DCL
KFC
DAC
FES
TDB
Fatigue Pre-Processor
P3/PATRAN - Applications
Results
PAT3FAT
MDB
DHH
TCY
KSN
Fatigue Crack
Analyzer
CRG
S2-20
DYH
XYD
Results Listing
MSC.FATIGUE MAIN FORM

Geometry
Materials
Postprocessing
Analysis
Loading
Optimization
S2-21
ANALYSIS PROCESS
Quasi-Static, Strain-Life Example
Results from Linear FE give LoadStrain relationship
Strain-Life relationship used to
calculate damage per cycle and
summed to give Life
Geometry
Materials
Strain time
histories
calculated for
each node by
linear
superposition
Rainflow
cycle count
& elasticplastic
correction
Analysis
Postprocessing
Loading
Optimization
Up to 100 simultaneous load

(Force, disp etc.) time histories
Critical nodes can be identified and reanalyzed

S2-22
METHODOLOGY
Geometry
Materials
Analysis
Post-processing
Loading
Optimization
S2-23
GEOMETRY / STRESS-STRAIN RESULTS:

n
Linear FE Results (stress or strain)

u
Linear Static (up to 100 load cases)
u
Transient Dynamic
u
Stress Frequency Response
u
PSD of Stress Components
FE Codes
u
MSC.NASTRAN
u
ABAQUS
u
ANSYS
u
MSC.MARC
u
LS-DYNA3D
u
SDRC
u
Others
S2-24
METHODOLOGY
Geometry
Materials
Analysis
Post-processing
Loading
Optimization
S2-25
MATERIALS DATABASE MANAGER
Facilities for
u
u
u
u
u
Data Entry, Deletion, & Editing

Searching on Descriptive Data
Database Entry Listing
Graphical Display
Multiple Material Designation
DIN, SAE, ASTM, etc.
S2-26
Steel
Aluminum
Titanium
Copper
MATERIALS DATABASE MANAGER:

A typical S-N curve
S-N Data Plot
MANTEN_SN
SRI1: 3162 b1: -0.2 b2: 0
E: 2.034E5 UTS: 600
Stress Range (MPa)
1E4
1E3
1E2
1E1
1E0
1E1
1E2
1E3
1E4
1E5
Life (Cycles)
S2-27
1E6
1E7
1E8
1E9
METHODOLOGY
Geometry
Materials
Analysis
Post-processing
Loading
Optimization
S2-28
LOADING TIME HISTORY DATABASE MANAGER:

n
Facilities for:
u
u
u
u
u
u
u
Creation (waves, point by point,

graphical, etc.)
Graphical Display and Editing
Arithmetic & Graphical Manipulation
Graphical Cutting and Pasting
Automatic Units Conversion
Searching
ASCII File Import
S2-29
Wind
Transmission
Waves
Suspension
LOADING TIME HISTORY DATABASE MANAGER:

DISPLAY OF SIGNAL:
TEST102.DAC
1500
Strain (uE)
A typical
load history
showing random
loading
sequences
-1500
Time (seconds)
S2-30
12
METHODOLOGY
Geometry
Materials
Analysis
Post-processing
Loading
Optimization
S2-31
STRESS LIFE ANALYSIS (S-N):

S-N Data Plot
Features
u
u
u
u
u
u
u
u
u
Rainflow Cycle Counting

Welded Structures
Statistical Confidence
Parameters
Palmgren-Miner Linear
Damage
User Defined Life
Material and Component
S-N
Surface Conditions
Factor of Safety Analysis
Biaxiality Indicators
MANTEN_SN
SRI1: 3162 b1: -0.2 b2: 0
E: 2.034E5 UTS: 600
1E4
Stress Range (MPa)
1E3
1E2
1E1
1E0
S2-32
1E1
1E2
1E3
1E4 1E5
Life (Cycles)
1E6
1E7
1E8
1E9
CRACK INITIATION ANALYSIS (E-N):

n
e Strain
Features
u
u
u
u
u
u
u
u
u
u
Based on Local Strain Concepts

Elastic-Plastic Conversion
Statistical Confidence Parameters
Palmgren-Miner Linear Damage
User Defined Life
Cyclic Stress-Strain Modeling
Surface Conditions
S2-33
Time
1/2cycle
1cycle
1/2cycle
1cycle
1cycle
1/2cycle
CRACK GROWTH ANALYSIS (LEFM)

n
Features
u
u
u
u
u
u
u
u
u
Cycle-by-Cycle Modeling
Time-sequenced Rainflow Cycle
Counting
Multi-environment Material
Properties
Kitagawa Minimum Crack Sizing
Threshold Modeling
Crack Closure and Retardation
User Defined Life
Fracture Toughness Failure
Criterion
Surface or Embedded Cracks
Modified Paris Law
S2-34
METHODOLOGY
Geometry
Materials
Analysis
Post-processing
Loading
Optimization
S2-35
POST-PROCESSING: RESULTS
Contour Plotting of:

u
u
u
u
u
u
Life Estimates
Log of Life
Damage
Component Specific Life
Units (Flights, Miles, etc.)
Factor-or-Safety
Multiaxiality Indicators
X-Y Plots of Sensitivity

Studies
S2-36
POST-PROCESSING: RESULTS
n
Tabular Results of:

u
u
u
u
u
u
Individual Nodes/Elements
Most Damaged Nodes/Elements
Statistical Summary of Damage Distribution
Interactive Results Interrogation of All Life and Damage Estimates
Factor-or-Safety
Multiaxiality Indicators
S2-37
POST-PROCESSING: HISTOGRAM PLOTS

Cycles vs. Damage
S2-38
POST-PROCESSING: DESIGN OPTIMIZATION

n
Localized Analysis for

Evaluation of
Alternative:
u
u
u
u
u
u
u
u
Surface Conditions
Material Types /
Parameters
Statistical Confidence
Design Geometry
Loading Conditions
Residual Stresses
and Stress
Concentrations
Mean Stress
Design Life
S2-39
POST-PROCESSING: DESIGN OPTIMIZATION
n
n
n
n
Search for Better/Worse

Material
Allowables Based on
Design Life
Calibration to Test
Results
Sensitivity Calculations
X-Y Plotting
Histogram Plotting
User Preferences
S2-40
ADVANCED FEATURES: MSC.FATIGUE SPOT WELD
S2-41
STRUCTURAL STRESS BASED METHOD

( Rupp - Storzel Grubisic)
n
n
Coarse mesh only required, with spot

welds modeled as stiff beam elements
Beams are used as " force transducers
" to obtain forces and moments
transmitted through the spot welds
Forces and moments are used to
calculate " structural stresses "
Life is calculated using Miner's rule
Method is generally applicable and
handles multiaxial loading
S2-42
Spotweld Nugget
Beam Element
d
HOW DO WE MODEL SPOTWELDS?

The 5 Box Trick
Geometry
(Beam Elements)
Loading
Fatigue Analysis
(Time History)
(Spot Weld Analyser)
Material
(Weld S-N Data)
Optimization
& Testing
S2-43
Post
Processing
STRUCTURAL STRESS CALCULATIONS

The structural stresses are calculated from the
forces and moments on each beam element :
My
My
Fy
My
Fy
Fz
Fy
Fx
Fz
Fz
Mx
Fx
Mx
Fx
Mx
Nugget
Sheet 2
S2-44
Sheet 1

E.G. stresses in sheet :
Fz
r ,max =
r
Fx , y
My
ds
Fy
Fz
= 1.744 2
s
.
r ,max = 1872
Fx
s
M x,y
ds 2
Similar equations for stresses in nugget

Corrections made for size effect
S2-45
Mx
FATIGUE RESULTS FOR SHOCK TOWER
S2-46
MSC.FATIGUE SOFTWARE STRAIN GAUGE

A virtual test facility in the
MSC.Fatigue environment
S2-47
SOFTWARE STRAIN GAUGE

n
A Finite Element tool allowing the creation of Stress and Strain

time histories at arbitrary locations on a Finite Element Model
Surface
Uses:
u
u
Finite Element Model Results Verification

Comparison of Strain Values with Test Time Histories
Previous FEA techniques have only permitted comparison of

single Stress or Strain values.
S2-48
CORRELATION APPLICATIONS
Software
Strain
Gauges
FEA Model Surface
Hub Strain
Hub Strain
Real World Structure
time
time
S2-49
GAUGE DEFINITION
n
The gauges are defined as FEA groups, each containing between 1 to 3

elements.
Standard gauge definitions:

u
u
u
u
u
Uni-axial Gauges
T Gauges
Delta Gauges
Rectangular Gauges
Planar and stacked formulations.
User defined gauges may also be created

u
definitions stored in a gauge definition file (gauges.def)
S2-50
IMPLEMENTATION
n
Gauge position:
u
u
u
Gauge results:
u
u
u
Anywhere on the FEA model surface

Any orientation
Covering multiple finite elements.
Averaged results from the underlying finite elements
Replicates the geometric averaging with actual instrumentation.
Transformed to the coordinate system and alignment of the
software strain gauge.
Up to 200 simultaneous Software Strain Gauges
S2-51
MSC.FATIGUE UTILITIES
Time History Reporting
Tools:
u
u
u
u
Contour Plots of time

history data
Surface Plotting
Polar Display Facilities
Automated Report Quality
Plotting
D IS P L AY OF S IGN AL : NOIS E .D AC
0.5
Accel (g)
Time History Manipulation

Tools
u
u
u
u
u
Arithmetic Manipulation
Linear Smoothing
Algorithms
Fourier Filtering
Butterworth Filtering
Multiple File Manipulation
(Cut & Paste, etc.)
Graphical Editing of Time
Histories
-0.6
0
S2-52
Time (s ecs)
15
MSC.FATIGUE UTILITIES (Contd.)

n
Time Series Analysis Tools:
DISPLAY OF SIGNAL:
TEST101.DAC
8191 points.
Running Statistical Analysis

Frequency & Waterfall
Analysis
Probability Density & Joint
Probability Density Analysis
Rainflow Cycle Counting &
Level Crossing Analysis
Strain Gauge Signal Analysis
741 pts/secon
Displayed:
8191 points.
from pt 1
Full file data:
Strain (uE)
1500
Max
= 1499
at 7.105 seconds
Min
= -1445
at 9.672 seconds
Mean = 39.89
S.D. = 444.5
-1500
RMS
Time (seconds)
= 446.2
12
CYCLE HISTOGRAM DISTRIBUTION FOR : S61STRAINS.CYO
Test-based Fatigue Analysis:

u
Maximum height : 205
Fatigue analysis based on

strain gauge signals
Total Life (S/N) and Time to
Initiation (-N) analysis
Uses a data base of Stress
Concentration Factors KT for
critical location stress
determination
Z Units :
205
Cycles
Z-Axis
912.57
0
Mean
uE
Range
uE
Y-Axis
X-Axis
1414
S2-53
-487.42
MSC.FATIGUE VIBRATION
n
Features:
u
u
u
Resolution of stresses
onto Principal planes
Multi input loads
Correlation effects
using Cross PSDs
Stress tensor
stationarity checks
Calculate Fatigue life
from PSDs
Uses 7 solution
methods
including;Dirlik,
Steinberg and Narrow
Band solutions
Input
Loads
Construct FE model and
designate input and output
nodes
-5
x 10
G xx Gxy
Gxy G yy
G xz G yz
Gxz
Gyz
Gzz
Calculate 6 component
stresses at each output node
and compute the principal
stresses
p( 2.5
Ra
ng 2
e, 1.5
Me 1
an)
0.5
0
200
200
400
600
Range [MPa]
Check stationarity of the

principal axes
400
0
800
-200
Mean [MPa]
Choose stress parameter and

compute PSD of stress at each
output node
Fatigue Life
S2-54
WHY USE FREQUENCY DOMAIN?
Wind speed
Hub Stress
Time Domain
time
time
Output
PSD
Frequency
Domain
Transfer
function
frequency
S2-55
PSD Stress
Input
frequency
BENEFITS OF VIBRATION FATIGUE

n
n
n
Analyse structures with dynamic responses to

random loading without requiring full transient
analysis
Fatigue analysis is relatively rapid
Analysis can be included much earlier in the
design cycle
Ability to analyse what if scenarios interactively
S2-56
HOW DO WE CALCULATE DAMAGE?

Loading
(PSD)
Material
(S-N analysis)
Fatigue Analysis
(Vibration Fatigue)
Geometry
(FE Analysis)
Optimization
& Testing
S2-57
Post
Processing

TIME DOMAIN
Steady
state
or
TIME
HISTORY
RAINFLOW
COUNT
STRESS
RANGE
HISTOGRAM
Transient
Analysis
FREQUENCY DOMAIN
PSD
Fatigue
MODELLER
Transfer
M0
M1
M2
Function
M
4
S2-58
BLACK
BOX
PDF
Fatigue
LIFE
MULTIAXIAL FATIGUE
n
n
Handles proportional and

non-proportional loadings
Incorporates Mroz-Garud
model and energy based
notch correction procedure
6 critical plane damage
models including WangBrown method and SocieBannantine shear and
normal models
High cycle (Fatigue limit)
calculations using the
Dang-Van and MacDiarmid
methods.
Post-processing including
polar damage plots
Polar Plot of Data : DEMO

Theta=90
Theta=45
90
120
60
150
30
180
1E-9
1E-8
1E-7
1E-6
210
330
240
300
270
Polar Plot of Type A and Type B damage for Wang-Brown Method
S2-59
S2-60
SECTION 3
MSC.FATIGUE USER INTERFACE
S3-1
S3-2
THE FIVE BOX FATIGUE LIFE ANALYSIS TRICK

Loading
Data
Geometry
Computer-Based
Analysis
Life
Materials
Data
The Three Inputs

The Analysis
S3-3
The Answer!
OVERVIEW OF MSC/FATIGUE ANALYSIS

PROCESS
n
n
n
n
Define Loading History

Define Fatigue Material Properties
Set Up and Run the Fatigue Analysis
Select Solution Parameters
u
u
u
u
Select Solution Parameters

Submit the Job
Monitor the Job Progress
Read in the Results
Evaluate Resulting Life Predictions
S3-4
RUNNING AN FEA USING MSC.PATRAN
2 - Import Geometry
2 - Build Geometry
1 - Select Analysis Code
4 - Perform the Analysis
3 - Create Analysis Model
S3-5
5 - Evaluate Analysis Results
OR IMPORT THE MODEL AND RESULTS

n
Use Results from a Previous Stress Analysis
Import Nodes and Elements and Stress/Strains

from the Results File (.op2 for MSC/NASTRAN)
Use Model and Results Filtering to reduce Model

size and Fatigue Analysis Run Times
S3-6
MSC.FATIGUE MAIN FORM

n
General setup parameters are used to define

generic parameters for the Fatigue job
Jobnames and Titles are used to identify Fatigue
Jobs in MSC.Patran
Specific setup forms are used to specify
parameters unique to fatigue analysis such as
fatigue material properties, load time histories, etc.
Job control is used to submit and monitor fatigue
jobs
Results is used to post-process fatigue results
S3-7
LOADING INFORMATION FORM

Loading Time Histories may be
imported, created, modified, and
displayed by clicking on the
Database Manager button
Result Parameters define the
stress analyzers result details
A Loading Time History is selected
by clicking on the appropriate
name in the list box
S3-8
MATERIAL INFORMATION FORM

n
Fatigue Material Properties

are created / reviewed by
clicking on the Database
Manager button
The fatigue material
properties may be selected
by clicking on its name in the
material list box
Clicking on the O.K. button
will save the specified
properties and hide the form
S3-9
SOLUTION PARAMETERS FORM

n
The Solution Parameter form is used to define

fatigue analysis specific parameters
Clicking on O.K. will save the supplied
information for future retrieval
Clicking on Cancel will close the form without
saving the altered data values
S3-10
MSC.FATIGUE FILES
MS C/PATR AN - Applications MSC/FATIGUE
LST
FIN
NOR
FNF
Fatigue R esults Filter
Global Fatigue
Analyzer
FEF
FPP
Factor of Safety
Analyzer
FOS
DAC
Design
Optimization
Analyzer
FAL
DCL
KFC
DAC
FES
TDB
Fatigue Pre-P rocessor
P3/PATRAN - Applications
Results
PAT3FAT
MDB
DHH
TCY
KSN
Fatigue Crack
Analyzer
CRG
S3-11
DYH
XYD
Results Listing
Files Created in MSC/FATIGUE

Filename
Description
jobnameFIN
jobnameFNF
Job parameter file (ASCII)

Neutral file for P3/FATIGUE
jobnameFES
jobnameASC
*DAC
P3/FATIGUE input file

ASCII version of the JOBNAMESFES file
Loading time history file
jobnameFPP
PFATIGUE.PRT
jobnameMSG
jobnameSTA
jobnameABO
jobnameFEF
jobnameRMN
jobnameFPR
jobnameTCY
*KSN
jobnameCRG
P3/FATIGUE intermediate results file

P3/FATIGUE session file
P3/FATIGUE message file
P3/FATIGUE status file
P3/FATIGUE alert file
Global multi-node analysis results file
Results menu file
File to indicate job running in current directory
Time ordered stress cycles file
K solution file
Crack growth results file
jobnameKFL
jobnameDCL
jobnameFAL
jobnameCYH
jobnameDHH
jobnameFOS
Stress concentration-Life XY data

Design criterion-Life XY data
Scale factor-Life XY data
Rainflow cycle distribution at node n
Damage distribution at node n
Factor of safety results file
S3-12
JOB CONTROL FORM

n
Fatigue Analysis Jobs are submitted to the

local host using the job control form
The Job may be monitored on a regular
basis
Jobs may also be aborted from this form
S3-13
RESULTS FORM
n
The Fatigue results for completed jobs

may be read into MSC.Patran
The results may be displayed using

standard MSC.Patran post-processing
functions
u
Results
Insight
S3-14
GRAPHICAL DISPLAY OF FATIGUE RESULTS

n
Fatigue results may be displayed by selecting the Results switch

from the top menu bar
Fatigue results include
u
u
u
u
u
u
Damage
Log of Damage
Life (repeats)
Log Life (repeats)
Life (User Defined Units) e.g. Laps, Flights, etc.
Log of Life (User Defined Units)
S3-15
S3-16
SECTION 4
OVERVIEW OF PATRAN
S4-1
S4-2
BUILDING A MODEL USING MSC.PATRAN

The Main Form
2 - Import Geometry
1 - Select Analysis Code
4 - Perform the
Analysis
5 - Evaluate
3 - Create
Analysis Results
Analysis Model
2 - Build Geometry
S4-3
STEP 1 - ANALYSIS PREFERENCES

New Model Preferences
n
n
Appears when creating a new database

Used for specifying global model tolerance.
An entity within the tolerance of another is
considered to be a duplicate. Also, two
entities within the tolerance of each other
are considered to be coincident.
Alternative method for specifying global
model tolerance is Preferences/Global
S4-4
STEP 1 - ANALYSIS PREFERENCES

(CONTINUED)
Select/Revise Analysis Code Preference

before defining Materials, Element
Properties, or Load/Boundary Conditions
Analysis Preferences eliminates the
confusion
S4-5
STEP 2 IMPORT/BUILD GEOMETRY

n
Geometric Modeling:
u
Import a CAD Model from

l
l
l
l
l
CATIA
Pro/ENGINEER
CADDS 5
EUCLID-3
Unigraphics
Import a CAD model via an IGES,

ACIS, Parasolid-XMT, or STEP
file
Build the geometry model entirely
in MSC.Patran
Y
Z
Imported CAD model
S4-6
STEP 3 CREATING AN ANALYSIS MODEL

Finite Element Mesh
n
Nodes and Elements (connectivity) can

be created by
u
Mapping Mesher (IsoMesher)

l
l
N-sided (edged) trimmed surfaces

Y
(displayed as Magenta)
Mapped Mesher Quad Elements
3 or 4 sided surfaces (displayed as Green)
Auto TetMesher
l
Paver Mesher
l
3 or 4 sided surfaces (displayed as Green)

5 or 6 faced solids (displayed as Blue)
N-faced solids, B-rep Solids (displayed as

White)
6 faced solids (displayed as Blue)
Sweeping Base Elements Mesher
Mesh Seeds are used to define the node

density and spacing
Z
Y
Quads swept to Hex Elements

S4-7

(CONTINUED)
Verification
n
Check the quality of the finite element model

u
u
u
Element Boundary Checks (crack detection)

Element Nodal Connectivity (Normals, Negative Volume)
Element Distortion Checks (Aspect Ratio, Face Taper, etc.)
Elements are color-coded based on user-defined criteria

.2372
.2214
.2056
.1898
.1740
.1582
.1423
.1265
.1107
.09490
.07908
.06326
.04745
.03163
.01582
.0000007040
S4-8

(CONTINUED)
Material Properties
n
The material properties can be manually input, accessed from the

MSC.Patran Materials Selector, input externally
Materials Selector
Select Database...
Query...
Column Headers...
Query Command
Apply
Auto Execute
Current Database: mil5f_cn2.des

CNAME
Row 1 of 95
Row 2 of 95
Row 3 of 95
Row 4 of 95
Row 5 of 95
Row 6 of 95
Row 7 of 95
Row 8 of 95
15-5PH Stainless
15-5PH Stainless
17-4PH Stainless
17-4PH Stainless
17-4PH Stainless
17-4PH Stainless
17-7PH Stainless
17-7PH Stainless
DENS
lb/in^3
0.283
-00.282
0.283
0.284
-00.276
-0-
E11C
psi
2.92e+07
-03e+07
3e+07
3e+07
-03e+07
-0-
Selected Cell Data

CNAME (Common Name): 15-5PH Stainless Steel
Display Materials Properties...
Materials Selector
Manual Input
S4-9
Clear

(CONTINUED)
Element Properties
n
Element type and physical properties defined with the

Properties application
n
S4-10
Once the analysis

code preference is
chosen only permitted
physical properties are
available
If detailed information
is needed, the
interface manuals are
on-line

(CONTINUED)
n
n
n
Applied directly to the geometry or FE model

Variations defined by fields
XY Plots used to verify the field
LEGEND
Force Variation
360.
300.
240.
180.
120.
60.
0.
0. 1.00 2.00 3.00 4.00 5.00 6.00
S4-11
STEP 4 PERFORM THE ANALYSIS
Select code-specific solution

procedures and parameters
Submit directly from
MSC.Patran
S4-12
STEP 5 EVALUATE RESULTS

n
n
Displayed with Results or Insight applications

Filtered based on model attributes, numerical values
or user-defined criteria
Different results displayed concurrently using multiple
viewports
Time: 10:58:26
Date: 11/30/94
Isosurface
Val= 0.5000E+03
Node Scalar1
Color Index
B 0.129E+04
A 0.121E+04
0 0.113E+04
9 0.105E+04
8 0.968E+03
7 0.887E+03
6 0.806E+03
5 0.725E+03
4 0.643E+03
3 0.562E+03
2 0.481E+03
1 0.400E+03
Min = 2.442558E-01
Max = 2.380629E+03
Min ID = 1730
Max ID = 950
Isos_1:
STRESS
COMPONENTS
Von Mises
(NON-LAYERED)
Default
Max DEFLECTION = 1.82E-03
S4-13
WHERE TO GO FOR HELP

MSC.Patran Product Coordinator at your company
MSC.Patran SUPPORT Hot Line (1-800-732-7284)
Technical Support for all MSC.Patran products
Email support at mscpatran.support@macsch.com
Fax (714-979-2990)
Monday through Friday 7 am to 3 pm Pacific Standard Time
MSC.Software Website (http://www.mscsoftware.com)

MSC.Software Institute (1-800-732-7211)
Training Classes offered for all MSC.Patran products
E-mail support at mscpatran.support@macsch.com
Classes held regularly at domestic and international MSC.Software offices
S4-14
CUSTOMIZATION
Customer Options
Site Specific
Item...
n
n
PCL MSC.Patran Command Language

PCL can be used to create custom-made
menus and forms
Use PCL to automate repetitive tasks and
apply complicated Load/BCs
MSC Institutes PAT304 course shows
how to do all of the above
S4-15
Site Specific Form
Site Specific Application

Site Specific Geometry Access...
Experimental modal Import...
Acoustic Analysis...
Cancel
STARTING MSC.PATRAN
In the terminal window click the desk top icon to invoke
MSC.Patran
or type Patran
MSC Patran
Welcome to MSC.Patran Version 9.0

22600 03:36:58 PM
Setting up Windows Environment
S4-16
MSC.PATRAN FILE OPTION
q New Database
q Open Database
q Revert to Original Database
q Session...
q Close
q Quit
q Save
q Save a Copy
S4-17
Create a new empty database

Open a previously created database
Allows the deletion of all the changes
made in the current modeling session
(Revert must be enabled for this to be
available)
Execute PATRAN commands from a
file
Close the current database but keep
PATRAN active
Close the current database and stop
PATRAN
Saves the database up to and
including the last command
Save a copy of the database under a
different name
MSC.PATRAN FILES
Name
File Type
Comments
Model_name.db
Database
One per model, relatively large.
Model_name.db.bkup
Database
Backup database is created if revert is

enabled.
patran.ses.number
Session File
A Session File is opened at P3 start-up and it

is closed when you quit MSC.Patran.
model_name.db.jou
Journal File
One per model, record of all PCL commands

from database creation to present,
concatenated session files. EXTREMELY
useful for rebuilding a database.
model_name.out
Neutral File
Created using Export. Can be used as a

backup for analysis model.
S4-18
Menu Bar
THE MAIN FORM
Applications
History Box
Command Line
Tool Bar
Menu Bar selection affects global environment (e.g. Viewing, Imaging,

and Preferences)
Application selections only apply to a certain portion of the model (i.e.
Geometry, Loads/BCs, etc.)
Application selections are mutually exclusive -- only one can be
selected at a time
Unavailable selections are shown in a lighter typeface (Ghosted)
S4-19
THE MAIN FORM (CONCLUDED)
n
n
Tool bar provides quick access to frequently used procedures

