1

Practical Design to Eurocode 2

Slabs
Outline Week 4
We will look at the following topics:
Designing for shear including punching shear
Serviceability cracking and deflection
Detailing Solid slabs
Workshop serviceability cracking & deflection
Flat Slab Design includes flexure workshop
Tying systems
2
Shear
Shear
There are three approaches to designing for shear:
When shear reinforcement is not required e.g. slabs
When shear reinforcement is required e.g. Beams
Punching shear requirements e.g. flat slabs
The maximum shear strength in the UK should not exceed that
of class C50/60 concrete
3
Shear resistance without
shear reinforcement
where:
k = 1 + (200/d) 2.0

l
= A
sl
/b
w
d
A
sl
= area of the tensile reinforcement,
b
w
= smallest width of the cross-section in the tensile area [mm]

cp
= N
Ed
/A
c
< 0.2 f
cd
[MPa]
N
Ed
= axial force in the cross-section due to loading or pre-stressing [in N]
A
c
= area of concrete cross section [mm
2
]
V
Rd,c
= [0.12k(100
l
f
ck
)
1/3
+ 0.15
cp
] b
w
d (6.2.a)
with a minimum of
V
Rd,c
= (0.035k
1.5
f
ck
0.5
+ 0.15
cp
) b
w
d (6.2.b)
Without Shear Reinforcement
Cl. 6.2.2 7.2
4
Shear
Table 7.1
v
Rd,c
resistance of members without shear reinforcement, MPa

%
Effective depth, d (mm)
200 225 250 275 300 350 400 450 500 600 750
0.25 0.54 0.52 0.50 0.48 0.47 0.45 0.43 0.41 0.40 0.38 0.36
0.50 0.59 0.57 0.56 0.55 0.54 0.52 0.51 0.49 0.48 0.47 0.45
0.75 0.68 0.66 0.64 0.63 0.62 0.59 0.58 0.56 0.55 0.53 0.51
1.00 0.75 0.72 0.71 0.69 0.68 0.65 0.64 0.62 0.61 0.59 0.57
1.25 0.80 0.78 0.76 0.74 0.73 0.71 0.69 0.67 0.66 0.63 0.61
1.50 0.85 0.83 0.81 0.79 0.78 0.75 0.73 0.71 0.70 0.67 0.65
1.75 0.90 0.87 0.85 0.83 0.82 0.79 0.77 0.75 0.73 0.71 0.68
2.00 0.94 0.91 0.89 0.87 0.85 0.82 0.80 0.78 0.77 0.74 0.71
k 2.00 1.94 1.89 1.85 1.82 1.76 1.71 1.67 1.63 1.58 1.52
Table derived from: v
Rd,c
= 0.12 k (100
I
f
ck
)
(1/3)
0.035 k
1.5
f
ck
0.5
where k = 1 + (200/d) 2 and
I
= A
s
/(bd) 0.02
Note: This table has been prepared for f
ck
= 30. Where
I
exceeds 0.4% the following factors may be used:
f
ck
25 28 32 35 40 45 50
factor 0.94 0.98 1.02 1.05 1.10 1.14 1.19
Shear in Slabs
Most slabs do not require shear
reinforcement
Check V
Ed
< V
Rd,c
Where V
Rd,c
is shear resistance of
members without reinforcement
v
Rd,c
= 0.12 k (100
I
f
ck
)
1/3
0.035 k
1.5
f
ck
0.5
Where V
Ed
> V
Rd,c,
shear reinforcement is required
and the strut inclination method
should be used
(How-to Compendium p21)
5
Punching shear
Punching shear does not use the Variable Strut inclination method
and is similar to BS 8110 methods
The basic control perimeter is set at 2d from the loaded area
The shape of control perimeters have rounded corners
bz
by
2d
2d
2d
2d
u1
u1
u1
Punching Shear
Cl. 6.4 Figure 8.3
Where shear reinforcement is required the shear resistance is the
sum of the concrete and shear reinforcement resistances.
6
For structures where:
lateral stability does not
depend on frame action
adjacent spans do not differ
by more than 25%
the approximate values for
shown may be used:
The applied shear stress should be taken as:
v
Ed
= V
Ed
/u
i
d where =1 + k(M
Ed
/V
Ed
)u
1
/W
1
Punching Shear (2)
For a rectangular internal column
with biaxial bending the following
simplification may be used:
= 1 + 1.8{(e
y
/b
z
)
2
+ (e
z
/b
y
)
2
}
0.5
where b
y
and b
z
are the dimensions
of the control perimeter
For other situations there is plenty of guidance on determining
given in Cl 6.4.3 of the Code.
Where the simplified arrangement is not applicable then can be
calculated:
c1
c2
2d
2d
y
z
Punching Shear (3)
7
kd
Outer control
perimeter
Outer perimeter of shear
reinforcement
1.5d (2d if > 2d from
column)
0.75d
0.5d
A A
Section A - A
0.75d
0.5d
Outer control
perimeter
kd
The outer control perimeter at
which shear reinforcement is not
required, should be calculated
from:
u
out,ef
= V
Ed
/ (v
Rd,c
d)
The outermost perimeter of
shear reinforcement should be
placed at a distance not
greater than kd ( k = 1.5)
within the outer control
perimeter.
Punching Shear Reinforcement (1)
Cl. 6.4.5
Figures 12.5 & 12.6
1,5d
2d
d
d
> 2d
1,5d
uout
uout,ef
Where proprietary systems are used the control perimeter at which
shear reinforcement is not required, u
out
or u
out,ef
(see Figure) should be
calculated from the following expression:
u
out,ef
= V
Ed
/ (v
Rd,c
d)
Punching Shear Reinforcement (2)
Cl. 6.4.5 Figure 8.10
8
Where shear reinforcement is required it should be calculated in
accordance with the following expression:
v
Rd,cs
= 0.75 v
Rd,c
+ 1.5 (d/s
r
) A
sw
f
ywd,ef
(1/(u
1
d)) sin
A
sw
= area of shear reinforcement in each perimeter around the col.
s
r
= radial spacing of shear reinforcement
= angle between the shear reinforcement and the plane of slab
f
ywd,ef
= effective design strength of the punching shear reinforcement,
= 250 + 0.25 d f
ywd
(MPa.)
d = mean effective depth of the slabs (mm)
V
v v
u d
Ed
Ed Rd,max
0

