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Britain only became permanently separated from the continent by the Channel about

10,000 years ago.


The first farmers arrived in Britain 6,000 years ago> came from south-east Europe.
Stone Age sites have also survived. Skara Brae on Orkney, off the north coast of
Scotland, is the best preserved prehistoric village in northern Europe.
Around 4,000 years ago, people learned to make bronze.
A very impressive hill fort can still be seen today at Maiden Castle, in the English county
of Dorset.
Hadriens Wall, including the forts of Housesteads and Vindolanda,
Julius Caesar led a Roman invasion of Britain in 55 BC.
In AD 43 the Emperor Claudius led the Roman army in a new invasion. The Romans
remained in Britain for 400 years.
Scotland were never conquered by the Romans,
Romans Gave > Roads, Structure of Law, new animals & plants, public buildings
Tribal leaders who fought against the Romans was Boudicca, the queen of the Iceni -
statue of her on Westminster Bridge
The Roman army left Britain in AD 410
Emperor Hadrien built a wall in the north of England to keep out the Picts (ancestors of
the Scottish people).
Hadriens Wall, including the forts of Housesteads and Vindolanda.
3rd and 4th centuries AD that the first Christian communities began to appear in
Britain.
Invaded by tribes from northern Europe: the Jutes, the Angles and the Saxons.
AD 600, Anglo-Saxon kingdoms were established in Britain.
Anglo Saxon king buried - Sutton Hoo in modern Suffolk
Wales, and Scotland, remained free of Anglo-Saxon rule.
St Columba, who founded a monastery on the island of Iona, off the coast of what is
now Scotland.
St Augustine became the first Archbishop of Canterbury.
Vikings first visited Britain in AD 789
Viking stayed in Britain especially in the east and north of England in an area known
as the Danelaw
In the north, the threat of attack by Vikings > unite under one king, Kenneth
MacAlpin.> The term Scotland began to be used to describe that country.
Grimsby and Scunthorpe come from the Viking languages.
First Danish king to rule Cnut, also named Canute.
In 1066, an invasion led by William, the Duke of Normandy (William the Conqueror.)
Battle of Hastings. Defeated Harold, the Saxon king of England. Embroider in Bayeux
tapestry.
Norman Conquest up until about 1485 is called the Middle Ages.
In 1284 King Edward I of England introduced the Statute of Rhuddlan, which
annexed Wales to the Crown of England.
Huge castles > Conwy and Caenarvon - built to maintain this (annex of wales) power.

