Britain only became permanently separated from the continent by the Channel about
10,000 years ago.
The first farmers arrived in Britain 6,000 years ago> came from south-east Europe. Stone Age sites have also survived. Skara Brae on Orkney, off the north coast of Scotland, is the best preserved prehistoric village in northern Europe. Around 4,000 years ago, people learned to make bronze. A very impressive hill fort can still be seen today at Maiden Castle, in the English county of Dorset. Hadriens Wall, including the forts of Housesteads and Vindolanda, Julius Caesar led a Roman invasion of Britain in 55 BC. In AD 43 the Emperor Claudius led the Roman army in a new invasion. The Romans remained in Britain for 400 years. Scotland were never conquered by the Romans, Romans Gave > Roads, Structure of Law, new animals & plants, public buildings Tribal leaders who fought against the Romans was Boudicca, the queen of the Iceni - statue of her on Westminster Bridge The Roman army left Britain in AD 410 Emperor Hadrien built a wall in the north of England to keep out the Picts (ancestors of the Scottish people). Hadriens Wall, including the forts of Housesteads and Vindolanda. 3rd and 4th centuries AD that the first Christian communities began to appear in Britain. Invaded by tribes from northern Europe: the Jutes, the Angles and the Saxons. AD 600, Anglo-Saxon kingdoms were established in Britain. Anglo Saxon king buried - Sutton Hoo in modern Suffolk Wales, and Scotland, remained free of Anglo-Saxon rule. St Columba, who founded a monastery on the island of Iona, off the coast of what is now Scotland. St Augustine became the first Archbishop of Canterbury. Vikings first visited Britain in AD 789 Viking stayed in Britain especially in the east and north of England in an area known as the Danelaw In the north, the threat of attack by Vikings > unite under one king, Kenneth MacAlpin.> The term Scotland began to be used to describe that country. Grimsby and Scunthorpe come from the Viking languages. First Danish king to rule Cnut, also named Canute. In 1066, an invasion led by William, the Duke of Normandy (William the Conqueror.) Battle of Hastings. Defeated Harold, the Saxon king of England. Embroider in Bayeux tapestry. Norman Conquest up until about 1485 is called the Middle Ages. In 1284 King Edward I of England introduced the Statute of Rhuddlan, which annexed Wales to the Crown of England. Huge castles > Conwy and Caenarvon - built to maintain this (annex of wales) power.
In 1314 the Scottish, led by Robert the Bruce, defeated the English at the Battle of Bannockburn. By 1200, the English ruled an area of Ireland known as the Pale, around Dublin. Famous battles of the Hundred Years War was the Battle of Agincourt in 1415- win King Henry V English left France in the 1450s. Normans used a system of land ownership known as feudalism. In 1348, Plague came to Britain- Black Death King John- charter of rights called the Magna Carta (Great Charter). The Magna Carta established the idea that even the king was subject to the law, restricted the kings power to collect taxes or to make and change laws - 1215. Scotland - Three Houses- called Estates: the lords, the commons and the clergy. England, judges developed > common law by a process of precedence (that is, following previous decisions) and tradition. Scotland, the legal system laws were codified (that is, written down). park and beauty Norman French words. apple, cow and summer Anglo-Saxon words. Words with very similar meanings, one from French and one from Anglo-Saxon. Demand (French) and ask (Anglo-Saxon) are examples. By 1400, in England, official documents were being written in English, and English had become the preferred language of the royal court and Parliament. William Caxton, the first person in England to print books using a printing press. John Barbour, who wrote The Bruce about the Battle of Bannockburn (1314) in scot language English wool became a very important export. English Language = Norman French + Anglo Saxon In 1455, start War of Roses - symbol of Lancaster was a red rose , symbol of York was a white rose. War of Roses ended 1485- Battle of Bosworth Field - King Richard III House of York was killed - Henry Tudor (first king of the House of Tudor), House of Lancaster, became King Henry VII. Henry VII married King Richards niece, Elizabeth of York, and united the two families. Symbol of the House of Tudor was a red rose with a white rose inside Henry VIII was king of England from 21 April 1509 to 28 January 1547 Henry VIII Wives 1. Catherine of Aragon Spanish Child Mary 2. Anne Boleyn English - Executed at the tower of London. 