= = 0.5 f
cd Max. shear stress at column face,
Punching Shear Reinforcement (3)
Cl. 6.4.5 8.5
Check v
Ed
2 v
Rdc
at basic control perimeter
Note: UK NA says first control perimeter, but the paper* on which
this guidance is based says basic control perimeter
The minimum area of a link leg (or equivalent), A
sw,min
, is given by the
following expression:
A
sw,min
(1.5 sin + cos)/(s
r
s
t
) (0,08 (f
ck
))/f
yk
equ 9.11
*FRASER, AS & JONES, AEK. Effectiveness of punching shear reinforcement to EN
1992-1-1:2004. The Structural Engineer ,19 May 2009.
Punching Shear Reinforcement (4)
9
Punching shear
Worked example
Punching shear
At C2 the ultimate column
reaction is 1204.8 kN
10
Punching shear
u
out
u
1
u
0
2d
Solution
1. Check shear at the perimeter of the column
v
Ed
= V
Ed
/(u
0
d) < v
Rd,max
= 1.15
u
0
= 4 x 400 = 1600 mm
d = (260 + 240)/2 = 250 mm
v
Ed
= 1.15 x 1204.8 x 1000/(1600 x 250)
= 3.46 MPa
v
Rd,max
= 0.5 f
cd
= 0.5 x 0.6(1-f
ck
/250) x
cc
f
ck
/
m
= 0.5 x 0.6(1-30/250) x 1.0 x 30 /1.5 = 5.28 MPa
v
Ed
< v
Rd,max
...OK
= 1,4
= 1,5
= 1,15
C
B A
11
Solution
2. Check shear at the basic control perimeter
v
Ed
= V
Ed
/(u
1
d) < v
Rd,c
u
1
= 2(c
x
+ c
y
) + 2 x 2d
= 2(400 + 400) + 2 x 2 x 250 = 4742 mm
v
Ed
= 1.15 x 1204.8 x 1000/(4742 x 250) =
= 1.17 MPa
v
Rd,c
= 0.12 k(100
l
f
ck
)
1/3
k = 1 + (200/d)
1/2
= 1 + (200/250)
1/2
= 1.89