In 1314 the Scottish, led by Robert the Bruce, defeated the English at the Battle of
Bannockburn.
By 1200, the English ruled an area of Ireland known as the Pale, around Dublin.
Famous battles of the Hundred Years War was the Battle of Agincourt in 1415- win King
Henry V
English left France in the 1450s.
Normans used a system of land ownership known as feudalism.
In 1348, Plague came to Britain- Black Death
King John- charter of rights called the Magna Carta (Great Charter). The Magna Carta
established the idea that even the king was subject to the law, restricted the kings
power to collect taxes or to make and change laws - 1215.
Scotland - Three Houses- called Estates: the lords, the commons and the clergy.
England, judges developed > common law by a process of precedence (that is,
following previous decisions) and tradition. Scotland, the legal system laws were
codified (that is, written down).
park and beauty Norman French words.
apple, cow and summer Anglo-Saxon words.
Words with very similar meanings, one from French and one from Anglo-Saxon.
Demand (French) and ask (Anglo-Saxon) are examples.
By 1400, in England, official documents were being written in English, and English had
become the preferred language of the royal court and Parliament.
William Caxton, the first person in England to print books using a printing press.
John Barbour, who wrote The Bruce about the Battle of Bannockburn (1314) in scot
language
English wool became a very important export.
English Language = Norman French + Anglo Saxon
In 1455, start War of Roses - symbol of Lancaster was a red rose , symbol of York was a
white rose.
War of Roses ended 1485- Battle of Bosworth Field - King Richard III House of York
was killed - Henry Tudor (first king of the House of Tudor), House of Lancaster, became
King Henry VII.
Henry VII married King Richards niece, Elizabeth of York, and united the two families.
Symbol of the House of Tudor was a red rose with a white rose inside
Henry VIII was king of England from 21 April 1509 to 28 January 1547
Henry VIII Wives
1. Catherine of Aragon Spanish Child Mary
2. Anne Boleyn English - Executed at the tower of London.
3. Jane Seymour Son Edward who became king Edward VI ( Protestant)
4. Anne of Cleves German
5. Catherine Howard - Cousin of Anne Boleyn
6. Catherine Parr
Henry VIII reign Wales united with England by the Act for the Government of Wales.
Henry VIII took the title King of Ireland.
Edward VI ( Protestant) - Common Prayer was written
Edward VI died at the age of 15 - Mary ( Catholic) became Queen - Bloody Mary
Queen Elizabeth I ( Protestant) Become Popular after 1588 - English defeated
Spanish Armanda
Queen Elizabeth I died 1603 - James VI of Scotland became King James I of England,
Wales and Ireland but Scotland remained a separate country.
James I and his son Charles I believed Divine Right of Kings: king was directly
appointed by God to rule.
Charles I - wants more ceremony- revise Prayer Book.
Sir Francis Drake - Founders of Englands naval tradition His ship Golden Hind, sail
around world
1560 - Scotland - Protestant Church - Abolished pope & Roman Catholic
Mary Stuart - Mary, Queen of Scots Catholic Childhood in France - Protestant son,
James VI
Shakespreres quote
1. Once more unto the breach (Henry V)
2. To be or not to be (Hamlet)
3. A rose by any other name (Romeo and Juliet)
4. All the worlds a stage (As You Like It)
5. The darling buds of May (Sonnet 18 Shall I Compare Thee To A
Summers Day)
Book of Common Prayer During Edward VI
Revise Prayer Book Charles I
Globe Theatre in London - modern copy of the theatres for Shakespeares play.
Scottish and English Protestants to settle in Ulster, the northern province of Ireland,
taking over the land from Catholic landholders. These settlements were known as
plantations.
Puritans, a group of Protestants who advocated strict and simple religious doctrine
and worship.
Civil war between the king (Charles I) and Parliament - 1642 Cavaliers (supported the