Actions taken within MSC.Patran session can be traced in the history
box
Command line allows the input of PCL commands and MSC.Patran2
NOODL Rule commands
S4-20
TYPICAL WIDGETS USED IN MSC.PATRAN

q Toggle button is an on/off
switch
q Data selection is done by

highlighting item
q Select databox is used

to enter data
q Radio buttons allow

exclusive selection among
options
q Data insertion can be

made by placing the
mouse at the desired
location, clicking the
left mouse button, and
typing in the desired
data
q ... Suffix denotes that a

subordinate form will open
up upon clicking the button
q Existing text can be

edited
q Slide bar assigns a value to associated variable; i.e.
threshold for aspect ratio test
q Apply causes action to
execute
q Hyphens indicate action can
be undone only immediately
after its execution
q Control icon allows the switching between different actions;

i.e. icon can be set to highlight or split in this example
q Causes the content of a form to reset back to default values;

the default values may be constant or can change
S4-21
SYSTEM ICONS
Refresh Button - refresh screen
Display Cleanup Button - resets graphics to

defaults
Undo Button -
will undo just last command. When an

action is performed, the created data is
saved in the computers memory. When the
next action is performed the data previously
written to memory will be saved in the Patran
data base.
S4-22
SYSTEM ICONS (CONCLUDED)

Interrupt Button - stops operation in progress
Heartbeat -
Green indicates MSC.Patran is waiting

for user input
- Blue indicates MSC.Patran is
performing an operation that can be
stopped with the interrupt button
- Red indicates that MSC.Patran is
performing a process that cannot be
interrupted
S4-23
ENTITY PICKING
n
Picking is performed in two ways:

u
Keyboard entry into a databox,

e.g. Curve List
Graphical picking with the mouse
List processor is the program responsible for the interpretation

of the user input, e.g. Curve 1:3
S4-24
ENTITY GRAPHICAL PICKING

n
Individual and collective entity picking is controlled

by the Picking option under Preferences
For Single Entity Picking, a portion of the selected
entity must be within the physical limits of the
cursor
For Centroid Single Picking, the closest entity to
the location of the cursor will be picked
Additional tools are available to aid the process of
picking, such as Cycle picking
The Preselection Settings highlight the Entity and
Label (ID #) of the entity before you select it
S4-25
CURSOR PICKING
Entity
Multiple Picking
Move the cursor to the entity label/centroid and press

the left mouse button
Hold the shift key down and select the entities

with the left mouse button`
Shift
S4-26
CURSOR PICKING (CONTINUED)

Select Rectangle (Click & Drag)
Select Polygon
Ctrl
You may also
select this icon
from the toolbar
Note: To complete your selection double click the left

mouse button
S4-27
CURSOR PICKING (CONCLUDED)

Deselect
Move the cursor to the entitys label/centroid and

click on the right mouse button
Cycle Picking
Picking an entity underneath another, or that is

Selection
close to other entities.
Surface 3
Surface 7
Shift
Previous
Next
If you hit the space bar while an entity is selected it

will temporarily erase the entity so you can select the
one underneath
S4-28
VIEWING/MODEL MANIPULATION
-x
+y
-y
+x
Mouse
Rotate XY
Mouse
Rotate Z
Mouse
Translate XY
S4-29
Mouse
Zoom
LIST PROCESSOR
n
n
n
n
The list processor verifies the syntax, checks for existence and
performs rudimentary geometry operations such as calculating the
intersection of two curves
The list processor parses the contents for the select databox
The application only recognizes specific types of data
The list processor is generic and is used by all applications for
consistency
S4-30
ENTITY ID SYNTAX
Syntax
Description
Point 1 2 3
Refers to points 1, 2 and 3
Point 1:9:2
Points 1 through 9 by 2
Curve 1 2, 3/ 4
Different forms for delimiters: space, , and /
Surface 3.1
References an entity associated with a higher order one (i.e. edge 1 of

surface 3, that is similar to a curve)
Solid 1:10.2
Combinations of entity ID syntax is possible (face 2 of solids 1 through

10)
[x y z]
Square brackets signifies coordinate specification
[xn28, 1, 2]
Individual coordinates can reference existing entities, such as x = the x

coordinate of node 28
[1, zp5, 3]
[1, z5, 3]
y = the z coordinate of point 5

When a point is referenced the letter p can be dropped
[1, 2, -64.0/20.0]
Mathematical operations like division are possible to determine the

individual components
<R T Z>
< > signifies a vector definition
{[ ][ ]}
Signifies an axis with first point representing the base and the second
determining the direction
S4-31
MSC.PATRAN STANDARDS
If your cursor becomes a pointing hand:
This means there is an error window somewhere on

your screen that must be acknowledged before you
can continue
Sample Error Window

S4-32
ON-LINE HELP
Activation
To start, click on Help by system icons
S4-33
ON-LINE HELP (CONTINUED)

System
n
There are two ways to use the help system:

u
Topical help allows the user to access the complete MSC.Patran

Help System
l
l
l
General MSC.Patran Philosophy

Tutorials on the use of MSC.Patran
Features and Functions
Context sensitive help is used to describe the contents of a form in

question - F1
S4-34
ON-LINE HELP (CONTINUED)

Top Menu
The following navigation menu appears at the top of each help page
Part 3: Geometry Modeling
Accessing/Importing/Exporting
Page 2-2
s Done
Options
- Select an OptionLibrary
Contents
Index
Getting Started
Examples
Sales & Support
Help on Help
Page Locator
Options
Done
Brief title of the current help page

Allows the user to access other documents in the system
Trace back to previously displayed pages
Page backward & forward
Exit help document
S4-35
S4-36
SECTION 5
GEOMETRIC MODELING
S5-1
S5-2
TOPOLOGICAL STRUCTURES
n
n
MSC.PATRAN combines topological structures to define geometry

The topological entities within MSC.PATRAN are:
7
Face
Vertex
Body
3
Edge
1
n
n
Vertices hold positions for an edge, face, and body

All topological entities can be cursor selected to perform MSC.PATRAN
functions (e.g. Surface 10.2)
S5-3
GEOMETRY BUILDING BLOCKS

Point (Cyan)
A point is a 0 dimensional CAD

entity; it represents a location in
space; 3-space in MSC.PATRAN
MSC.PATRAN creates points
automatically when constructing
curves, surfaces, and solids
u
Points are created at vertices, e.g.

surface vertices (corners)
It is not always necessary to
construct entities starting with their
points, e.g. surface going from point
to point
9
X
X
Z
S5-4
GEOMETRY BUILDING BLOCKS (CONTINUED)

Curve (Yellow)
P2
n
A curve is a general vector function of the

single parametric variable 1; it can have
many types of mathematical forms:
A curve has:
(X,Y,Z) = function ( 1)
u
u
Two points, with one at each end

A parametric coordinate (1) whose domain
is from 0.0 at P1 (its origin) to 1.0 at P2
P(1)
5
P1
Z
Z
Y
X
Y
X
Meshed with bar elements
5
Bar Element
S5-5

Surface (Simple or complex)
Surface types can be simple (Green) or

complex/general (Magenta)
A simple surface is a general vector function
of the two parametric variables 1,2:
A simple surface has:
P2
P1
12
P( 1,2)
(X,Y,Z) = function ( , )
u
u
1 2
3 or 4 bounding edges
A parametric origin and parametric coordinates
whose domains are from 0 to 1
A simple surface with 3 visible edges has a

fourth edge that is degenerate
P3
P4
Z
Z
Y
X
Y
X
S5-6

Surface (continued)
A simple surface can be meshed with either the IsoMesh (mapped) or
Paver (free) meshers
Curve of constant
parametric value
2
4
Display Line for

visualizing surface
2
4
2/3
1
1/3
1
2
1/3
2/3
Surface 1
IsoMesh Mesh of Surface 1

Nodes follow curves of
constant parametric value
S5-7

Surface (concluded)
A complex or general trimmed surface (magenta) has more than 4

edges (N-sided) and can have inner boundaries
u
u
u
u
Not defined parametrically, e.g. 1,2 not used

It is a trimmed parametric surface
Must be meshed with the Paver mesher
Meshes perimeter of surface first
General Trimmed
Surface
Paver Mesh
21
24
23
25
22
20
19
18
S5-8
Perimeter
of surface

Solid (Simple or Complex)
n
Vector function of three parametric variables

1,2,3
A simple solid has:

u
Simple or parametric solid (blue)
4 to 6 bounding faces
Parametric origin and coordinates whose
domains are from 0 to 1
A simple solid with 4 to 5 visible faces has

some degenerate faces
Parametric solids are meshed with the
IsoMesh (mapped) mesher (hex, wedge, or
tet elements)
P(1,2,3 )
P
S5-9
P
2
P3

Solid (concluded)
n
Complex or non-parametric solids (N-faced) (white)

u
Non-parametric solids can be either Patran native B-Rep (boundary

representation) or parasolid B-Rep
CAD solids can be accessed as B-Rep or parasolid solids and can be
meshed using the automatic TetMesh algorithm
Meshes faces with tri-s, then perimeter of solid with tet-s first
B-Rep
Solid
Tetrahedral
Mesh
S5-10
GEOMETRY BUILDING BLOCKS (CONCLUDED)

Planes, Vectors
Infinite planes and vectors are used for certain geometric operations,
such as solid break by a plane
A plane is uniquely defined by vector representing its normal and a
point on the plane
A MSC.PATRAN vector quantity is defined by a magnitude, a
direction and a point of origin
Vector
Plane
S5-11
IMPORTING, EXPORTING GEOMETRY AND

FEM
S5-12
FILE IMPORT OPTIONS
S5-13
FILE IMPORT OPTIONS (CONCLUDED)
Geometry kernal type
CAD part
Standard format
S5-14
EXAMPLE UNIGRAPHICS CAD MODEL

IMPORT
n
n
n
n
Select Import... from the File menu

Set Unigraphics as the Source
Select desired UG part file
Optional filtering of entities is available based on
entity type (e.g. Sheet Body), CAD layer and if
sewing is to be done
S5-15
EXAMPLE UNIGRAPHICS CAD MODEL IMPORT

(CONCLUDED)
Unigraphics options
Unigraphics Options...
is used to filter the Unigraphics

entities being imported
Filter Options include:

u
u
u
u
Entity Type
Entity Layers
Trimmed Surface Type
Sew Sheet Bodies
S5-16
MSC.PATRAN DATABASE ACCESS

n
MSC.PATRAN database content can be transferred between different

databases
Import option allows the specification of entity type, ID offset, name
prefix, and conflict resolution tools
Equivalence Option allows common entities in the databases to be
equivalenced
Preview option provides access to summary information
S5-17

(CONTINUED)
n
MSC.Patran databases can

be accessed by selecting
MSC.PATRAN DB as the
source
S5-18

(CONTINUED)
n
Importing options controls

u
u
u
Which entities to import

How to import entities
Resolve conflict
S5-19

(CONTINUED)
n
Merged finite element models may be

equivalenced
Options on how MSC.PATRAN will deal with
Discrete deal with Discrete FEM Fields on
import
S5-20
FILE EXPORT OPTIONS
S5-21
FILES EXPORTED
n
IGES file
u
u
u
u
Points and all curve and surface types, e.g. trimmed parametric
surface
No geometric solids
FEM nodes and elements
No results
Patran neutral file

u
u
Parametric cubic geometry

FEM consisting of nodes, elements, material properties, element
properties, coordinate frames, etc.
No results
S5-22
FILES EXPORTED (CONCLUDED)

n
Parasolid xmt file

u
u
Specific types of parasolid geometry

Can specify the parasolid version
Step file
u
u
AP203 geometry only

AP209 geometry, mesh, analysis, and/or results
S5-23
GEOMETRY CONSTRUCTION
n
Geometry can be constructed in MSC.PATRAN by:

u
u
Editing imported CAD geometry (Edit/Surface/Sew)

Building with respect to existing geometry (Create/Solid/Extrude)
Gliding a Solid from a Surface
Extracting a Curve
1
Creating copies of existing geometry (Transform)

Mirroring
Rotating
S5-24
GEOMETRY FORM ANATOMY

n
The strategy behind working with the geometry

form:
u
u
Create
Point
Set an objective, such as creating a point

Provide the details associated with creating the
entity using the specified method
Delete
Curve
Action
Surface
Solid
XYZ
Point
Curve
Surface
Extract
Chain
Trimmed
Face
Interpolate
Manifold
XYZ
XYZ
Project
Revolve
Revolve
Revolve
Object
S5-25
Method
SELECT MENU
Pick only geometry point or finite element node
Pick only geometry point
Pick only finite element node
n
n
Provides an entity selection filter

Cursor placed in list box displays select
menu
Select menu icons filter entity
selection, e.g. only entities selected are
of type of chosen filter icon
Selections available depend on what is
being done, e.g. create a point using
XYZ
option allows screen picking of only
the entities on front of model
S5-26
GEOMETRIC ENTITIES - POINT
S5-27
CREATE/POINT/XYZ
n
n
Create points at X, Y, Z location

Locations where points are to be created may
be specified by either:
u
(X,Y,Z) coordinates (list of coordinates), e.g.
[0 50 50] [0 0 70]
Picking a choice from the select menu and
following the menu prompts, e.g. Node

S5-28
POINT CREATE
1
1
1
Create a point at the

center of an arc
x3
3
2
Create a point at
a
parametric location 1
x4 x
1
1
2
Create points
nonuniformly on a
curve
Create a point at the

intersection of a curve
and surface
S5-29
SHOW/POINT/DISTANCE
n
Provide user with information for the distance

between two points and other related information
S5-30
GEOMETRY TRANSFORM*
Method
Comment
Translate
Translate entity through a specified vector
Rotate
Rotate entity about a defined axis through a given angle
Scale
Use a multiplicative factor applied to individual coordinate
Mirror
Create a mirror image of entity across a defined plane
Mcoord
Transform entity in one coordinate frame into another with same relative position
Pivot
Transform entity within a plane defined by a pivot and two and points
Position
Entity transformed to a set of destination-position-points will maintain its relative position

to a set of original-position-points
Vsum
Vector sum of the coordinate locations of two sets of existing entities to create a new
entity
Mscale
Existing entity is simultaneously moved, scaled, rotated and/or warped to a new position
* Transform operations for geometry types point, curve, surface and solid
S5-31
POINT ASSOCIATE/DISASSOCIATE
n
n
n
n
Associated points are used to guide the meshers

Points can be associated with curve and surface type
geometry
It is only possible to associate points to curves or surfaces
which are within the global model tolerance of the points
Associated geometry is a restriction to the meshers
After Association:
2
After Paver Meshing:
10
10
Y
ZX
n
n
Y
ZX
Only the Paver uses associated points interior to surfaces

Associated points can be disassociated
S5-32
GEOMETRIC ENTITIES - CURVE
S5-33
CREATE/CURVE/POINT/3 POINT
n
Create a curve using a cubic parametric

polynomial
Middle point, Point 3, is at parametric location
1=0.75
2 ( 1 =1)
3 ( 1 =0.75)
( 1 =0)
1
S5-34
GEOMETRY TYPES
n
Patran has the capability of creating various types of geometry, for

example
u
u
Implicit form, i.e. conic, elliptical

Explicit form, i.e. parametric cubic, Beizier, NURBS
Patran uses Neutral File convention to indicate that cubic

parametric geometry will be created, e.g.
2
3
X = a 0 + a 1 1 + a2 1 + a 3 1
n
n
with a similar equation for Y and Z

Neutral File convention can be selected under Geometry
Representation in Preferences/Geometry
Some geometry is created using only Neutral File convention, e.g.
Create/Curve/Point
S5-35
CREATE/CURVE/CHAIN
Create a composite curve from two or more existing
curves or edges
It retains exactly all the information of the
constituent curves
Individual Curves
Chain (Composite) Curve
3
2
Chain Curve use for

Trimmed Surface
Individual Curves
9
6
8
10
11
7
4
3
Y
Z X
Z X
S5-36
AUTO CHAINING FEATURE

n
n
n
Provide user with interactive, more controllable

way to chain curves
Chaining starts by selecting a starting curve
Decisions on how to proceed with the chaining
process are made through the toggles and buttons
on the form, i.e. Next (find another possible path
for chain), or OK (proceed along the current path)
Accessible from Create/Curve/Chain
Create/Surface/Trimmed forms
S5-37
CREATE/CURVE/MANIFOLD
n
Manifold refers to creating new geometry on

(coincident with) existing geometry
PATRAN 2 convention approximates manifold
within specified tolerance
2
Before
Surface 7
1
2
6
After
1
S5-38
CURVE CONSTRUCT
1
2
1
1
3
Must use the select
menu for picking
the curve and point
6
7
1
1
3
7
4
S5-39
EDIT/CURVE/BREAK
n
Creates two curves by breaking an original

curve or edge at a parametric position along the
curve between 0.0 and 1.0
Trimmed Surface 3
Edge 7
Point 21 is
created at
parametric 0.4
position along u
(or c1) direction
1
21
0.4
S5-40
CURVE EDIT
2
3
2
3
2
Must use select

menu for picking
the curve and point
PATRAN extracts points from all curves and

creates one spline curve from them
Complex
mathematical
representation of
single curve
6
1
Mathematical representation of original curve

using set of simple curves (cubic parametric)
The parametric coordinate

for each curve is represented
by a line with a 1
S5-41
7
8 1
1 1
18
CURVE SHOW
1
2
1
1
2
Curve ID
Start Point
End Point
Length
1.414235
Curve ID
Type
ParametricCubic
Start Point
End Point
Length
Center
Radius
Type
3.141593
[ 0. 1.75 0. ]
1.
Arc
5
1
6
3
Curve ID
Angle
45.
Minimum Distance Minimum Location1 Minimum Location2

0.
[ 0.5 0 0 ]
1on>. [ 0.5 0 0 ]
1on>.
S5-42
End Point
Length
Type
1.4
ParametricCubic
0.4
ParametricCubic
First Curve ID Secon Curve ID
Start Point
0.9
ParametricCubic
CURVE ASSOCIATE/DISASSOCIATE
n
n
n
n
n
n
Associated curves are used to guide the meshing

of surface.
Can only associate curves which are within the
global model tolerance
Associated geometry is restriction to meshers
The curves can be mesh seeded
Only the Paver uses associated curves interior to
surfaces
Associated geometry can be disassociated
After Association
1
After Paver Meshing
1
2
Y
Z
S5-43
GEOMETRIC ENTITIES - SURFACE
S5-44
PARAMETRIC SURFACE CREATE

5
3
1
2
1
3
3
Curves must be non-intersecting
Curves must be end-to-end

1
2
3
1
8
2
3
Y
Must use the select menu for picking both

surface and point
Z
S5-45
4
X
TRIMMED SURFACE CONSTRUCTION

Three options for creating a trimmed surface in MSC.PATRAN
S5-46
TRIMMED SURFACE CONSTRUCTION

(CONCLUDED)
n
In creating a trimmed surface must define its edges

u
Chain together curves to form closed loops

l
l
Define curvature of surface

u
u
One outer loop to define the outer boundary

As many inner loops as necessary (if any) to define holes/cutouts
Planar trimmed for a flat surface

Surface trimmed requires a parent parametric surface to define the
curvature of the new surface; only one surface permitted
For composite trimmed creation must specify all surfaces to be

combined
S5-47
CREATE TRIMMED SURFACE EXAMPLE

n
The outer loop list must have only one continuous

closed loop curve ID, e.g. Curve 14
The inner loop list can have as many continuous
closed loop curve ids as needed, e.g. Curve 13, 15,
16
Without the parent parametric surface, an infinite
number of trimmed surfaces could be visualized
Trimmed Surface
Curves
1
14
13
15
16
Y
Z
S5-48
CREATE SURFACES
n
n
One surface created from all of the selected surfaces

Meshing will ignore the original interior vertices and edges
Original Surfaces
Composite Surface
Composite Surface
with Mesh
S5-49
CREATE COMPOSITE SURFACE

n
A composite surface is created from multiple surfaces

u
User defines boundary features such as vertices,

inner loops, and curves at perimeter gaps (Preview
Boundary)
Vertices
u
Useful for coarse meshing a region of numerous

surfaces
Can use parametric composite surfaces to create
parametric solids, which can be hex meshed
Use All Edge Vertices all vertices at outer perimeter of

surfaces in Surface List
Vertex List if only use some vertices, e.g. create
parametric surface
Inner Loop Option All, None, Select (some)
S5-50
CREATE COMPOSITE SURFACE (CONTINUED)

n
Preview Boundary
u
Curve or
Edge
S5-51
Can use Preview Boundary to add

(create) or remove curves or
edges on the fly to define desired
outer perimeter
Select menu can only be used to
pick curves or surface edges
CREATE COMPOSITE SURFACE (CONCLUDED)

n
Options can be used to automate

surface creation
u
S5-52
Perimeter (boundary) gaps less

than Cleanup Tol. will be closed
Gap Distance is similar to
Cleanup Tol., except it refers to
gaps between internal edges of
surfaces
CREATE MIDSURFACE FROM SOLID

n
n
n
Manual
Create surface midway through

thickness of portions of a parasolid solid
Use for shell meshing a solid
Two modes for creation
u
Automatic
l
Specify the thickness of the regions for

which surfaces are to be created
Manual
Automatic
Two faces of a given solid between which

a mid-surface is to be created must be
specified
n
n
S5-53
Solid Face List a face

Offset Solid Face List opposing face
SURFACE EDIT
1
2
3
Complex
mathematical
representation
Set of cubic
parametric surfaces
Can use simultaneously with all surfaces

S5-54
SURFACE EDIT (CONCLUDED)

Point 35
Parametric
Surface 6
Trimmed
surface 8
with hole
Trimmed surface
with hole
Parametric
Surface 2
Parametric
surface
without
hole
Trimmed surface 4
Remove
Vertex
Point 44
New
Vertex
Trimmed surface
Parametric
surface
S5-55
EDGE MATCH SURFACE

2
Mesh continuity requires

adjacent surfaces be
congruent
Two non-congruent
surfaces may be
matched along
adjacent edges
Congruency can also be
enforced using
Edit/Surface/Break
Edit/Surface/Sew
includes Edge Match
and
Edit/Point/Equivalence
S5-56
3
1
6
2
1
All surfaces have

four edges
Add vertex to
surface 1 at point 5
SURFACE TRANSFORM
Mirror Option
First, select the appropriate select menu icon
coordinate direction 1
Second, click on local Coordinate System 1 from
the viewport to establish the mirror plane to be
coincident with the local YZ-Plane
Third, select the geometry to be mirrored
Before
After
Z
1
S5-57
VERIFY SURFACE BOUNDARY

n
Plots free and non-manifold surface edges in

model
u
Free edge: no congruent adjacent surface edge

(magenta circle)
Non-manifold edge: shared by more than two
surface edges (blue dot)
Free edge
X
Y
z
Non-manifold edge
S5-58
GEOMETRIC ENTITIES - SOLID
S5-59
SOLID CONSTRUCTION
16
4
18
17
15
Use set of any type of surfaces

to create a B-rep solid
Use nonintersecting parametric surfaces to create

parametric solid
3 2
4
1
Use 5 parametric surfaces to create 6 faced
parametric solids
Glide a parametric surface along a curve to create

a parametric solid
S5-60
CREATE B-REP OR PARAMETRIC SOLID BY

EXTRUDING SURFACE
n
IsoMeshable
n
TetMeshable
Extrude a surface (or solid face) to

create a solid
Select to create either a
TetMeshable (B-rep) or IsoMeshable
(parametric) solid
If select TetMeshable the surface
can be parametric or trimmed
If select IsoMeshable the surface
must be parametric
Parasolid tool
S5-61
CREATE B-REP OR PARAMETRIC SOLID BY

REVOLVING SURFACES
n
IsoMeshable
Revolve a surface (or solid face) to

create a solid
Similar to extrude select either
TetMeshable or IsoMeshable
Same restrictions on surface types as
for extrude
Parasolid tool
TetMeshable
S5-62
CREATE PRIMITIVE SOLIDS

n
n
Create B-rep solids of various basic shapes

Shapes are Block, Cylinder, Cone, Sphere, and
Torus
Solid can be created quickly using the dialogue or
it can be created manually using
Geometry/Create/Solid/B-rep and supplying a list
of surfaces
Primitive solid can only be meshed with the
TetMesher
Parasolid tool
S5-63
SOLID EDIT
Method
Comment
Break
Break a solid into multiple solids using a selected option such as a surface, parametric location etc.
Blend
Create a set of cubic parametric solids from a set of parametric solids such that the first derivative of shape is continuous
across interfaces
Disassemble
Disassemble a B-rep solid into a set of surfaces (may be parametric or trimmed)
Refit
Replace an existing complex shaped parametric solid with a set of simple cubic parametric solids. The extent to which the
new solids match the original solid depends on how many solids are created. Also, can create a parasolid solid.
Reverse
Reverse the parametric directions associated with the solid
Boolean
Add, subtract, or intersect parasolid solids. Parasolid tool
Edge Blend
Create fillets or chamfers. Parasolid tool
Imprint
Break parasolid faces at edges of other solids. Parasolid tool
Shell
Remove space from parasolid solid to create walls. Parasolid tool
S5-64
EDIT SOLID BY REFIT

n
Edit parametric solid three ways

u
Option Tri Cube Net causes a set of cubic

parametric solids to be created to represent
the original solid
l
Refit parameters u Density, v Density, w

Density*
Option Tri Parametric is similar to Tri Cubic

Net except a tolerance is used instead of u
Density, etc.
Option To Parasolid causes a parasolid
solid to be created from the original solid
Parasolid tool
* Density is the number of solids that will be created in the u, v, w

direction, respectively
S5-65
Solid Geometry Boolean

Solids to be combined can be B-rep, parasolid
solid, and/or parametric
Solids could have been created in Patran or
imported
Boolean operations are Add, Subtract, and
Intersect
Any combination of solid types results in creating a
B-rep solid
Parasolid tool
B-rep
Add
Parametric
S5-66
B-rep from Add
GEOMETRIC ENTITIES COORDINATE

FRAME
S5-67
CREATING ALTERNATIVE COORDINATE

FRAMES
Z
P=(X,Y,Z)
B P=(R, ,)
C
Z
A
Rectangular
X Y Z
n
Y
R
P=(R, ,Z)
Z
Cylindrical
R Z
A
R
Spherical
R
These 3 axes are generically referred to as the 1, 2, and 3 axes with the
above definitions, respectively
S5-68
COORDINATE CREATE
Method
Comment
3Point
Create a coordinate frame by defining an origin, a point along the axis 3 and a point in the
1-3 plane
Axis
A point on axis i and another on axis j
Euler
Three consecutive rotations about user defined axes
Normal
Specify an origin and a surface
S5-69
CREATE COORDINATE ALIGNED WITH

SURFACE NORMAL
n
Creates a rectangular
coordinate system
Origin at a point on a
surface or solid face
Coordinate frame axis 3
aligned normal to the
surface or face
Coordinate frame axis 1
aligned with 1
Coordinate Frame 7
7
5
Z
X
S5-70
Z
X
Surface 1
Point 5
SECTION 6
MESHING
S6-1
S6-2
FINITE ELEMENTS
n
A finite element model is a hypothetical discretization of a component or

a system into small regularly shaped regions where the analysis is
actually performed
Component
(Geometric Model)
S6-3
Finite
Element
Model
FINITE ELEMENTS
n
Finite elements come in different shapes and forms
Bar
Tet
n
Tri
Wedge
Linear and parabolic elements