3. Jane Seymour Son Edward who became king Edward VI ( Protestant) 4. Anne of Cleves German 5. Catherine Howard - Cousin of Anne Boleyn 6. Catherine Parr Henry VIII reign Wales united with England by the Act for the Government of Wales. Henry VIII took the title King of Ireland. Edward VI ( Protestant) - Common Prayer was written Edward VI died at the age of 15 - Mary ( Catholic) became Queen - Bloody Mary Queen Elizabeth I ( Protestant) Become Popular after 1588 - English defeated Spanish Armanda Queen Elizabeth I died 1603 - James VI of Scotland became King James I of England, Wales and Ireland but Scotland remained a separate country. James I and his son Charles I believed Divine Right of Kings: king was directly appointed by God to rule. Charles I - wants more ceremony- revise Prayer Book. Sir Francis Drake - Founders of Englands naval tradition His ship Golden Hind, sail around world 1560 - Scotland - Protestant Church - Abolished pope & Roman Catholic Mary Stuart - Mary, Queen of Scots Catholic Childhood in France - Protestant son, James VI Shakespreres quote 1. Once more unto the breach (Henry V) 2. To be or not to be (Hamlet) 3. A rose by any other name (Romeo and Juliet) 4. All the worlds a stage (As You Like It) 5. The darling buds of May (Sonnet 18 Shall I Compare Thee To A Summers Day) Book of Common Prayer During Edward VI Revise Prayer Book Charles I Globe Theatre in London - modern copy of the theatres for Shakespeares play. Scottish and English Protestants to settle in Ulster, the northern province of Ireland, taking over the land from Catholic landholders. These settlements were known as plantations. Puritans, a group of Protestants who advocated strict and simple religious doctrine and worship. Civil war between the king (Charles I) and Parliament - 1642 Cavaliers (supported the king) & Roundheads (Supported the Parliament). Kings army defeated at the Battles of Marston Moor and Naseby Chales I executed 1649. Oliver Cromwell (known as Lord Protector) defeated Charles I I - Battles of Dunbar and Worcester. Oliver Cromwell died in 1658 > His son Richard, became Lord Protector Charles IIs reign, in 1665, outbreak of plague in London. St Pauls Cathedral > Fire destroyed > New St Paul by architect Sir Christopher Wren. The Habeas Corpus Act (you must present the person in court)- 1679. Isaac Newton (1643-1727) - Born in Lincolnshire, eastern England, - Work Philosophiae Naturalis Principia Mathematica (Mathematical Principle of Natural Philosophy). James IIs elder daughter, Mary, was married to her cousin William of Orange, the Protestant ruler of the Netherlands. Glorious Revolution- William of Orange attacked England - no fighting in England & guaranteed the power of Parliament. James II attacked Willam of Orange - William defeated James II at the Battle of the Boyne in Ireland in 1690, James supporters became known as Jacobites. Bill of Rights, 1689, confirmed the rights of Parliament and the limits of the kings power. A new Parliament had to be elected at least every three years (later this became seven years and now it is five years). Two main groups in Parliament > Whigs and the Tories (Conservative Party). From 1695, newspapers allowed operate without a government license. Laws passed after the Glorious Revolution > constitutional monarchy. Constituencies single wealthy family> pocket boroughs. No Voter > rotten boroughs. First Jews settled in London in 1656. Between 1680 and 1720 refugees called Huguenots from France. Act of Union, known as the Treaty of Union in Scotland, in 1707, created the Kingdom of Great Britain. George I > German First Prime Minister 1721 to 1742. - Sir Robert Walpole. Battle of Culloden in 1746 - George IIs army defeated Charles Edward Stuart (Bonnie Prince Charlie). Highland Clearances > destroyed individual small farms (known as crofts) to make space for large flocks of sheep and cattle. Robert Burns (1759-96)- Scottish poet also known as The Bard > Wrriten Auld Lang Syne sung in New Year and Hogmanay Adam Smith > ideas about economics Royal Society was formed to promote natural knowledge > Charles II Reign David Hume > Human nature Principle of the Enlightenment > everyone should have the right to their own political and religious beliefs , state should not try to dictate. Before the 18th century, agriculture was the biggest source