Академический Документы
Профессиональный Документы
Культура Документы
=
A
f
is the cross-sectional area of the wall tie, expressed in m, which is
0.00001075 m. A value for U
f
of 0.003 W/mK is obtained using the above formula:
U
f
= 6 17 2.47 0.00001075 = 0.003 W/mK
U-value of the wall
The effect of air gaps or mechanical fixings should be included in the U-value unless
they lead to an adjustment in the U-value of less than 3%.
U = 1 / R
T
+ U
f
(if U
f
is not less than 3% of 1 / R
T
)
U = 1 / R
T
(if U
f
is less than 3% of 1 / R
T
)
In this case U
f
= 0.003 W/mK and 1 / R
T
= 0.3247 W/mK. Since U
f
is less than
3% of (1 / R
T
), U = 1 / R
T
= 1 / 3.080 = 0.32 W/mK
Note
1. By adding U
f
(0.003 W/mK) to the U-value which would be obtained without any
correction for wall ties (0.325 W/mK) this would imply a U-value of 0.328 W/mK.
The Standard (BS EN ISO 6946), however, permits the effects of mechanical
fixings to be ignored if they lead to an increase of less than 3% in the U-value.
Since the U
f
correction (0.003 W/mK) is less than 3% of (1 / R
T
) the correction
need not be applied. The final quoted U-value, obtained by rounding the
(uncorrected) U-value to two significant figures, is 0.32 W/mK.
2. If vertical twist wall ties are used instead of double triangle ties the correction to
the U-value can be considerably larger than that shown above, due to their
greater cross-sectional area.
3. If instead of stainless steel ties, galvanised steel ties of conductivity 50 W/mK are
used, this will increase U
f
from 0.003 W/mK to 0.008 W/mK.
4. If the thermal conductivity of the tie, or part of it, is less than 1 W/mK, no
correction is applied and U
f
is taken to be zero. This would apply, for instance,
in the case of plastic wall ties.
f)
see Table 3 of this document
The following is a conceptual diagram showing how the effect of the wall ties, where
applicable, is incorporated into the overall U-value calculation:
Figure 5.4 : Conceptual diagram illustrating how the U-value is corrected for the
presence of wall ties. The U-value calculation is firstly carried out ignoring the effects
of the wall ties and an adjustment is then applied in order to obtain the final U-value.
effect of wall ties
U-value in absence of
wall ties
6. Wide cavity wall with vertical twist ties
In this example
g)
a wide cavity wall is fully filled with mineral wool insulation with
stainless steel vertical twist wall ties in the filled cavity. To obtain the U-value
allowing for the wall ties the thermal resistance (R
T
) should first be calculated
ignoring the effect of the wall ties and then a correction should be made for the
presence of the ties. The wall ties are spaced 750 mm horizontally and 450 mm
vertically.
Figure 6.1 : Insulated cavity wall (fully-filled) with metal wall ties
The thicknesses of each layer, together with the thermal conductivities of the
materials, are shown below. The external and internal surface resistances used are
those given in Table 1 of this document. The vertical twist wall ties have a cross
sectional area of 60.8 mm.
In this example there is no distinction between the upper and lower limit of resistance
because all of the layers are considered to be sufficiently homogeneous (for the
purposes of thermal calculations). Strictly speaking, the mortar joints between the
bricks and concrete blocks could be taken into account, however since the
resistances of the mortar parts do not differ from the brick or block parts by more
than 0.1 mK/W the mortar parts may be ignored.
g)
Due to requirements for sound insulation this construction may only be suitable for
detached dwellings
Total thickness 335 mm
U-value 0.30 W/mK
102 mm brick (conductivity 0.77 W/mK)
120 mm cavity filled with mineral wool (conductivity 0.038 mK/W)
100 mm concrete blocks,
(conductivity 1.13 mK/W)
13 mm dense plaster
(conductivity 0.57 W/mK)
heat flow
The wall construction may be summarised as follows:
Layer Material
Thickness
(mm)
Thermal
conductivity
(W/mK)
Thermal
resistance
(mK/W)
external surface - - 0.040
1 outer leaf brick 102 0.77 0.132
2 mineral wool batts 120 0.038 3.158
3 concrete blockwork 100 1.13 0.088
4 dense plaster 13 0.57 0.023
internal surface - - 0.130
Total (R
T
) 3.571
Correction for cavity wall ties
A correction has to be applied to allow for the additional heat loss due to the wall ties.
In this example the wall ties are of metal (vertical twist) and have a cross-sectional
area, A
f
, of 60.8 mm. Using the procedure in BS EN ISO 6946, the correction to be
applied, U
f
, is given by
U
f
=
f
n
f
A
f
where is the scaling factor for mechanical fixings, which is 6 for wall ties
h)
, and
f
is
the conductivity of the fixings, which is 17 W/mK for stainless steel. The number of
wall ties per square metre which penetrate the insulation, n
f
, is calculated to be 2.96 /
m. Note that A
f
, the cross-sectional area of the wall tie, is expressed in m. The
correction to be applied is therefore
U
f
= 6 17 2.96 0.0000608 = 0.018 W/mK
U-value of the wall
The effect of air gaps or mechanical fixings should be included in the U-value unless
they lead to an adjustment in the U-value of less than 3%.