S6-4
Quad
Hex
INTRODUCTION TO FINITE ELEMENT MESHING

n
Meshing a model consists of several tasks:

u
Create appropriate geometry

l
l
u
u
u
Parametric or non-parametric
Remove unneeded features, e.g. small corners
Specify the element topology (e.g. parabolic) and size

Specify a mesher, e.g. Paver
Identify the mesher for each region, and how the meshers will be
controlled
MSC.Patran has several meshing algorithms:

u
u
u
u
IsoMesh (mapped mesher)

Paver (free mesher)
TetMesh
Sweep mesh
S6-5
MSC.PATRAN MESHING ALGORITHMS
IsoMesh Mesh
Sweep Mesh
Paver Mesh
Tet Mesh Tetrahedral Mesh

S6-6
ISO (MAPPED) MESHER

Steps in IsoMesh Creation
All IsoMesh mesh paths are identified by the IsoMesher

u
An IsoMesh mesh path is a set of topologically parallel geometric edges

(i.e. surface or solid edges)
b
a
1
a
b
a
Gap is larger than

Global Model Tolerance
In the example above, Surface 1:3 are congruent and Surface 4:5 are
congruent, but Surfaces 3 and 4 are not congruent. Two of the
individual mesh paths are labeled a and b.
S6-7
ISO (MAPPED) MESHER (CONTINUED)

n
The IsoMesher determines the number of elements across the width

(edges) of each mesh path, based on the following priority:
u
u
u
Adjoining meshed regions that are topologically congruent

Mesh Seeds on an edge (controls creation of nodes on curve or edge)
Global Edge Length (GEL)
Note: Number of elements is independent between mesh paths
c
( 1 , 2 )
Node
The IsoMesher determines the physical location of each node to be

created from the vector function defining the shape of the geometry, e.g.
(X,Y,Z) = function (1,2)
The IsoMesher creates the nodes and element connectivity

Note: The IsoMesher can be used only with geometry that is defined parametrically
S6-8
ISO (MAPPED) MESHER (CONCLUDED)

Adjacent meshes
on surfaces 1 and 2
Adjacent mesh
controlled
Mesh seed
controlled
Edge Mesh
Seeded
GEL Controlled
5
1
6*
6*
*Surfaces 1:6
n
When no mesh seeds or adjoining mesh occur in a mesh path, the

Global Edge Length and the longest edge in the mesh path determine
the number of elements per edge as follows:
Number of Elements =
Longest Geometric Edge Length

Global Edge Length
S6-9
PAVER (FREE) MESHER FOR SURFACES

Used with all surface types
The Paver meshes at the surface boundary (perimeter) first, then,
moves spiraling into the interior; the Paver does not follow parametric
directions, e.g. 1,2
Only the Paver recognizes associated (hard) points and curves inside
surfaces
n
n
12
16
13
17
15
12
30
14
11
29
10
28
27
19
32
25
20
1
Z
21
1
Y
Y
X 1
22
2
23
3
S6-10
4
5
5
6
20
21
X 1
25
23
9
6
24
4
10
7
19
3
4
26
34
22
11
8
20
18
27
35
33
7
9
21
25
17
28
36
32
13
10
22
24
16
8
24
29
31
19
14
11
23
15
16
30
18
15
12
14
10
26
15
17
11
8
31
16
13
14
18
12
13
8
5
PAVER MESHER FOR SURFACES

(CONCLUDED)
2
3
1 3 56
5 5 54
5 3 52 51
5 0 49
1 3 56
48 47 46
45
14
15
44
15
16
43
16
14
10
9
17
18
12
17
41
18
42
1
19
11
40
19
39
20
21
38
21
22
37
20
6
5
Y
Z X
Y
Z X
22
36
23
2 4 25
2 6 27
2 8 29
30 31 32 33 34 35
5 5 54
53
52
5 1 50
49
48
47
2 3 81
8 2 83
8 4 85
86
9 5 114 115 116 36
2 4 25
2 6 27
28
30
31
29
32
33
34
The number of elements per edge are based on the following priority:
u
u
u
Adjoining meshed regions that are topologically congruent

Mesh Seeds
Global edge length
S6-11
46
1 10
72 101 100 99 102 1 03
11 1 1 13 1 09 4 5
10 4
127
1 05
112 1 08 4 4
64
7 3 12 8
106
65
13 4
107 133 43
7 4 12 9
66
1 0 11
98
88 89
9
12
42
75 130
97
67 9 0 41
8
1
76 13 1
96
7
68 91
2
40
77 132
12 0
3
1 21 63 6
39
69
92
78
62
5 4
57
61
38
70
79
93
60 59
12 2
119
58
125 124 8 7
80 123 126
71 94 117 118 37
35
ISO (MAPPED) MESH VS PAVER (FREE) MESH

MESH SURFACES
IsoMesh
n
n
n
Paver
Surface must be parametric 3

or 4 sided
Parameterization followed
Interior elements are controlled
by edge constraints (e.g. mesh
seed)
Interior associated geometry not
recognized
User control
u
u
n
n
n
Different smoothing algorithms

Can select different element
patterns, e.g. triangular
elements on surface
Any surface including N-sided

Parameterization not used
Interior elements are not
controlled by edge constraints
Interior associated geometry is
recognized
User control
S6-12
Curvature check for curved

surfaces
Min./Max. element edge lengths

(CONTINUED)
Simple Surfaces
Iso Mesh
Surface 36
Paver
Mesh
S6-13

(CONTINUED)
IsoMesh and Paver Meshes
GEL = 1/4
GEL = 1/2
1. First, this surface

meshed using
Paver
All surfaces are 1 X 1

GEL = 1/3
2. Second, this surface

3. Last, this surface
meshed using Paver
(matched existing
meshes)
S6-14
meshed using
IsoMesh (Notice the
mesh seeds are
identical, but meshes
are quite different)

(CONTINUED)
Mesh Parameters
n
IsoMesh Parameters
u
Define mesh smoothing

parameters and mesh patterns
Paver Parameters
u
Allows for a tri element if element

count on the boundary is odd
numbered
Curvature check allows for refinement
of elements on highly curved
boundaries
Control for internal element size.
Default range is set to largest and
smallest element on the boundary.
S6-15
MESHING CONTROL USING MESH SEEDS

n
Mesh seeds are used to guide the mesher by specifying the

number or lengths of elements to be created
Mesh seeds are useful in mesh transition
Abrupt transition
Transition control of IsoMesh with

mesh seeds
(1)
(2)
Note: (1) seeded for 2 elements
Two Surfaces
(2) seeded for 6 elements

(3) seeded for 4 elements
(1)
S6-16
Less abrupt transition
(3)
(2)
TETRAHEDRAL MESHER TET MESH

n
Solid mesher generates tetrahedral elements for solids defined with an

arbitrary number of faces (B-Rep or parasolid solids)
u
Uses Delauney algorithm

l
Uses tria mesh on faces to generate tetrahedral elements in the interior of the solid.
MSC.Patran performs the following:
Meshes Vertices
Meshes Edges
Meshes Faces
Meshes Solids
n
n
n
n
Tet meshes into the

interior of solid
using tri mesh
as seed
Tri element
meshes all
faces first
S6-17
TETRAHEDRAL MESHER TETMESH

(CONCLUDED)
n
Robust and fast

u
Global parameters for meshing

u
u
Meshes B-Rep solids with silver faces

Global edge length
Create P-element mesh (allows elements with greater
distortion)
Curvature check more elements at curved geometry,
e.g. more elements on fillets
Allows excellent mesh control:

u
Creates meshes congruent to adjoining meshed regions

(2D or 3D) that are topologically congruent
Creates meshes that follow mesh seeds and hard
points on solid edges
S6-18
SWEEP MESHER
n
Sweep a lower order element (or node) through space to create higher
order element, i.e. a quad is swept into a hex
Several sweeping techniques are available (Extrude, Glide, etc.) to handle
complex configurations
Glide 1D to 2D
Glide curve
1D bar
elements
Mesh from a sweeping has no association with geometric entities, hence,

properties and LBCs must be applied directly on the finite elements
S6-19
ASSOCIATED POINTS/CURVES
n
n
n
Associated points/curves are used for controlling meshing of regions

(including interior) of the model
Associated points/curves are regular geometric entities that have
been associated with parent geometry
Associated Geometry is also referred to as Hard Geometry
Surface quad
meshed
Surface
created by
extruding
Curve 1 up
Face quad
meshed
1
Hex mesh
created by
sweeping quad
elements down
Edge of surface associated to face of solid
Mesh seeds applied on curve 1
What meshers could be used?

S6-20
ASSOCIATION OF FINITE ELEMENTS TO

GEOMETRY
n
When geometry (i.e. curve, surface, solid) is meshed (i.e. Isomesh,

Paver) the mesh (finite elements) is associated automatically to the
geometry
If a mesh is imported onto geometry (i.e. File/Import, Finite
Elements/Transform) it is not automatically associated to the geometry;
it must be associated manually, Finite Elements/Associate
Why is it important to have a mesh associated to geometry?
Application region in Loads/BCs and/or Properties
S6-21
FINITE ELEMENT FORM

n
n
Create
Mesh Seed
Set an objective, such as creating a mesh

Provide the details to complete the task, i.e.
element type
Transform
Mesh
Uniform
Curve
One-Way Bias
Element
Surface
Curve Based
Node
2 Curves
Two Way Bias
Action
Solid
Edit
Object
Edit
Type
S6-22
WHERE TO START WITH MESHING

n
Things to consider before meshing a model

u
u
u
Check if the model has special features that may simplify its representation
as a F.E. model, i.e. symmetry
Determine if there are regions of the model that can be ignored for meshing
(i.e. ignore some small features that otherwise might force the overall mesh
to be much finer)
Determine the size of the elements by inspecting the dimensions of the
model and any critical features as fillets
Are there any critical areas where the mesh should be finer
Choose the type of element (i.e. shell versus solid) that is best suited for the
nature of the model and the loading on it
S6-23
MESH SEEDING
n
n
n
Mesh seeding on curves or edges is used to control the number and size
of elements generated for the model
Also, it is used for transitioning a mesh between different densities
MSC.Patran has different methods to generate the seeding
u
u
u
u
u
Uniform seed bias (equally spaced nodes)

Non-uniform seed bias (variable spacing)
Curve based seeding (automatic in highly curved regions)
Tabular, including using existing nodes
PCL function
S6-24
NON-UNIFORM MESH SEED BIAS
Surface 1
Mesh Ratio = 4
Surface 1
Mesh Ratio = 0.25 (or -4)
Cyan arrows indicate positive edge direction

S6-25
CURVE BASED MESH SEEDING

n
Variable or Uniform distance along a curve

u
Order of element to be created

u
Linear causes more mesh seeds to be created
Refine mesh based on chordal tolerance

u
Length Ratio dictates the ratio of the length of

adjacent elements
Max h, or Max h/L
Specify minimum and maximum element length, or

minimum and maximum number of elements
S6-26
TABULAR MESH SEEDING

n
n
n
n
n
Arbitrary distribution of mesh seed along a

curve/edge
Location can be defined in real or parametric space
Sort seed location in ascending order
Reverse seed locations
Create mesh seeds at existing nodes or points and if
desired assign them to edge of adjacent surface
S6-27
MESHING PARAMETRIC SOLIDS

n
n
n
IsoMesher is used with any parameterized solid

Same IsoMesh Parameters as for surfaces
Solids should be congruent for congruent mesh
creation
Material will be assigned in the Properties
application
Congruent Simple Solids

S6-28
TETMESHING SOLIDS
TetMeshing B-Rep Solids
n
n
TetMesh Parameters allow control over the mesh

generation
Specify element topology
Input List is used to specify geometric solids (e.g.
Solid 1) or 2D elements (e.g. tri elements)
S6-29
TETMESHING SOLIDS (CONCLUDED)

n
The P-Element option generates a coarse

mesh (good for P-element analysis)
The number of elements in curved geometry is
specified by the value of Max h/L
The smallest element edge length is specified
using the Global Edge Length * (times) the list
entry, e.g. Global Edge Length * 0.2
S6-30
TETMESHING FROM 2D ELEMENTS

SURROUNDING VOLUME
Tri element
Tet meshing volume with just 2D triangular

elements (no quadrilateral elements permitted):
u
Create 2D mesh with IsoMesh and/or Paver on all

surfaces that bound the entire volume
Equivalence nodes to sew all elements together
l
Verify that there are no elements with free edges
Orient all element normals so they are pointing

outward
Select bounding 2D mesh for Input List
S6-31
FEM CREATION TOOL TRANSFORM

n
Transform, constructs new elements by

performing a rigid-body or curvilinear translation
u
u
u
Translate: rigid-body or curvilinear translation

Rotate: rigid-body rotation
Mirror: Reflect Elements and Nodes about a mirror
plane
Mirror Plane
S6-32
SWEEP MESHING
n
Sweeping creates higher dimension elements by

sweeping lower dimension elements through a
prescribed path
u
n
n
n
n
n
Nodes to Bars, Bars to Quads, Quads to Hexes
Several sweep methods are available, i.e. Arc,

Extrude, Glide, Vector field, etc.
Sweeping is applied to base mesh
Used for constant cross-section
Number of elements through thickness is
determined by the Mesh Control form
Can generate non-uniform mesh through thickness
Mesh is not associated with geometry
S6-33
SWEEP MESHING (CONTINUED)

Extrusion
direction
(Vector)
n
n
Direction Vector is the direction of extrusion

Extrude Distance is the total distance to extrude
(thickness)
Base mesh is the set of elements representing a
cross section
S6-34
FEM CREATION TOOL ELEMENT/EDIT

n
The Finite Element application has many tools to

create finite elements without using a mesher
u
Create allows the user to create elements by

selecting existing nodes, points, or vertices
S6-35
FEM CREATION TOOL ELEMENT/EDIT

(CONCLUDED)
n
Create
u
Element Shape and Topology are

selected from the form
Pattern allows for creation of elements
on the face or edge of higher
dimensioned element
l
l
Quad and Tri from element face

Bars from element edge or piecewise
linear
Quad elements
skinned over hex
faces
Bar elements generated

on element edges
S6-36
EQUIVALENCE TIE ELEMENTS TOGETHER

Before
13
14
7
2
1
29
25
21
15
16
10
11
12
10
11
12
26
27
28
1
5
1
7
2
1
29
28
25
2
1
2
30
3
31
4
32
26
27
28
25
15
23
11
18
14
18
14
10
13
4
32
27
22
16
17
13
15
3
31
26
14
12
2
30
13
16
11
After
16
17
15
10
During
24
21
22
23
24
21
22
23
24
20
17
18
19
20
17
18
19
20
12
19
Use cube or sphere to

establish closeness
S6-37
EQUIVALENCING
n
n
n
n
Replaces nodes to tie elements together

Higher numbered node ID deleted, lower numbered node is saved
Changes propagate through all selected FEM data
Equivalence algorithm is controlled by a tolerance parameter
S6-38
EQUIVALENCE FORM
n
Equivalencing can be applied to:

u
u
u
All - the whole model in database

Group selected groups
List a specific list of nodes
The equivalencing tolerance is specified by the

user, with it defaulted to the global model tolerance
MSC.Patran will not collapse an element edge, e.g.
quad shape to tria shape
Selected nodes can be excluded from
Equivalencing
Tolerance Cube is the recommended method
(speed)
S6-39
IRREGULARITY CHECKS
n
General mesh/element checks

u
u
u
u
u
Element specific distortion checks

u
n
n
Boundary or Crack detection

Elements Duplication
Normals
Nodal connectivity
Jacobian
Deviation form basic shaped elements, i.e. taper
Curvature and singularity tests for quadratic elements

Color-coding based on node or element ID numbers
S6-40
FEM EDITING NODE / MOVE

n
Node modification tools

u
u
Move a node from one position to another

This tool can be used to fix non-congruent meshes
S6-41
FEM EDITING NODE / OFFSET

n
Node Offset - moves a node along a defined

vector by a given magnitude
Example
u
u
u
u
u
Move a node to produce a less skewed element

Create vector by Tip and Base points
Magnitude is calculated upon selection of two
nodes, 1.2205, reset to .12205 for 10% increments.
Select node to move
Linear movement
Vector Dir
S6-42
FEM EDITING NODE / PROJECT

n
Node Project
u
Closest to Surface projection along normal to

surface that passes through node
Define Vector allows the user to define a vector
to project along onto a surface
View Vector project along an arbitrary screen Z
vector
Closest To Curve project using the closest
approach to a curve or edge
S6-43
NODE EDITING EXAMPLE

Problem:
Use Node Editing to realign the nodes on edge 3 of

Surface 1 with the nodes on edge 1 of Surface 2
Y
Z
S6-44
NODE EDITING EXAMPLE (CONTINUED)

n
To change the location of a node, first identify its

new location by specifying coordinate values or by
using the Select Menu options in Node Locations
Using Node List, identify the node to be relocated
Before
After
1st click
2nd click
15,4
15
4
S6-45
S6-46
SECTION 7
VIEWING
S7-1
S7-2
VIEWING
Orients view of model in the viewport

u
u
u
u
u
Translation, rotation, zoom

Fitting model in screen
Local zoom
Along vector
Clipping (cutting) model
Changing the view does not alter the

model in any way
S7-3
TRANSFORMATIONS OF VIEW
Translation
and Zoom
actions
Rotations
about axes
Fit
View
These parameters also affect mouse settings

S7-4
Transformation
Control
Parameters
FIT MODEL TO SCREEN AND SELECT NEW

CENTER
n
n
Fit View fits model into viewport

Move viewports focal point to mouse-defined location
u
Choose Select Center from pull down menu, move cursor to selected
point and click left mouse button
Current Window
Original Center
New Window
New Center
S7-5
SELECT CORNERS(LOCAL ZOOM) AND ZOOM BY

FACTOR
Use tool to zoom in on selected display regions
Select corners for a new window
Before
After
S7-6
SPECIFY VIEW USING ANGLES

n
Change the view of model by changing the view angle of rotation about the axes
of either the global or screen coordinate system
View Terminology:
Model
- Global model axes stay fixed to

the model
- Screen axes are fixed to the
graphics screen
- Rotations relative to the zero
rotation position
- Rotations relative to the current
position
Screen
Absolute
Relative
S7-7
Screen axes are fixed to graphics

device and never move
Model axes are body-fixed and
move with the model
USER DEFINED VIEWS

Y
Default view
Top view
Z
Y
Z
Side view
Typical icon
n
n
Standard model views can be selected for display

Custom views can be created and stored for future reference
S7-8
GENERAL CLIPPING PLANES

14
23
20
22
7 17
19
24
25
28
26 27 18
29
16
12
15
21
Arbitrary clipping planes can be created, deleted,

displayed, and modified using the Clipping Planes form
Clipping planes can be defined in model space, so they
move with the model
Multiple clipping planes may be active concurrently
(maximum of 6 at one time)
S7-9
S7-10
SECTION 8
GROUPS
S8-1
S8-2
INTRODUCTION TO GROUPS
n
n
n
Allows geometric and FE entities to be divided into separate

groups for various modeling and post-processing tasks
A group named default_group is created automatically when a
new database is created
Newly created items automatically become members of the
current group
Any number of groups can be created, and entities may belong
to more than one group
Groups become permanent members of the database
Name of current group is displayed as part of Viewport banner
S8-3
EXAMPLE OF GROUPS
n
What is a Group?
u
u
u
Any subset of model

A collection of entities
Separate groups for geometry & finite elements
Elements
Geometry
Create subsets when working with large models
Total
Middle
S8-4
Ends
GROUPS TERMINOLOGY
n
Current
u
u
Target
u
u
u
Group into which newly created entities are placed

Only one group may be current at a time
Group that will be acted upon
Translate entities from the Target Group to the Current Group
Modify the appearance of the Target Group
Posted
u
u
u
Group is displayed in a viewport

A group may be posted to more than one viewport
More than one group may be posted to a viewport
S8-5
GROUP MANIPULATION
n
Getting beyond default_group
Manipulate groups by clicking a Group in the main menu bar

Group options can be selected from the Group pull down menu, or
the Action choice on the Group form
S8-6
CREATING A GROUP
n
n
n
Choose Group/Create, or change the Action to

create in the Group menu
Assign new group name
The default is to make the new group the
Current Group (new entities assigned to)
Use the Group Contents options to select group
member categories, i.e. Add Entity Selection,
Add All Geometry, Add All FEM, Add All
Orphans, Add All Entities
Loads, boundary conditions, coordinate frames,
fields, load cases and results are not group
members
S8-7
METHOD OF CREATING A GROUP

Select Entity
Property Set
Select element property set names (user specified), i.e. prop_1, prop_2
Property Type
Select element property type, i.e. 2D shell, 3D solid
Loads/BCs Set
Select load and boundary condition set names, i.e. lbc_1, lbc_2
Loads/BCs Type
Select load and boundary condition types, i.e. displacement, force
Material
Select material set names, i.e. matl_1, matl_2
Element Topology
Select element topology, i.e. hex8, quad4
Element Shape
Select element shape, i.e. 2D, 3D, bar
Element ID
Specify element number range, e.g. start ID = 1, End ID = 327
MPC Type
Select MPC type, i.e. RBAR, RBE2
Boolean
Select the desired entities from the screen
Perform set operations on contents of groups, e.g. operation of union on groups

group_A and group_B
S8-8
DISPLAY A GROUP
n
Choose Group/Post, or change the action to

Post in the Group menu
Choose which groups are to be posted in
the current viewport
u
u
u
A single mouse click will highlight one group

Drag for continuous selection
Hold down <shift> to select a set of
continuous groups in series
Hold down <ctrl> to select non-contiguous
groups
S8-9
MODIFYING GROUPS
n
n
n
Select a Target Group for modification

Use Rename to rename the target group
Member List to Add/Remove buttons and
Global Add/Remove buttons actually modify
the target groups members
Selectable Members switch will allow the
group to be visible and selectable. Turning
this switch off will allow the group to be
visible, but not selectable.
S8-10
MOVING OR COPYING BETWEEN GROUPS

n
n
Used to transfer entities between groups rapidly

Select Move if you want the entities to be moved
to the To Group
Select Copy to duplicate entities in both From
Group and To Group
Indicate the entities you wish to transfer with the
Selected Entities button
S8-11
SETTING CURRENT GROUP

n
Set Current
u
u
Make a group current by highlighting its name

Making a group current will post it to the current
viewport
Entities created will be assigned to current group
S8-12
TRANSFORMING GROUPS
n
Transform (copy) members (entities) of groups

u
u
Select transformation Method, i.e. Translate, Rotate

Transform entities in Target Group to the Current
Group
Can delete original entities and use their IDs for
new entities
Element Properties and LBCs can optionally be
copied, transformed or ignored
S8-13
DELETING GROUPS
n
n
Can delete any group except the current group

Option given to delete name of group only
(keep entities)
Deleting entities in a group will remove them
from database regardless of possible
membership in other groups
Entities which are exclusive to a deleted group
will become orphaned entities
S8-14
NOTES ON GROUPS
n
n
A Group can be current without being posted

If you are creating entities that are not being
displayed, you can:
u
Use Group/Post to check whether the current

group is posted to the current viewport
The only way to have more than one render style

displayed simultaneously is to be in Group
Display Mode
Group Display is a useful tool when postprocessing. Different results can be plotted using
different render styles (deformed shape =
wireframe, Von Mises Stress = Fringe, etc.)
S8-15
S8-16
SECTION 9
DISPLAY
S9-1
S9-2
DISPLAY
Display tools are used to organize and enhance the appearance of the model in
viewports
Two types of display modes:
u
u
n
n
Entity mode targets entities by type (i.e. all curves are yellow, all quads are white)
Group mode targets by group (i.e. default group is wireframe, bracket group is shaded
yellow)
Display type is global (affects all open viewports)

Only one type of display mode may be used at a time
S9-3
ENTITY TYPE DISPLAY

n
Modify entity display

properties
u
S9-4
Model Render Style

applies to all entities
Shade Color applies
to all entities
Colors of each Entity
Type are unique for
each entity
Show or hide Entity
Labels
Label Font Size
applies to all entities
GROUP DISPLAY
n
Modify display properties by

group
u
u
u
u
u
u
S9-5
Select a set of groups

Render style
Shade Color
Labels on or off
Label size
Toolbar, Quickpicks
Unique for a given group
PLOT/ERASE
n
Toolbar, Quickpick
button for plot/erase
S9-6
Unclutter graphics display by

temporarily removing entities
from the display
Actions affect only the
display
Settings will not be saved
when the database is closed
Erase is different from Delete
PLOT/ERASE EXAMPLE
Hidden line plot with the

FEM displayed and the
geometry erased (No
conflict)
Hidden line plot when

geometry and FEM
overlap (Numerical
conflict)
n
n
n
Select Display Plot/Erase

Click on
Repaint the screen
S9-7
HIGHLIGHTING
n
n
n
n
Find any posted entity by entering its name and ID number (i.e.
Element 32)
Find entities associated to other entities using Tools/List/Create
Highlight color is modified under Preferences/Graphics
Dynamic highlighting can be turned on under Preference/Picking
32
S9-8
GEOMETRIC ATTRIBUTES
n
Geometric properties may be

altered to enhance display (i.e.
display lines, chordal tolerance,
parametric directions, entity
colors and labels)
Toolbar, Quickpick buttons
Display
Lines
S9-9
Point
Size
Labels
GEOMETRIC SHRINK AND DISPLAY LINES

22
12
1
2
1
1
1
2
1
2
2
1
1
2
Before
21 2
1
21
1
2
2
1
12
2
1
2 1
1
2
1
1
12
12
2
1
2
1
2
2
1
1
2
21
1
2
22
1
S9-10
FINITE ELEMENT AND LBC/ELEMENT

PROPERTY DISPLAY ATTRIBUTES
n
FEM
u
u
u
u
u
Element shrink
Free edges and faces
Node size
Colors and labels
Coordinate frames
LBC/Element Props.
u
u
u
u
u
u
u
u
S9-11
LBC display toggles

Colors
Show on FEM only
Vector attributes
Beam Display
Pin DOFs
Spring DOFs
Coordinate frames
TITLES EXAMPLE
162.5
162.5
158.1
158.1
153.6
153.6
Transient - Thermal Analysis of a