of employment Bessemer process - mass production of steel Richard Arkwright (1732-92) - improved the original carding machine. Carding is the process of preparing fibres for spinning into yarn and fabric. Arkwright remembered for the efficient and profitable way running factories Trading > Sugar and tobacco came from North America and the west Indies; textiles, tea and spices came from India and the area that is today called Indonesia. Sake Dean Mahomet > eloped with Irish girl called Jane Daly > In 1810 he opened the Hindoostane Coffee House in George Street, London (first curry house). He introduced shampooing, the Indian art of head massage, to Britain. Illegal to trade slaves in British ships or from British ports 1807 Emancipation Act 1833 13 American colonies declared their independence 1776 , colonies independence in 1783. Battle of Trafalgar - French and Spanish fleets > 1805 Nelson Ship > HMS Victory, can be visited in Portsmouth. French Wars ended with the defeat of the Emperor Napoleon by the Duke of Wellington (Iron Duke)at the Battle of Waterloo 1815 In 1801, Ireland unified with England, Scotland and Wales after Act of Union of 1800. Official flag, the Union Flag - created in 1606 1. St George, patron saint of England, is a red cross on a white ground. 2. St Andrew, patron saint of Scotland, diagonal white cross on a blue ground. 3. St Patrick, patron saint of Ireland, diagonal red cross on a white ground.
Official Welsh flag - Welsh dragon. Queen Victoria > Queen at 18 yrs 1837 > till 1901 ( 64 yrs) British Empire > population more than 400 million people. Repealing of the Corn Laws in 1846 to promote free trade In 1847, the number of hours that women and children could work was limited by law to 10 hours per day. Church of England - 1530s George and Robert Stephenson > pioneered the railway engine. Isambard Kingdom Brunel (from Portsmouth )- constructing Great Western Railway, - first major railway built in Britain.- designed The Clifton Suspension Bridge spanning the Avon Gorge 1801, Ireland became unified with England, 1853 to 1856, Britain fought with Turkey and France against Russia in the Crimean War - first war covered by the media > introduced the Victoria Cross medal during this war. Florence Nightingale > Born Italy Trained Nurse Germany participated in Crimean War in Turkey Florence Nightingale established the Nightingale Training School for nurses at St Thomas Hospital in London 1860 Irish Nationalist movement Fenians favored complete independence , Charles Stuart Parnell, advocated Home Rule in which Ireland would remain in the UK but have its own parliament. Reform Act 1832 - greatly increased the number of people with the right to vote. Also abolished the old pocket and rotten boroughs , more parliamentary seats were given to the towns and cities. Chartists - demand the vote for the working classes and other people without property. Until 1870, when a woman got married, her earnings, property and money automatically belonged to her husband. Acts of Parliament in 1870 and 1882 gave wives the right to keep their own earnings and property. Womens suffrage movement known as suffragettes. Emmeline Pankhurst - born in Manchester in 1858.> founded womens Franchise League in 1889, in 1903 found the Womens Social and Political Union (WSPU) (first group whose members were called suffragettes)- used civil disobedience as part of their protest The Boer War of 1899 to 1902 - British went to war in South Africa with settlers from the Netherlands called the Boers. Rudyard Kipling - Nobel Prize in Literature in 1907 > books Just So Stories and The Jungle Book. His poem If UKs favourite poems. Poem on WWI - Wilfred Owen and Siegfried Sassoon On 28 June 1914, Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria was assassinated. WW I - Britain was part of the Allied Powers, which included (amongst others) France, Russia, Japan, Belgium, Serbia and later, Greece, Italy, Romania and the United States. Central Powers mainly Germany, the Austro-Hungarian Empire, the Ottoman Empire and later Bulgaria. WW I- British attack of the Somme in July 1916, resulted in about 60,000 British casualties on the first day alone. British government promised Home Rule for Ireland 1913 Uprising (the Easter Rising) against the British in Dublin 1916 In 1922 Ireland became two countries. Southern Ireland became republic - 1949. Great Depression 1929 Writers - Graham Greene and Evelyn Waugh BBC started radio broadcasts 1922 First regular