king) & Roundheads (Supported the Parliament).
Kings army defeated at the Battles of Marston Moor and Naseby Chales I executed
1649.
Oliver Cromwell (known as Lord Protector) defeated Charles I I - Battles of Dunbar and
Worcester.
Oliver Cromwell died in 1658 > His son Richard, became Lord Protector
Charles IIs reign, in 1665, outbreak of plague in London.
St Pauls Cathedral > Fire destroyed > New St Paul by architect Sir Christopher Wren.
The Habeas Corpus Act (you must present the person in court)- 1679.
Isaac Newton (1643-1727) - Born in Lincolnshire, eastern England, - Work
Philosophiae Naturalis Principia Mathematica (Mathematical Principle of
Natural Philosophy).
James IIs elder daughter, Mary, was married to her cousin William of
Orange, the Protestant ruler of the Netherlands.
Glorious Revolution- William of Orange attacked England - no fighting in England &
guaranteed the power of Parliament.
James II attacked Willam of Orange - William defeated James II at the Battle of the
Boyne in Ireland in 1690,
James supporters became known as Jacobites.
Bill of Rights, 1689, confirmed the rights of Parliament and the limits of the kings
power. A new Parliament had to be elected at least every three years (later this
became seven years and now it is five years).
Two main groups in Parliament > Whigs and the Tories (Conservative Party).
From 1695, newspapers allowed operate without a government license.
Laws passed after the Glorious Revolution > constitutional monarchy.
Constituencies single wealthy family> pocket boroughs. No Voter > rotten
boroughs.
First Jews settled in London in 1656.
Between 1680 and 1720 refugees called Huguenots from France.
Act of Union, known as the Treaty of Union in Scotland, in 1707, created the Kingdom
of Great Britain.
George I > German
First Prime Minister 1721 to 1742. - Sir Robert Walpole.
Battle of Culloden in 1746 - George IIs army defeated Charles Edward Stuart (Bonnie
Prince Charlie).
Highland Clearances > destroyed individual small farms (known as crofts) to
make space for large flocks of sheep and cattle.
Robert Burns (1759-96)- Scottish poet also known as The Bard > Wrriten Auld Lang
Syne sung in New Year and Hogmanay
Adam Smith > ideas about economics
Royal Society was formed to promote natural knowledge > Charles II Reign
David Hume > Human nature
Principle of the Enlightenment > everyone should have the right to their own political
and religious beliefs , state should not try to dictate.
Before the 18th century, agriculture was the biggest source of employment
Bessemer process - mass production of steel
Richard Arkwright (1732-92) - improved the original carding machine. Carding is the
process of preparing fibres for spinning into yarn and fabric. Arkwright remembered
for the efficient and profitable way running factories
Trading > Sugar and tobacco came from North America and the west Indies; textiles,
tea and spices came from India and the area that is today called Indonesia.
Sake Dean Mahomet > eloped with Irish girl called Jane Daly > In 1810 he opened the
Hindoostane Coffee House in George Street, London (first curry house). He introduced
shampooing, the Indian art of head massage, to Britain.
Illegal to trade slaves in British ships or from British ports 1807
Emancipation Act 1833
13 American colonies declared their independence 1776 , colonies independence in
1783.
Battle of Trafalgar - French and Spanish fleets > 1805
Nelson Ship > HMS Victory, can be visited in Portsmouth.
French Wars ended with the defeat of the Emperor Napoleon by the Duke of
Wellington (Iron Duke)at the Battle of Waterloo 1815
In 1801, Ireland unified with England, Scotland and Wales after Act of Union of 1800.
Official flag, the Union Flag - created in 1606
1. St George, patron saint of England, is a red cross on a white ground.
2. St Andrew, patron saint of Scotland, diagonal white cross on a blue ground.
3. St Patrick, patron saint of Ireland, diagonal red cross on a white ground.