Simple Plate Model
149.1
144.7
140.2
135.7
131.3
100 < T(t)
T(t) < 162.5
126.8
131.3
100 F
(Constant)
126.8
122.3
122.3
Linear
Variation
117.9
108.9
Before
n
n
n
n
108.9
Adiabatic BottomEdge
104.5
104.5
After
100.0
Type Title in Target Title listbox

Select Title Color and Font Size
Select Create
Move Title to desired position using cursor while form is open
117.9
113.4
113.4
144.7
140.2
Adiabatic Top Edge
135.7
149.1
S9-12
100.0
SPECTRUMS
n
S9-13
Color spectrum can be modified to

improve understanding of results
and other distributed quantities
Continuous tone fringe plots can
be rendered and the interpolation
between any two colors controlled
(e.g. 2 = quadratic)
Modified color spectra can be
created, named and saved for
current and future use
S9-14
SECTION 10
ANALYSIS SETUP
S10-1
S10-2
ANALYSIS SETUP
n
n
Analysis form automatically customized to userselected analysis code

Analysis Parameters are selectable from this form
Optionally can submit and monitor status of the
analysis jobs across the network
For MSC.Nastran, this form can also be used to read
an existing bulk data file into the MSC.Patran
database (MSC.Nastran files can also be read using
File/Import)
S10-3
SETTING UP THE ANALYSIS

n
The analysis model may be prepared for the

entire model or the current group
Select Translation Parameters to specify the
output format, solver version, etc.
Select the Solution Type to specify the type of
solver run, e.g. linear static
Select Subcases
u
u
Select Patran Load Case

Select entities to be output to the print and results
files, i.e. displacements, stresses
Select the subcases already defined using

Subcase Select
The run-ready file can be submitted directly to the
target analysis code
S10-4
RESULTS TRANSLATION BACK INTO

MSC.PATRAN
n
Completed analysis results can be read back into

MSC.Patran for post-processing
Under the Object option menu, one may choose to
Translate
Results Entities
Stresses, deformation
Model Data
Nodes, elements
Both
Both model and results
Be sure to click
S10-5
READING A MSC.NASTRAN BULK DATA FILE

n
Existing MSC.Nastran bulk data files can be read

into MSC.Patran to verify and update models that
were not created inside MSC.Patran
The MSC.Nastran bulk data file reader is used to
translate the model into MSC.Patran
Any statement not recognized will be optionally
displayed in a window by area: file management,
executive deck, case control deck, or bulk data
deck
Numbering offsets can be set to none, automatic,
or manually input for each entity type
The Output 2 file reader will only import nodes,
elements and coordinate systems. The bulk data
reader will also read MPCs, material and
element properties, load sets and subcases
S10-6
SECTION 11
LISTS
S11-1
S11-2
LISTS OVERVIEW
n
n
Create list of entities based on given criterion

Lists can be used as input for various applications, such as Application
Regions for element properties
Criteria for list creation are:
u
u
Attributes, such as location, results value, assigned properties

Association with other entities, such as Points, Edges, Elements, Groups,
etc.
Lists are not stored in the database, but can be added to a Group
S11-3
HOW TO CREATE A LIST

Create Two Lists:
List A: All Nodes at x=18 (+ 1.0 Tolerance)

List B: All Elements associated with those nodes
n
n
n
Create List A
Nodes at X =
18 + 1
n
n
S11-4
Create List B
Elements Associated
with Nodes in List A
When using a List as
input, enclose the
List name in back
quotes (e.g. `lista`)
BOOLEAN OPERATIONS
n
Boolean operations are used to manipulate lists

u
u
u
Intersection operation
finds common items in both lists
Union
combines items in both lists
Results of subtracting
one list from another
Example:
u
Elements with a Von Mises stress result value > 20,000 and a
temperature result value > 300
S11-5
BOOLEAN EXAMPLE
n
n
n
Plot Von
Mises stress
Create List A
Elements with
a Von Mises
stress result
value greater
than 20K
S11-6
n
n
n
Plot
temperatures
Create List B
Elements
associated with a
temperature
result value
greater than 300
BOOLEAN EXAMPLE (CONCLUDED)
n
n
Use Boolean Operation to create List C

Contents of List C are all elements at a
temperature greater than 300 and Von Mises
stress greater than 20,000 psi
S11-7
S11-8
SECTION 12
VIEWPORTS
S12-1
S12-2
VIEWPORTS
What is a Viewport?
u
Separate graphics window

Has a unique name (shown in the banner)
Has an associated view
n
n
Any number of viewports may be created and posted

Each viewport can be moved, resized, iconified, posted and
unposted
S12-3
WHY USE VIEWPORTS

Different groups in
separate viewports
Different views of
same groups
Isometric
Front
Geometry
FEM
Different pieces of
your model in
separate viewports
Different results in
different viewports
each with its own range
Part
Whole
S12-4
CREATING VIEWPORTS
No limit on how many viewports one can create
S12-5
CURRENT VIEWPORT
n
The Current Viewport is the

u
u
u
n
n
Viewport in which view commands will be applied

Viewport in which titles will be posted
Viewport in which post-processing will be done
Only one viewport can be current at a time

To change Current Viewport
n
Click in area just inside the outer border to make a posted viewport
current
Or Viewport/Modify/Change Target Viewport/Make Current
Posted Viewport
Current Viewport
S12-6
VIEWPORTS AND GROUPS

n
n
Any number of groups may be assigned to a viewport

Only one group is current per viewport. Each viewport may have a
different current group
box_beam.db - viewport_1 - fem_temp- group
box_beam.db - viewport_3 - fem- group
box_beam.db - viewport_2 - View_2_fem2- group
S12-7
S12-8
SECTION 13
RESULTS
S13-1
S13-2
RESULTS INTRODUCTION
n
The Results post processing module

can be used to process scalar,
vector, and tensor results into a
variety of graphical display types
Results can come form many
analysis types:
u
Structural, thermal, cfd,

electromagnetic
Static or dynamic
The results can be read through

u
Standard translators, e.g. analysis

menu for MSC.Nastran
PATRAN 2.5 .dis, .els, or .nod
formats in File/Import/Results
Read into database via PCL
S13-3
RESULTS INTRODUCTION (CONTINUED)

n
Results from various analysis runs can be stored in the same

database under different result cases
u
u
u
n
n
Static
Transient each time step = 1 Result Case
Non-linear each load increment = 1 Result Case
More than one load case can be operated on simultaneously

Results can be filtered based on attributes or numerical values
S13-4
RESULTS INTRODUCTION (CONCLUDED)

n
Results can be displayed in any

coordinate system
u
Vector components in local

coordinate system 1
New results may be derived by linearly combining existing results, using a

user-defined PCL expression or PCL function, etc.
Any plot can be saved in a file and retrieved for future use
S13-5
THE RESULTS MAIN FORM

n
Procedure
u
Set Action to Create and select type of

plot (the Object)
Select the Result Case(s) and the
result type
Apply to add the plot to the display
Plots can be animated by clicking the

Animate button when the plot is
created
S13-6
RESULT PLOT TYPES

n
Quick Plot quick and easy access for fringe, deformed, or

combined plot or animation
Deformation plot more options, e.g. Target Entities
Quick Plot
Deformation Plot
S13-7
RESULT PLOT TYPES (CONTINUED)

n
n
Fringe plot on the deformed or undeformed model

Element Fill plot one color per element on the deformed or undeformed
model
Fringe Plot
Element Fill Plot

S13-8
RESULT PLOT TYPES (CONTINUED)

n
n
Vector (Marker) plots at nodes or element centroids

Tensor (Marker) plots displayed in elemental or principal coordinate
system
Vector Plot
n
Animation
Animation deformed and/or fringe plots can be animated
S13-9
RESULT PLOT TYPES (CONCLUDED)

n
XY Plot (Graph)
u
u
u
u
u
u
u
Text report writer - create formatted text

for analysis reports
S13-10
Results vs. Global Variable

Results vs. Another Result
Result vs. Distance
Result along any user-specified
Geometric Entity
Global Variable vs. Global Variable
Result with respect to a Local System
Result along a Arbitrary Path
QUICK PLOT FORM

n
Quick Plot result display form has been designed to

accommodate easy access to basic postprocessing feature such as:
u
u
u
u
Fringe plots
Deformed plots
Combined fringe and deformation plots
Quick animation
Simple Deformed, Fringe, or combination plots can

be created and animated with very few menu
selections:
u
u
u
u
u
Select Result Case

Select Fringe Result
Select Deformation Result
Click on Animation (if desired)
Apply
S13-11
QUICK PLOT ANIMATION FORM

n
n
Deformed Shape (static or modal) and/or

fringe animation can be performed
The defaults are to animate both fringes
and deformation with the modal method in
2D, 15 frames
You can change any of these options
through the Animation Options form
u
Modal animation creates frames by

multiplying the results from 1.0 to +1.0;
Ramped goes from 0 to +1.0
2D uses in plane animation, 3D lets you
rotate the model with the middle mouse
button while the model is still animating
The more frames you select, the smoother
the animation, but more computer resources
are used
S13-12
RESULTS POST-PROCESSING PROCEDURE

n
n
n
n
n
n
n
Set Action to Create

Select the plot type (Object), i.e. deformation,
fringe, etc.
Select the Result Case(s), i.e. static, modal,
transient, etc.
Select the result type, i.e. deformation, stress,
strain, etc.
Select the position, e.g. layer in shell
Select the Quantity, i.e. Min. Principal,
Component, etc.
Modify Target Entities, Display Attributes, Plot and
Animation Options as desired using icons at top of
form
S13-13
SELECT RESULTS FORM

n
When multiple result cases are in the

database you can cursor select one or
more from the unabbreviated Select Result
Case(s) list
u
u
n
n
n
Click on one to select it

Select a continuously listed set using click
and drag
Select a discontinuous set by Ctrl-clicking
If desired filter using Select Subcases

Position selection for beam or shell layered
results
The particular result value component or
derived quantity plotted can be selected
from Quantity pull-down menu or from
Show As
S13-14
Select
Subcases
SELECT RESULTS FORM (CONCLUDED)

n
Select
Subcases
To filter Results Case(s):

u
u
Click on Select Subcases

Setup one or more filters using Filter
Method:
l
l
l
l
Global Variable
Character String
Subcase IDs
A combination of the above
Select Filter to see the resulting list of

Selected Result Case(s)
Click Apply if the list is what you
wanted
S13-15
TARGET ENTITIES FORM

Target Entities button
n
Results in the Select Result

Case(s) can be plotted on targeted
entities based on:
u
u
u
u
Current Viewport (default)

A set of Elements or Nodes
Groups
Materials, Properties, or Element
types
S13-16
TARGET ENTITIES FORM (CONCLUDED)

n
Depending on the plot type, additional

Display Controls Include:
u
u
u
u
u
u
u
u
Nodes
Elements
Faces/Free Faces
Edges/Free Edges
Corners
Element Centroids
Element Nodes
Element All Data
Remember that lists can also be

created and used with groups to act as
user-defined filters (i.e. elements with
10,000<Von Mises Stress<20,000)
S13-17
DISPLAY ATTRIBUTES FORM

n
The Display Attributes form will change

to match the plot type and results entity
selected
Parameters are filtered such that only
those appropriate for the currently
selected plot type are displayed
S13-18
Display
Attributes
Button
PLOT OPTIONS FORM

n
The Plot Options Form is used to control

the following:
u
u
u
u
u
u
Coordinate Transformation, e.g. transform

vector components
Scale Factor multiply results by factor
Filter Values filter results displayed using
result values
Averaging Domain and Method how
element results are combined
Extrapolation method how results are
combined in an element
Use a PCL Expression
Re-loading of an existing Plot
Saving current plot for Future Use
S13-19
Plot
Options
Button
PLOT OPTIONS FORM (CONTINUED)

n
Coordinate transformation options

u
u
u
u
u
u
None Patran global coordinate system used, Coord 0

CID Patran local coordinate system, e.g. Coord 3
Projected CID coordinate system projected onto element,
e.g. Coord 2.1
Global Patran global coordinate system, Coord 0
Default results are kept in the solver coordinate system(s)
Material element coordinate systems based on a material
definition and angle. Only for quad and tri topology.
Element IJK Patran defined element coordinate systems.
These can be different from solver element coordinate
systems.
Patran user manual provides detailed information on

these transformations
MSC.Nastran default for CQUAD elements is Projected
Global, in which the xx comp stress is in the direction
of the Global X axis projected onto the shell element
S13-20
COORDINATE TRANSFORMATION TENSOR EXAMPLES

xx
yy
Local Coord 1
Projected CID, Select CF Axis Coord 1.2, changing

axis changes xx direction by 908
CID, Select Coordinate Frame Coord 1
Coord 0
xx
1
Global uses Patran Coord 0

Element IJK uses first two element nodes for xx

direction
S13-21
FRINGE PLOT OPTIONS

n
Averaging Definition provides different

options to determine the result values
at nodes shared by adjacent elements
Domain
All Entities: all result values at a node are
averaged producing a single value
u None: no averaging at node
result values at a node are
Material
averaged if the contributing
Property elements are of the same Type,
Material or Element Property, or
Target
Entities are part of the defined Target
Entity set
Element
Type
u
S13-22
AVERAGING DEFINITION/DOMAIN FOR

COARSE AND FINE MESHED MODEL
Coarse mesh, average all elements
Coarse mesh, no averaging
Fine mesh, average all element

Fine mesh, no averaging
Note: Derive/Average and Shape Fn. was used
S13-23
FRINGE PLOT OPTIONS (CONTINUED)

n
Averaging Definition options (continued)

u
Method
l
When both averaging and derivation of a new result

invariant (such as determining von Mises stress
from the stress tensor) are to be performed the
user has the following options:
n
Derive/Average: calculates the derived result

invariant at the integration points, extrapolates that to
the nodes, then plots the average
Average/Derive: extrapolates the component values
to the nodes, averages them, then calculates the
derived result using the average nodal component
values
S13-24
Fringe Plot Options (continued)

n
Averaging Definition options (concluded)

u
Method
l
Difference:
Sum:
plots the magnitude of the absolute difference

between the largest and smallest of the values at a
node
plots the sum of all values at a node
S13-25
AVERAGING DEFINITION/METHOD FOR

COARSE AND FINE MESHED MODEL
Coarse mesh, Difference
Fine mesh, Difference
Note: All Entities and Shape Fn. Used.
S13-26
FRINGE PLOT OPTIONS (CONTINUED)

n
Extrapolation of element results to the elements

nodes can be done as follows:
u
Average: result is averaged within the element,

then the averaged value is assigned
to the elements nodes
1
Node Result = N
S13-27
i=1
(Element Result)
Fringe Plot Options (continued)

Extrapolating surface
n
Extrapolation options (concluded)

u
Shape Fn.:
result value at the elements

nodes is determined from
fitting an extrapolating
surface through the known
element result values
Centroid: the centroid value of the
extrapolation surface is used at the
elements nodes
Min:
the smallest of the integration
point values is used
Max:
the largest of the integration point
values is used
S13-28
Element
Integration point, + Element
result value,
EXTRAPOLATION/AVERAGE FOR COARSE

AND FINE MESHED MODEL
Coarse mesh
Fine mesh
Note: All Entities and Derive/Average used.
S13-29
FRINGE PLOT OPTIONS (CONCLUDED)

n
Define PCL Expression

u
S13-30
There is only one Independent

Variable. It is named SCALAR.
It is the scalar variable that is
being used to create the fringe
plot, e.g. Von Mises stress
under Select Results/Quantity
Can use standard arithmetic
operations (e.g. +) and Intrinsic
Functions (e.g SIND)
Input the desired PCL
Expression, e.g. $SCALAR +
273.15
Only one result case is allowed.
If multiple result cases are
needed use
Utilities/Results/Result Toolbox.
DISPLAY FRINGE PLOT FOR INSIDE OF 3D

MODEL
n
Show color results fringe for

interior of 3D model
u
u
S13-31
Create a clipping plane

Create a fringe plot using
Results, including Target
Entities/Additional Display
Control/Faces
Also, can use Insight by
creating a fringe plot on
planes of constant
coordinate value
DEFORMED SHAPE PLOTS

Scale Factor = 0.1
Scale Factor = 0.2
Deformed and Undeformed features (e.g. color,

Render Style, Line Style are changed in this form)
The scale is set based on either model size or actual
deformation (True Scale)
Undeformed shape can be toggled off
S13-32
VECTOR MARKER PLOT

n
n
Vector components or resultants can be rendered

Vector plot Display Attributes and Plot Options forms control the display
of any nodal vector quantity
Vector Results can be plotted with respect to any Coordinate System
S13-33
MARKER DISPLAY ATTRIBUTES

n
The Vector length and style can be changed

in the Display Attributes form
Vectors anchored at the Tip
Vectors anchored at the Base
S13-34
CREATE RESULTS FORM

n
n
The Create/Results form is used to

select, manipulate, and combine results
Create derived results based on using
the following operations for the specified
set of results:
u
u
u
u
u
Combine linear combination of set

members
Maximum new result case with
maximum from set of results
Minimum minimum from set of results
Sum sum results in result set
Average average results in result set
Demo create dummy result case for
existing mesh
S13-35
Specify
set of
results
CREATE RESULTS FORM (CONCLUDED)

n
PCL Function for user defined

expression
u
S13-36
Independent Variables that are

available are dependent on type
of results being used, i.e. Nodal
Scalar has $SCALAR, Nodal
Tensor has $XX, $YY, etc.
Can use standard arithmetic
operators (e.g. +) and Intrinsic
Functions (e.g. SIND)
Input desired PCL Expression,
e.g. SQRT($XX**2 + $YY**2)
This represents (xx2 + yy2)1/2
for tensor results
Only one result case allowed.
Use PCL expression for multiple
result cases by using
Utilities/Results/Result Toolbox.
X-Y GRAPH PLOTTING

n
n
Select Results Cases

Select the Y axis result and
Quantity, and X axis entity
Click on Target Entities icon and
select entities for which the XYPlot is to be generated
Click on Apply to generate the
XY Plot
S13-37
TEXT REPORT WRITER

n
Writes out requested results information to the MSC.Patran parent

window (Preview option) or to a file
Report Type options:
u
u
u
Full results and all related information

Summary max/min and associated Nodes or Elements
Data only
Results, Target Entities and Plot Options are very similar to those of
other Plot Types
S13-38
TEXT REPORT WRITER (CONTINUED)

n
n
Scalar Value
Loadcase ID
Subcase ID
Layer ID
X Location
Y Location
Z Location
Magnitude
CID
Material ID
X Component
YComponent
ZComponent
Material Name
Property ID
Property Name
ACID
Report Type Options:
Available Data Includes:

u
u
u
u
u
u
u
u
u
u
S13-39
Loadcase, Subcase, Layer ID

X, Y, Z Location of Integration
Point or Node
Stress Components
Stress Invariants
Magnitude of Deformation
Result CID
Material Name and ID
X, Y, Z Components of
Deformation
Property Name and ID
Analysis CID of Node
TEXT REPORT WRITER (CONCLUDED)

n
Display Attributes form

u
Format
l
S13-40
Report format and column

ordering can be adjusted to the
users needs
Page Title, Header and Footer
can be specified
Real and Integer Number
format can be specified
FREEBODY RESULTS
n
n
n
Graphical display of freebody diagrams

from results values
Option to create new load sets
Currently supported results are from
MSC.Nastran
Data must be available from Grid Point
Force Balance Table (GPFORCE=ALL)
S13-41
EXAMPLE FREEBODY RESULTS REVIEW

235.00
126.25
447.52
981.00
1089.75
1447.52
External Loads
Reaction Forces
151.30
513.59
405.13
648.83
170.13
513.59
648.83
386.30
Internal Section Loads

S13-42
CREATING A RANGE
n
To create a new range, you can go to Display Attributes Range

Define Range, or Pull down Display/Ranges
Step 6: Assign
the range to the
current viewport
(OR use
Viewport/Modify/
Change Range)
Step 1: Create a
range (one for
each viewport)
Step 2:
select
Data
Method
Step 3: select
Thresholding
Step 5:
Apply
Step 4:
Calculate
range
S13-43
CREATING A RANGE (CONTINUED)

DATA METHOD
n
Semi-Auto
u
Semi-Auto (Delta)
u
Discrete sub-range starting from a value

extending to a value (can leave holes)
Middle:
u
Discrete sub-range starting from a value
From/To:
u
Contiguous sub-ranges starting from a value

then incrementing (or decrementing) by a
delta value
From:
u
Contiguous subranges starting from and

ending at user-supplied values (or use Fit
Results)
Contiguous sub-ranges defined by their mean

value
S13-44
CREATING A RANGE (CONCLUDED)

Thresholding
n
n
For either of the semi-auto data methods

All results between Start and/or End of results
and start of threshold will be colored
uniformly
u
End < threshold value < Start
Press Calculate, and if satisfactory press

Apply
S13-45
RESULTS WITH MULTIPLE VIEWPORTS
Fringe Plot of Von Mises Stress Values

n
Wireframe Deformed Shape
Same model in both viewports, but displays created using different

groups
S13-46
RESULTS ANIMATION
n
Modal and transient animation can be

performed in Results
Transient animation can be performed with
respect to any global variable, such as time,
load case, or frequency
All posted tools will be displayed during an
animation, but only the tools with animation
enabled will change from frame to frame
Animation controls appear automatically when a
plot is animated
S13-47
TYPICAL RESULTS ANIMATION
Frame 1
Frame 7
Frame 13
Frame 20
S13-48
QUICK PLOT ANIMATION

n
To perform a simple modal

animation, select Action: Create,
Object: Quick Plot
Select the desired fringe and/or
vector result
Click on
and hit Apply to
create the animation frames
S13-49
ANIMATION CONTROL SETUP

n
So far we have discussed setting up and

controlling Quick Plot animation of a single
Results Case
Animation sequences pertaining to global
variables (e.g. transient animation) and
modal analysis can be performed in
greater detail by clicking the Animation
Options button when the plot is created
S13-50
Animation
Options
button
ANIMATION OPTIONS FORM

n
When creating a plot clicking the Animate button

sets the Animate Method pull-down menu on the
Animation Options form to a value, e.g., Global
Variable
Animate Method:
u
Global Variable allows the animation of a tool with

respect to any global variable (only available when
more than one Results Cases have been selected)
Modal applies a sine function (-1 < sine < 1) to the
tools response
Ramp allows animation of a tools response by
multiplying the response by a range of scale factors
from 0 to 1
S13-51
ANIMATION CONTROL
n
Once the animation has stared, you can pause

and change the animation attributes
Animation Sequence:
u
Cycle:
Bounce:
animation cycles in a circular

manner (frame1,2,,max,1,2,,max,
etc.)
animation cycles from max to
min (frame 1,2,,max,max-1,
etc.)
Once the animation is paused, it can be

advanced forward one frame at a time and the
start/end frames may be changed
To terminate the animation tool select the Stop
Animation button
S13-52
SETTING UP NON-QUICK PLOT ANIMATION

n
Procedure for setting up the animation as you create the plot
On the Select Results form
On the Animation Options form
Set Action to Create

and Object to the
desired plot type
Select
Animation
Options button
Set Animate
Method to
Global
5
Variable
Select a set of
2 Result Cases and
a result type
Select the
Number of
Frames
Click on
Animate
Hit Apply
S13-53
S13-54
SECTION 14
X-Y PLOTTING
S14-1
S14-2
X-Y PLOT
n
n
n
Manages appearance of XY windows

Manages display of curves in XY windows
Fully integrated with results, loads, properties,
and material data
S14-3
XY PLOT TERMINOLOGY
S14-4
CURVE DATA FROM FILE

Contents of File file_1.xyd
File
Format
XY DATA
If XY pairs
XYDATA, beautiful_curve
-3. -2.8
Curve name
-2.3 -2.
-2.099999 -1.3
-1.7 -0.30000001
-1.6 0.660000003
-1.3 1.3
Data set 1
-0.899998 2.2
-2.330001 2.7
0. 1.7
0.3300001 0.4000001
YDATA
YDATA, new_curve
If Y only
100.
(X initial
100.
And Xdelta
300.
Will be
300.
Specified
500.
Under curve
500.
Data
400.
Attributes)
Data set 2
300.
200.
0.
S14-5
SCALE AND RANGE

n
Scale
u
u
u
Range
u
Linear
Semi-Log
Log-Log
Controls method used to determine start
and end points for the X and Y axes
S14-6
TITLES
XY Plot: database_name: XYWindow1
LEGEND
quadratic_load
20.0
Load Case 4
0.
% distance from
left of window
-20.0
% distance from
top of window
-60.0
-40.0
-80.0
-100.
-1.05-.700-.350 0.
S14-7
.350 .700 1.05
MODIFY DISPLAY PARAMETERS

n
Virtually anything you see on the screen can be modified

n
XY Window:
Curve:
Legend:
Axis:
XY Plot: database_name: XYWindow1
Plot Titles:
Analysis versus Test

Test Data
temp_vs_time
Load Case 4
0.
1.50
3.00
4.50
6.00
7.50
9.00
27.0
Temperature (C)
Versus
Time (sec)
22.5
18.0
13.5
9.00
4.50
Node 6
0.
0.
1.50
3.00
4.50
6.00
7.50
9.00
S14-8
Location, Border,
Background, Color
Post/Unpost, Line
Style, Name,
Data, Symbols,
Color,Thickness,
Curve Fit Method
On/Off, Location,
Border, Text,
Background, Color
Line Style, Scale,
Label
Formats,
Titles, Tick
Marks, Grid Lines
Location, Size,
Color, Post/Unpost
MODIFY XY WINDOW
Border
Background
S14-9
MODIFY CURVE
n
Available symbol types

q
Dot
Square
Fill Diamond
Circle
Fill Square
Arrowhead
Fill Circle
Triangle
Fill Arrowhead
Fill Triangle
Hexagon
Plus
Diamond
Fill Hexagon
LEGEND
Variable_load
20.0
0.
-20.0
-40.0
-60.0
-80.0
-100.
-1.20
-.800
-.400
0.
.400
.800
1.20
S14-10
SECTION 15
MSC.PATRAN FILES
S15-1
S15-2
MSC.PATRAN FILES
Name
File Type
Comments
model_name.db
Database
One per model, relatively large.
model_name.db.bkup
Database
Backup database is created if revert is enabled
patran.ses.number
Session file
A Session File is opened at P3 start-up and it is closed

when you quit MSC.Patran.
model_name.db.jou
Journal file
One per model, record of all PCL commands from

database creation to present-concatenated session files.
EXTREMELY useful for rebuilding a database
model_name.out
Neutral file
Created using Export. Can be used as a backup for

analysis model
model_name.db_m
Marker file
Created when NFS access method is invoked. Contains

absolute pathname
CAD_partfile_name.exp.bxp
Express Neutral file
Intermediate file created during CAD model access. The