television service - 1936. Adolf hitler to power - 1933 Hitler invaded Poland in 1939, Britain and France declared war WW II - Axis powers - Germany and Italy and Japan Winston Churchill (1874-1965) - soldier and journalist - May 1940 he became Prime Minister lost in 1945 came again in 1951 - voted the greatest Briton in 2002. I have nothing to offer but blood, toil, tears and sweat First speech Churchill ,1940 Never in the field of human conflict was so much owed by so many to so few 1940 , Battle of Britain The Battle of Britain - Summer of 1940 - Aerial battle against the Germans Planes used Spitfire and Hurricane The Dunkirk spirit. Evacuation of people from Dunkirk Night time bombing Blitz > national spirit to win again adversity Blitz spirit Pearl Harbor - Dec 1941 D- Day > 6 June 1944 - allied forces landed in Normandy WW II Germany defeated in May 1945, Japan - Defeated in Aug 1945 Alexander Fleming - Researching influenza (the flu) - Discovered penicillin 1928 - Nobel Prize in Medicine in 1945. Howard Florey and Ernst Chain Made penicillin usable drug National Health Service (NHS) Established in 1948 by Aneurin (Nye) Bevan ( health minister) Conservative government from 1951 to 1964. Prime Minister - Harold Macmillan > wind of change speech about decolonization and independence for the countries of the Empire. William Beveridge - Liberal MP, house of Lords known for 1942 report Social Insurance and Allied Services (known as the Beveridge Report). Beveridge Report Suggests govt to fight Giant Evils - Want, Disease, Ignorance, Squalor and Idleness R A Butler - Education Act 1944 (often called The Butler Act)- free secondary education in England and Wales. Dylan Thomas- birthplace, Swansea, Welsh poet and writer- radio play Under Milk Wood, first performed after his death in 1954 and Do Not Go Gentle into That Good Night, which he wrote for his dying father in 1952. swinging sixties- significant social change- well-known pop music groups at the time were The Beatles and The Rolling Stones. Britain and France developed > Concorde- 1969 to 2003 1970s, Britain admitted 28,000 people of Indian origin who had been forced to leave Uganda. Television - Scotsman John Logie Baird in 1920s. 1932 > first television broadcast between London and Glasgow. Radar - Scotsman Sir Robert Watson-Watt- The first successful radar test took place in 1935. Radio telescope - Sir Bernard Lovell, Jodrell Bank in Cheshire Turing machine Alan Turing Insulin - John Macleod Structure of the DNA molecule > 1953, universities in London and Cambridge. Francis Crick (1916-2004) won Nobel Jet engine - Sir Frank Whittle Hovercraft 1950s > Sir Christopher Cockrell Cash-dispensing ATM - James Goodfellow > first Barclays Bank in Enfield, north London in 1967. IVF (in-vitro fertilisation) therapy - physiologist Sir Robert Edwards & gynaecologist Patrick Steptoe First test-tube baby - Oldham, Lancashire in 1978. Cloning > Dolly the sheep - Sir Ian Wilmot & Keith Campbell- 1996 MRI(magnetic resonance imaging) > Sir Peter Mansfield World Wide Web> Sir Tim Berners-Lee first time on 25 December 1990. 1972 - Northern Ireland Parliament was suspended Mary Peters - Olympic gold medal in the pentathlon in 1972 team manager for the womens British Olympic team > Dame of the British Empire in 2000 European Economic Community (EEC) in 1957 > UK joined in 1973 (joined EU). Margaret Thatcher, Britains first woman Prime Minister > 1979 to 1990. Margaret Thatcher > Conservative MP in 1959 , cabinet minister in 1970 as the Secretary of State for Education and Science , 1975 leader of Conservative party 1982, Argentina invaded the Falkland Islands John Major was Prime Minister after Mrs Thatcher > John , peace process in Ireland Roald Dahl was born in Wales > childrens books - Charlie and the Chocolate Factory and Georges Marvellous Medicine. Good Friday Agreement signed in 1998 > peace in Northern Ireland Northern Ireland Assembly was elected in 1999 but suspended in 2002 , reinstated until 2007. English laws and the English language were introduced in Wales in middle of 15 th
Century Gordon Brown - Prime Minister in 2007. International Security Assistance Force (ISAF) Orkney Isles and Shetland Islands > Scotland The biggest stretch of water is Windermere. In 2007, television viewers voted Wastwater as Britains favorite view. John Milton, wrote Paradise Lost. May 2010, and for the first time in the UK since February 1974, no political party won an overall majority in the General Election.
