toughness is the ability of a material to absorb energy and plastically deform without fracturing

Ultimate tensile strength (UTS), often shortened to tensile strength (TS) or ultimate strength,
[1][2]
is the
maximumstress that a material can withstand while being stretched or pulled before failing or breaking. Tensile
strength is not the same as compressive strength and the values can be quite different.
Some materials will break sharply, without plastic deformation, in what is called a brittle failure. Others, which are
moreductile, including most metals, will experience some plastic deformation and possibly necking before
fracture.


The Charpy impact test, also known as the Charpy V-notch test, is a standardized high strain-
rate test which determines the amount of energy absorbed by a material during fracture. This
absorbed energy is a measure of a given material's notchtoughness and acts as a tool to study
temperature-dependent ductile-brittle transition. It is widely applied in industry, since it is easy to
prepare and conduct and results can be obtained quickly and cheaply. A disadvantage is that
some results are only comparative.
[1]

notch=45(charpy)]

Stiffness is the rigidity of an object the extent to which it resists deformation in response to an
applied force.
[1]
The complementary concept is flexibility or pliability: the more flexible an object is, the less stiff
it is.
[2]

Yield Strength is the stress level at which plastic deformation starts. The
beginning of first plastic deformation is called yielding.

Ductility is the degree of plastic deformation that a material can withstand
before fracture. A material that experiences very little or no plastic deformation
upon fracture is termed brittle.


Hardness is resistance to penetration under specified conditions of load and indenter.


Resilience is the capacity of a material to absorb energy when it is deformed
elastically.
Toughness is a measure of energy required to cause fracture.
Poissons Ratio is the lateral contraction per unit breadth divided by the
longitudinal extension per unit length.
=-( d/do)/(l/lo)


Shear modulus
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
(Redirected from Modulus of rigidity)
In materials science, shear modulus or modulus of rigidity, denoted by G, or
sometimes S or , is defined as the ratio of shear stress to the shear strain:
[1]




The SI unit for torque is the newton metre (Nm)
Shear modulus' derived SI unit is the pascal (Pa)


Bending moment
A bending moment is a measure of the average internal stress induced in a structural element when an
external force or moment is applied to the element causing the element to bend.
[1][2]



Polar moment of inertia
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia


A schematic showing how the polar moment of inertia is calculated for an arbitrary shape about an axis o. is the radial distance to
the element dA.
Polar moment of inertia is a measure of a circular beam's ability to resist torsion. It is required
to calculate the twist of an beam subjected to a torque. It is analogous to the area moment of
inertia, which characterizes a beam's ability to resist bending and is required to calculate
displacement.
The larger the polar moment of inertia, the less the beam will twist, when subjected to a given
torque.
The polar moment of inertia must not be confused with the moment of inertia, which
characterizes an object's angular acceleration due to atorque.
Unlike other forms of inertia, polar moment of inertia has units of length
4
(SI m
4
)