.exp(text) file can be accessed on any platform.
S15-3
REVERTING YOUR DATABASE
Reverting to original database allows you to eliminate

the changes you have made in the current modeling
session
Reverting to original database occurs if
revert_enabled is set to TRUE in the setting.pcl file
u
u
Edit file manually

Or set Enable Revert Operation to on, then, close the
database
S15-4
REBUILDING A DATABASE
Using a Journal File
n
n
n
n
Run MSC.Patran, but, do not open a database

Select Rebuild from File/Utilities
Select a journal file of choice
Apply
S15-5
MSC.PATRAN FILES
Generating Hardcopy Plots
Choice of printing single or multiple

viewports or
XY windows on a single page
Supported drivers are:
CGM
HPGL
HPGL/2
Patran Hard
PS
EPS
S15-6
MSC.PATRAN FILES (CONTINUED)

Customization Files
n
Add printers by editing the p3_printers.def file

u
u
p3_printers.def file is located in the $P3_HOME directory

Customize printer options by copying the p3_printers.def file to your local
or home directory
The p3 search path is .,~, $P3_HOME
Quickpick.def and toolbar.def files are available to customize
S15-7
MSC.PATRAN FILES (CONTINUED)

Advanced Start-up Files
Name
Edit
Location
Comments
settings.pcl
ASCII edit with System

Editor
Working directories, home, or

P3_HOME
Settings for MSC.Patran variables (hardware or

software Imaging, automatic refresh of
viewports, plotter parameters, options for
warning messages, etc.)
p3epilog.pcl
p3prolog.pcl
ASCII edit with system

Editor
Working directories, home, or

P3_HOME
PCL files read at MSC.Patran start-up are used

to pre-define PCL variables, precompile PCL
functions, and create user-defined or
customized widgets
template.db
Binary edit within

MSC.Patran
P3_HOME (default)
A pristine database that is copied when a

new database is created. Can be preloaded
with desired settings, selections, data, etc.
S15-8
MSC.PATRAN FILES (CONCLUDED)

n
n
Can change which template is copied to be new database

By default, MSC.Patran looks in the P3_HOME directory, e.g.
/MSC/patran3
Select Change Template

bottom
Allows you to select a different template

database
S15-9
S15-10
SECTION 16
STRESS-LIFE (S-N) THEORY
PAT318, Chapter 16, March 2002
S16-1
S16-2
The S-N approach estimates total life without

distinguishing crack initiation from crack propagation
It usually requires that the test data relate to the geometry

of the structure under assessment (structure S-N curves)
Material S-N curves can also be generated from smooth

specimen test data; they are subsequently modified to
reflect the effects of notches, surface conditions, etc. of
the real structure
S16-3
Some Definitions
S16-4
S-N Analysis
n
n
Input is cycles of STRESS

Also known as High Cycle Fatigue or Nominal Stress
Approach
Nominal stress cycles must be elastic (hence high cycle)
though local stresses at the critical location will be plastic
In MSC.Fatigue SN analysis, elastic FE results are used
directly (no plasticity correction)
Actual Stress at Critical location

Measured nominal stresses
S16-5
S-N Curve
S16-6
Wohlers Railway Component Test Rig

(1852 to 1870)
S16-7
S tres s Amplitude
Unnotched S haft
Notched S haft
Log (fatigue life)
Some of Wohlers data

for rotating bending tests
S16-8
S-N Approach
The S-N approach uses the (assumed elastic) nominal stress

range (S) as a measure of the severity of fatigue loading
Life to failure (two pieces) is recorded in experiments
Tests at several levels of stress range characterise the S-N

curve
Such a curve can be derived for smooth specimens, for

individual components, for sub-assemblies, or for complete
structures
S16-9
S-N Approach
The uses of the S-N approach include:

establishing a well defined fatigue curve for the
purposes of design
determination of a fatigue strength at a specified life
demonstration of improved fatigue resistance from a
material or surface treatment
acceptance of material for manufacturing purposes
answering questions posed by a service failure
S16-10
S-N Curves
S16-11
S-N Curves
Steels tested with constant amplitude loading normally

exhibit a fatigue limit - a stress below which no fatigue
damage appears to occur.
The fatigue limit is associated with the difficulty a crack has

in getting past the first grain boundary, or dominant
microstructural barrier. It can be reduced or eliminated after
e.g. a few large loads, or in corrosive environment, etc.
Aluminum alloys do not seem to exhibit no such limit
S16-12
Material S-N Curves

Log(Stress)
Steel or Ti
Al alloy
or steel in seawater
S16-13
Log(Life)
Scatter in S-N curves
S16-14
Component S-N curves
For some components or features, especially

structural joints such as welds, there are so
many things modifying the behaviour of the
base material that there is little point in
applying corrections to a material S-N curve
In cases like this it is best to use a nominal

stress-life curve which applies particularly to
that component or feature
S16-15
Component S-N Curves may use remote or

nominal stress
_
Nominal Stress P
A
CLASS F WELD DETAIL (BS7608)

S16-16
Stress ran ge ( 0 ) log scale
BS7608 Weld S-N Curves

Static Limitations
constant amplitude loading

in clean air
Effective curve obtained under variable amplitude
loading, equivalent to changing slope of sr - N curve

above N = 10
( 0 )
1
m+2
1
1
10
Endurance N (cycles) - log scale
S16-17
S-N Method - Similitude
nom
nom
The life of this . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . is the same as the life of this . . . . .
if both are subject to the same nominal stress
S16-18
S-N Method - Similitude
The S-N method assumes that the life of a

component or structure is the same as that of
a laboratory test specimen if both are subject
to the same nominal stresses.
If the conditions in the test are different to
those in the structure, similitude breaks
down, and we need to make corrections for
factors such as mean stress, environment,
surface finish, etc.
S16-19
Variable Amplitude Loads

- Miners Rule and
Rainflow Counting
S16-20
Miners Rule - Block Loading

Miners rule assigns a damage of 1/Nf to each
cycle where Nf is the number of cycles to failure at
that load level (determined from an S-N curve)
Failure is
predicted to occur
when the total
damage reaches a
value of 1. If total
damage D < 1 life
is predicted to be
1/D repeats
S16-21
Damage Counting with Miner

300 Cycles
Material Life Curve
M
ea
n
60000
Range
Damage =
10
0M
Pa
100 MPa
Ni
Nf
Accumulate d damage =
S16-22
300
= 0 .5 % Life
60000
PalmgrenMiner Damage Summation Law
S16-23
Stress Amplitude (log scale)
Effect of Miners rule on S-N curve

Original S-N Curve
S-N Curve after
Application of Stress
for n 1 Cycles
S1
n1
N1
N1
Cycles to Failure (log scale)
S16-24
S1
Advantages & Disadvantages of the Linear

(Miner) Damage Theory
Advantages:
1. Simple
2. Generally falls within the ball park of tests
e.g.
( ni Nfi ) varies between 0.61 to 1.45 - Mean is 1.0
Disadvantage:
Assumes that the level of stress has no effect on the
damage ratio, for example: tests do indicate that high
stress cycles followed by low stress cycles cause more
damage than the other way around.
S16-25
Non-Linear Damage Theory

p
Advantages: - D = (nf/Nfi) takes into account

both sequence & load level effects.
-if p is known well experiments evidence
suggests we get somewhat better results.
Disadvantages: - p has to be determined
experimentally from a family of stress curves
of a given material and so is very difficult to
obtain.
-for most situations load histories are pseudorandom, i.e. we dont know load history.
-finding p is difficult-need many tests at
different stress levels.
Conclusion: Nonlinear theory does not buy us much and is difficult to use.
Consequently it is not used in practice, and therefore is not in MSC.Fatigue.
S16-26
Variable Amplitude Loads

- Estimating Lifetime -
S16-27
What Drives the Fatigue Crack?
Stress or Strain
Stress or Strain
Stress or Strain Cycles:
Time
Time
Time History
Peak Valley
Extraction
Require Cycle Range & Mean

S16-28
Rainflow Cycle
Counting
S16-29
The story goes Matsuishi and Endo got the idea for
the method while watching rain water cascading
down a pagoda roof.
Basic rules: rain flows down from each turning point
and continues until either:
u
u
it is interrupted by flow from above, or

it reaches a turning point which is larger that the one
it started from and in the same sense
Good way of representing cycles is Rainflow Cycle

Count Matrix
S16-30
Cycle Count Matrix
S16-31
Rainflow Counting and Stress/Strain Space
S16-32
Rainflow Counting and Stress/Strain Space

n
Materials under cyclic loading exhibit material

memory effect (they remember the largest
previously reached stress-strain state)
What is stress-strain curve in monotonic loading is
hysteresis loop in cyclic loading
Rainflow counting identifies closed hysteresis loops
as cycles
u
Some cycles stand within the largest hysteresis loop

and some hang; this depends on cycle sequence
S16-33
Damage Counting with Miner

300 Cycles
Material Life Curve
M
ea
n
60000
Range
Damage =
10
0M
Pa
100 MPa
Ni
Nf
Accumulate d damage =
S16-34
300
= 0 .5 % Life
60000
Analysis Route - An Overview

Time History
Information
Stress or Strain
Stress or Strain
Loose Frequency
Information
Peak Valley
Rainflow Cycle
Extraction Loose Sequence Counting
Time
Time
LIFE
100 MPa
60000
Life
Damage Histogram
S16-35
Damage Counting
Influences on Fatigue Life
S16-36
Factors Influencing Fatigue Life

Mean stress
S16-37
Mean Stresses
S16-38
Mean Stresses
n
n
n
Stress ratio: R = min/max
Most fatigue tests are conducted at R = -1 (fully

reversed loading).
If we have cycles with other R values we should
make corrections to the stress range in order to
be able to compare the cycles to the S-N curve
determined at R=-1.
Note: compressive mean stresses do not
influence fatigue life.
S16-39
Mean Stress Corrections
S16-40

Unsafe
Un-Safe
Safe
Un-Safe
Haigh Diagram
S16-41
Most popular mean stress corrections

are Goodman and Gerber methods.
Real test data tend to lie between the

two, with the Goodman method being
more conservative (i.e. safer).
S16-42
Correcting for the Effect of Mean Stress

a m
+
=1
Se Su
n
a m
+
=1
Se Su
Goodman method
Gerber method
a = stress amplitude
m = mean stress
S u = ultimate tensile stress
S e = equivalent stress for m = 0
S16-43
Haigh Diagram
S16-44

Mean stress
Component size
S16-45
Component Size
Small laboratory specimens and large
engineering structures
Influence of Specimen Size on Endurance Limit:
S16-46
Component Size
The endurance limit used for design (Se) can be
calculated from the experimental endurance limit (Se)
from any size specimen: Se=Se Csize
S16-47

Mean stress
Component size
Type of loading
S16-48
Type of Loading
Problem:
Data from rotating bend tests
Structure sees tension or torsion
S16-49

Mean stress
Component size
Type of loading
Notches and discontinuities
S16-50
Notches
S16-51
Notches
Another factor that will reduce the life of a

component is a notch or stress concentration.
Usually, unless the metal is of very high strength, the
fatigue limit of the component is not reduced by as
much as you might expect from the Kt factor.
The difference between Kt and Kf is due to the notch
sensitivity of the material, which is greatest for high
strength metals.
S16-52
Dealing with Stress Concentrations
It is seldom possible to stick the strain gauges at the

critical location.
In practice put the strain gauges close to the critical
location and use a stress correction factor Kt to
scale them up to the critical value.
Actual Stress at Critical

location
= S . Kt
Measured nominal stress = S
S16-53
Two Ways of Using Kt (SN Analysis)

Modify the time history
Modify the Fatigue Life Curve
Calculate new time history

by multiplying the original
by Kt.
This appears the easiest
but could take a long time
to compute with large time
history files.
S16-54
Reduce the fatigue life

curve.
This uses a value called
the fatigue reduction factor
Kf.
Kf is a function of Kt and a
materials susceptibility to
notches.
Conservatively take
Kf = Kt
Effect of Stress Concentration in Fatigue

In fatigue, the effect of a stress concentrating notch is to
reduce the fatigue stress at a given life. This is defined
as the Fatigue Strength Reduction Factor and is given
the symbol Kf . Strictly, Kf can only be obtained from
long life fatigue tests and is a ratio:
Kf
Un-notched fatigue strength

= ------------------------------------------Fatigue strength for the notch
It is dependant on material as well as local geometry and

is generally less than Kt .
S16-55
Relationship between Kf and Kt

Kt depends on geometry only and is relatively easy to
obtain but Kf depends on material as well, and in theory,
should be measured for all possible combinations of
both. Can we derive Kf from Kt ?
First, we define the parameter, q, the notch sensitivity
factor as:
= (Kf - 1) / (Kt - 1)
For notch insensitive materials, Kf =1 and q=0.

For perfectly notch sensitive materials Kf = Kt and q=1.
S16-56
Relationship between Kf and Kt

EMPIRICALLY, it has been found that:
q=1/(1+a/r)
where r is notch root radius and a is a function of
material UTS:
a = 0.0254 ( 2079 / UTS ) 1.8 MPa & mm
units
Combining gives an EMPIRICAL rule for Kf from Kt:
Kf = 1 + ( Kt - 1 ) / ( 1 + a / r )
S16-57
The Effect of Kt and Kf on Fatigue Life

Cross Plot of Data : KFEFFECT
NOTCHED
UNNOTCHED
1000
800
600
SMOOTH
Amplitude(MPa)
400
200
Kt=3, Kf=2.67
1E3
1E4
1E5
1E6
Life(Cycles)
S16-58
1E7
1E8
The Effect of Kt and Kf on Fatigue Life
The notch does not have such a large effect

at short lives as it does at long.
This is often dealt with by having a separate
Kf factor at 1000 cycles.
S16-59
Effect of Notch Factor

Transition Life
1000 cycles
Kf
Stress
unn
otc
hed
no
tch
ed
Kf
Life
S16-60
Curve for Estimation of Kf (From Juvinall)
S16-61

Mean stress
Component size
Type of loading
Notches and discontinuities
Surface treatment & finish
S16-62
Surface Treatment & Finish
Fatigue cracks usually start at the surface, therefore the

condition of the surface can have a large impact on the life
of a component.
The smoother the surface, the longer it takes to initiate a

fatigue crack.
Residual stresses in the surface can also affect the rate of

initiation. Residual compression will delay the crack
initiation in high cycle load cases. Surface treatments are
used to induce residual surface stresses.
S16-63
Dealing with Surface Effects

/S
Increasing residual pre-compression at the

surface rises and tilts the Fatigue life curve as
shown. The greatest benefits are realised in
the high cycle, low stress ranges.
Reducing surface quality causes the life curve
to pitch downwards in a similar manner.
107 Cycles
1000 Cycles
S16-64
Surface Finish
Note: the curves are for steels

only.
S16-65
Surface Finish
The effect of surface finish is typically obtained from

curves such as on the previous slide.
The strength reduction factor is related to the surface finish

factor and the strength of the steel.
Sometimes the curves are for qualitative finishes such as
good machined.
The effect of surface roughness is typically accounted

for by applying a reduction factor to the stress at the
endurance or fatigue limit.
On a log-log plot, the slope of the stress life curve is

adjusted, with the stress at 1000 cycles being unaffected.
S16-66
Correction for Surface Finish

Transition Life
1000 cycles
pol
ish
Stress
ed
ro
ug
h
Life
S16-67
The Effect of Residual Compression
Compression
Tension
Compression
Tension
+
Surface Compression
Stress
Compression
=
Oscillating bending
Stress
This effect only works for high cycle cases where

the applied surface stress is insufficient to
overcome the residual pre-compression.
Tension
S16-68
Resulting surface stress

never goes into tension
therefore surface crack
doesnt initiate
How Can We Get Pre-Compression?
Shot Peening
u
Cold Rolling
u
Fire ball bearings at the surface to induce precompression

Roll the component surface to induce precompression in the surface
Nitriding
u
Heat up component in an ammonia environment.

The component expands and Nitrates from the gas
react with the metal. The component contracts on
cooling and is compressed.
S16-69
Stress-Life in MSC.Fatigue
n
Features
u
u
u
S-N Data Plot

MANTEN_SN
SRI1: 3162
b1: -0.2
b2: 0
E: 2.034E5
UTS: 600
Stress Range (MPa)
1E4
u
1E3
u
u
1E2
u
u
1E1
1E0
1E1
1E2
1E3
1E4
1E5
Life (Cycles)
1E6
1E7
1E8
1E9
Elastic Stresses
Welded Structures
User Defined Life
Material and Component S-N
Surface Conditions
S16-70
Goodman Based Factor of Safety (f)

a f m
------------- + ------- = 1
S
e
u
a = Se ( 1 m u )
Se
f = --- ( 1
= Endurance Limit ;
m u )
= Ultimate stress
u
The factor by which we can increase our alternating stress (for a given mean stress),
without causing any fatigue failure.
S16-71
Goodman Based Factor of Safety (f)

Calculation
Goodman Based:
Factor of Safety =
Gerber Based:
Factor of Safety =
e ( 1 m u ) CSurf C Size
--------------------------------------------------------------------- --k
f
a
12
1 ( ) 2
CSurf C Size
m u
e
------------------------------------------------------- -----------------------------------kf
a
S16-72
Summary Total Life Method
Estimates the total fatigue life to catastrophic failure.

Makes no distinction between crack initiation and crack
growth.
Uses local or nominal stress as the control parameter
Fatigue life computed from the log stress vs. log cycles (S-N)
curve.
Fatigue life estimates are associated with a probability of

failure due to the large amount of scatter in the S-N curve.
Reduces complex random waveforms to a list of cycles with a

given range and mean using Rainflow cycle counting
S16-73
Summary Total Life Method (Contd)

S-N method is appropriate for assessing damage in:
Long life fatigue problems where there is little
plasticity since the S-N method is based on nominal
elastic stress
Components where the crack initiation and growth
models are not appropriate, e.g. composites and
welds.
Situations where a large amount of preexistent S-N
data is available
Components which are required by a control body to
be designed for fatigue using standard data such as
the MIL handbook data
Mean stress effects are taken into account by Goodman or
Gerber algorithms.
S16-74
Example Problem:
S-N Analysis of a Keyhole Specimen
Perform simple S-N
analysis.
Single load input
(fully reversed
loading).
S16-75
Loading Info Setup
S16-76
S16-77
Plot Simple Loading
S16-78
Select the Created Loading
S16-79
Material Info Setup
S16-80
Submit Job
Read Results
Display Life Contours
S16-81
Exercise
Perform Quick Start Guide Chapter 3 Exercise,

A Simple S-N Analysis.
Perform Quickstart Guide Chapter 12 Exercise,

Miscellaneous Features.
Be sure to ask for help if theres anything you

dont understand
S16-82
SECTION 17
STRAIN-LIFE (EN) THEORY
S17-1
S17-2

n
Strain-life method is one of the most common life prediction methods

used in the automotive industry.
It is also called the local strain approach, the crack initiation method,
and the strain-life approach.
S17-3

n
Practically, crack initiation means that a crack of around 1-2 mm

has developed. This is often a high proportion of the component
life.
Many automotive components are designed to survive some
significant plastic strains in use (especially on the test track!).
The E-N method will handle these better than the S-N method
which basically ignores plasticity.
The E-N method is not very suitable for structural joints such as
welds, spot welds etc.
S17-4
CRACK INITIATION (STRAIN - LIFE) METHOD SIMILITUDE
The crack initiation life here . . . . . is the same as it is here . . . . .

if both experience the same local strains
S17-5
STRAIN - LIFE METHOD
S17-6
STRAIN LIFE CURVE

Note: area enclosed
represents the
amount of plastic
strain
S17-7
STRAIN LIFE TESTING

n
Normally, polished cylindrical specimens of around 6-8 mm

diameter are tested according to the appropriate standards,
though flat coupons may also be used.
The tests are carried out in strain control; the test machine uses
the output from the strain gauge (clip gauge) to provide
feedback to the servo-controlled test machine.
S17-8
STRAIN CONTROLLED TESTING

n
n
n
n
Test carried out to ASTM E606 or

equivalent
High quality test specimen
Polished surface
Precision machined for minimum
surface residual stress
Strain monitoring using high quality
clip gauge
Alignment very important
S17-9
E-N ANALYSIS
Input is time history of STRAIN
Also known as Low Cycle Fatigue or Local Strain Approach
Local strains can be elastic or plastic hence its suitability for Low Cycle
fatigue
Plastic (Low Cycle

Fatigue Line)
Elastic (High Cycle

Fatigue Line)
N
S17-10
THE S-N AND E-N LIFE CURVES

Low Cycle
Region
(EN Method)
High Cycle
Region
(SN or EN Method)
E-N Life Curve

'Infinite Life'
S-N Life Curve
/S
S-N & E-N curves coincide
in high cycle region
because nominal stresses
will be linear elastic
1000 Cycles
10 7 Cycles
S17-11
E-N can also be used in

low cycle region. S-N
cannot, because linear
stress-strain relationship is
invalid
MATERIALS CHARACTERIZATION
S17-12
Stress
STRESS-STRAIN RESPONSE
Strain
S17-13
Stress
REVERSING THE LOADING DIRECTION
Strain
S17-14
Stress
REVERSING THE LOADING DIRECTION AGAIN
Strain
Material Memory
S17-15
THE BAUSCHINGER EFFECT
Masing: stress strain

curve = twice the
cyclic stress strain
curve
S17-16
CYCLIC STRESS STRAIN BEHAVIOUR

n
The Bauschinger effect:

the yield stress in reversed loading is not as large as the initial
stress in absolute value.
Masings hypothesis:
the hysteresis curve is the same shape as the cyclic stressstrain curve, but doubled up in both directions.
S17-17
MASINGS HYPOTHESIS (STABILIZED

HYSTERESIS LOOP)
S17-18
MASINGS HYPOTHESIS (STABILISED

HYSTERESIS LOOP)
S17-19
STRAIN CONTROL VS. STRESS CONTROL

n
n
Strain Control actually uses an extensometer in the servo loop.

Stress Control is actually load control.
Strain Control controls plastic strain, the parameter which directly
controls fatigue damage.
Stress Control controls the wrong parameter.
Local Stress and Strain are only equivalent, i.e. linearly related,
under purely elastic conditions i.e. when there shouldnt be any
fatigue damage.
S17-20
CYCLIC SOFTENING
strain(mm/mm)
STRAIN.DAC
SOFT.DAC
stress
MPa
5E-3
Time range : 0 secs to 435 secs
800
-5E-3
600
0
100
200
300
400
Se c s .
stress(MPa)
5
7
9
400
CONTROL PARAMETER
SOFT.DAC
200
600
400
0
200
0
-200
-200
-400
-400
0
100
200
300
8
6
4
2
400
Se c s .
-600
-0.01
RESPONSE PARAMETER
Screen 1
-5E-3
5E-3
strain (mm/mm)
Note: Hysteresis loops normally stabilize after some number of cycles
S17-21
0.01
Screen 1
CYCLIC HARDENING
strain(mm/mm)
STRAIN.DAC
HARD.DAC
stress
MPa
5E-3
Time range : 0 secs to 435 secs
800
-5E-3
600
0
100
200
400
300
400
Se c s .
CONTROL PARAMETER
stress(MPa)
7,9
5
3
HARD.DAC
200
600
1
400
200
0
-200
-200
4
-400
-400
2
4
100
200
300
400
Se c s .
-600
RESPONSE PARAMETER
6,8
-5E-3
Screen 1
5E-3
strain (mm/mm)
Note: Hysteresis loops normally stabilize after some number of cycles
S17-22
0.01
Screen 1
CYCLIC STRESS-STRAIN CURVE

DETERMINATION
Companion samples are tested at
various strain levels and cycled
until the hysteresis loops become
stabilized. Stable hysteresis
loops are superimposed and the
tips connected to form the cyclic
stress-strain curve. This method
is time consuming and requires
many samples.
Companion Samples Method

S17-23
CYCLIC STRESS-STRAIN CURVE DETERMINATION

This method has become
widely accepted. It is very
quick, and produces good
results. One specimen is
subjected to a series of
blocks of gradually
increasing and decreasing
strain amplitude. After a few
blocks (3 or 4) the material
stabilizes and eventually, at
around 20 blocks, it fails.
The cyclic stress-strain
curve is determined by
connecting the tips of the
hysteresis loops.
Incremental Step Test Method

S17-24
STRESS-STRAIN RELATIONSHIPS
Monotonic

= +
E K
Cyclic Stress-Strain Plot
a a
=
+
E K'
Ramberg-Osgood
Relationships
n'
Stress (MPa)
Cyclic
Strain (M/M)
nCode nSoft
S17-25
SEPARATION OF ELASTIC & PLASTIC STRAIN

FROM THE STABLE HYSTERESIS LOOP
Cross Plot of Data : 10
Total strain range
Stress(MPa)
200
Plastic strain range

0
-200
-4000
-2000
0
Strain(uE)
S17-26
2000
4000

LCF TESTS
Life Curve Display
Total strain curve fit
Total strain data
Elastic strain curve fit
Elastic strain data
Plastic strain curve fit
Plastic strain data
1E0
Sf': 670 MPa

b : -0.0582
L o g
S tr a in
1 E -1
(X/Y)
Ef': 0.374
1 E -2
c : -0.54
E : 2.05E5 MPa
(X/Y)
1 E -3
: Run-out pts
1 E -4
1E0
1E1
1E2
1E3
1E4
1E5
1E6
Log Life (Reversals)
S17-27
1E7
1E8

LCF TESTS
n
Basquin showed that for high cycle fatigue, fatigue life has a
power law relationship with elastic strain.
Coffin and Manson did the same for low cycle fatigue and plastic
strain.
Add the two together and you have a relationship between total
strain and fatigue life covering low and high cycle fatigue.
S17-28
COFFIN-MANSON-BASQUIN EQUATION
tot = el + pl
Coffin Manson
Basquin
el =
'f
E
pl = f (2Nf )
'
(2Nf )
a =
'f
E
(2Nf ) + f (2Nf )
S17-29
'
STRAIN LIFE CURVE
The Transition Life, 2N , represents

f
the life at which the elastic and plastic
curves intersect.
S17-30
TRANSITION FATIGUE LIFE CALCULATION

e
2
The Transition Fatigue Life

value is determined by equating
the elastic and plastic
components.
f
b
c
'
(2Nf ) = f (2Nf ) at Nf = Nt
E
1
2Nt
fE
K
'
(b-c)
S17-31
STRAIN LIFE CURVE