County Court for divorce cases in England, Wales and Northern Ireland. Sheriff Court for divorce cases in Scotland Aged 10 to 17 > Youth Court Top point , John OGroats ( in Scotland) to South west , Lands End > 870 miles ( 1400 KM) England's largest national park - Lake District Eden Project Cornwall National Assembly elections are held every 4 years, 60 members wales Fashion designers - Vivienne Westwood, Alexender Mc Queen, & Mary Quant 40 days before Easter Lent , begins on Ash Wednesday. Day before Lent >Shrove Tuesday, or Pancake Day. Hannukah (Jews struggle for religious freedom.) > November or December - celebrated eight days. Stand of eight candles (called a menorah) Eid a-Fitr > End of Ramdan ( fasting) Eid ul Adha > prophet Ibrahim was willing to sacrifice his son Vaisakhi 14 April St Patrick's Day 17th March Father's Day > third Sunday in June Mothers Day > on Sunday three week from Easter Halloween, 31 October Costumes and play trick or treat. Bonfire Night, 5 November- for 1605, Catholics led by Guy Fawkes Remembrance Day, 11 November- wreaths are laid at the Cenotaph (from 1920) in Whitehall, London. Bank Holiday beginning of May ,in late May or early June, and in August. Northern Ireland > anniversary of the Battle of the Boyne > July, Public Holiday Olympics 1908, 1948, 2012 (Stratford, East London) Came Third Paralympic Games > Origin , Dr Sir Ludwig Guttman, at the Stoke Mandeville hospital in Buckinghamshire. run a mile in under four minutes in 1954 > Sir Roger Bannister Fastest to sail around the world singlehanded > Dame Ellen MacArthur Formula 1 world championship 3 times > Sir Jackie Stewart Captain World cup won 1966 > Bobby Moore Ice dancing at the Olympic Games > Jayne Torvill & Christopher Dean Rowing Olympic > Sir Steve Redgrave Paralympic > Baroness Tanni Grey-Thompson , David Weir , Ellie Simmonds (Swiming) Running > Dame Kelly Holmes Cycling > Sir Chris Hoy Distance runner > Mo Farah Heptathlon > Jessica Ennis First Briton to win the Tour de France - Bradley Wiggins Financial help for the unemployed, old-age pensions and free school meals before WWI National Lottery - Min 16 Moped Drive Min 16 Alcohol Min 18, In restaurant with food min 16 Betting shop or gambling club - Min 18 UK join the European Economic Community 1973 Serious civil cases in England, Wales and Northern Ireland > High Court serious cases in Scotland > Sheriff Court Council of Europe > 47 Members Members of the Scottish Parliament -129 First person to sail single- handed around the world > Sir Francis Chichester, Sir Robin Knox- Johnston (Without Stopping) Sailing Event > Cowes on the Isle of Wight , Rowing Thames between Oxford and Cambridge Universities. Five ski centres in Scotland, Europes longest dry ski slope near Edinburgh. Motor-car racing > started in 1902. Champions > Damon Hill, Lewis Hamilton and Jenson Button. UK sign the European Convention on Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms 1950 Population > Over 62 million In 2009 - 70% Christian , Muslim 4%, Hindu 2%, Sikh 1% , Jewish or Buddhist (both less than 0.5%), 2% Others , 21% No religion Church of England > Know as Anglican Church and Episcopal Church in Scotland and the United States. Archbishop of Canterbury > Appointed by monarch, choice is made by the Prime Minister and a committee appointed by the Church. Bishops > In house of Lords