U = 1 / R
T
+ U
f
(if U
f
is not less than 3% of 1 / R
T
)
U = 1 / R
T
(if U
f
is less than 3% of 1 / R
T
)
In this case U
f
= 0.018 W/mK and 1 / R
T
= 0.280 W/mK. Since U
f
is not less than
3% of (1 / R
T
),
U = 1 / 3.571 + 0.018 W/mK = 0.30 W/mK
Note
1. If galvanised steel ties (with a conductivity of 50 W/mK) are used instead of
stainless steel ties, the value of U
f
will be 0.054 W/mK. This will give a final U-
value of U = 1 / 3.571 + 0.054 = 0.33 W/mK
h)
see Table 3 of this document
2. If the thermal conductivity of the tie, or part of it, is less than 1 W/mK (eg. plastic
ties) the value of U
f
may be taken to be zero and the U-value will be
U = 1 / R
T
= 1 / 3.571 = 0.28 W/mK
3. Strictly speaking, the mortar joints between the bricks and concrete blocks could
be taken into account in the U-value calculation, however it is permissible to
ignore the mortar in both of these layers because the resistances of the mortar
joints differ from the resistances of the bricks or concrete blocks by less than
0.1 mK/W
7. Pitched roof with insulation between and over the joists
Figure 7.1 : Insulation between and over joists at ceiling level
A pitched roof has 100 mm of mineral wool tightly fitted between 48 100 mm timber
joists spaced 600 mm apart (centres to centres) and 100 mm of mineral wool over
the joists. The roof is tiled with felt or boards under the tiles. The external and
internal surface resistances used are those given in Table 1 of this document. The
ceiling consists of 12.5 mm of plasterboard. The roof construction is summarised
below.
Layer Material Thickness
(mm)
Thermal
conductivity
(W/mK)
Thermal
resistance
(mK/W)
external surface - - 0.040
1 roof space beneath tiled roof with felt or
boards
i)
- - 0.200
2 continuous layer of mineral wool 100 0.042 2.381
3(a) mineral wool between 48 100 mm timber
joists with 600 mm between centres
100 0.042 2.381
3(b) 48 100 mm timber joists between insulation (100) 0.13 0.769
4 plasterboard 12.5 0.25 0.050
internal surface - - 0.100
Upper resistance limit:-
A conceptual illustration of how the upper limit of resistance is calculated is shown
immediately below
Figure 7.2 : Conceptual illustration of how to calculate the upper limit of resistance
i)
Using Table 3 of BS EN ISO 6946
insulation joist
U-value 0.20 W/mK
(loft space and pitched roof above)
external
surface
internal
surface
1 4 2
2 1
3(a)
F1
F2
3(b) 4
Resistance through section containing both layers of insulation
External surface resistance = 0.040
Resistance of roof space
i)
= 0.200
Resistance of mineral wool over joists = 2.381
Resistance of mineral wool between joists = 2.381
Resistance of plasterboard = 0.050
Inside surface resistance = 0.100
Total (R
1
) = 5.152 mK/W
Fractional area F
1
= 0.92 (92%)
Resistance through section containing timber joists
External surface resistance = 0.040
Resistance of roof space = 0.200
Resistance of mineral wool over joists = 2.381
Resistance of timber joists = 0.769
Resistance of plasterboard = 0.050
Inside surface resistance = 0.100
Total (R
2
) = 3.540 mK/W
Fractional area F
2
= 0.08 (8%)
The upper resistance limit is given by
971 . 4
540 . 3
08 . 0
152 . 5
92 . 0
1
R
F
R
F
1
R
2
2
1
1
upper
=
+
=
+
= mK/W
Lower resistance limit:-
A conceptual illustration of the method of calculating the lower limit of resistance is
shown below:-
Figure 7.3 : Conceptual illustration of how to calculate the lower limit of resistance
External surface resistance = 0.040
Resistance of roof space = 0.200
Resistance of mineral wool over joists = 2.381
Resistance of bridged layer
769 . 0
08 . 0
381 . 2
92 . 0
1
R
F
R
F
1
timber
timber
insul
insul
+
=
+
= = 2.039
Resistance of plasterboard = 0.050
Inside surface resistance = 0.100
Total (R
lower
) = 4.810 mK/W
Total resistance of roof
=
+
=
+
=
2
810 . 4 971 . 4
2
R R
R
lower upper
T
4.891 mK/W
U-value of the roof
U = 1 / R
T
= 0.20 W/mK
Note
1. Since there are two layers of insulation, one between joists and the other as a
continuous layer covering the first layer, a correction for air gaps need not be
applied.
2. Since the nails or fixings do not penetrate any insulation, a correction for
mechanical fixings need not be applied.
3(a)
2 1 4
F1
F2
internal
surface
3(b)
external
surface
8. Room in roof construction
An existing loft is converted to a habitable space by inserting tightly fitted insulation
between the rafters in the roof. Timber packing pieces of the same width as existing
100 mm deep rafters are attached beneath the rafters in order to provide additional
room for insulation. Plasterboard, laminated to insulation, is then attached below the
rafters. A 50 mm space is reserved for ventilation above the insulation.