At shorter lives more plastic
strain is present and the loop is
wider. At longer lives the loop
is narrower, representing less
plastic strain
S17-32
VARIABILITY IN MATERIAL BEHAVIOUR AND THE

EFFECTS ON FATIGUE LIFE PREDICTION
n
n
n
n
n
Chemical composition
Heat treatment
Cast vs. wrought
Surface treatments
Degree of deformation
S17-33
VARIABLE AMPLITUDE LOADS

- COUNTING CYCLES
S17-34
RAINFLOW CYCLE COUNTING
S17-35
RAINFLOW CYCLE COUNTING

n
The story goes Matsuishi and Endo got the idea for the method
while watching rain water cascading down a pagoda roof.
Basic rules: rain flows down from each turning point and
continues until either:
u
u
it is interrupted by flow from above, or

it reaches a turning point which is larger that the one it started from
and in the same sense
Good way of representing cycles is Rainflow Cycle Count Matrix
S17-36
RAINFLOW CYCLE COUNT MATRIX
S17-37
RAINFLOW COUNTING AND STRESS/STRAIN

SPACE
S17-38
RAINFLOW COUNTING AND STRESS/STRAIN

SPACE
n
Materials under cyclic loading exhibit material memory effect

(they remember the largest previously reached stress-strain
state)
What is stress-strain curve in monotonic loading is hysteresis
loop in cyclic loading
Rainflow counting identifies closed hysteresis loops as cycles
u
Some cycles stand within the largest hysteresis loop and some
hang; this depends on cycle sequence
S17-39
MEAN STRESS CORRECTIONS

n
There are two main methods for correcting for mean stress in
the local strain approach:
u
Morrow
it moves the elastic life line up and down according to the mean
stress of each cycle
Smith-WatsonTopper
uses a damage parameter which includes the maximum stress of
each cycle
S17-40
MORROW CORRECTION
S17-41
SMITH WATSON TOPPER CORRECTION
S17-42
SWT VS MORROW
n
n
n
SWT makes bigger corrections than Morrow

SWT tends to be conservative (tension).
SWT tends to be non-conservative (compression)
S17-43
EXERCISE
n


Component S-N Analysis

dont understand
S17-44
ELASTIC-PLASTIC CORRECTION
AND LOCAL GEOMETRY
S17-45
STRAIN LIFE MODELLING

The Local Strain Method requires the notch root local stresses and strains to model
the plasticity that leads to fatigue damage. These can be derived by:
n
n
Measurement from a strain gauge precisely located at the critical

location.
Elastic-plastic finite element analysis with a very refined mesh.
Using an empirical rule, usually NEUBERS RULE (but not always) to
estimate elastic-plastic strain from nominal strain or Linear FE results.
Neuber worked in statics, not fatigue, but noticed that the ratios of plastic
strain and plastic stress were different.
S17-46
ELASTIC-PLASTIC CORRECTION
Elastic FE Strain
Cyclic StressStrain Curve
Neuber Equation
Solution point
=e2
S17-47
USE OF Kf IN STRAIN LIFE MODELLING

The strain concentration factor, K = / e is > Kt and the stress
concentration factor, K = / s is < Kt after plastic yielding.
Neither are known but Neuber found that their geometric
average was equal to Kt . Hence Neubers Rule is simply:
K . K = ( Kt ) 2
Re-arrangement of this Rule gives a useful equation:
( Kt ) 2 s .e = .
S17-48
USE OF Kf IN STRAIN LIFE MODELLING

(Contd.)
Another re-arrangement gives:
( Kt e ) 2 E = .
in which the LHS is known. This can be solved with the cyclic stress
strain curve equation simultaneously to derive and .
Topper simply replaced Kt by Kf to make Neubers Rule applicable in

fatigue analysis for local stress strain tracking.
S17-49
E-P CORRECTION INCLUDING Kf
CSSC
2
3
Kf
Neuber Equation
Solution point
s
S17-50
REFINEMENTS TO THE NEUBER METHOD

n
The Neuber Method is an approximation, suitable for stress and strain

estimation where plasticity is limited, e.g. at notches.
At locations where there is no well defined notch, it may underestimate
the strains.
The Seeger-Beste and Mertens-Dittmann methods use a shape factor or
plastic strain concentration factor to modify the amount of the estimated
stress redistribution
S17-51
SHARP AND MILD NOTCHES

Plastic Zone
Neuber hyperbola
S17-52
NEUBER METHOD - FORMULATION USED IN

SOFTWARE
Ramberg - Osgood Equation:
e
Cyclic Stress - strain
a a
a =
+
'

=
+
2
2 2 '
n'
Hysteresis curve
e
Neuber Formulation (assumes uniaxial
stess-strain behaviour)
S17-53
= e2
n'
SEEGER-BESTE METHOD AND MERTENSDITTMAN METHOD

These methods take into account plasticity which is more extensive by
moving the origin of the Neuber hyperbola to a point calculated using
plastic strain concentration factors :
S17-54
<
and
Lp
p =
Ly
<
<
<
<
<
)e = ( )
<
<
<
<
= e / p
<
<
<
<
where :
<
<
<
<
<
<
<
<
Seeger-Beste Equation :
)( e )= ( )( )
<
Mertens-Dittmann Equation :
MERTENS-DITTMAN METHOD
Graphical representation of Mertens-Dittmann Method
<
<
<
<
<
<
<
<
new origin at (
<
<
<
<
S17-55
<
<
<
<
,
<
<
<
<
<
<
<
<
SEEGER-BESTE METHOD
Graphical representation of Seeger-Beste Method
<
<
<
<
<
<
<
<
new origin at ( 0 , )
<
<
<
<
e
S17-56
SHAPE FACTORS (PLASTIC STRAIN

CONCENTRATION FACTORS)
Assuming elastic-perfectly plastic loading, the yield moment for a
rectangular cross section bar in bending is:
y
A
BA 2
My =
y
6
The plastic limit moment is :
y
BA 2
Mp =
y
4
So the shape factor p = Mp/My = 1.5

S17-57
SURFACE FACTORS
As in the S-N method, surface factors can be used to modify the strain life curves to
account for surface finish etc. These factors are applied to the elastic strain-life curve at
the endurance limit.
Polished, untreated, stress free, is considered as the starting point with Surface Factor = 1
(as in LCF test specimens).
Extra factors are required for:

u
u
u
u
surface finish (ground, machined, hot rolled, cast, forged, corroded);

surface treatment (nitrided, shot peened, cold rolled):
loading mode (axial, bending, torsion)
anything else (environment etc.).
S17-58
USE OF Kf FOR SURFACE FINISH

Strain Life Plot
EN24V
Sf': 1282 b: -0.075 Ef': 1.424 c: -0.732
en24mod
Sf': 1282 b: -0.1325 Ef': 1.424 c: -0.732
S t r a in
A m p lit u d e ( M /M )
1E0
1E-1
1E-2
Polished
1E-3
Forged
1E-4
1E0
1E1
1E2
1E3
1E4
1E5
1E6
Life (Reversals)
S17-59
1E7
1E8
1E9
STRESS STRAIN TRACKING,

NEUBER ANALYSIS, MATERIAL MEMORY
AND DAMAGE CALCULATION
S17-60
STRESS-STRAIN TRACKING & DAMAGE

CALCULATION
e(t)
P
Nominal stress, strain - s,e
CSSC
SWT-Life
Cyclic Stress-Strain Plot
STW Life Plot
Mild_Steel
n': 0.159 K': 816 E: 2E5
Mild_Steel
Sf': 757 b: -0.089 Ef': 0.541 c: -0.547
S tr e s s
P a ra m e te r
1E2
0
0
0.01
0.03
Strain (M/M)
1E1
S T W
( M P a )
(M P a )
564
1E-1
1E0
1E-2
1E0
P
1E1
1E2
1E3
1E4
1E5
1E6
1E7
1E8
Life (Reversals)
S17-61
1E9
Local stress, strain - s,e
STRESS-STRAIN TRACKING
A
C
e(t)
B
B = e1 , B
C = De2
D = De3 , D
E = De4
known Kf
A
C
E
S17-62
STRESS-STRAIN TRACKING - 1ST EXCURSION

e(t)
e1
Kf.e1 . Kf.s1 = NP1

B
A
s 1 = E . e1
Kf.s1
CSSC
= / E + ( / k)1/n
s1
A e1
Kf.e1
S17-63
1 . 1 = NP1
plotting position
is 1, 1
STRESS-STRAIN TRACKING
Basic Rule:
Reset the origin and set off in the
right direction!
S17-64
B (1 , 1 )
e2
2nd Excursion
e(t) B
s2
C
2 x CSSC
2k)
= / E + 2( / 2 1/n
2 . 2 = NP2
plotting position
is 2 =(1- 2),
2=(1- 2)
Kf. e2 . Kf. s2 = NP2
C (2 , 2 )
S17-65
B (1 , 1 )
3rd Excursion
e(t)
D (3 , 3 )
C
3 . 3 = NP3
plotting position
is 3 =(2+ 3),
3=(2+ 3)
A (0,0)
C (2 , 2 )
S17-66
4th Excursion - Material Memory

e(t) B
plotting position is
NOT 4 =(3- 4),
4=(3- 4)
BUT 4 =(2- 5),
4=(2- 5)
A
E
C
Not E
S17-67
Extracted Cycle
max
SWT = max . /2
S17-68
Partial Damage for the Extracted Cycle

STW Life Plot
(M P a )
Mild_Steel
Sf': 757 b: -0.089 Ef': 0.541 c: -0.547
1E2
P a ra m e te r
SWT = max . /2
1E1
S T W
SWT
1E-1
1E0
1E-2
1E0
d=1/ Nf
S17-69
1E1
1E2
1E3
2Nf
1E4
1E5
Life (Reversals)
1E6
1E7
1E8
1E9
Damage Summation for All the Extracted

Cycles
n Damage for each cycle:
d i = 1 / N fi
n Damage sum for the repeat:
D = di
n Life to crack initiation in repeats:
Ni = 1 /D
S17-70
IMPLEMENTATION IN MSC.FATIGUE
n
For each node or element:

u
u
u
u
True stress-strain tracking too time-consuming

Rainflow cycle count elastic strain time history
Correct each cycle for plasticity using Neuber (or similar)
Calculate mean stress for each cycle for both hanging and
standing within largest cycle
Calculate damage for hanging and standing and record mean
damage for each cycle
Sum damage for all cycles to give total life
S17-71
CRACK INITIATION IN MSC.FATIGUE

n
e Strain
Features:
u
u
u
u
u
u
u
u
u
u
Based on Local Strain Concepts

Elastic-Plastic Conversion
User Defined Life
Cyclic Stress-Strain Modeling
Surface Conditions
S17-72
Time
1/2cycle
1/2cycle
1cycle
1cycle
1cycle
1/2cycle
EXAMPLE PROBLEM: E-N ANALYSIS OF A

SPIDER
Perform simple
crack initiation
analysis of a
spider.
Single input load.
Create new
database and read
in the results.
S17-73
REVIEW STRESS CONTOURS
S17-74
FATIGUE ANALYSIS
n
n
n
Reference single load (sine01)

Create new group for analysis
Submit Job
S17-75
PLOT LIFE CONTOURS
S17-76
EXERCISE
n

A Simple E-N Analysis

Residual Stress
Be sure to ask for help if theres anything you dont

understand
S17-77
S17-78
SECTION 18
MULTIAXIAL FATIGUE
PAT318, Section 18,March 2002
S18-1
S18-2
WHY DO MULTIAXIAL FATIGUE CALCULATIONS?

n
Fatigue analysis is an increasingly important part of the design

and development process
Many components have multiaxial loads, and some of those

have multiaxial loading in critical locations
Uniaxial methods may give poor answers needing bigger safety

factors
S18-3
THE LIFE PREDICTION PROCESS E - N

APPROACH
measured
strains
plasticity
modelling
stress and
strain
components
elastic strains
from FEA
constitutive
model and
notch rule
S18-4
LIFE
damage
model
2-D STRESS STATE

yy
yx
xx
xy
yx
xy
yy
S18-5
xx
3-D STRESS STATE

yy
zz
yz
yx
zx
xx
zz
x
zy xy
yy
S18-6
xz
xx
TENSOR REPRESENTATION OF STRESS

STATE
n
n
n
Stresses can be represented as

tensor
Diagonal terms are direct
stresses
Other terms are shear stresses
For equilibrium purposes it must
be symmetric
On free surface (z is surface
normal) all terms with z
disappear.
Can be written ij
xx xy xz
yx yy yz
zx zy zz
S18-7
STRAIN TENSOR
n
Strains can also be represented

by tensors
Diagonal terms are the direct
strains and the other terms are
shear strains
For equilibrium the matrix is
symmetric
Shear strains, e.g. xy are half the
engineering shear strain xy
Can be written ij
xx xy xz
yx yy yz
zx zy zz
S18-8
TRANSFORMATION OF CO-ORDINATES
Z
Z
Y
Y
X
X
S18-9
STRESS TENSOR ROTATION

n
~
S' = TST
Stress or strain tensors can be

rotated to a different coordinate
system by a transformation
matrix.
The matrix contains the direction
cosines of the new co-ordinate
axes in the old system
The tensor is pre-multiplied by
the matrix and post-multiplied by
its transpose
l11
T = l21
l31
l12
l22
l32
l13
l23
l33
l11, l12, l13 are the direction

cosines of the X axis in the
original system and so on.
S18-10
PRINCIPAL STRESSES (AND STRAINS)

n
n
n
The principal stress axes are the set in which the diagonal terms
disappear. In these directions the direct stresses reach their extreme
values
The maximum shear strains occur at 45 degrees to the principal axes.
The principal stresses can be calculated from:
3 I1 2 + I 2 I3C = 0
where
I1 = x + y + z
I2 = x y + y z + y z 2 2 2
xy
xz
yz
I3 = x y z + 2 xy xz yz x 2 y 2 z 2
yz
xz
xy
S18-11
MOHRS CIRCLE FOR STRESS (2D)
xy
2
xy
max
S18-12
MOHRS CIRCLES FOR TRIAXIAL STRESS
max
S18-13
GENERALIZED HOOKES LAW FOR 3-D

x v
x =
( y + z )
E E
y v
y =
( z + x )
E E
z v
z =
( x + y )
E E
xy
yz
zx
, yz =
, zx =
xy =
G
G
G
E
where G =
2(1 + v )
S18-14
GENERALIZED HOOKES LAW FOR 3-D

vE
E
{ xx + yy + zz } +
xx =
xx
(1 + v )(1 2v )
1+ v
vE
E
{ xx + yy + zz } +
yy =
yy
(1 + v )(1 2v )
1+ v
vE
E
{ xx + yy + zz } +
zz =
zz
(1 + v )(1 2v )
1+ v
S18-15
FREE SURFACE STRESSES

z
y
x
Stress state on free surface is biaxial - principal stresses 1 and 2

(where | 1 |>| 2 |) lie in the x-y plane
S18-16
MULTIAXIAL ASSESSMENT
n
Ratio of Principals or Biaxiality Ratio:

u
u
u
u
2
ae =
1
Stress state can be characterised by ratio of principal stresses and

their orientation (angle)
If orientation and ratio are fixed, loading is proportional.
Otherwise loading is non-proportional
Biaxiality analysis:
l
l
l
ae = -1:
ae = +1:
ae = 0:
Pure Shear
Equi-Biaxial
Uni-axial
S18-17
EXAMPLE: NEAR PROPORTIONAL LOADING

1301
Strain(UE)
S131A.DAC
Sample = 409.6
Npts = 9446
Max Y = 1301
Min Y = -392.3
-392.3
0
10
12
Seconds
121.1
Strain(UE)
S131B.DAC
Sample = 409.6
Npts = 9446
Max Y = 121.1
Min Y = -284.3
-284.3
0
10
12
Seconds
2663
Strain(UE)
S131C.DAC
Sample = 409.6
Npts = 9446
Max Y = 2663
Min Y = -298.7
-298.7
0
10
12
Seconds
Screen 1
S18-18

S131.ABS
Strain
UE
S131.ABS
Strain
UE
Tim e range : 0 secs to 23.06 secs
Tim e range : 0 secs to 23.06 secs
5000
5000
4000
4000
3000
3000
2000
2000
1000
1000
-1000
-1
-0.5
0.5
Biaxiality Ratio (No units)
-1000
-50
Screen 1
Biaxiality ratio vs. 1

50
Angle (Degrees)
Orientation of 1 vs. 1
S18-19
Screen 1

n
The left plot indicates that the ratio of the principal stresses is nearly
fixed at around 0.4, especially if the smaller stresses are ignored.
The right hand plot shows that the orientation of the principal stresses
is more or less fixed.
This is effectively a proportional loading

(these calculation assume elasticity)
S18-20
EXAMPLE: NON-PROPORTIONAL LOADING

161.4
GAGE 1X( uS)
GAGE103.DAC
Sample = 200
Npts = 3.672E4
Max Y = 161.4
Min Y = -81.32
-81.32
0
559.5
50
100
150
GAGE 1Z( uS)
GAGE102.DAC
Sample = 200
Npts = 3.672E4
Max Y = 559.5
Min Y = -274.6
-274.6
0
716.2
50
100
150
GAGE 1Y( uS)
GAGE101.DAC
Sample = 200
Npts = 3.672E4
Max Y = 716.2
Min Y = -651
-651
0
50
100
150
S creen 1
S18-21
EXAMPLE: NON-PROPORTIONAL LOADING

GAGE1.ABS
Stress
MPa
GAGE1.ABS
Stress
MPa
Time range : 0 secs to 183.6 secs
200
200
100
100
-100
-100
-200
-1
-200
-0.5
0.5
-50
Screen 1
0
Angle (Degrees)
50
Screen 1
Both the ratio and orientation of 1 and 2 vary considerably: non-proportional

loading.
S18-22
EFFECT OF MULTIAXIALITY ON PLASTICITY, NOTCH

MODELLING AND DAMAGE MODELLING
p
Uniaxial
p constant
Proportional
Multiaxial
p constant
Non-Proportional
Multiaxial
p may vary
a
a= 0
-1 < a < +1
a may vary
Increasing
Difficulty
(and Rarity)
OK
Need a
Tricky
Decreasing
Confidence
S18-23
EXERCISE
n
Perform Quick Start Guide Chapter 11 Lesson, A Multiaxial

Assessment Sections 11.1 through 11.4 where you will assess
whether or not the stress state is multiaxial.
Be sure to ask for help if theres anything you dont understand
S18-24
DEVIATORIC STRESSES
The deviatoric stresses
Sx,y,z are given by:
A useful concept in multiaxial

fatigue and especially in plasticity
is that of deviatoric stresses. The
deviatoric stresses are the
components of stress that deviate
from the hydrostatic stress.
S x = x Ph
S y = y Ph
S z = z Ph
The hydrostatic stress Ph is

an invariant:
The shear stresses are unchanged
1
Ph = ( x + y + z )
3
S18-25
YIELD CRITERIA
When the stress state is not uniaxial, a yield point is not sufficient. A
multiaxial yield criterion is required. The most popular criterion is the von
Mises yield criterion. All common yield theories assume that the
hydrostatic stress has no effect, i.e. the yield criterion is a function of the
deviatoric stresses. The von Mises criterion - based on distortion energy
- can be expressed in terms of principal stresses:
2
S1
2
S2
2
S3
)=
2
3 y
or
1
2
( 1 2 ) + ( 2 3 ) + ( 3 1 ) = y
2
The Tresca Criterion can be expressed:
max
1 2 2 3 3 1 y
= max
,
,
=
2
2
2
2
S18-26
THE VON MISES YIELD CRITERION

3
von Mises
yield surface
hydrostatic stress
2
1
S18-27
VON MISES AND TRESCA IN DEVIATORIC

STRESS SPACE
S1
von Mises
Tresca
2
y
3
S2
S3
S18-28
VON MISES AND TRESCA IN PRINCIPALS

2
von Mises
Tresca
S18-29
EQUIVALENT STRESS AND STRAIN METHODS
Extension of the use of yield criteria to fatigue under

combined stresses
S18-30
EQUIVALENT STRESS AND STRAIN METHODS

n
They dont account for the known fact that fatigue failure occurs in
specifically oriented planes. Rather these approaches average the
stresses/strains to obtain a failure criterion with no regard to the
direction of crack initiation.
Tresca and von Mises are not sensitive to the hydrostatic stress or
strain
They dont account for mean stresses
They dont really handle out-of-phase stresses or strains
S18-31
SOME EQUIVALENT STRESS/STRAIN CRITERIA

n
Maximum Principal Stress
1 = eq
Maximum Principal Strain
1 = eq
Maximum Shear Stress (Tresca Criterion)
eq
1 3
= eq =
2
2
Shear Strain (Tresca)
von Mises stress
1 3 max (1 + ) eq
=
=
2
2
2
1
2
von Mises strain
( 1 2 ) 2 + ( 2 3 ) 2 + ( 3 1 ) 2
1
(1 + ) 2
(1 2 ) 2 + ( 2 3 ) 2 + ( 3 1 ) 2
=
Note that n can be found from

S18-32
e e + p p
e + p
= eq
= eq
S-N WITH EQUIVALENT STRESS
= f (2 N
2
Basquin equation for uniaxial
Using (Abs) Max

Principal
1
= f (2 N f
2
Using Max Shear
f
max
(2 N
=
2
2
Using von Mises
VM
= f (2 N
2
S18-33
E-N WITH EQUIVALENT STRAIN

n
'f
=
2
E
Coffin-Manson-Basquin equation for

uniaxial
'f
=
2N f
2
G
Adapted for Torsion
1 = and 1 = , so
2
'
1 f
=
2N f
2
E
Using (Abs) Max Principal
But if we assume the principal

stress/strain criterion
(2 N )
'f
=
2N f
2
G
S18-34
2 'f
'
f
(2 N )
f
+ 'f
(2 N )
(2 N )
(2 N )
f
'
f
E-N WITH EQUIVALENT STRAIN (CONT.)

n
Similarly, based on the

Tresca criterion
and based on the von

Mises Criterion
which is the same as...
'
f
(2 N f )b + (1 + p ) 'f (2 N f )c
=
2
2G
(1 + e ) 'f
(2N f )b + (1 + p ) 'f (2N f )c
=
2
E
2 (1 + e ) 'f
=
2N
2
3E
S18-35
'f
(2 N )
f
THE NEED FOR A SIGN

250
Cylindrical
notched specimen
with axial sine
loading
-250
maximum principal
Stress(MPa)
3
Seconds
250
-250
minimum principal
Stress(MPa)
3
Seconds
250
absolute maximum principal
Stress(MPa)
Tension
-250
3
Seconds
250
von Mises stress
Stress(MPa)
-250
Compression
3
Seconds
250
-250
maximum shear stress
Stress(MPa)
3
Seconds
Screen 1
S18-36
TORSION STRAIN-LIFE COEFFICIENTS PREDICTED

BY 3 EQUIVALENT STRAIN THEORIES
(IN TERMS OF UNIAXIAL FATIGUE CONSTANTS)
f
VonMises Stress/Strain
Max. Principal Stress/Strain
f
3
Torsional Strain-Life curve Coefficient
3 f
f
f
2
Max Shear Stress Strain
2 f
1 .5 f
If you compare the results of these methods for axial and torsion there can be differences
of up to a factor of 2 on stress and strain
S18-37
COMMENTS ON EQUIVALENT STRAIN

METHODS
n
They dont account for the known fact that fatigue failure occurs in
specifically oriented planes. Rather these approaches average the
stresses/strains to obtain a failure criterion with no regard to the
direction of crack initiation.
Tresca and von Mises are not sensitive to the hydrostatic stress or
strain
They dont account for mean stresses
They dont really handle out-of-phase stresses or strains
S18-38
FAILURE OF EQUIVALENT STRESS METHOD FOR

OUT-OF-PHASE LOADING - AN EXAMPLE:
n
Axial Stress:
Shear Stress:
Von Mises Stress:
x = sin t
xy =
cos t
3
1
=
x 2 + x 2 + 6 xy 2
2
= (No Alternating Stress)
= No Fatigue Damage?
n
Signed Von Mises will predict damage, but it will underestimate

the damage (non-conservative)
S18-39
ASME PRESSURE VESSEL CODE

n
n
n
n
n
n
This method is based on the concept of relative von Mises Strain equivalent to signed von Mises strain for proportional loadings
The ASME pressure vessel code uses the equivalent strain
parameter:
No path dependence
Non-conservative for non-proportional loading
No directionality
Not sensitive to hydrostatic stress
2
eq = MAX ( wrt . time)

3
11 22
) (
2
+ 22 33
S18-40
) (
2
+ 33 11
2
2
2
+ 6 12 + 23 + 31
SIMPLE METHODS FOR PROPORTIONAL

LOADINGS
-1<a<0
a~0
0<a<1
stress
criterion
Absolute
Maximum
Principal
Absolute
Maximum
Principal
Absolute
Maximum
Principal
strain
criterion
Absolute
Maximum
Principal
Any
Tresca
S18-41
EFFECT OF MULTIAXIALITY ON PLASTICITY,

NOTCH MODELLING AND DAMAGE MODELLING
p
Uniaxial
OK
p constant
Proportional
Multiaxial
Non-Proportional
Multiaxial
p constant
Increasing
Difficulty
(and Rarity)
a= 0
Need a
-1 < a < +1
Tricky
p may vary
a may vary
Decreasing
Confidence
S18-42
NOTCH RULES FOR PROPORTIONAL LOADING

n
When the loading is no longer uniaxial, the uniaxial stress strain curve
is no longer enough on its own
Two methods which address this problem are the parameter

modification method due to Klann, Tipton and Cordes, and the
Hoffmann-Seeger method.
Both these methods extend the use of the von Mises criterion to post
yield behaviour
Both methods assume fixed principal axes and fixed ratio of stresses
or strains
S18-43
PARAMETER MODIFICATION METHOD

(KLANN-TIPTON-CORDES)
The ratio 2/1 of the
principal strains is
assumed
to be constant in this case
First define cyclic stress-strain

curve using the RambergOsgood formula :
q q
q =
+
'
n'
Digitise the cyclic

stress-strain curve and
for each point calculate
Poissons ratio from the
equation :
Calculate the biaxiality

ratio from :
2
+ v'
1
a=
2
1 + v'
1
q
1 1
v' = ve
E q
2 2
S18-44
PARAMETER MODIFICATION METHOD

(KLANN-TIPTON-CORDES) CONT.
It can be shown that the values
of the principal strains and
stresses can be calculated
from:
1=q
1 = q
Fit the following equation to

the calculated modified
parameters:
1 1
1 = * + *

1 v' a
1 a + a 2
n*
The modified modulus is

calculated explicitly from:
1
1 a + a
E
=
1- ve a e
*
S18-45
MODIFIED STRESS-STRAIN CURVE PARAMETERS

ae = 1
ae = 0
ae = -1
1
S18-46
HOFFMAN AND SEEGER METHOD

Calculate Von Mises equivalent strain
from combined strain parameter e.g.
from:
The Neuber correction is then
carried out on this formulation :
q q = q,e
The effective Poissons ratio

is calculated as for the
Parameter Modification
Method, as are:
a, , 1 and 2/ 1
q,e = 1,e
1 a e +a e 2
1 a e ve
S18-47
HOFFMAN AND SEEGER METHOD CONT.