Westminster Abbey coronation church since 1066 Scotland, the national Church is the Church of Scotland, Presbyterian Church. Chairperson of the General Assembly of the Church of Scotland is the Moderator Tenure 1 year First professional football clubs >late 19th century. Tennis > late 19th century Rugby originated in England > early 19th century Golf > 15th century Scotland. Horse race > Romans First tennis club > Leamington Spa in 1872. Wimbledon Championships > in All England Lawn Tennis and Croquet Club. St Andrews in Scotland is known as the home of golf. 2 types of Rugby - union and league. Rugby union competition > Six Nations Championship between England, Ireland, Scotland, Wales, France and Italy. Millennium Stadium in Cardiff. Rugby league competition > Super League Famous horse-racing Event > Royal Ascot , a five-day race meeting in Berkshire, the Grand National at Aintree near Liverpool; and the Scottish Grand National at Ayr. National Horseracing Museum in Newmarket, Suffolk. Proms > eight-week summer season of orchestral classical music- Royal Albert Hall in London Organised by BBC since 1927. Henry Purcell > Classical Music George Frederick Handel >Born in Germany > Composed Water Music , Music for the Royal Fireworks , Messiah ( for Easter) Gustav Holst >Composer> The Planets- tune for I owe to thee my country, Sir Edward Elgar > Pomp and Circumstance Marches. March No1 (Land of Hope and Glory) played at the Last Night of the Proms Sir William Walton > Coronation march for George VI and Elizabeth II , Faade > Ballet and Balthazars Feast. Benjamin Britten > best known for his operas - Peter Grimes and Billy Budd , A Young Persons Guide to the Orchestra-- founded the Aldeburgh festival in Suffolk, Punk movement of the late 1970s and Boy& Girl band in 90s Famous festivals include Glastonbury, the Isle of Wight Festival and the V Festival. National Eisteddfod > Annual Festival in Wales Mercury Music Prize > Sept for best album Londons west end, known as Theatreland. The Mousetrap> by Agatha Cristie Running since 1952. National Trust - Preserves important buildings and places British theatre award - The Laurence Olivier Awards Garden designers > Lancelot 'Capability' Brown and Gertrude Jekyll Forced Marriage Protection Orders - 2008 British artists - David Hockney , Henry Moore Gilbert and Sullivan > comic operas, making fun of popular culture and politics- HMS Pinafore, The Pirates of Penzance and The Mikado. Andrew Lloyd Webber > Jesus Christ Superstar and Evita, and also Cats and The Phantom of the Opera. Homeless > Crisis and Shelter School governors = members of the school board in Scotland, Small claims procedure from your local County Court or Sheriff Court. Well-known galleries -The National Gallery, Tate Britain and Tate Modern in London, the National Museum in Cardiff, National Gallery of Scotland in Edinburgh. Tate Modern is based in the former Bankside Power Station in central London John Constable > landscape painter > famous painting Dedham Vale on the Suffolk- Essex border Joseph Turner > landscape painter Thomas Gainsborough > portrait painter , garden scenery. David Allan > portrait painter - famous painting The Origin of Painting. The Pre-Raphaelites > 19 th century , painted detailed pictures on religious or literary themes in bright colours. Sir John Lavery > Northern Irish portrait