The construction consists of roof tiles, felt, a 50 mm air gap between rafters and
100 mm of insulation between rafters and spacers. Beneath the rafters and spacers
there is an insulation laminate consisting of 15.5 mm of insulation bonded to 9.5 mm
of plasterboard. In this example the rafters are 100 mm deep but 50 mm timber
spacers have been attached below the rafters in order to extend the total rafter depth
to effectively 150 mm.
Figure 8.1 : Roof construction shown as two cross-sections (fixing nails not shown)
The construction may be summarised as follows:-
Layer Material Thickness
(mm)
Thermal
conductivity
(W/mK)
Thermal
resistance
(mK/W)
external surface* - - -
1 tiles* 19 - -
2 roofing felt* 1 - -
3 ventilated airspace between rafters
and spacers*
50 - 0.100
4(a) insulation board
j)
occupying 88% of
face area (between rafters and
spacers)
100 0.025 4.000
4(b) rafters (beneath ventilated area)
occupying 12% of face area
(100) 0.13 0.769
5 insulation board
j)
15.5 0.025 0.620
6 plasterboard 9.5 0.25 0.038
internal surface - - 0.100
*All layers to the cold side of the well ventilated airspace are ignored in the U-value
calculation and the surface bounding this airspace is taken to have the same resistance
as an internal surface. The internal surface resistance is taken from Table 1 of this
document.
j)
For example, phenolic foam or polyurethane, where the conductivity has an allowance for
ageing and variation in manufacture
Plan at A-A
U-value 0.27 W/mK
A
A
Since the airspace between the rafters is well ventilated, all layers above the
airspace are ignored in the thermal calculation and the airspace is treated as a
surface resistance of 0.10 mK/W.
Conceptual diagrams of the methods of calculating upper and lower limits of
resistance are shown below:-
Figure 8.2 : Conceptual diagrams of how to calculate the upper and lower limits of
resistance
Upper resistance limit:-
Resistance through the section between the rafters
Effective external surface resistance = 0.100
Resistance of insulation between rafters = 4.000
Resistance of insulation beneath rafters = 0.620
Resistance of plasterboard = 0.038
Internal surface resistance = 0.100
Total thermal resistance (R
1
) = 4.858 mK/W
Fractional area F
1
= 0.88 (88%)
Resistance through the section through the rafters
Effective external surface resistance = 0.100
Resistance of rafters = 0.769
Resistance of insulation beneath rafters = 0.620
Resistance of plasterboard = 0.038
Internal surface resistance = 0.100
Total thermal resistance (R
2
) = 1.627 mK/W
Fractional area F
2
= 0.12 (12%)
The upper limit of resistance is then obtained from:
923 . 3
627 . 1
12 . 0
858 . 4
88 . 0
1
R
F
R
F
1
R
2
2
1
1
upper
=
+
=
+
= mK/W
F
1
F
2
external
surface
insulation
plasterboard
internal
surface
rafters
insulation
external
surface
insulation
plasterboard
internal
surface
rafters
insulation
Lower resistance limit
Effective external surface resistance = 0.100
Resistance of bridged layer
769 . 0
12 . 0
000 . 4
88 . 0
1
+
= = 2.659
Resistance of insulation beneath rafters = 0.620
Resistance of plasterboard = 0.038
Internal surface resistance = 0.100
Total thermal resistance (R
lower
) = 3.517 mK/W
Total resistance of roof
The total resistance is the average of the upper and lower limits
R
T
= 720 . 3
2
517 . 3 923 . 3
2
R R
lower upper
=
+
=
+
mK/W
U-value of the roof
U = 1 / R
T
= 0.27 W/mK
Note
1. This example assumes that the rafter depth is 100 mm and that 50 mm timber
spacers can be attached below the rafters. In instances where the rafters are
insufficiently deep (e.g. only 75 mm) there may be practical problems in achieving
the required U-value due to a lack of space being available for the insulation. In
such cases the insulation beneath the rafters may need to be thicker in order to
compensate for the limited rafter depth.
2. In this example the effects of the fixing nails may be ignored since they do not
penetrate the main insulating layer.
3. Since there are two layers of insulation, one between rafters and the other as a
continuous layer covering the first layer, a correction for air gaps need not be
applied.
9. Room in roof construction with limited rafter depth
This roof is similar to that shown in the previous example except that the existing
rafters, which are only 75 mm deep in this case, are not extended in depth but
instead a thicker plasterboard-insulation laminate is attached below the rafters. The
construction consists of roof tiles, felt, a 50 mm air gap between rafters and 25 mm of
insulation between rafters and spacers. As in the previous example the insulation is
tightly fitted between the rafters. Beneath the rafters and spacers there is an
insulation laminate consisting of 57.5 mm of insulation bonded to 12.5 mm of
plasterboard. The insulation laminate is nailed to the rafters and the nails have a
horizontal spacing of 400 mm and a vertical spacing of 150 mm. The external and
internal surface resistances used are those given in Table 1 of this document. To
calculate the U-value a calculation is first carried out ignoring the nails and then a
correction is applied to account for the nails.