l
= (
ly

lx
)
1/2
= (0.0085 x 0.0048)
1/2
= 0.0064
v
Rd,c
= 0.12 x 1.89(100 x 0.0064 x 30)
1/3
= 0.61 MPa
v
Ed
> v
Rd,c
...Punching shear reinforcement required
Solution
3. Perimeter at which punching shear no longer required
u
out
= V
Ed
/(dv
Rd,c
)
= 1.15 x 1204.8 x 1000/(250 x 0.61)
= 9085 mm
Rearrange: u
out
= 2(c
x
+ c
y
) + 2 r
out
r
out
= (u
out
- 2(c
x
+ c
y
))/(2)
= (9085 1600)/(2) = 1191 mm
Position of outer perimeter of reinforcement from column face:
r = 1191 1.5 x 250 = 816 mm
Maximum radial spacing of reinforcement:
s
r,max
= 0.75 x 250 = 187 mm, say 175 mm
12
Solution
4. Area of reinforcement
A
sw
(v
Ed
0.75v
Rd,c
)s
r
u
1
/(1.5f
ywd,ef
)
f
ywd,ef
= (250 + 0.25d) = 312 MPa
A
sw
(1.17 0.75 x 0.61) x 175 x 4741/(1.5 x 312)
1263 mm
2
/perim.
Solution
13
Serviceability
What does Eurocode 2 Cover?
Cl. 7.2 10.1
Stress limitation (7.2)
Stress checks in reinforced concrete members have not been
required in the UK for the past 50 years or so and there has been
no known adverse effect. Provided that the design has been carried
out properly for ultimate limit state there will be no significant
effect at serviceability in respect of longitudinal cracking PD
6687 Cl. 2.20
Control of cracking (7.3)
Control of deflections (7.4)
14
Crack control
Control of Cracking
In Eurocode 2 cracking is controlled in the following ways:
Minimum areas of reinforcement cl 7.3.2 & Equ 7.1
A
s,min

s
= k
c
kf
ct,eff
A
ct
this is the same as
Crack width limits (Cl. 7.3.1 and National Annex). These
limits can be met by either:
direct calculation (Cl. 7.3.4) crack width is w
k
deemed to satisfy rules (Cl. 7.3.3)
Note: slabs 200mm depth are OK if A
s,min
is provided.
15
Minimum Reinforcement Area
The minimum area of reinforcement for slabs (and beams) is given by:
d b
f
d b f
A
t
yk
t ctm
min , s
013 . 0
26 . 0

Crack Width Limits - use Table NA.4
Recommended values of w
max
Exposure class RC or unbonded PSC
members
Prestressed members
with bonded tendons
Quasi-permanent load Frequent load
X0,XC1 0.3* 0.2
XC2,XC3,XC4 0.3
XD1,XD2,XS1,
XS2,XS3
Decompression
* Does not affect durability, may be relaxed where appearance
is not critical (eg use 0.4 mm)
16
Crack Control Without Direct
Calculation
Crack control may be achieved in two ways:
limiting the maximum bar diameter using Table 7.2
limiting the maximum bar spacing using Table 7.3
Maximum Bar Diameters
Cl. 7.3.3 Table 10.1
0
10
20
30
40
50
100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450 500
Reinforcement stress,
s
(N/mm
2
)
m
a
x
i
m
u
m