Official Welsh flag - Welsh dragon.
Queen Victoria > Queen at 18 yrs 1837 > till 1901 ( 64 yrs)
British Empire > population more than 400 million people.
Repealing of the Corn Laws in 1846 to promote free trade
In 1847, the number of hours that women and children could work was limited by law
to 10 hours per day.
Church of England - 1530s
George and Robert Stephenson > pioneered the railway engine.
Isambard Kingdom Brunel (from Portsmouth )- constructing Great Western Railway, -
first major railway built in Britain.- designed The Clifton Suspension Bridge spanning
the Avon Gorge
1801, Ireland became unified with England,
1853 to 1856, Britain fought with Turkey and France against Russia in the Crimean War
- first war covered by the media > introduced the Victoria Cross medal during this war.
Florence Nightingale > Born Italy Trained Nurse Germany participated in Crimean
War in Turkey
Florence Nightingale established the Nightingale Training School for nurses at St
Thomas Hospital in London 1860
Irish Nationalist movement Fenians favored complete independence , Charles
Stuart Parnell, advocated Home Rule in which Ireland would remain in the UK but
have its own parliament.
Reform Act 1832 - greatly increased the number of people with the right to vote.
Also abolished the old pocket and rotten boroughs , more parliamentary seats were
given to the towns and cities.
Chartists - demand the vote for the working classes and other people without
property.
Until 1870, when a woman got married, her earnings, property and money
automatically belonged to her husband.
Acts of Parliament in 1870 and 1882 gave wives the right to keep their own earnings
and property.
Womens suffrage movement known as suffragettes.
Emmeline Pankhurst - born in Manchester in 1858.> founded womens Franchise
League in 1889, in 1903 found the Womens Social and Political Union (WSPU) (first
group whose members were called suffragettes)- used civil disobedience as part of
their protest
The Boer War of 1899 to 1902 - British went to war in South Africa with settlers
from the Netherlands called the Boers.
Rudyard Kipling - Nobel Prize in Literature in 1907 > books Just So Stories and The
Jungle Book. His poem If UKs favourite poems.
Poem on WWI - Wilfred Owen and Siegfried Sassoon
On 28 June 1914, Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria was assassinated.
WW I - Britain was part of the Allied Powers, which included (amongst others) France,
Russia, Japan, Belgium, Serbia and later, Greece, Italy, Romania and the United
States.
Central Powers mainly Germany, the Austro-Hungarian Empire, the Ottoman Empire
and later Bulgaria.
WW I- British attack of the Somme in July 1916, resulted in about 60,000 British
casualties on the first day alone.
British government promised Home Rule for Ireland 1913
Uprising (the Easter Rising) against the British in Dublin 1916
In 1922 Ireland became two countries.
Southern Ireland became republic - 1949.
Great Depression 1929
Writers - Graham Greene and Evelyn Waugh
BBC started radio broadcasts 1922
First regular television service - 1936.
Adolf hitler to power - 1933
Hitler invaded Poland in 1939, Britain and France declared war
WW II - Axis powers - Germany and Italy and Japan
Winston Churchill (1874-1965) - soldier and journalist - May 1940 he became Prime
Minister lost in 1945 came again in 1951 - voted the greatest Briton in 2002.
I have nothing to offer but blood, toil, tears and sweat First speech Churchill ,1940
Never in the field of human conflict was so much owed by so many to so few 1940 ,
Battle of Britain
The Battle of Britain - Summer of 1940 - Aerial battle against the Germans Planes
used Spitfire and Hurricane
The Dunkirk spirit. Evacuation of people from Dunkirk
Night time bombing Blitz > national spirit to win again adversity Blitz spirit
Pearl Harbor - Dec 1941
D- Day > 6 June 1944 - allied forces landed in Normandy
WW II Germany defeated in May 1945, Japan - Defeated in Aug 1945
Alexander Fleming - Researching influenza (the flu) - Discovered penicillin 1928 -
Nobel Prize in Medicine in 1945.
Howard Florey and Ernst Chain Made penicillin usable drug
National Health Service (NHS) Established in 1948 by Aneurin (Nye) Bevan ( health
minister)
Conservative government from 1951 to 1964.
Prime Minister - Harold Macmillan > wind of change speech about decolonization
and independence for the countries of the Empire.
William Beveridge - Liberal MP, house of Lords known for 1942 report Social
Insurance and Allied Services (known as the Beveridge Report).
Beveridge Report Suggests govt to fight Giant Evils - Want, Disease, Ignorance,
Squalor and Idleness
R A Butler - Education Act 1944 (often called The Butler Act)- free secondary
education in England and Wales.
Dylan Thomas- birthplace, Swansea, Welsh poet and writer- radio play Under Milk
Wood, first performed after his death in 1954 and Do Not Go Gentle into That Good
Night, which he wrote for his dying father in 1952.
swinging sixties- significant social change- well-known pop music groups at the time
were The Beatles and The Rolling Stones.
Britain and France developed > Concorde- 1969 to 2003
1970s, Britain admitted 28,000 people of Indian origin who had been forced to leave
Uganda.
Television - Scotsman John Logie Baird in 1920s. 1932 > first television broadcast
between London and Glasgow.
Radar - Scotsman Sir Robert Watson-Watt- The first successful radar test took place in
1935.
Radio telescope - Sir Bernard Lovell, Jodrell Bank in Cheshire
Turing machine Alan Turing
Insulin - John Macleod
Structure of the DNA molecule > 1953, universities in London and Cambridge. Francis
Crick (1916-2004) won Nobel
Jet engine - Sir Frank Whittle
Hovercraft 1950s > Sir Christopher Cockrell
Cash-dispensing ATM - James Goodfellow > first Barclays Bank in Enfield, north
London in 1967.
IVF (in-vitro fertilisation) therapy - physiologist Sir Robert Edwards & gynaecologist
Patrick Steptoe
First test-tube baby - Oldham, Lancashire in 1978.
Cloning > Dolly the sheep - Sir Ian Wilmot & Keith Campbell- 1996
MRI(magnetic resonance imaging) > Sir Peter Mansfield
World Wide Web> Sir Tim Berners-Lee first time on 25 December 1990.
1972 - Northern Ireland Parliament was suspended
Mary Peters - Olympic gold medal in the pentathlon in 1972 team manager for the
womens British Olympic team > Dame of the British Empire in 2000
European Economic Community (EEC) in 1957 > UK joined in 1973 (joined EU).
Margaret Thatcher, Britains first woman Prime Minister > 1979 to 1990.
Margaret Thatcher > Conservative MP in 1959 , cabinet minister in 1970 as the
Secretary of State for Education and Science , 1975 leader of Conservative party
1982, Argentina invaded the Falkland Islands
John Major was Prime Minister after Mrs Thatcher > John , peace process in Ireland
Roald Dahl was born in Wales > childrens books - Charlie and the Chocolate Factory
and Georges Marvellous Medicine.
Good Friday Agreement signed in 1998 > peace in Northern Ireland
Northern Ireland Assembly was elected in 1999 but suspended in 2002 , reinstated
until 2007.
English laws and the English language were introduced in Wales in middle of 15
th