Figure 9.1 : Roof construction
The construction may be summarised as follows:-
Layer Material Thickness
(mm)
Thermal
conductivity
(W/mK)
Thermal
resistance
(mK/W)
external surface* - - -
1 tiles* 19 - -
2 roofing felt* 1 - -
3 ventilated airspace between rafters
and spacers*
50 - 0.100
4(a) insulation board occupying 88% of
face area (between rafters and
spacers)
25 0.025 1.000
4(b) rafters (beneath ventilated area)
occupying 12% of face area
(25) 0.13 0.192
5 insulation board 57.5 0.025 2.300
6 plasterboard 12.5 0.25 0.050
internal surface - - 0.100
*All layers to the cold side of the well ventilated airspace are ignored in the U-value
calculation and the surface bounding this airspace is taken to have the same resistance as
an internal surface. The internal surface resistance is taken from Table 1 of this
document.
Plan at A-A
A
A
U-value 0.33 W/mK
Since the airspace between the rafters is well ventilated, all layers to the cold side of
the airspace are ignored in the thermal calculation and the airspace is treated as a
surface resistance of 0.10 mK/W.
Conceptual diagrams of the methods of calculating upper and lower limits of
resistance are shown below:-
Figure 9.2 : Conceptual diagrams of how to calculate the upper and lower limits of
resistance
Upper resistance limit:-
Resistance through the section between the rafters
Effective external surface resistance = 0.100
Resistance of insulation between rafters = 1.000
Resistance of insulation beneath rafters = 2.300
Resistance of plasterboard = 0.050
Internal surface resistance = 0.100
Total thermal resistance (R
1
) = 3.550 mK/W
Fractional area F
1
= 0.88 (88%)
Resistance through the section through the rafters
Effective external surface resistance = 0.100
Resistance of rafters = 0.192
Resistance of insulation beneath rafters = 2.300
Resistance of plasterboard = 0.050
Internal surface resistance = 0.100
Total thermal resistance (R
2
) = 2.742 mK/W
Fractional area F
2
= 0.12 (12%)
The upper limit of resistance is then obtained from:
429 . 3
742 . 2
12 . 0
550 . 3
88 . 0
1
R
F
R
F
1
R
2
2
1
1
upper
=
+
=
+
=
external
surface
plaster
board
internal
surface
rafters
insulation
insulation
F2 F1
external
surface
insulation
plasterboard
internal
surface
rafters
insulation
Lower resistance limit:-
Effective external surface resistance = 0.100
Resistance of bridged layer
192 . 0
12 . 0
000 . 1
88 . 0
1
+
= = 0.664
Resistance of insulation beneath rafters = 2.300
Resistance of plasterboard = 0.050
Internal surface resistance = 0.100
Total thermal resistance = 3.214 mK/W
Total resistance (without correction for the fixing nails)
The total resistance is the average of the upper and lower limits
R
T
= 322 . 3
2
214 . 3 429 . 3
2
R R
lower upper
=
+
=
+
mK/W
Correction for the presence of fixing nails
The method of calculating U-values as given in BS EN ISO 6946 requires that
mechanical fixings, such as nails or screws for example, be taken into account. The
following describes how the effect of the fixing nails is incorporated into the U-value.
In this example, the plasterboard-insulation laminate is fixed to the rafters using nails.
The nails are arranged at 150 mm vertical centres and since the rafters are 400 mm
apart the number of nails per square metre of sloping ceiling will be n
f
where
7 . 16
150 400
000 000 1
n
f
=
= / m
The nails are made of steel with a their thermal conductivity,
f
, of 50 W/mK. Their
cross-sectional area, A
f
, is 5 mm or 0.000005 m. The adjustment to the U-value is
U
f
, where
U
f
=
f
n
f
A
f
= 5 50 16.7 0.000005 = 0.021 mK/W.
where is 5 for all roof fixings
k)
, R
f
is the thermal resistance of the insulation
penetrated by the nails and R
T
is the total thermal resistance of the roof.
U-value of the roof
The effect of air gaps or mechanical fixings should be included in the U-value unless
they lead to an adjustment in the U-value of less than 3%.
U = 1 / R
T
+ U
f
(if U
f
is not less than 3% of 1 / R
T
)
U = 1 / R
T
(if U
f
is less than 3% of 1 / R
T
)
k)
see Table 3 of this document
In this case U
f
= 0.021 mK/W and 1 / R
T
= 0.301 W/mK. Since U
f
is not less
than 3% of (1 / R
T
),
U = 1 / R
T
+ U
f
= 1 / 3.322 + 0.021 W/mK = 0.32 W/mK.
Note
Since there are two layers of insulation, one between rafters and the other as a
continuous layer covering the first layer, a correction for air gaps need not be applied.
10. Floor of heated room above an unheated space
In this example a floor has insulation between timber joists. The floor is situated
above an unheated space such as a garage or an unheated corridor.
