xiv

LIST OF FIGURES

Figure
1.1


1.2

2.1
2.2
2.3
2.4
2.5
2.6
2.7
2.8
2.9
2.10


2.11

2.12
2.13
2.14
3.1
3.2
3.3


Composite fuselage model with adhesively bonded butt joint
fabricated by the combined mould technique [2]

Flow chart of the overall research methodology
Schematic view of a filament winding machine [11]
The combined mould technique as in reference [2]
Conventional versus continuum shell element [27]
Typical fracture mode of adhesively bonded joint specimens [30]
Different failure modes of a butt joint [31]
Self-similar propagation in VCCT [7]
Schematic cohesive zone model [41]
Schematic of traction separation law for cohesive model [27]
The three modes of crack loading [43]
Equivalence between the physical cohesive model (a) and the
numerical cohesive model (b) [7]

Traction-relative displacement curves employed in various
models in the literature [34]

Double Cantilever Beam (DCB)- Mode I [53]
End-Loaded Split (ELS)- Mode II [53]
Mixed mode bending (MMB)- Mode I + Mode II [53]
Flow chart for FEA methodology
The geometry of the fuselage model
FEA model of miniature composite fuselage with adhesively
bonded butt joint

Page

2

6

9

11
17
18
19
20
21
22
27


29

33
36
37
37
41
42


43

xv
3.4


3.5

3.6
3.7
3.8
3.9
4.1
5.1
5.2
5.3
5.4
5.5


5.6

5.7
5.8
5.9
5.10
7.1
7.2
7.3
7.4
7.5
The boundary condition for the FEA model Side view of a
prepared sample

Adhesive layers are embedded in fuselage assembly
Assembly for entire FEA model
Mesh size of 3 mm
Mesh size of 5 mm
Mesh size of 8 mm
Load-displacement diagram and collapse modes from FEA model
Dimension of C-glass woven fabric of type 200 g/m
2

C-glass woven fabric of type 200 g/m
2
Resin and curing agent (4:1) was stirred using electric stirrer

Master moulds
C-glass fabric skin and epoxy resin was sequentially wrapped
into the master moulds

Clamping the mould with fuselage model
The cured composite fuselage sections
The finished part of composite fuselage sections
Crushing load-displacement on tested specimen
Load-displacement diagram experimental test versus FEA results
Schematic diagram of the composite sample under loading [60]
Schematic diagram of the DCB specimen [60]
DCB specimen
Side view of a DCB specimen
Chains hinged to loading blocks

43

46

46

48
48
49
53
55
56
56
57


58

58
58
59
61
63
72
73
74
74
75
xvi
7.6
7.7
7.8
7.9
7.10
7.11
7.12
7.13


7.14

7.15


7.16

7.17


7.18

7.19


8.1

8.2
8.3


8.4

8.5
Specimen is clamped to Instron machine
Crack length (a) is extended when load is applied
Crack opening displacement () is extended when load is applied
Compliance as a function of crack length
Plot of the cube root of the compliance versus crack length
Compliance calibration
DCB load-displacement curve for tested specimen 1
DCB-Modified Beam Theory to determine for tested
specimen1

DCB-Compliance Calibration Method to determine n for tested
specimen 1

Modified Compliance Calibration Method to determine A
1
for
tested specimen 1

DCB load-displacement curve for tested specimen 2
DCB-Modified Beam Theory to determine for tested specimen
2

DCB-Compliance Calibration Method to determine n for tested
specimen 2

Modified Compliance Calibration Method to determine A
1
for
tested specimen 2

2d base feature profiles of Entire Model in unit mm
The part definition for fuselage for f1a and f2a
2d base feature profiles for fuselage sections of f1a and f2a in
unit mm

Fuselage sections are extruded to 160mm length
The part definition for adhesive
75
76
76
77
79
80
81


83

83


84

85


87

87


88

89

90


91

91

92

xvii
8.6
8.7
8.8
8.9
8.10
9.1
9.2
9.3
9.4
9.5
9.6
9.7
9.8
9.9
9.10
9.11
9.12
9.13
9.14


9.15

9.16
9.17
2d base feature profiles for adhesive
Adhesives are extruded to 160mm length
The part definition for rigid surface
2d base feature profiles rigid surface
Rigid surfaces
Meshing seeds definition for fuselage part
Meshing control definition for fuselage part
The meshed model of fuselage
Element type definition for fuselage shell mesh
Edit mesh definition for fuselage
Edit mesh definition for fuselage
The offset mesh from shell to solid
Element type definition for fuselage solid mesh
Meshing seeds definition for adhesive part
Meshing control definition for adhesive part
Sweep direction of adhesive
Element type definition for adhesive solid mesh
Edit mesh definition for adhesive
Edit nodes definition for adhesive on the highlighted side (red
arrow)

Edit nodes definition for adhesive on the highlighted side (purple
arrow)

Adhesive mesh of zero thickness
Meshing seeds definition for rigid surface
93
93
94
95
95
96
97
97
98
99
100
101
101
102
103
104
104
105


106


106

107
107
xviii
9.18
9.19
10.1
10.2
10.3
10.4
10.5
10.6
10.7
10.8
10.9
10.10
10.11
10.12
11.1
11.2
12.1
12.2
12.3
12.4
13.1
14.1
14.2
Meshing control definition for rigid surface
The mesh of rigid surface
Composite material density definition
Composite mechanical elasticity properties definition
Continuum Shell for composite lay-up
Flat region at fuselage section
Definition for fuselage at flat region
Curve region at fuselage section
Definition for fuselage at curve region
Cohesive material density definition
Cohesive mechanical elasticity properties definition
Cohesive damage initiation definition
Cohesive damage evolution definition
Traction Separation definition for cohesive section
Assign all instances in an assembly
Assembly for entire model
Creating step for explicit type
Step time definition
Mass scaling tabbed page
Mass scaling definition
The fields output request definition
Definition of history outputs for load and displacement
Definition of history outputs for energies ALLAE, ALLIE,
ALLKE and ALLSE
108
108
109
110
111
111
112
113
113
114
115
116
116
117
118
118
119
120
121
121
123
125


126
xix
15.1
15.2
15.3
16.1
16.2
16.3
16.4
16.5
16.6
17.1
17.2
17.3
18.1
18.2
18.3

Create interaction properties
Definition of Interaction properties
Definition of general contact
Definition of constraint 1
Definition of constraint 2
Definition of constraint 3
Definition of constraint 4
Surfaces c1a, c2a, c1b and c2b are highlighted in red
Surfaces f1a, f2a, f1b and f2b are highlighted in red
Create boundary condition
Definition of the boundary condition for set region rs1
Definition of the boundary condition for set region rs2
XY Data-1 for load
XY Data-1 for displacement
Operate on XY Data for load- displacement graph
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127
128
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129
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130
131
132
133
134
135
141
141
142