Painter - painting the Royal Family. Henry Moore > English sculptor and artist - large bronze abstract sculptures. John Petts - a Welsh artist > engravings and stained glass. Lucian Freud > German-born British artist > Potraits David Hockney > pop art movement of the 1960s Turner Prize (based on Joseph Turner) 1984 > contemporary art - prestigious visual art awards in Europe. - winner : Damien Hirst and Richard Wright. The White Tower in the Tower of London is an example of a Norman castle Keep. Hardwick Hall in Derbyshire Inigo Jones designed Queens House at Greenwich & Banqueting House in Whitehall in London. Robert Adam > Dumfries House in Scotland. 'Gothic' style > Houses of Parliament and St Pancras Station , town halls in cities such as Manchester and Sheffield. Sir Edwin Lutyens > Cenotaph in Whitehall. Chelsea Flower Show > garden design from Britain and around the world. Thomas Chippendale > designed furniture Clarice Cliff > Art deco ceramics Sir Terence Conran > interior designer Fashion designers > Mary Quant, Alexander McQueen and Vivienne Westwood. Nobel Prize in Literature > Sir William Golding, Seamus Heaney, Harold Pinter. In 2003, The Lord of the Rings by JRR Tolkien was voted the countrys best-loved novel. Man Booker Prize for Fiction, since 1968 > Commonwealth, Ireland or Zimbabwe. Charles Dickens characters > Scrooge (a mean person) or Mr Micawber (always hopeful). Robert Louis Stevenson > books - Treasure Island ,Kidnapped and Dr Jekyll and Mr Hyde. Thomas Hardy > Far from the Madding Crowd and Jude the Obscure. Anglo-Saxon poem Beowulf tells of its heros battles against monsters Middle age poem called Sir Gawain and the Green Knight, about one of the knights at the court of King Arthur. sonnets (poems which must be 14 lines long) Famous Gardens 1. Kew Gardens, Sissinghurst and Hidcote in England 2. Crathes Castle and Inveraray Castle in Scotland 3. Bodnant Garden in Wales 4. Mount Stewart in Northern Ireland.
Films were first shown publicly in the UK in 1896 Flim directors Sir Alexander Korda and Sir Alfred Hitchcock, Sir David Lean and Ridley Scott British comedies > Passport to Pimlico, The Ladykilllers Nick Park, who has won four Oscars > featuring Wallace and Gromit. Recent British Oscar actors > Colin Firth, Sir Antony Hopkins, Dame Judi Dench, Kate Winslet and Tilda Swinton. Satirical magazines > Punch ( from 1840s), Private Eye 1969, Monty Pythons Flying Circus Tour to Tower of London - Yeoman Warders, also known as Beefeaters, The National Trust was founded in 1895 > now 61,000 volunteers Loch Lomond and the Trossachs National Park > 720 square miles, Loch Lomond is the largest fresh water London Eye > 443 feet (135 metres) Snowdonia > North Wales. 838 square miles Snowdon - highest mountain in Wales. Lake District is Englands largest national park > 885 square miles The chairperson of the General Assembly of the Church of Scotland is the Moderator, who is appointed for one year only and often speaks on behalf of that Church. Council of Europe Protection and promotion of human rights Commonwealth core values - democracy, good government and the rule of law. In 2007, television viewer voted Wastwater as Britains favourite view. The 39 Steps (1935)>Alfred Hitchcock Brief Encounter (1945), Lawrence of Arabia (1962) > David Lean Evelyn Waugh - Decline and Fall and Scoop , Brideshead Revisited.