Figure 10.1 : Floor construction over an unheated space
The construction consists of 19 mm of plywood over timber joists with mineral wool
insulation (of conductivity 0.040 W/mK) between the joists and 12.5 mm of
plasterboard over the unheated space. The total area (A
i
) of components between
the internal environment and the unheated space is 35 m and the total area (A
e
) of
components between the unheated space and the external environment is 35 m.
Using the procedure in BS EN ISO 6946 for unheated spaces, an additional thermal
resistance, R
u
, is added as if it were an additional homogenous layer, where
R
u
= 0.09 + 0.4 A
i
/ A
e
giving R
u
= 0.490
The floor consists of 19 mm plywood over 150 mm timber joists with 150 mm glass
mineral wool between the joists. Below the joists is 12.5 mm plasterboard forming
the ceiling of the garage. The external and internal surface resistances used are
those given in Table 1 of this document.
Layer Material Thickness
(mm)
Thermal
conductivity
(W/mK)
Thermal
resistance
(mK/W)
internal surface - - 0.170
1 plywood 19 0.13 0.146
2(a) glass mineral wool 150 0.040 3.750
2(b) timber joists (occupying 12%) (150) 0.13 1.154
3 plasterboard 12.5 0.25 0.050
4 external - - 0.040
A conceptual illustration of the calculation of the limits of resistance is shown below:
12.5 mm plasterboard above unheated area
19 mm plywood next to heated area
150 mm timber joists with
mineral wool between the
joists. Timber fraction is
0.12 (i.e. 12%)
Total thickness 182 mm
U-value 0.25 W/mK
Figure 10.2 : Conceptual illustration of how to calculate the upper and lower limits of
resistance
Upper resistance limit:-
Resistance through the section containing the insulation:
Internal surface resistance = 0.170
Resistance of plywood = 0.146
Resistance of mineral wool insulation = 3.750
Resistance of plasterboard = 0.050
R
u
= 0.490
External surface resistance = 0.040
Total thermal resistance (R
1
) = 4.646 mK/W
Resistance through the section containing joists:
Internal surface resistance = 0.170
Resistance of plywood = 0.146
Resistance of timber joists = 1.154
Resistance of plasterboard = 0.050
R
u
= 0.490
External surface resistance = 0.040
Total thermal resistance (R
2
) = 2.050 mK/W
The upper limit of resistance is then obtained from:
033 . 4
050 . 2
12 . 0
646 . 4
88 . 0
1
R
F
R
F
1
R
2
2
2
1
upper
=
+
=
+
= mK/W
Ru
internal
surface
plywood
2(a)
plaster-
board
external
surface
2(b)
F1
Ru
internal
surface
plywood
2(a)
plaster-
board
external
surface
2(b)
Lower resistance limit:-
Internal surface resistance = 0.170
Resistance of plywood = 0.146
Resistance of bridged layer
154 . 1
12 . 0
750 . 3
88 . 0
1
+
= = 2.953
Resistance of plasterboard = 0.050
R
u
= 0.490
External surface resistance = 0.040
Total (R
lower
) = 3.849 mK/W
Total resistance of floor
The total resistance of the wall is the average of the upper and lower resistance limits
=
+
=
+
=
2
849 . 3 033 . 4
2
R R
R
lower upper
T
3.941 mK/W
Correction for air gaps
Since the insulation is entirely between the joists a correction should be applied to
the U-value in order to account for air gaps. The overall U-value of the floor should
include a term U
g
, where
U
g
= U (R
I
/ R
T
)
and where U = 0.01 (referred to in BS EN ISO 6946 as correction level 1), R
I
is the
thermal resistance of the layer containing the gaps and R
T
is the total resistance of
the element. U
g
is therefore
U
g
= 0.01 (2.953 / 3.941) = 0.005 W/mK
U-value of the floor
The effect of air gaps or mechanical fixings should be included in the U-value unless
they lead to an adjustment in the U-value of less than 3%.
U = 1 / R
T
+ U
g
(if U
g
is not less than 3% of 1 / R
T
)
U = 1 / R
T
(if U
g
is less than 3% of 1 / R
T
)
In this case U
g
= 0.005 W/mK and 1 / R
T
= 0.254 W/mK. Since U
g
is less than
3% of (1 / R
T
),
U = 1 / R
T
= 1 / 3.941 = 0.25 W/mK.
11. Suspended beam and block floor
A beam and block floor consists of blocks of lightweight concrete which are 100 mm
thick and 440 mm wide suspended on T-beams which are 70 mm wide. Above the
beams and blocks is 65 mm of flooring screed and 100 mm of polystyrene insulation.
Beneath the beams and blocks there is an underfloor space over sandy soil. The
beams protrude below the blocks by 75 mm. The perimeter of the ground floor is
35.6 metres and its area is 79.1 m giving a perimeter to area ratio of 0.45.
In order to calculate the U-value, BS EN ISO 6946 is applied to determine the
thermal resistance between the dwelling and the underfloor space.