Century
Gordon Brown - Prime Minister in 2007.
International Security Assistance Force (ISAF)
Orkney Isles and Shetland Islands > Scotland
The biggest stretch of water is Windermere.
In 2007, television viewers voted Wastwater as Britains favorite view.
John Milton, wrote Paradise Lost.
May 2010, and for the first time in the UK since February 1974, no political party won
an overall majority in the General Election.

County Court for divorce cases in England, Wales and Northern Ireland.
Sheriff Court for divorce cases in Scotland
Aged 10 to 17 > Youth Court
Top point , John OGroats ( in Scotland) to South west , Lands End > 870 miles ( 1400
KM)
England's largest national park - Lake District
Eden Project Cornwall
National Assembly elections are held every 4 years, 60 members wales
Fashion designers - Vivienne Westwood, Alexender Mc Queen, & Mary Quant
40 days before Easter Lent , begins on Ash Wednesday.
Day before Lent >Shrove Tuesday, or Pancake Day.
Hannukah (Jews struggle for religious freedom.) > November or December -
celebrated eight days.
Stand of eight candles (called a menorah)
Eid a-Fitr > End of Ramdan ( fasting)
Eid ul Adha > prophet Ibrahim was willing to sacrifice his son
Vaisakhi 14 April
St Patrick's Day 17th March
Father's Day > third Sunday in June
Mothers Day > on Sunday three week from Easter
Halloween, 31 October Costumes and play trick or treat.
Bonfire Night, 5 November- for 1605, Catholics led by Guy Fawkes
Remembrance Day, 11 November- wreaths are laid at the Cenotaph (from 1920) in
Whitehall, London.
Bank Holiday beginning of May ,in late May or early June, and in August.
Northern Ireland > anniversary of the Battle of the Boyne > July, Public Holiday
Olympics 1908, 1948, 2012 (Stratford, East London) Came Third
Paralympic Games > Origin , Dr Sir Ludwig Guttman, at the Stoke Mandeville hospital in
Buckinghamshire.
run a mile in under four minutes in 1954 > Sir Roger Bannister
Fastest to sail around the world singlehanded > Dame Ellen MacArthur
Formula 1 world championship 3 times > Sir Jackie Stewart
Captain World cup won 1966 > Bobby Moore
Ice dancing at the Olympic Games > Jayne Torvill & Christopher Dean
Rowing Olympic > Sir Steve Redgrave
Paralympic > Baroness Tanni Grey-Thompson , David Weir , Ellie Simmonds (Swiming)
Running > Dame Kelly Holmes
Cycling > Sir Chris Hoy
Distance runner > Mo Farah
Heptathlon > Jessica Ennis
First Briton to win the Tour de France - Bradley Wiggins
Financial help for the unemployed, old-age pensions and free school meals before
WWI
National Lottery - Min 16
Moped Drive Min 16
Alcohol Min 18, In restaurant with food min 16
Betting shop or gambling club - Min 18
UK join the European Economic Community 1973
Serious civil cases in England, Wales and Northern Ireland > High Court
serious cases in Scotland > Sheriff Court
Council of Europe > 47 Members
Members of the Scottish Parliament -129
First person to sail single- handed around the world > Sir Francis Chichester, Sir Robin
Knox- Johnston (Without Stopping)
Sailing Event > Cowes on the Isle of Wight , Rowing Thames between Oxford and
Cambridge Universities.
Five ski centres in Scotland, Europes longest dry ski slope near Edinburgh.
Motor-car racing > started in 1902. Champions > Damon Hill, Lewis Hamilton and Jenson
Button.
UK sign the European Convention on Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms 1950
Population > Over 62 million
In 2009 - 70% Christian , Muslim 4%, Hindu 2%, Sikh 1% , Jewish or Buddhist (both less
than 0.5%), 2% Others , 21% No religion
Church of England > Know as Anglican Church and Episcopal Church in Scotland and the
United States.
Archbishop of Canterbury > Appointed by monarch, choice is made by the Prime
Minister and a committee appointed by the Church.
Bishops > In house of Lords
Westminster Abbey coronation church since 1066
Scotland, the national Church is the Church of Scotland, Presbyterian Church.
Chairperson of the General Assembly of the Church of Scotland is the Moderator
Tenure 1 year
First professional football clubs >late 19th century.
Tennis > late 19th century
Rugby originated in England > early 19th century
Golf > 15th century Scotland.
Horse race > Romans
First tennis club > Leamington Spa in 1872.
Wimbledon Championships > in All England Lawn Tennis and Croquet Club.
St Andrews in Scotland is known as the home of golf.
2 types of Rugby - union and league.
Rugby union competition > Six Nations Championship between England, Ireland,
Scotland, Wales, France and Italy.
Millennium Stadium in Cardiff.
Rugby league competition > Super League