b
a
r

d
i
a
m
e
t
e
r

(
m
m
)
w
k
=0.3 mm
w
k
=0.2 mm
w
k
= 0.4
(Stress due to quasi-permanent actions)
Crack Control
17
Maximum Bar Spacings
Cl. 7.3.3 Table 10.2
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
150 200 250 300 350 400
stress in reinforcement (MPa)
M
a
x
i
m
u
m

b
a
r

s
p
a
c
i
n
g

(
m
m
)
w
k
= 0.4
w
k
= 0.3
w
k
= 0.2
(Stress due to quasi-permanent actions)
Crack Control
Deflection control
18
Deflection Limits
The deflection limits are:
Span/250 under quasi-permanent loads to avoid impairment of
appearance and general utility
Span/500 after construction under the quasi-permanent loads to
avoid damage to adjacent parts of the structure.
Deflection requirements can be satisfied by the following methods:
Direct calculation (Eurocode 2 methods considered to be an
improvement on BS 8110) See How toDeflection calculations
Limiting span-to-effective-depth ratios
Deflection calculations
19
Basic span/effective Depth Ratios
Table 7.4(N) use Table NA.5 Table 10.3
Structural system
K

=
1.5%

=
0.5%
S.S. beam or slab 1.0 14 20
End span 1.3 18 26
Interior span 1.5 20 30
Flat slab 1.2 17 24
Cantilever 0.4 6 8
Limiting Span-effective-depth ratios
Cl 7.4.2 & Exp (7.16a & b) 10.5.2
K factor taking account of the different structural systems

0
reference reinforcement ratio = f
ck
10
-3
required tension reinforcement ratio at mid-span to resist the moment
due to the design loads (at support for cantilevers)
required compression reinforcement ratio at mid-span to resist the
moment due to design loads (at support for cantilevers)
(
(

|
|

\
|
+ + =
2
3
0
ck
0
ck
1 2 , 3 5 , 1 11

f f K
d
l
if
0
(

+ =
0
ck
0
ck
'
12
1
'
5 , 1 11

f f K
d
l
if >
0
There are adjustments to these expressions in cl 7.4.2 (2) for the
steel stress, flanged sections and long spans with brittle finishes.
20
Graph of Exp. (7.16)
- Figure 15.2
EC2 Span/Effective Depth Ratios
18.5
Percentage of tension reinforcement (A
s,reqd
/bd)
S
p
a
n

t
o

d
e
p
t
h

r
a
t
i
o

(
l
/
d
)
This graph has been
produced for K = 1.0
Structural
System
K
Simply
supported
1.0
End span 1.3
Interior Span 1.5
Flat Slab 1.2
How to guide Figure
21
Factors to be applied
EC2: cl 7.4.2 & NA Concise 10.5.2
F1 - Flanged sections
where the ratio of the flange breadth to the rib breadth exceeds
3, the values of l/d given by Expression (7.16) should be
multiplied by 0.8.
F2 Brittle partitions
For slabs (other than flat slabs), with spans exceeding 7.0 m,
which support partitions liable to be damaged by excessive
deflections, the values of l/d given by Expression (7.16) should be
multiplied by 7.0/ l
eff
(l
eff
in metres, see 5.3.2.2 (1)).
For flat slabs, with spans exceeding 8.5 m, which support
partitions liable to be damaged by excessive deflections, the
values of l/d given by Expression (7.16) should be multiplied by
8.5 / l
eff
(l
eff
in metres, see 5.3.2.2 (1)).
F3
s
Steel stress under service load
May be adjusted by 310/
s
1.5 or A
s,prov
/As,req 1.5
where
s
calculated using characteristic loads.
Flow Chart
Is basic l/d x F1 x F2 x F3 >Actual l/d?
Yes
No
Factor F3 accounts for stress in the reinforcement
F3 = A
s,prov
/ A
s,reqd
1.5 or 310/
s
1.5 (UK NA)
Check complete
Determine basic l/d
Factor F2 for spans supporting brittle partitions > 7m
F
2
= 7/l
eff
Factor F1 for ribbed and waffle slabs only
F
1
= 1 0.1 ((b
f
/b
w
) 1) 0.8
Increase
A
s,prov
or f
ck
No
22
Detailing - Solid slabs
Where partial fixity exists, not taken into account in design:
Internal supports: A
s,top
0,25A
s
for M
max
in adjacent span
End supports: A
s,top
0,15A
s
for M
max
in adjacent span
This top reinforcement should extend 0,2 adjacent span
2h
h
Reinforcement at free edges should include u bars and longitudinal
bars
Detailing Solid slabs
Rules for one-way and two-way solid slabs
23
Workshop - serviceability
Introduction to workshop
problem
This is example 3.4
of Worked examples
to Eurocode 2:
Volume 1.
24
Week 4 - Workshop problems
Design information
Design strip along grid line C
Assume strip is 6 m wide
A
s,req
= 1324 mm
2
Check deflection and
cracking slab along
grid line C.
25
Deflection
Check: basic l/d x F1 x F2 x F3 actual l/d
1. Determine basic l/d
The reinforcement ratio, = A
s,req
/bd = 1324 x 100/(1000 x 260)
= 0.51%
Basic Span-to-Depth Ratios
(for simply supported condition)
20.5
Percentage of tension reinforcement (A
s,reqd
/bd)
S
p
a
n