The construction of the floor deck can be summarised as follows:
Layer Material Thickness
(mm)
Thermal
conductivity
(W/mK)
Thermal
resistance
(mK/W)
internal surface - - 0.170
1 screed 65 0.41 0.159
2 polystyrene 100 0.040 2.500
3(a) light concrete blocks, 440
mm wide
100 0.18 0.556
3(b) concrete beams,
70 mm wide
(100) 1.13 0.088
4 lower surface - - 0.170*
* The internal surface resistance is taken from Table 1 of this document. The surface
resistance for the lower side of the floor deck is taken to be 0.17 mK/W, as this is the
value that applies for downwards heat flow in a non-external environment.
Figure 11.1 : Beam and block suspended floor
U-value 0.24 W/mK
440
100
70
Figure 11.2 : Conceptual diagram of how to calculate the upper and lower limits of
resistance
Since the conductivity of the beams is less than 2.0 W/mK the part of the beam
which protrudes below the blocks is ignored, as indicated in BS EN ISO 6946.
The U-value between the dwelling and the underfloor space is calculated using
BS EN ISO 6946, as follows:
Upper resistance limit (of floor deck)
Resistance through section containing lightweight blocks
Internal surface resistance = 0.170
Resistance of screed = 0.159
Resistance of polystyrene = 2.500
Resistance of light concrete blocks = 0.556
Resistance of lower surface of floor deck = 0.170
Total thermal resistance (R
1
) = 3.555 mK/W
Fractional area F
1
= 0.863 (i.e. 86.3%)
Resistance through section containing concrete beams
Internal surface resistance = 0.170
Resistance of screed = 0.159
Resistance of polystyrene = 2.500
Resistance of beams = 0.088
Resistance of lower surface of floor deck = 0.170
Total thermal resistance (R
2
) = 3.087 mK/W
Fractional area F
2
= 0.137 (i.e. 13.7%)
The upper limit of resistance is then obtained from:
483 . 3
087 . 3
137 . 0
555 . 3
863 . 0
1
R
F
R
F
1
R
2
2
1
1
upper
=
+
=
+
=
internal
surface
beams
lower
surface
insulation
screed
blocks
underfloor space & soil
internal
surface
beams
lower
surface
insulation
screed
blocks
underfloorspace & soil
Lower resistance limit (of floor deck):-
Internal surface resistance = 0.170
Resistance of screed = 0.159
Resistance of polystyrene = 2.500
Resistance of bridged layer
088 . 0
137 . 0
556 . 0
863 . 0
1
+
= = 0.322
Resistance of lower surface of deck = 0.170
Total (R
lower
) = 3.321 mK/W
Total resistance of floor deck
The total resistance of the floor deck is the average of the upper and lower resistance
limits
402 . 3
2
321 . 3 483 . 3
2
R R
R
lower upper
=
+
=
+
= mK/W
U
f
= 1 / R = 1 / 3.402 = 0.294 W/mK
This gives a U-value (U
f
) for the floor deck of 0.294 W/mK. It should be borne in
mind that U
f
includes the surface resistances for the upper and lower sides of the
deck.
Resistance of the remainder of the floor
For determining the resistance of the remaining part of the floor, Table 4 of the
Appendix is used. This table gives the U-value of an uninsulated suspended floor,
U
0
, where the U-value of the floor deck has been calculated using standard
assumptions about the thermal resistance of the floor deck and the surface
resistances at the upper and lower sides of the deck. Since U
f
, calculated above,
already includes surface resistances the surface resistances need to be subtracted
from U
0
.
The overall U-value of the suspended floor is then calculated using the following:
+
=
lower , si d uninsulate , deck upper , si
0 f
R R R
U
1
U
1
1
U
where R
si,upper
is the surface resistance of the upper side of the floor deck, equal to
0.17 mK/W (see Table 1 of this document), R
deck,uninsulated
is the thermal resistance of
a notional uninsulated floor deck, equal to 0.20 mK/W (see CIBSE Guide A3, part
3.5.5.2), and R
si,lower
is the surface resistance of the lower side of the floor deck,
equal to 0.17 mK/W (see Table 1 of this document).
The remaining calculation is now carried out below, showing how the resistance of
the remaining part of the floor is combined with the U-value of the floor deck
calculated above.
The U-value of the floor in the absence of floor insulation is
U
0
= 0.76 W/mK (see Table 4 of this document)
U-value of the floor
The U-value of the suspended floor is therefore
( )
( )
K m / W 24 . 0
17 . 0 2 . 0 17 . 0
76 . 0
1
294 . 0
1
1
R R R
U
1
U
1
1
U
lower , si d uninsulate , deck upper , si
0 f
=
+ + +
=
+ + +
=
Explanatory note:
The value of 0.2 used in the above equation is based on the CIBSE Guide A3
(3.5.5.2) and represents the thermal resistance of a notional uninsulated floor deck.
R
si,upper
and R
si,lower
, which represent the surface resistances of the upper and lower
surface resistances of the (notional) floor deck are obtained from Table 1.
Summary of floor details
exposed perimeter (P) 35.6 m
floor area (A) 79.1 m
perimeter to area ratio (P/A) 0.45 m
-1
wall thickness (w) 0.3 m
soil type sandy
ventilation parameter () 0.015 m/m
12. Suspended timber ground floor
Figure 12.1 : Suspended timber floor
A suspended timber ground floor consists of 19 mm of chipboard over timber joists.