Famous horse-racing Event > Royal Ascot , a five-day race meeting in Berkshire, the
Grand National at Aintree near Liverpool; and the Scottish Grand National at Ayr.
National Horseracing Museum in Newmarket, Suffolk.
Proms > eight-week summer season of orchestral classical music- Royal Albert Hall in
London Organised by BBC since 1927.
Henry Purcell > Classical Music
George Frederick Handel >Born in Germany > Composed Water Music , Music for the
Royal Fireworks , Messiah ( for Easter)
Gustav Holst >Composer> The Planets- tune for I owe to thee my country,
Sir Edward Elgar > Pomp and Circumstance Marches. March No1 (Land of Hope and
Glory) played at the Last Night of the Proms
Sir William Walton > Coronation march for George VI and Elizabeth II , Faade > Ballet
and Balthazars Feast.
Benjamin Britten > best known for his operas - Peter Grimes and Billy Budd , A Young
Persons Guide to the Orchestra-- founded the Aldeburgh festival in Suffolk,
Punk movement of the late 1970s and Boy& Girl band in 90s
Famous festivals include Glastonbury, the Isle of Wight Festival and the V Festival.
National Eisteddfod > Annual Festival in Wales
Mercury Music Prize > Sept for best album
Londons west end, known as Theatreland.
The Mousetrap> by Agatha Cristie Running since 1952.
National Trust - Preserves important buildings and places
British theatre award - The Laurence Olivier Awards
Garden designers > Lancelot 'Capability' Brown and Gertrude Jekyll
Forced Marriage Protection Orders - 2008
British artists - David Hockney , Henry Moore
Gilbert and Sullivan > comic operas, making fun of popular culture and politics- HMS
Pinafore, The Pirates of Penzance and The Mikado.
Andrew Lloyd Webber > Jesus Christ Superstar and Evita, and also Cats and The
Phantom of the Opera.
Homeless > Crisis and Shelter
School governors = members of the school board in Scotland,
Small claims procedure from your local County Court or Sheriff Court.
Well-known galleries -The National Gallery, Tate Britain and Tate Modern in London,
the National Museum in Cardiff, National Gallery of Scotland in Edinburgh.
Tate Modern is based in the former Bankside Power Station in central London
John Constable > landscape painter > famous painting Dedham Vale on the Suffolk-
Essex border
Joseph Turner > landscape painter
Thomas Gainsborough > portrait painter , garden scenery.
David Allan > portrait painter - famous painting The Origin of Painting.
The Pre-Raphaelites > 19
th
century , painted detailed pictures on religious or literary
themes in bright colours.
Sir John Lavery > Northern Irish portrait Painter - painting the Royal Family.
Henry Moore > English sculptor and artist - large bronze abstract sculptures.
John Petts - a Welsh artist > engravings and stained glass.
Lucian Freud > German-born British artist > Potraits
David Hockney > pop art movement of the 1960s
Turner Prize (based on Joseph Turner) 1984 > contemporary art - prestigious visual
art awards in Europe. - winner : Damien Hirst and Richard Wright.
The White Tower in the Tower of London is an example of a Norman castle Keep.
Hardwick Hall in Derbyshire
Inigo Jones designed Queens House at Greenwich & Banqueting House in Whitehall in
London.
Robert Adam > Dumfries House in Scotland.
'Gothic' style > Houses of Parliament and St Pancras Station , town halls in cities such
as Manchester and Sheffield.
Sir Edwin Lutyens > Cenotaph in Whitehall.
Chelsea Flower Show > garden design from Britain and around the world.
Thomas Chippendale > designed furniture
Clarice Cliff > Art deco ceramics
Sir Terence Conran > interior designer
Fashion designers > Mary Quant, Alexander McQueen and Vivienne Westwood.
Nobel Prize in Literature > Sir William Golding, Seamus Heaney, Harold Pinter.
In 2003, The Lord of the Rings by JRR Tolkien was voted the countrys best-loved
novel.
Man Booker Prize for Fiction, since 1968 > Commonwealth, Ireland or Zimbabwe.
Charles Dickens characters > Scrooge (a mean person) or Mr Micawber (always
hopeful).
Robert Louis Stevenson > books - Treasure Island ,Kidnapped and Dr Jekyll and Mr
Hyde.
Thomas Hardy > Far from the Madding Crowd and Jude the Obscure.
Anglo-Saxon poem Beowulf tells of its heros battles against monsters
Middle age poem called Sir Gawain and the Green Knight, about one of the knights at
the court of King Arthur.
sonnets (poems which must be 14 lines long)
Famous Gardens
1. Kew Gardens, Sissinghurst and Hidcote in England
2. Crathes Castle and Inveraray Castle in Scotland
3. Bodnant Garden in Wales
4. Mount Stewart in Northern Ireland.