The other required stresses and
strains are calculated from:
2
= 1
1
3 = q
v' (1 + a)
1- a + a 2
These can then be used to calculate any other

combined parameter e.g. signed Tresca
S18-48
2 = a 1
EXTENDING NEUBER TO NON-PROPORTIONAL

LOADINGS
n
This topic is important because it permits non-proportional multiaxial

fatigue life predictions to be made based on elastic FE
The aim is to predict an average sort of elastic-plastic stress-strain

response from a pseudo-elastic stress or strain history
It is necessary to combine a multiaxial plasticity model with an

incremental formulation of a notch correction procedure and to make
some other assumptions
S18-49
BUCZYNSKI-GLINKA NOTCH METHOD

n
The Neuber method is only suitable for uniaxial or proportional

loadings
Where the loading is non-proportional and the stress-strain response

is path dependent it must be replaced by an incremental version
= e e
e
e
e
e
N
N
N
N
ij ij + ij ij = ij ij + ij ij
S18-50
BUCZYNSKI-GLINKA METHOD
n
This rule has to be combined with a multiaxial plasticity model such as

the Mroz-Garud model
Additionally some assumptions are required, e.g. that the ratios of the
increments of strains, stresses or total strain energy in certain
directions are the same for the elastic as the elastic-plastic case.
Glinka-Buczynski use total strain energy
One of these assumptions is necessary to be able to reach a solution

of the equations
S18-51
WHAT HAPPENS WHEN THE LOADING IS NOT

UNIAXIAL?
n
For proportional loadings a different cyclic stress - strain curve is

required
For non-proportional loadings, a 1 dimensional cyclic plasticity model

is no longer sufficient
Neubers rule does not work for non-proportional loadings
Uniaxial rainflow counting doesnt work for non-proportional loadings
Simple combined stress-strain parameters do not predict damage well
S18-52
DIRECTION OF CRACK GROWTH
S18-53
DIRECTION OF CRACK GROWTH

n
When the biaxiality ratio is negative (type A), the maximum shear
plane where cracks tend to initiate is oriented as shown in the
diagram.
u
When the biaxiality is positive (type B), however, the cracks tend to be
driven more through the thickness.
u
In the early stages of initiation the type A cracks grow mainly along the
surface in mode 2 (shear), before transitioning to Mode 1 normal to the
maximum principal stress.
These are therefore more damaging for the same levels of shear strain.
Uniaxial loading is a special case.
S18-54
MULTI-AXIAL FATIGUE THEORY

n
Crack Initiation demonstrated to be due to:

u
Slip occuring along planes of Maximum Shear, starting in grains most

favorably oriented w.r.t. the Maximum Applied Shear stress
Stage I (Nucleation & Early growth) is confined to Shear Planes. Here

both Shear and Normal Stress/ Strain control the crack growth rate.
Stage II crack growth occurs on planes oriented normal to the Max.

Principal Stress. Here the magnitude of the Max. Principal stress and
strain dominates crack growth.
S18-55
MULTI-AXIAL FATIGUE THEORY (CONT.)

n
Proportion of Life spent in Stage I, and II depend on:

u
u
Loading Mode and Amplitude

Material Type (Ductile Vs. Brittle)
Crack Initiation Life Refers to the time taken to develop Engineering

Size Crack, and Includes Stage I and Stage II.
Stage I or Stage II may dominate Life. In uniaxial,

the Controlling Parameters in both Stages are directly
related to the uniaxial stress or strain. But
NOT so in Multi-axial case.
n
n
n
S18-56
MULTI-AXIAL FATIGUE THEORY (CONT.)

n
For non-proportional loading, the Critical Planes vary vary with

time.
Cracks growing on a particular Plane may impede the progress

of cracks growing on a different plane.
Multi-axial Fatigue Theory for Non-proportional Loading, MUST

attempt, to a greater or lesser extent, to incorporate some of the
above observations, to have any chance of success in real
situations.
S18-57
MSC.FATIGUE MULTI AXIAL ANALYSIS

(b) Tension
(a) Torsion
1
Shear Strain on the plane of maximum shear will extend the fatigue
crack
u
Amongst other things, progress will be opposed by the friction between the
crack faces
The separation of the cracked faces due to the presence of the normal
strains in case b, will eliminate friction. Consequently the crack tip
experiences all the applied shear load. Hence this case is more
damaging.
S18-58

n
Critical Plane Approach:

u
(Recognizing that fatigue damage (crack) is directional) considers

accumulation of damage on particular planes
Typically damage is considered at all possible planes say @ 15

deg. interval, and the worst (critical) plane selected.
Employs variations on the Brown-Miller Approach:
+ n = C
2
u
Equivalent fatigue life results for equivalent values of the material

constant, C
S18-59

n
Four Planar Approaches:

u
u
u
u
Two complex Rainflow Counting Methods:

u
u
Normal Strain
Smith-Watson-Topper-Bannantine
Shear Strain
Fatemi-Socie
Wang-Brown
Wang-Brown with Mean Stress Correction
Dang-Van Total Life Factor of Safety Method
S18-60
NORMAL STRAIN METHOD
A Critical Plane Approach

u
u
u
Calculates the Normal Strain Time History and Damage on 18 multiple

planes, Fatigue Results reported on the worst plane
Fatigue Damage Based on Normal Strain Range
No mean Stress Correction
Used with Type A Cracks:
S18-61
SHEAR STRAIN METHOD

u
u
u
Calculates the Shear Strain Time History and Damage on 36 multiple

Fatigue Damage Based on Shear Strain Range
No mean Stress Correction
Used with Type B Cracks:
S18-62
SMITH-TOPPER-WATSON-BANNANTINE METHOD

u
u
u
Calculates the Normal Strain Time History and Damage on 18 multiple

Fatigue Damage Based on Normal Strain Range
Uses a Mean Stress Correction based on Maximum Normal Stress
Used with Type A Cracks
S18-63
FATEMI-SOCIE METHOD
n

u
u
u
u
Calculates the Shear Strain Time History and Damage on 36 multiple

Fatigue Damage Based on Shear Strain Range
Uses a Mean Stress Correction based on Maximum Normal Stress
Uses Material Constant n
Used with Type B Cracks
S18-64
CRITICAL PLANE DAMAGE MODELS

n
n f
=
2N f
2
E
Normal Strain
SWT - Bannantine
f 2
n
2N f
n ,max =
2
E
Shear Strain
(1 + e ) f
=
2N f
2
E
Fatemi-Socie
(1 + e )
1 + n n ,max =
f 2 N f
E
y
) (
S18-65
2b
+ f 2 N f
+ f f 2 N f
b+ c
) + (1 + ) ( 2 N )
b
+ 1 + p f 2 N f
n(1 + e ) f 2
2 E y
c
2N f
n 1 + p f f
2 y
2b
2N f
b+ c
WANG-BROWN METHOD
n
A complex recursive multi-axial Rainflow Counting Method
A Mean Stress Correction Method is available
May be quite slow especially for long loading histories
Recommended for a variety of proportional and non-proportional

loadings
S18-66
WANG-BROWN METHOD
n
Calculates a different Critical Plane for each rainflow

reversal
For each reversal the damage is calculated on the

critical i.e. maximum shear plane, whether case A or B
Uses Normal Strain Range, Maximum Shear Strain
Material Parameter S
S18-67
WANG-BROWN METHOD
Mean Stress Correction using Mean, Normal Stress
f 2. n , m ean
m ax + S . n
=
2N
1 + + S (1 )
E
S18-68
+ f 2 N
TYPICAL POLAR DAMAGE PLOT

Polar Plot of Data : DEMO
Theta=90
Theta=45
90
120
60
150
30
180
1E-9
1E-8
1E-7
1E-6
210
330
240
300
270
Polar Plot of Type A and Type B damage for W ang-Brown Method
S18-69
MULTI-AXIAL LIFE CALCULATION METHODS:

NONPROPORTIONAL LOADING
I. Multiaxial Method
Example: Knuckle, Chapter 11 (QSG)
Life
(Repeats)
Normal Strain
106,000
SWT-Brannantine
316,000
Mean Biaxiality Ratio: -0.6
Shear Strain
18,500
Biaxiality S.D. = 0.18
Fatemi-Socie
27,000
Most Popular Angle = -64 deg
Wang-Brown
30,500
Angle Spread = 90 deg
Wang-Brown + Mean
26,000
At Node 1045:
Max Stress Range = 508 Mpa
II. Equivalent Strain Method

Abs. Max. Principal Strain
S18-70
97,300
MULTI-AXIAL LIFE CALCULATION METHODS:

90 DEG OUT OF PHASE LOADING
I. Multiaxial Method
Life (Cycles)
Material: Manten
Normal Strain
4.12E+07
Axial Stress, Sx = 25,000 psi
SWT-Brannantine
2.80E+04
Shear Stress, Sxy = 14,434 psi
Shear Strain
1.41E+05
Fatemi-Socie
1.70E+05
Wang-Brown
6.63E+06
Wang-Brown + Mean
8.55E+05
II. Eqivalent Strain Method

Abs. Max. Principal Strain
Signed Von Mises Strain
2.88E+07
Signed Tresca Strain
2.88E+07
8.41E+06
S18-71
DANG-VAN METHOD
n
High-Cycle Fatigue applications designed for infinite life
Calculates Factor-of-Safety of the design
Uses S-N total life method
Ideal applications: Bearing Design, Vibration induced fatigue
S18-72
THE DANG VAN CRITERION

n
The Dang Van criterion is a fatigue limit criterion
It is based on the premise that there is plasticity on a microscopic

level, leading to shakedown
After shakedown, the important factors for fatigue are the amplitude of
the microscopic shear stresses and the magnitude of the hydrostatic
stress
The method has a complicated way of estimating the microscopic

residual stress
S18-73

Fatigue damage occurs if:
(t ) + a ph(t ) b 0
where (t) and ph(t) are the maximum microscopic shear stress and
the hydrostatic stress at time t in the stabilized state. They can be
calculated from:
1
*
( t ) = Tresca Sij ( t ) + devij
2
a and b are material properties
S18-74
1
ph(t ) = xx + yy + zz (t )
3

n
The parameter b is the shear stress amplitude at the fatigue limit
The parameter a is in effect the mean stress sensitivity, with the

mean stress being represented by the hydrostatic stress
dev ij* is the deviatoric part of the stabilised residual stress
S18-75
DANG-VAN PLOT
(t)
Damage
occurs here !!!
+ a ph b = 0
ph(t)
a ph +b = 0
S18-76
STABILIZED RESIDUAL STRESSES:
* dev *
ij
The stabilized local residual stresses are calculated by means of

an iteration in which convergence assumes a stabilized state, a
state of elastic shakedown.
As the loading sequence is repeated the yield surface grows

and moves with a combination of kinematic and isotropic
hardening until it stabilises
The stabilised yield surface is a 9 dimensional hypersphere that

encompasses the loading history
S18-77
DANG-VAN CRITERION SUMMARY

n
Is a High-Cycle fatigue criterion (infinite fatigue life)
Can deal with three-dimensional loading
Can deal with general multiaxial loading
Is constructed on the basis of microscopic level: the scale of one or a

few grains
Can identify the direction of crack initiation
S18-78
DANG VAN FACTOR OF SAFETY PLOT
S18-79
SUMMARY OF APPROACH
n
Assume uniaxial and find critical locations
Assess multiaxiality at critical locations by checking biaxiality ratio

and angle of principal
If angle constant and constant e < 0, use Hoffman-Seeger (or

Parameter Modification) biaxiality correction and abs max principal
If angle constant and constant e > 0, use Hoffman-Seeger biaxiality

correction and signed Tresca
If angle varies greatly with time, needs multiaxial
If e varies greatly with time, needs multiaxial

S18-80
A MULTIAXIAL ASSESSMENT
Perform crack
initiation analysis
of a knuckle.
Multiple (12)
loading inputs.
Assess
multiaxiality.
S18-81
LOADING INFO SETUP
12 loads associated
with 12 FE results
Force(Newtons)
LOAD03.PVX
84.71
Sample = 1
Npts = 1610
Max Y = 84.71
Min Y = -50.05
-50.05
0
500
1000
1500
point
Force(Newtons)
LOAD02.PVX
7720
Sample = 1
Npts = 1610
Max Y = 7720
Min Y = -7998
-7998
0
500
1000
1500
point
Force(Newtons)
LOAD01.PVX
3769
Sample = 1
Npts = 1610
Max Y = 3769
Min Y = -2654
-2654
0
500
1000
1500
point
S
creen 1
S18-82
LOG-LIFE CONTOUR PLOT (IN REPEATS)
S18-83
EXAMPLE MULTIAXIALITY INDICATORS
Angle Spread
Mean Biaxiality
S18-84
EXERCISE
n
Perform Quick Start Guide Section 11.5 of the Chapter 11 Lesson A

Multiaxial Assessment where you run a multiaxial analysis.
u

Design
Philosophies which reviews S-N and E-N analysis methods, and
introduces LEFM.
Be sure to ask for help if theres anything you dont understand
S18-85
S18-86
SECTION 19
FATIGUE CRACK PROPAGATION
S19-1
S19-2
FATIGUE CRACK PROPAGATION (LEFM)

METHOD
n
n
n
n
n
What remnant life is there after initiation?

What is the safe life or inspection schedule for a component that
is or may be cracked?
The crack growth method is based on the principles of Linear
Elastic Fracture Mechanics (LEFM)
It relates stress intensity factors to crack growth rates
It uses cycle-by-cycle calculations to predict lifetimes
It is frequently used in Aerospace, Offshore, and Power
Generation industries
S19-3
FRACTURE MECHANICS TRIANGLE
Stress Intensity (K)
Crack Size (a)
Stress (s)
S19-4
FRACTURE MECHANICS RECTANGLE

Cycles to Failure (Nf)
Final Crack Size (af)
Initial Crack Size (ai)
Stress Range (DS)
S19-5
CRACK STRESS CONCENTRATION

A crack is an extreme stress/strain concentrator
Elastic Stress Concentration

max = Kt
Kt=(1+2a/b)
Kt=3
S19-6
b = 0 --> Kt =
MODES OF CRACK OPENING
S19-7
MECHANICS OF CRACKS
Stress Intensity Factor KI
General form of K
K = Y a where the geometry function
Y = Y (a/w, B, ... )
S19-8
TYPICAL GEOMETRY FUNCTIONS
Through Crack in Infinite Plate

u Y = 1
Edge Crack in Semi-Infinite Plate
u Y = 1.12
Edge Crack in Finite Plate
u Y = 1.12 - 0.231(a/w) + 10.55(a/w)2 21.72(a/w)3 + 30.30(a/w)4
S19-9
LINEAR ELASTIC FRACTURE MECHANICS
S19-10
S19-11
K CONTROLLED FRACTURE
K Controls the
stress around the tip
Fracture
Zone
Plastic
Zone
In small scale yielding K controls everything near the tip - plasticity - void
growth - cracking
Fracture occurs when K = KIC (The Fracture Toughness)
S19-12
ASSUMPTIONS OF SMALL SCALE YIELDING
Plastic zone size:
1
rp =
6
K

y
For LEFM to be valid, the plastic zone size must be small

compared to crack length a and component geometry:
1
rp (a, t , b, w,...)
25
S19-13
STAGES OF FATIGUE CRACK GROWTH
S19-14
FATIGUE CRACK GROWTH MECHANISMS

n
n
Reversed plasticity
Corrosion
S19-15
CRACK PROPAGATION METHOD SIMILITUDE
This crack . . . . . . . grows at the same rate as this one

if both experience the same stress intensity factors
S19-16
CRACK GROWTH RATES ARE CONTROLLED BY K

Fast Fracture
Effects
da
--dN
Paris Law Region

da
--- = CKm
dN
K
Threshold Effects
K = Y a
S19-17
PROPAGATION RATES
S19-18
FACTORS AFFECTING CRACK GROWTH RATE
n
n
n
n
n
Crack tip plasticity (crack closure)

Mean stresses
Threshold region
(for low loads or short cracks)
Variable amplitude loading (overloads)
Environment
S19-19
CRACK TIP PLASTICITY
S19-20
PLASTIC ZONE AND CRACK CLOSURE

n
n
As crack grows, small region of plasticity develops around crack tip

Plastically deformed regions are surrounded by material that remains
elastic
As material is unloaded, plastic region causes crack surfaces to be
pulled toward each other causing CRACK CLOSURE
Crack closure can be induced by:
u
u
u
overloads
corrosion effects
surface roughness
S19-21
MEAN STRESSES (R-RATIO EFFECTS)
Kmin
R=
Kmax
S19-22
SHORT CRACKS
n
SHORT CRACKS:
u
LEFM is not applicable to

them, in general.
they tend to be free of

closure effects.
They typically have higher

growth rates than long
cracks.
NOTE:
long cracks do not grow if
K is smaller than a
threshold value Kth.
S19-23
VARIABLE AMPLITUDE LOADS

High - low sequences
change the crack closure
S19-24
ENVIRONMENT
Crack growth rates are
higher in corrosive
environments (e.g. salt
water) than in air.
They are the lowest in
vacuum.
S19-25
CALCULATING LIFETIMES
n
Need:
u
u
u
u
u
Initial crack size

Final crack size
Stress range
K calibration
Material growth law
S19-26
CRACK GROWTH LAWS

n
There are many crack growth laws in the literature:

u
u
u
u
u
u
u
Paris (the most known)

Forman (MSC/Fatigue uses similar method for fast fracture correction)
Lucas-Klesnil
Elber
Walker
Wheeler
Willenborg (MSC/Fatigue uses extension of this model)
S19-27
EFFECTIVE K APPROACH
n
The key to MSC/Fatigue crack growth analysis is the correction

of the apparent K (based on applied load) to an effective K
(i.e. the crack driving force actually seen at the crack front)
Usual Method
da
= f (K , R, K TH , K IC , history , environment )
dN
n
MSC.Fatigue Method
K eff = f (K , R, KTH , K IC , history , environment )

da
m
= C K eff
dN
S19-28
MSC/FATIGUE CRACK GROWTH ANALYSIS STEPS
n
n
n
Input next cycle

Calculate apparent K from lookup table
Correct to effective K for
u
u
u
u
u
n
n
closure/short crack
notch field influence
static fracture mode contribution
history effects
environmental effects
da = C Keffm
a = a+da (if no fast fracture, go to next cycle)
S19-29
IMPLEMENTATION IN MSC.FATIGUE
Time Cycle
Counter
Geometry
function
Library
KSN
TCY
MDB
CRACK GROWTH
ANALYSER
CRG
S19-30
Materials
Database
Manager
CYCLE-BY-CYCLE CRACK GROWTH

Features:
n
u
u
u
u
u
u
u
u
u
u
Cycle-by-Cycle Modelling
Time-sequenced Rainflow Cycle
Counting
Multi-environment Material Properties
Kitagawa Minimum Crack Sizing
Threshold Modelling
Crack Closure and Retardation
User Defined Life
Fracture Toughness Failure Criterion
Surface or Embedded Cracks
Modified Paris Law
(modified Willenborg model)
S19-31
SUMMARY OF APPROACH
n
Identify critical region and select node/element for nominal stress
Identify geometry from library of compliance functions
Identify initial crack size
MSC.Fatigue calculates change in crack length on a cycle-by-cycle

basis until fast fracture occurs
Life estimates are normally within a factor of 2 if all the control

parameters are modeled correctly
S19-32
MSC/FATIGUE CRACK GROWTH ANALYSIS

- APPLICATIONS
n
n
n
n
n
Design analysis
Pre-prediction of test programs
Inspection strategy
Failure investigation
Decision support
S19-33
EXAMPLE PROBLEM: CRACK PROPAGATION

ANALYSIS
n
n
Lug problem
Single load
S19-34

ANALYSIS (LEFM)
S19-35
DEFINE A CRACK AND PLOT COMPLIANCE

FUNCTION
S19-36
LOADING INFO SETUP
S19-37
MATERIAL INFO SETUP
Create a group far_field with node 223 in it only.
S19-38
PERFORM LEFM ANALYSIS
S19-39
EXERCISE
n

Introduction to Crack Growth

Multiple Loads
Be sure to ask for help if theres anything you dont

understand
S19-40
SECTION 20
SPOT WELD FATIGUE
S20-1
S20-2
MOTIVATION
s
s
s
About 50% of automotive structural durability problems are associated with

spot-welds
About 80% of automotive body durability problems are associated with
spot-welds
The tooling cost for 1 spot weld on an automated production line is about
$30,000
Late additions may cost twice this amount
Besides any structural importance, the durability of spot welds can have an
important effect on perceived quality
S20-3
CURRENT PRACTICE
s
There is increasing pressure in the automotive industry to reduce

development times. Less prototypes means more CAE.
There are no commonly available tools for life prediction of spotwelds
Spot-weld numbers, positions and sizes are typically decided by:
x
The component engineer, based on panel stresses (spot-welds are often

not modelled at all) and experience
The production engineer, based on what is possible / economical
S20-4
STRUCTURAL STRESS BASED METHOD

( Rupp - Storzel - Grubisic )
s
s
s
Coarse mesh only required, with spot welds

modeled as stiff beam elements
Beams are used as " force transducers " to
obtain forces and moments transmitted
through the spot welds
Forces and moments are used to calculate
" structural stresses "
Life is calculated using Miner's rule
Method is generally applicable and handles
multiaxial loadings
S20-5
Spotweld Nugget
Beam Element
AN AUTOMOTIVE PART WITH SPOT WELDS
S20-6
HOW DO WE MODEL SPOTWELDS?

The 5 Box Trick
Geometry
(Beam Elements)
Loading
(Time History)
Fatigue Analysis
(Spot Weld Analyzer)
Material
(Weld S-N Data)
Optimization
& Testing
S20-7
Post
Processing
LOADING HISTORY ON DAMPER
S20-8

The structural stresses are calculated from the
forces and moments on each beam element :
My
My
Fy
My
Fy
Fz
Fy
Fx
Fz
Fz
Mx
Fx
Mx
Fx
Mx
Nugget
Sheet 2
S20-9
Sheet 1

E.G. stresses in sheet :
Fz
r ,max =
r
Fx, y
ds
Fy
Fz
.
= 1744 2
s
.
r ,max = 1872
s
My
Fx
s
M x, y
ds 2
Similar equations for stresses in nugget

Corrections made for size effect
S20-10
Mx
FATIGUE PROPERTIES - TYPICAL TEST SPECIMEN
S20-11
FATIGUE PROPERTIES - GENERIC S-N CURVES
S20-12
DAMAGE CALCULATION PROCEDURE

s
Stresses and fatigue damage are calculated at 10 intervals around the

spot weld for the 2 sheets and the nugget
Stress histories are calculated from :
k
Pk( t )
(t ) =
Pk
s
where k = static loadcase i.d., or from transient F.E.

Life is calculated using Linear Damage Summation (Miner's Rule)
S20-13
RESULTS POSTPROCESSING OPTIONS

s
s
s
s
Listing the results files, life, damage, crack location etc...

Plotting in MSC.Fatigue (Insight)
Polar plotting of damage
" What if ? " games ...
S20-14
FATIGUE RESULTS FOR SHOCK TOWER
S20-15
POLAR PLOT OF DAMAGE
S20-16
EXAMPLE PROBLEM:A SPOT WELD ANALYSIS

Perform spot
weld analysis.
Multiple
loading inputs
at shock tower.
S20-17
SOLUTION PARAMETERS SETUP
S20-18
MATERIAL INFO SETUP
S20-19
LOADING INFO SETUP
S20-20
S20-21
EXERCISE

A Spot Weld Analysis

dont understand
S20-22
SECTION 21
MSC.FATIGUE SOFTWARE STRAIN GAUGE
S21-1
S21-2
A virtual test facility in the

MSC.Fatigue environment
S21-3
SOFTWARE STRAIN GAUGE

s
A Finite Element tool allowing the creation of Stress and Strain time
histories at arbitrary locations on a Finite Element Model Surface
Uses:
x
x
Finite Element Model Results Verification

Comparison of Strain Values with Test Time Histories
Previous FEA techniques have only permitted comparison of single

Stress or Strain values.
S21-4
DESCRIPTION
s
A virtual strain gauge on a finite element model. This gauge can

produce theoretical result time histories from multiple time varying
applied loads
Time histories may be extracted at any point on the mesh surface
Results based on either standard or user defined strain gauge

definitions.
The results from static, transient or quasi static finite element loading.
S21-5
CORRELATION APPLICATIONS
s
Allows correlation between theoretical

calculations with experimentally determined
results.
DISPLAY OF SIGNAL: SAETRN.DAC

17081 points.
1000
9 pts/Secs
Displayed:
4501 points.
from pt 1
Strain (uE)
Full file data:
Max = 999
at 0
Min = -495
Permits greater confidence in the finite

element model of the real world structure.
at 1743
Mean = 385.3
S.D. = 235
-600
RMS = 451.3
Time (Secs)
Stress / Strain results may be subsequently

analysed as:
500
CYCLE HISTOGRAM DISTRIBUTION FOR : SAETRN.CYO

Maximum height : 16
x
x
x
Cycle Counts
PSD results
Damage / Life Values
Z Units :
16
Cycles
Z-Axis
0
999
0
Mean
uE
Y-Axis
Range
uE
X-Axis
1508.9
S21-6
-495
CORRELATION APPLICATIONS (Contd.)
Software
Strain
Gauges
FEA Model Surface
Hub Strain
Hub Strain
time
time
S21-7
WELDED STRUCTURE ANALYSIS

s
The Software Strain Gauge is also of benefit to the analyst performing

MSC.Fatigue weld durability calculations in accordance with British
Standard 7608.
When calculating fatigue life for welded structures the loading direction
is of importance
The strain gauge allows extraction of time histories prior to Rainflow

cycle counting in specific directions on an FEA structure
S21-8
WELDED STRUCTURE ANALYSIS (Contd.)