The timber joists are 150 mm 48 mm at 400 mm centres giving a 12% timber
fraction. Between the joists there is 150 mm of tightly fitted mineral wool (with a
conductivity of 0.040 W/mK) suspended on netting. Beneath the floor deck there is
an underfloor space over clay soil. The perimeter of the ground floor is 40 metres
and the area is 100 m. BS EN ISO 6946 is applied to obtain the thermal resistance
of the floor deck.
Layer Material Thickness
(mm)
Thermal
conductivity
(W/mK)
Thermal
resistance
(mK/W)
internal surface - - 0.170
1 chipboard 19 0.13 0.146
2(a) glass mineral wool on netting 150 0.040 3.750
2(b) timber joists (occupying 12%) (150) 0.13 1.154
lower surface - - 0.170*
*The internal surface resistance is taken from Table 1 of this document. The surface
resistance for the lower side of the floor deck is taken to be 0.17 mK/W, as this is the
value that applies for downwards heat flow in a non-external environment.
The methods of calculating the upper and lower limits of resistance are illustrated
conceptually below:-
Figure 12.2 : Conceptual illustration of the methods of calculating the upper and
lower limits of thermal resistance
U-value 0.22 W/mK
underfloor
space and soil
lower
surface
mineral
wool
chipboard
joists
upper
surface
underfloor
space and soil
lower
surface
mineral
wool
chipboard
joists
upper
surface
Upper resistance limit (for floor deck):-
Resistance through section containing mineral wool on netting
Internal surface resistance = 0.170
Resistance of chipboard = 0.146
Resistance of mineral wool = 3.750
Resistance of lower surface of floor deck= 0.170
Total thermal resistance (R
1
) = 4.236 mK/W
Fractional area F
1
= 0.88 (i.e. 88%)
Resistance through section containing timber joists
Internal surface resistance = 0.170
Resistance of chipboard = 0.146
Resistance of timber = 1.154
Resistance of lower surface of floor deck= 0.170
Total thermal resistance (R
2
) = 1.640 mK/W
Fractional area F
2
= 0.12 (i.e. 12%)
The upper limit of resistance is:
560 . 3
640 . 1
12 . 0
236 . 4
88 . 0
1
R
F
R
F
1
R
2
2
1
1
upper
=
+
=
+
= mK/W
Lower resistance limit (for floor deck)
Internal surface resistance = 0.170
Resistance of chipboard = 0.146
Resistance of bridged layer
=
154 . 1
12 . 0
750 . 3
88 . 0
1
+
= 2.953
Resistance of lower surface of floor deck= 0.170
Total (R
lower
) = 3.439 mK/W
Overall resistance of floor deck
The resistance of the floor deck is the average of the upper and lower resistance
limits
500 . 3
2
439 . 3 560 . 3
2
R R
R
lower upper
T
=
+
=
+
= mK/W
Correction for air gaps
Since the insulation layer is entirely between joists a correction should be applied to
the floor deck U-value in order to account for air gaps. The overall U-value of the
floor deck should be adjusted by adding a term U
g
, where
U
g
= U (R
I
/R
T
)
and where U = 0.01 (referred to in BS EN ISO 6946 as correction level 1), R
I
is the
thermal resistance of the layer containing the gaps and R
T
is the total resistance of
the element. U
g
is therefore
U
g
= 0.01 (2.953 / 3.500) = 0.007 W/mK
U-value of the floor deck (U
f
)
The effect of air gaps or mechanical fixings should be included in the U-value unless
they lead to an adjustment in the U-value of less than 3%.
U
f
= 1 / R
T
+ U
g
(if U
g
is not less than 3% of 1 / R
T
)
U
f
= 1 / R
T
(if U
g
is less than 3% of 1 / R
T
)
In this case U
g
= 0.007 W/mK and 1 / R
T
= 0.286 W/mK. Since U
g
is less
than 1 / R
T
the U-value of the floor deck is
U
f
= 1 / 3.500 = 0.286 W/mK
U-value of the floor
Since the floor perimeter is 40 m, the area 100 m, and the ground of clay soil, the
U-value of the floor ignoring insulation is
U
0
= 0.65 W/mK (using Table 4)
( ) ( ) 17 . 0 2 . 0 17 . 0
65 . 0
1
286 . 0
1
1
17 . 0 2 . 0 17 . 0
U
1
U
1
1
U
0 f
+ + +
=
+ + +
=
= 0.22 W/mK
Note
The value of 0.2 used in the above equation is based on the CIBSE Guide A3
(part 3.5.5.2 of the 1999 edition) and represents the thermal resistance of a notional
uninsulated floor deck. The figures 0.17 and 0.17 represent the surface resistances
of the upper and lower surface resistances for the same notional floor deck (taken
from Table 1 of this document).