Films were first shown publicly in the UK in 1896
Flim directors Sir Alexander Korda and Sir Alfred Hitchcock, Sir David Lean and Ridley
Scott
British comedies > Passport to Pimlico, The Ladykilllers
Nick Park, who has won four Oscars > featuring Wallace and Gromit.
Recent British Oscar actors > Colin Firth, Sir Antony Hopkins, Dame Judi Dench, Kate
Winslet and Tilda Swinton.
Satirical magazines > Punch ( from 1840s), Private Eye
1969, Monty Pythons Flying Circus
Tour to Tower of London - Yeoman Warders, also known as Beefeaters,
The National Trust was founded in 1895 > now 61,000 volunteers
Loch Lomond and the Trossachs National Park > 720 square miles, Loch Lomond is the
largest fresh water
London Eye > 443 feet (135 metres)
Snowdonia > North Wales. 838 square miles
Snowdon - highest mountain in Wales.
Lake District is Englands largest national park > 885 square miles
The chairperson of the General Assembly of the Church of Scotland is the Moderator,
who is appointed for one year only and often speaks on behalf of that Church.
Council of Europe Protection and promotion of human rights
Commonwealth core values - democracy, good government and the rule of law.
In 2007, television viewer voted Wastwater as Britains favourite view.
The 39 Steps (1935)>Alfred Hitchcock
Brief Encounter (1945), Lawrence of Arabia (1962) > David Lean
Evelyn Waugh - Decline and Fall and Scoop , Brideshead Revisited.