The Gauge tool allows access to strain time histories at the weld toe,
providing important information for weld durability calculations.
Software
Strain Gauges
FEA Model
CLASS F WELD DETAIL (BS7608)

S21-9
GAUGE DEFINITION
s
The gauges are defined as FEA groups, each containing between 1 to 3

elements.
Standard gauge definitions:

x
x
x
x
x
Uni-axial Gauges
T Gauges
Delta Gauges
Rectangular Gauges
Planar and stacked formulations.
User defined gauges may also be created

x
definitions stored in a gauge definition file.
S21-10
IMPLEMENTATION
s
Gauge position:
x
x
x
Gauge results:
x
x
x
Anywhere on the FEA model surface

Any orientation
Covering multiple finite elements.
Averaged results from the underlying finite elements
Replicates the geometric averaging with actual instrumentation.
Transformed to the coordinate system and alignment of the
software strain gauge.
Up to 200 simultaneous Software Strain Gauges
S21-11
EXAMPLE PROBLEM: A SOFTWARE STRAIN GAGE

Introduce software
strain gage as a
correlation tool on a
mounting lug.
Multiple loading
inputs.
S21-12
SOFTWARE STRAIN GAGE SETUP
and elements
that define
surface
Define node
to initially put
gage on ...
S21-13
LOADING INFO SETUP
S21-14
PERFORM ANALYSIS
s
s
s
Define material and loading

Extract time histories from rosette
Perform rosette analysis and
correlation
S21-15
CORRELATION TECHNIQUES
s
s
s
s
Overlays and cross plots

Rosette analysis
Single location uniaxial life analyzer
Single location multiaxial life analyzer
S21-16
EXERCISE

A Software Strain Gauge

dont understand
S21-17
S21-18
SECTION 22
VIBRATION FATIGUE ANALYSIS
S22-1
S22-2
OVERVIEW
n
n
n
n
Why use frequency domain?

Benefits of vibration fatigue
Review of theory
Summary of features
S22-3
WHY USE FREQUENCY DOMAIN?
time
time
Output
Transfer
Function
frequency
PSD Stress
Input
PSD
Frequency
Domain
Hub Stress
Wind speed
Time Domain
frequency
S22-4
BENEFITS OF VIBRATION FATIGUE

n
n
n
Analyse structures with dynamic responses

to random loading without requiring full
transient analysis
Fatigue analysis is relatively rapid
Analysis can be included much earlier in
the design cycle
Ability to analyse what if scenarios
interactively
S22-5

Loading
(PSD)
Material
Fatigue Analysis
(S-N analysis)
(Vibration Fatigue)
Geometry
(S-N Analysis)
Optimization
& Testing
S22-6
Post
Processing

TIME DOMAIN
Steady
state
or
TIME
HISTORY
RAINFLOW
COUNT
STRESS
RANGE
HISTOGRAM
FATIGUE
LIFE
STRESS
RANGE
HISTOGRAM
Transient
Analysis
FREQUENCY DOMAIN
PSD
FATIGUE
MODELLER
PDF
FATIGUE
LIFE
Transfer
M0
M1
M2
Function
M
4
S22-7
BLACK
BOX
FATIGUE
LIFE
WHAT DOES AN FFT TELL US?

Magnitude of FFT
Area of spike =
amplitude of sin
wave
|FFT|
Time history
A
FFT
time
frequency
Argument of FFT
The argument of the FFT gives
the phase angle of the
sinusoidal wave
Single sinusoidal eddy of

frequency , amplitude A
and initial phase angle
S22-8
WHAT DOES AN FFT TELL US?

n
n
The FFT is a complex number given with respect to frequency.

A sine wave of frequency , amplitude A and initial phase angle is
represented in the frequency domain by a spike occurring at along the
frequency axis.
u
If the magnitude of the complex FFT is plotted, then the area under the spike
is found to be the amplitude A of the sine wave. When the argument of the
complex FFT is plotted then the area is found to be initial phase angle of
the sine wave.
S22-9
WHAT IS A PSD?
In a PSD we are only interested in the amplitude of each sine wave and are
not concerned with the phase relationships between the waves.
def
Definition
PSD
1
= 2T
FFT 2
PSD
The area under each spike

represents the Mean Square of the
sine wave at that frequency
frequency
PSD
S22-10
We cannot determine what the

phase relationships between the
waves are any more
MOMENTS FROM A PSD

mn =
( f )d f
(Stress)2
( f ) f
In practice,
m0, m1, m2 and m4
are sufficient to
compute all of the
information required
for the subsequent
fatigue analysis
fk
Hz
Gk(f)
Frequency, Hz
S22-11
EXPECTED ZEROS, PEAKS AND IRREGULARITY

FACTOR FROM A PSD
mn =
G ( f )d f =
(Stress)2
G( f
)f
m2
E0 =
m0
fk
m4
EP =
m2
Hz
Gk(f)
Frequency, Hz
These statistical parameters are needed for
subsequent fatigue analyses.
S22-12
E0
m22
=
=
EP
m0 m4
EXPECTED ZEROS, PEAKS AND IRREGULARITY

FACTOR FROM THE TIME SIGNAL
Number of upward zero crossings,
Stress (MPa)
Time History
E[0] = 3
x
x
Number of peaks,
E[P] = 6
x
time
Irregularity factor,
1 second
= upward zero crossing

x = peak
S22-13
E[0]
E[P]
= 3
6
PROBABILITY DENSITY FUNCTIONS (PDFS)

To get pdf from rainflow
histogram
divide each bin height by
p(S)
S t dS
P(S i)
dS
Stress Range (S)
S t = total number of cycles

dS = bin width
The probability of the stress range occurring between

dS
dS
Si
and S i +
= P ( Si ). ds
2
2
S22-14
DIRLIK SOLUTION
p( S ) D = f ( m0 , m1 , m2 , m4 )
D1
e
Q
p (S ) D =
where;
D2 =
z=
S
2 m0
1 D1 + D
1 R
2
1
Z
Q
D2 Z
2
e 2R + D 3 Z e
R2
2 m0
m2
=
m0 m4
m1
m2
xm =
m0
m4
D1 =
Z
2
2 ( xm 2 )
1+ 2
x m D 12
125 ( D 3 D 2 R) R =
.
D3 = 1 D1 D2 Q =
1 D 1 + D 12
D1
A widely applicable solution developed after extensive Monte Carlo

simulation of a wide range of likely stress response conditions
S22-15
OTHER SOLUTION METHODS

The best method in all cases
Dirlik
Chaudhury
& Dover
Wirsching
Hancock
Steinberg
Electronic
components (USA)
Tunna
Narrow Band
S22-16
Developed for
offshore use
Railway
engineering
(UK)
The original solution

TIME DOMAIN
Steady
state
or
TIME
HISTORY
RAINFLOW
COUNT
STRESS
RANGE
HISTOGRAM
FATIGUE
LIFE
Transient
Analysis
STRESS
RANGE
HISTOGRAM
FREQUENCY DOMAIN
PSD
FATIGUE
MODELLER
PDF
FATIGUE
LIFE
Transfer
M0
M1
Function
M2
M
4
S22-17
BLACK
BOX
FATIGUE
LIFE
SUMMARY OF FEATURES
n
n
n
n
n
n
n
Calculate fatigue life from PSDs

Uses 7 solution methods including;
Dirlik, Steinberg and Narrow Band
solutions
Ability to handle multiple, partial and
fully correlated loads
Material and Component S-N
Model Surface Conditions
S22-18
DISPLAY OF NOISE.PSD
8E-5
RMS Power (Volts^2. Hz^)
0
0
nCode nSoft
Frequency (Hz.)
1500
PROCESS ALTERNATIVES
n
Use NASTRAN to calculate PSDs of Stress directly and use directly in

MSC.Fatigue
u
Disadvantage : Only basic stress components available as output (no

principals etc.)
Use NASTRAN to calculate complex transfer function between inputs

and stress results. MSC.Fatigue combines transfer function with input
PSDs and Cross spectra to calculate principal stresses vs freq.
u
Disadvantage: More data for MSC.Fatigue to process.
S22-19
EXAMPLE PROBLEM: VIBRATION FATIGUE

Example of vibration
fatigue analysis of a
bracket.
Three load inputs.
Critical area: around
circular hole.
Using transfer
function method of
vibration fatigue
S22-20
SINGLE LOAD
Time-domain Analysis
(static FE result)
Frequency-domain Analysis
(At Frequency = 0 Hz)
Frequency-domain Analysis
(one of several frequencies)
S22-21
TIME-DOMAIN LOADING INFO SETUP
S22-22
FREQUENCY-DOMAIN LOADING INFO SETUP
S22-23
FREQUENCY-DOMAIN LOADING INFO

- MULTIPLE PSDS -
S22-24
RESULTS:
Static case:
Combined loads
Vibration: uncorrelated loads
Vibration: correlated loads
S22-25
EXERCISE

Vibration Fatigue

dont understand
S22-26
SECTION 23
MSC.FATIGUE UTILITIES
S23-1
S23-2
UTILITIES OVERVIEW
n
n
n
Derived from nCode Internationals nSoft engineering analysis

software
Builds upon functionality in Time History Manager (PTIME)
Provides tools for :
u
u
u
u
u
data manipulation
data translation
data filtering
statistical & frequency analysis
local and test based fatigue analysis
S23-3
UTILITIES OVERVIEW (Contd.)

n
Note:
u
u
u
Program names from nSoft have been prefixed with an additional m in

MSC.Fatigue
thus QLD becomes mQLD etc.
this prevents any conflict between different installations of MSC.Fatigue
and nSoft on the same machine.
The Quickstart guide reflects this name change however this summary
and the MSC.Fatigue pull-down menus do not.
S23-4
PTIME (TIME HISTORY MANAGER)

n
MSC.Fatigue includes data processing functions within Time History

Manager (PTIME):
u
u
u
u
u
u
ASCII File Input

Waveform creation
Block Cycle Definition
Polynomial Data Transformation
Data Display Tools
S23-5
Time History Manipulation Tools
n
n
n
n
n
n
n
Arithmetic Manipulation (ART)

Spreadsheet Multichannel Editor (COE)
Edit, Extract & Join Data (LEN)
Combine Multiple Channels (MFM)
User defined formulae (FRM)
Multiple File Peak Valley Extraction (PVXMUL)
Graphical Data Editor (GED)
S23-6
MATHEMATICAL MANIPULATION
OF DATA - ART
S23-7
SPREADSHEET MULTICHANNEL EDITOR COE
S23-8
EDIT, EXTRACT & JOIN DATA - LEN
rear g2(g)
A0 4 .DAC
10
5
0
-5
-10
0
20
40
60
80
100
rear g2(g)
120
s ecs
3A0 4 .DAC
10
5
0
-5
-10
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
s ecs
S creen 1
S23-9
COMBINE MULTIPLE CHANNELS - MFM
rear g2(g)
10
A04.DAC
5
0
-5
-10
10
20
30
rear g2(g)
secs
3A04.DAC
10
5
0
-5
-10
10
20
30
secs
Screen 1
S23-10
MULTIPLE FILE PEAK VALLEY EXTRACTIONPVXMUL
Shortens loading time histories by retaining only the maxima & minima
(turning points). Gating can be used to ignore small cycles by absolute or
percentage values.
Maintains phase across channels by considering all channels
simultaneously. If a turning point is found in any input channel, the
corresponding point is written to all the output .pvx files.
S23-11
MULTIPLE FILE PEAK VALLEY EXTRACTIONPVXMUL

Gauge 1(uE)
S61.DAC
1 0 00
Spike on all 3
-2 0 0
0
10
20
S am ple = 409.6
N pt s
= 1.354E 4
Max Y = 928.8
Min Y = -0.344
30
seco n d s
Gauge 2(uE)
S62.DAC
20
S am ple = 409.6
N pt s
= 1.354E 4
Max Y = 15.83
Min Y = -119.8
-1 2 0
0
10
20
30
seco n d s
Gauge 3(uE)
S63.DAC
800
S am ple = 409.6
N pt s
= 1.354E 4
Max Y = 722.4
Min Y = -485.6
-6 0 0
0
10
20
30
seco n d s
Screen 1
Input .DAC files

Gauge 1(uE)
S61.PVX
1 0 00
Spike still in synch
-2 0 0
20 0 0
4000
6 0 00
8 0 00
S am ple = 1
N pt s
= 1.022E 4
Max Y = 928.8
Min Y = -0.344
1E4
p o in t
20
Gauge 2(uE)
S62.PVX
S am ple = 1
N pt s
= 1.022E 4
Max Y = 15.83
Min Y = -119.8
-1 2 0
20 0 0
4000
6 0 00
8 0 00
1E4
p o in t
Gauge 3(uE)
S63.PVX
800
S am ple = 1
N pt s
= 1.022E 4
Max Y = 722.4
Min Y = -485.6
-6 0 0
20 0 0
4000
6 0 00
8 0 00
1E4
p o in t
Screen 1
Output .PVX files - reduced number of points

S23-12
GRAPHICAL EDITING OF DATA - GED
A
0
4.D
A
C
re r g
a
2 (
g
)
- 1
- 2
. 2
time
. 4
. 6
( s ec s )
3 A 0 4 .D A C
rear
g2
(g)
-1
-2
13
1 3 .2
ti m e
1 3 .4
(s e c s )
S23-13
1 3 .6
TIME HISTORY ANALYSIS/ STATISTICS

n
n
Amplitude Distribution Analysis (ADA)

Running Statistics (RSTATS)
S23-14
AMPLITUDE DISTRIBUTION ANALYSIS - ADA

the probability of a certain amplitude in the time domain
DISPLAY OF SPIKES.ADA
DISPLAY OFSPIKES.ADA
100
P r o b .
.
C u m
T im
2000
P o in t C o u n t
D e n
a t le v e l ( s e c o n d s )
1.2
C o u n ts
0.08
0
-1442.3682
Strain (uE)
1496.079
-1442.3682
0
Strain (uE)
1496.079
-1442.3682
S23-15
0.2
Strain (uE)
1496.079
2.9443359
Rise (uE)
2941.3915
RUNNING STATISTICS - RSTATS

- calculating statistics for user-defined windows of data
1500
S tra i n (u E )
-1500
0
SP I K ES.DAC
10
s
e
c
o
n
d
s
1500
R un ning
M a x (u E )
SP I K ES.M
AX
-1500
2
10
s
1500
R un ning
M i n (u E )
R un ning
M e a n (u E )
R un ning
Abs
SP I K ES.M N
I
-1500
2
10
s
1500
-1500
SP I K ES.M
EA
10
s
1500
M a x (u E )
SP I K ES.ABS
-1500
2
10
s
896.1
R un ning
R M S (u E )
SP I K ES.R M
S
114.7
2
10
s
861.9
R un ning
S D (u E )
R un ning
A re a (u E )
38.68
SP I K ES.R SD
10
s
59.91
-52.8
SP I K ES.AR E
10
s
Screen 1
S23-16
FILTERING
n
n
Butterworth Filtering (BFL)

Fast Fourier Filtering (FFF)
S23-17
DATA FILTERING - FFF & BFL

Frequency Domain
n
Fast Fourier Filter (FFF)

u
u
u
u
Low Pass
High Pass
Band Pass
Band Reject
Uses FFT and Inverse-FFT to

remove frequency content
Time Domain
n
Butterworth Filter (BFL)

u
u
u
u
n
n
n
S23-18
Low Pass
High Pass
Band Pass
Band Reject
Simulates hardware filter

Forwards and ForwardsBackwards Methods
Up to 8th order cut off
FREQUENCY ANALYSIS
n
n
Auto Spectral Density (ASD)

Frequency Response Analysis (FRA)
S23-19
AUTO SPECTRAL ANALYSIS - ASD

- Calculating frequency content of data using FFT
n
n
n
PSD
u
Area under PSD =
Mean square amplitude
ASD
u
Area under ASD =
amplitude
ESD
u
ESD = PSD x Time
Real & Imaginary
Magnitude & Phase of FFT
S23-20
FREQUENCY RESPONSE ANALYSIS - FRA

- transfer function analysis of single input - single output linear system
2.924E
-3
PSDs of input &

output
Cross-Power
Spectra between
input & output
Gain, phase &
coherence
relationships
RMS Power(g^2. Hz^-1)
0
0
20
G01.SXX
40
60
80
S
am
ple = 10
N
pts = 1024
M
ax Y = 2.924E
-3
M
in Y = 0
100
Hz.
1.611E
-3
20
G01.SYY
40
60
80
S
am
ple = 10
N
pts = 1024
M
ax Y = 1.611E
-3
M
in Y = 6.655E
-7
100
Hz.
1.352E
-3
0
0
20
G01.SXY
40
60
80
S
am
ple = 10
N
pts = 1024
M
ax Y = 1.352E
-3
M
in Y = 0
100
Hz.
2.632
Gain(No units)
0.1248
0
20
G01.GAI
40
60
80
S
am
ple = 10
N
pts = 1024
M
ax Y = 2.632
M
in Y = 0.1248
100
Hz.
180
Phase(Degrees)
-179.9
0
20
G01.PHA
40
60
80
S
am
ple = 10
N
pts = 1024
M
ax Y = 180
M
in Y = -179.9
100
Hz.
0.9959
Coherence(No units)
0
0
20
G01.COH
40
60
80
S
am
ple = 10
N
pts = 1024
M
ax Y = 0.9959
M
in Y = 0
100
Hz.
Screen 1
S23-21
PEAK VALLEY REGENERATION - REGEN

- generating a time history from a cycle matrix
Original peak valley
history for comparison
434
A Pillar(uE)
STRAIN.PVX
Sa mple = 1
N pts = 3 98 5
M a x Y = 43 4
M in Y = -7 15 .9
-715.9
0
1000
2000
3000
Point
418.2
Magnitude(uE)
STRRM.DAC
Sa mple = 1
N pts = 3 98 4
M a x Y = 41 8 .2
M in Y = -7 06 .9
-706.9
0
1000
2000
3000
Seconds
425.4
Magnitude(uE)
STRMM.DAC
Sa mple = 1
N pts = 3 98 4
M a x Y = 42 5 .4
M in Y = -7 07 .7
-707.7
0
1000
2000
3000
Seconds
392.9
Magnitude(uE)
STRMKV.DAC
Sa mple = 1
N pts = 3 98 5
M a x Y = 39 2 .9
M in Y = -7 14
-714
0
1000
2000
3000
Seconds
434
Strain(uE)
-706.9
0
STRIRF.DAC
Sa mple = 1
N pts = 3 98 5
M a x Y = 43 4
M in Y = -7 06 .9
1000
2000
3000
Seconds
Screen 1
S23-22
Fatigue Analysis (local or test based) Tools

n
n
n
n
n
Stress-Life Analysis (SLF)

Strain-Life Crack Initiation (CLF)
Multiaxial Strain-Life (MLF)
Frequency Domain Fatigue (FLF)
Crack Growth LEFM (FCG)
S23-23
Other Fatigue Related Tools
n
n
n
n
n
Cycles Damage Analysis (CDA)

Time Correlated Damage (TCD)
Stress Concentration Library (KTAN)
Cycles / Matrix Listing (CYL)
Rosette Analysis (SSA)
S23-24
CYCLES AND DAMAGE ANALYSIS - CDA

- comparing 2D plots of 3D histogram data
Total plot of file STRAIN
10.67
Cycles
Damage %
224.2
0
0
4174
Range
Cycle
Damage
Compares number of cycles with the damage contribution of that stress or strain range
S23-25
TIME CORRELATED DAMAGE - TCD

- identifying the damaging portions of data
STRAIN-LIFE FATIGUE ANALYSIS RESULTS SUMMARY
Time Correlated Fatigue damage Analysis
S t r a in U E
1273
Load History
OS_LSW.DAC
-1 2 6 .3
-1 5 2 6
D a m a ge
Time
Correlated
C um . D a m a ge
Damage
Cumulative
Fatigue
Damage
20
40
60
TIM E S E C S .
S23-26
80
100
STRESS CONCENTRATION LIBRARY KTAN

- calculating Kt for standard geometries
stress
A
d
o
o
o
d/4
d/8
r
M
t
Kt = 0.22 +
1
------------------0.2
0.4
(r/t) . (h/t)
Kt is at point B (15 deg from vertical)

N.B. Kt at point A is constant = 1.6
M
t
3
Nominal stress = M / ( 3.142 d / 32 )
In this case r / d = 0.1
Choose from graphical library of geometries and stress concentrations
S23-27
ROSETTE ANALYSIS - SSA

- analyzing the stress state of rosette data
Stress-Strain Analysis & Multiaxial Assessment
n
n
Mohrs Circle
Calculates strain
components from
rosette
Biaxiality ratio vs
Principal plots
Angle vs Principal
plots
Elastic- plastic
conversion
Mohrs Circle for Strain
Gauge : Rectangular
E1 =
1000
500
500
uE
PRS.MAX
uE
E3 =
SPRING SEAT(UE)
uE
E2 =
530.7
-78.67
0
20
40
60
80
100
S E C S .
Principals :
Max =
1104
uE
Min =
396
uE
Shear =
707
-23
degs.
-135.9
SPRING SEAT(UE)
PRS.MIN
uE
Angle =
from Grid 1
-687.6
0
20
40
60
80
Sample = 74
Npts = 8294
Max Y = -135.9
Min Y = -687.6
100
S E C S .
343.4
SPRING SEAT(UE)
PRS.ABS
S13101.ABS
Strain
UE
-687.6
0
20
40
60
80
Sample = 74
Npts = 8294
Max Y = 343.4
Min Y = -687.6
100
S E C S .
5 0 0 0
668.6
SPRING SEAT(UE)
PRS.SHR
4 0 0 0
Domin t B
an
iaxiality Ratio -->
3 0 0 0
-1151
0
2 0 0 0
20
40
60
80
Sample = 74
Npts = 8294
Max Y = 668.6
Min Y = -1151
100
S E C S .
1 0 0 0
89.78
Angle(Deg rees)
PRS.ANG
-1 0 0 0
-1
-0 .5
0 .5
-89.98
0
20
40
60
80
Sample = 74
Npts = 8294
Max Y = 89.78
Min Y = -89.98
100
S E C S .
S13101.ABS
Strain
UE
0.4018
Biaxiality Ratio (No un its)
PRS.BAX
5 0 0 0
-0.9427
0
4 0 0 0
20
40
60
80
100
S E C S .
3 0 0 0
<-- Domin
at An
gle to th Z
e
ero G
au
ge
2 0 0 0
1 0 0 0
0
-1 0 0 0
-1 0 0
-5 0
0
Angle (Degrees)
Sample = 74
Npts = 8294
Max Y = 530.7
Min Y = -78.67
S23-28
5 0
1 0 0
Sample = 74
Npts = 8294
Max Y = 0.4018
Min Y = -0.9427
DATA CONVERSION & OTHER UTILITIES

n
Data Conversion
u
u
u
Binary to ASCII (DTA)

MTS RPCTM File translators (DACREM/REMDAC)
Cycles Matrix to Time History (REGEN)
Other Functions
u
u
u
u
u
Convert data across platforms (CONFIL)

View / Edit Data Header (FILMNP)
Plotting setup on UNIX (PLTSYS)
Viewing Plots on UNIX (QPLOT)
Windows Plot Manager on NT (WNPLOT)
S23-29
EXERCISE
n

Fatigue Utilities

dont understand
S23-30

Durability and Fatigue Life Analysis Using MSC - Fatigue

Загружено:

Сведения о документе

Исходное описание:

Оригинальное название

Авторское право

Доступные форматы

Поделиться этим документом

Поделиться или встроить документ

Параметры публикации

Этот документ был вам полезен?

Это неприемлемый материал?

Авторское право:

Доступные форматы

Durability and Fatigue Life Analysis Using MSC - Fatigue

Загружено:

Авторское право:

Доступные форматы

MSC.

Durability and Fatigue Life

PAT318, Section 0, March 2002

PAT318 Course Director:

PAT318, Section 0, March 2002

PAT318, Section 0, March 2002

TABLE OF CONTENTS (cont.)

MSC.Fatigue User Interface

PAT318, Section 0, March 2002

TABLE OF CONTENTS (cont.)

PAT318, Section 0, March 2002

TABLE OF CONTENTS (cont.)

PAT318, Section 0, March 2002

TABLE OF CONTENTS (cont.)

PAT318, Section 0, March 2002

TABLE OF CONTENTS (cont.)

PAT318, Section 0, March 2002

TABLE OF CONTENTS (cont.)

PAT318, Section 0, March 2002

TABLE OF CONTENTS (cont.)

PAT318, Section 0, March 2002

TABLE OF CONTENTS (cont.)

PAT318, Section 0, March 2002

TABLE OF CONTENTS (cont.)

Stress-Life (S-N) Theory

PAT318, Section 0, March 2002

TABLE OF CONTENTS (cont.)

Strain-Life (E-N) Theory

PAT318, Section 0, March 2002

TABLE OF CONTENTS (cont.)

PAT318, Section 0, March 2002

TABLE OF CONTENTS (cont.)

Fatigue Crack Propagation

PAT318, Section 0, March 2002

TABLE OF CONTENTS (cont.)

MSC.Fatigue Software Strain Gauge

PAT318, Section 0, March 2002

TABLE OF CONTENTS (cont.)

Vibration Fatigue Analysis

PAT318, Section 0, March 2002

PAT318, Section 1, March 2002

PAT318, Section 1, March 2002

The MSC.Software corporation (formerly MacNeal-Schwendler

MSC.Software is the developer, distributor, and supporter of the most

PAT318, Section 1, March 2002

COMPANY OVERVIEW (CONT.)

Company founded by Dr. Richard MacNeal and

MSC participates in NASA-sponsored

PAT318, Section 1, March 2002

COMPANY OVERVIEW (CONT.)

A team of researchers at Brown University initiated the

The MARC Analysis Research Corporation was founded.

MSC releases proprietary version of NASTRAN, called

MAR Corporation releases the first proprietary version of

PAT318, Section 1, March 2002

COMPANY OVERVIEW (CONT.)

MSC merged with PDA Engineering (Developer of PATRAN)

MSC.Software merged with MARC Analysis Research to

PAT318, Section 1, March 2002

COMPANY OVERVIEW (CONT.)

MSC merged with PDA Engineering (Developer of PATRAN)

MSC.Software merged with MARC Analysis Research to