Appendix : Data tables
Table 1 Surface resistances for roofs, walls and exposed floors (mK/W)
from BS EN ISO 6946
Direction of heat flow
Upwards Horizontal Downwards
inside resistance 0.10 0.13 0.17
outside resistance 0.04 0.04 0.04
underfloor space* - 0.13 0.17
*These values should be used for the upper and lower surfaces of the underfloor
space according to BS EN ISO 13370:1998
Table 2 Air space resistances for roofs, walls and exposed floors (mK/W)
from BS EN ISO 6946
Direction of heat flow Thickness of air
layer (mm) Upwards Horizontal Downwards
0 0.00 0.00 0.00
5 0.11 0.11 0.11
7 0.13 0.13 0.13
10 0.15 0.15 0.15
15 0.16 0.17 0.17
25 0.16 0.18 0.19
50 0.16 0.18 0.21
100 0.16 0.18 0.22
300 0.16 0.18 0.23
Table 3 Scaling factors for ceiling fixings and wall ties
from BS EN ISO 6946
scaling factor () type of mechanical fastenings
5 roof fixings
6 wall ties between masonry leaves
The following table provides U-values for suspended floors without insulation. For a
detailed calculation of the thermal resistance below the deck of a ground floor the
reader is referred to the procedure in BS EN ISO 13370.
Table 4 U-values of uninsulated suspended floors
(from CIBSE Guide A3)
Soil type and ventilation opening area per unit perimeter of
underfloor space (in m/m)
clay/silt sand/gravel homogeneous
rock
perimeter/area 0.0015 0.003 0.0015 0.003 0.0015 0.003
0.05 0.16 0.17 0.19 0.20 0.27 0.28
0.10 0.27 0.29 0.32 0.33 0.43 0.44
0.15 0.36 0.38 0.42 0.43 0.54 0.55
0.20 0.44 0.46 0.49 0.51 0.63 0.64
0.25 0.50 0.52 0.56 0.58 0.70 0.71
0.30 0.56 0.58 0.62 0.64 0.76 0.77
0.35 0.61 0.63 0.67 0.69 0.81 0.82
0.40 0.65 0.68 0.72 0.74 0.85 0.87
0.45 0.69 0.72 0.76 0.78 0.89 0.91
0.50 0.73 0.76 0.79 0.82 0.92 0.94
0.55 0.76 0.79 0.83 0.85 0.95 0.97
0.60 0.79 0.83 0.86 0.88 0.98 1.00
0.65 0.82 0.85 0.88 0.91 1.00 1.02
0.70 0.85 0.88 0.91 0.94 1.03 1.05
0.75 0.87 0.91 0.93 0.96 1.05 1.07
0.80 0.90 0.93 0.95 0.98 1.06 1.09
0.85 0.92 0.95 0.97 1.00 1.08 1.11
0.90 0.94 0.97 0.99 1.02 1.10 1.12
0.95 0.96 0.99 1.01 1.04 1.11 1.14
1.00 0.98 1.01 1.03 1.06 1.13 1.15
Table 5 Thermal conductivity of some common building materials
Density Conductivity
(kg/m) (W/mK)
Walls
Brickwork (outer leaf) 1700 0.77
Brickwork (inner leaf) 1700 0.56
Concrete block (medium density) 1400 0.57
Concrete block (low density) 600 0.18
Concrete (medium density) (inner leaf) 1800 1.13
2000 1.33
2200 1.59
Concrete (high density) : 2400 1.93
Reinforced concrete (1% steel) 2300 2.3
Reinforced concrete (2% steel) 2400 2.5
Mortar (protected) 1750 0.88
Mortar (exposed) 1750 0.94
Gypsum 600 0.18
900 0.30
1200 0.43
Gypsum plasterboard 900 0.25
Sandstone 2600 2.3
Limestone, soft 1800 1.1
Limestone, hard 2200 1.7
Fibreboard 400 0.1
Plasterboard 900 0.25
Tiles ceramic 2300 1.3
Timber (softwood) 500 0.13
700 0.18
Steel 7800 50.0
Stainless steel 7900 17.0
Surface finishes
External rendering 1300 0.57
Plaster (dense) 1300 0.57
Plaster (lightweight) 600 0.18
Roofs
Aerated concrete slab 500 0.16
Asphalt 2100 0.70
Felt/bitumen layers 1100 0.23
Screed 1200 0.41
Stone chippings 2000 2.0
Tiles (clay) 2000 1.0
Tiles (concrete) 2100 1.5
Wood wool slab 500 0.10
Floors
Cast concrete 2000 1.35
Metal tray (steel) 7800 50.0
Screed 1200 0.41
Hardwood timber 700 0.18
Softwod timber, plywood, chipboard 500 0.13
1000 0.24
Insulation
Expanded polystyrene (EPS) board 15 0.040
Mineral wool quilt 12 0.042
Mineral wool batt 25 0.038
Phenolic foam board 30 0.025
Polyurethane board 30 0.025
Note: If available, certified test values should be used in preference to those in the
table.
References
1. BS EN ISO 6946:1997; Building components and building elements Thermal
resistance and thermal transmittance Calculation method. British Standards
Institution, London, 1997
2. CIBSE Guide A3, Environmental design : Thermal properties of building
structures; Chartered Institution of Building Services Engineers, London, 1999
3. prEN 12524 Building materials and products Hygrothermal properties
Tabulated design values