England Wales Scotland Ireland
Saint St Georges Day, 23
rd

April
St Davids - 1 March St Andrews - 30
November- Holiday
St Patrick's 17th March-
Holiday

Capital Cardiff Edinburgh Belfast
Population 84% 5% over 8% less than 3%.
Flower Rose Daffodil Thistle Shamrock
Gardens Kew Gardens,
Sissinghurst and
Hidcote
Bodnant Garden Crathes Castle and
Inveraray Castle
Mount Stewart
Food Roast beef, which is
served with potatoes,
vegetables, Yorkshire
puddings
welsh cakes
traditional Welsh
snack made from
flour, dried
fruits and spices,
Haggis a sheeps
stomach stuffed with
offal. Suet, onions and
oatmeal.
Ulster fry a fried meal
with bacon, eggs,
sausage,black pudding,
tomatoes, mushrooms,
soda bread and potato
bread.
Govt Welsh Assembly-
1999 Senedd (in
Cardiff)- 60
Assembly members
(AM) Election 4
yrs- proportional
representation.
Pass law from 2011
Scottish Parliament-
1999- Holyrood (in
Edinburgh)- 129
members Scottish
Parliament (MSPs
Extra power
(Additional tax-raising
powers)
Northern Ireland
Assembly building
Stormont (in Belfast) -
1922 - abolished in 1972
( after trouble in 1969)
restablished 1998 after
Belfast Agreement (or
Good Friday Agreement)
- 108 MLAs (members of
the Legislative Assembly)
proportional
representation.- Running
ok since 2007
England Wales Scotland Ireland
Visit Parliament write to your
local MP
Queue on the
day at the
public
entrance.
Assembly Booking
Service
Visitor services - write
to them at the Scottish
Parliament,
Contact the
Education Service
contact an MLA.
Police complain Independent Police
Complaints
Commission
Independent Police
Complaints
Commission
Police Complaints
Commissioner
Police Ombudsman
Minor criminal
cases
Magistrates Court. Magistrates Court. Justice of the Peace
Court.
Magistrates Court.
Magistrates Court Unpaid, no legal
qualifications,
supported by legal
advisor
Unpaid, no legal
qualifications,
supported by legal
advisor
Unpaid, no legal
qualifications,
supported by legal
advisor
cases are heard by a
District Judge or
Deputy District Judge,
who is legally qualified
and paid.
Serious offences Crown Court. Crown Court. Sheriff Court with
either a sheriff or a
sheriff with a jury. (
most serious - High
Court with a judge
and jury)
Crown Court.
Jury 12 12 15 12
aged 10 to 17, Youth Court in front
of up to three
specially trained
magistrates or a
District Judge.
Youth Court in front
of up to three
specially trained
magistrates or a
District Judge.
Childrens Hearings
System
Youth Court in front of
up to three specially
trained magistrates or a
District Judge.











England Wales Scotland Ireland
Minor civil
disputes.
County Courts County Courts Sheriff Court. County Courts
Serious civil cases High Court High Court Court of Session in
Edinburgh.
High Court
small claims limit 5000 5000 3,000 3,000
Forced Marriage
Protection Orders
2008 2008 November 2011. 2008
Gardens Kew Gardens,
Sissinghurst and
Hidcote
Bodnant Garden Crathes Castle and
Inveraray Castle
Mount Stewart




1830s and 1840s Chartists
1. for every man to have the vote
2. elections every year
3. for all regions to be equal in the electoral system
4. secret ballots
5. for any man to be able to stand as an MP
6. for MPs to be paid

Parts of government
1. the monarchy
2. Parliament (the House of Commons and the House of Lords)
3. the Prime Minister
4. the cabinet
5. the judiciary (courts)
6. the police
7. the civil service
8. local government.

Until 1958, all peers were:
1. hereditary, which means they inherited their title, or
2. senior judges, or
3. bishops of the Church of England.

1999 - Hereditary peers have lost the automatic right to attend the House of
Lords.
civil service core values - integrity, honesty, objectivity and impartiality
London - 33 local authorities
local elections for councillors - May every year.
electoral register updated every year in September or October.
Northern Ireland photographic Identification in polling stations
EU = European Economic Community (EEC) formed Treaty of Rome on 25
March 1957 UK joined 1973.
Council of Europe separate from the EU > 47 member countries No power to
make law - draws up conventions and charters (famous European Convention
on Human Rights. UK signed in 1950 This is made UK law in 1998, The
Human Rights Act)
November 2012 Public elected Police and Crime Commissioners (PCCs) in
England and Wales.
Old Bailey - famous criminal court in the world
car or motor cycle - registered at the Driver and Vehicle Licensing Agency
(DVLA).
Age UK - older people
Maragret Thatcher time > Shipbuilding and coal mining industry declined
3,000 people lost their lives in the decades after 1969 in the violence of
Northern Ireland.
the National Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Children (NSPCC)- children
environmental charities - Friends of the Earth
Peoples Dispensary for Sick Animals (PDSA)- Animals

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