England Wales Scotland Ireland Saint St Georges Day, 23 rd
April St Davids - 1 March St Andrews - 30 November- Holiday St Patrick's 17th March- Holiday
Capital Cardiff Edinburgh Belfast Population 84% 5% over 8% less than 3%. Flower Rose Daffodil Thistle Shamrock Gardens Kew Gardens, Sissinghurst and Hidcote Bodnant Garden Crathes Castle and Inveraray Castle Mount Stewart Food Roast beef, which is served with potatoes, vegetables, Yorkshire puddings welsh cakes traditional Welsh snack made from flour, dried fruits and spices, Haggis a sheeps stomach stuffed with offal. Suet, onions and oatmeal. Ulster fry a fried meal with bacon, eggs, sausage,black pudding, tomatoes, mushrooms, soda bread and potato bread. Govt Welsh Assembly- 1999 Senedd (in Cardiff)- 60 Assembly members (AM) Election 4 yrs- proportional representation. Pass law from 2011 Scottish Parliament- 1999- Holyrood (in Edinburgh)- 129 members Scottish Parliament (MSPs Extra power (Additional tax-raising powers) Northern Ireland Assembly building Stormont (in Belfast) - 1922 - abolished in 1972 ( after trouble in 1969) restablished 1998 after Belfast Agreement (or Good Friday Agreement) - 108 MLAs (members of the Legislative Assembly) proportional representation.- Running ok since 2007 England Wales Scotland Ireland Visit Parliament write to your local MP Queue on the day at the public entrance. Assembly Booking Service Visitor services - write to them at the Scottish Parliament, Contact the Education Service contact an MLA. Police complain Independent Police Complaints Commission Independent Police Complaints Commission Police Complaints Commissioner Police Ombudsman Minor criminal cases Magistrates Court. Magistrates Court. Justice of the Peace Court. Magistrates Court. Magistrates Court Unpaid, no legal qualifications, supported by legal advisor Unpaid, no legal qualifications, supported by legal advisor Unpaid, no legal qualifications, supported by legal advisor cases are heard by a District Judge or Deputy District Judge, who is legally qualified and paid. Serious offences Crown Court. Crown Court. Sheriff Court with either a sheriff or a sheriff with a jury. ( most serious - High Court with a judge and jury) Crown Court. Jury 12 12 15 12 aged 10 to 17, Youth Court in front of up to three specially trained magistrates or a District Judge. Youth Court in front of up to three specially trained magistrates or a District Judge. Childrens Hearings System Youth Court in front of up to three specially trained magistrates or a District Judge.
England Wales Scotland Ireland Minor civil disputes. County Courts County Courts Sheriff Court. County Courts Serious civil cases High Court High Court Court of Session in Edinburgh. High Court small claims limit 5000 5000 3,000 3,000 Forced Marriage Protection Orders 2008 2008 November 2011. 2008 Gardens Kew Gardens, Sissinghurst and Hidcote Bodnant Garden Crathes Castle and Inveraray Castle Mount Stewart
1830s and 1840s Chartists 1. for every man to have the vote 2. elections every year 3. for all regions to be equal in the electoral system 4. secret ballots 5. for any man to be able to stand as an MP 6. for MPs to be paid
Parts of government 1. the monarchy 2. Parliament (the House of Commons and the House of Lords) 3. the Prime Minister 4. the cabinet 5. the judiciary (courts) 6. the police 7. the civil service 8. local government.
Until 1958, all peers were: 1. hereditary, which means they inherited their title, or 2. senior judges, or 3. bishops of the Church of England.
1999 - Hereditary peers have lost the automatic right to attend the House of Lords. civil service core values - integrity, honesty, objectivity and impartiality London - 33 local authorities local elections for councillors - May every year. electoral register updated every year in September or October. Northern Ireland photographic Identification in polling stations EU = European Economic Community (EEC) formed Treaty of Rome on 25 March 1957 UK joined 1973. Council of Europe separate from the EU > 47 member countries No power to make law - draws up conventions and charters (famous European Convention on Human Rights. UK signed in 1950 This is made UK law in 1998, The Human Rights Act) November 2012 Public elected Police and Crime Commissioners (PCCs) in England and Wales. Old Bailey - famous criminal court in the world car or motor cycle - registered at the Driver and Vehicle Licensing Agency (DVLA). Age UK - older people Maragret Thatcher time > Shipbuilding and coal mining industry declined 3,000 people lost their lives in the decades after 1969 in the violence of Northern Ireland. the National Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Children (NSPCC)- children environmental charities - Friends of the Earth Peoples Dispensary for Sick Animals (PDSA)- Animals