t
o

d
e
p
t
h

r
a
t
i
o

(
l
/
d
)
This graph has been
produced for K = 1.0
Structural
System
K
Simply supported 1.0
End span 1.3
Interior Span 1.5
Flat Slab 1.2
26
Deflection
Check: basic l/d x F1 x F2 x F3 actual l/d
1. Determine basic l/d
The reinforcement ratio, = A
s,req
/bd = 1324 x 100/(1000 x 260)
= 0.51%
From graph basic l/d = 20.5 x 1.2 = 24.6 (K = 1.2 for flat slab)
2. Determine Factor F1
F1 = 1.0
3. Determine Factor F2
(Assume no brittle
partitions)
F2 = 1.0
For flanged sections where the ratio of the flange
breadth to the rib breadth exceeds 3, the values of l/d
given by Expression (7.16) should be multiplied by 0.8.
For flat slabs, with spans exceeding 8.5 m, which
support partitions liable to be damaged by excessive
deflections, the values of l/d given by Expression (7.16)
should be multiplied by 8.5 / l
eff
(l
eff
in metres, see
5.3.2.2 (1)).
Deflection
4. Determine Factor F3
A
s,req
= 1324 mm
2
(ULS)
Assume we require H16 @ 100 c/c (2010 mm
2
) to control deflection
F3 = A
s,prov
/ A
s,req
= 2010 / 1324 = 1.52 1.5
24.6 x 1.0 x 1.0 x 1.5 9500 / 260
36.9 36.5
27
Cracking
Action
0

1

2
Imposed loads in buildings,
Category A : domestic, residential
Category B : office areas
Category C : congregation areas
Category D : shopping areas
Category E : storage areas
0.7
0.7
0.7
0.7
1.0
0.5
0.5
0.7
0.7
0.9
0.3
0.3
0.6
0.6
0.8
Category F : traffic area,

30 kN
Category G : traffic area, 30160 kN
Category H : roofs
0.7
0.7
0.7
0.5
0
0.6
0.3
0
Snow load: H

1000 m a.s.l. 0.5 0,2 0
Wind loads on buildings 0.5 0,2 0
0.7
Determination of Steel Stress
252
Ratio G
k
/Q
k
U
n
m
o
d
i
f
i
e
d

s
t
e
e
l

s
t
r
e
s
s
,


s
u
Ratio G
k
/Q
k
= 8.5/4.0 = 2.13
28
Crack Widths
From graph
su
= 252 MPa

s
= (
su
A
s,req
) / ( A
s,prov
)

s
= (252 x 1324)/(1.0 x 2010)
= 166 MPa
For H16 @ 100 c/c
Design meets both criteria
Maximum bar size or spacing to limit
crack width
Steel
stress
(
s
) MPa
w
max
= 0.3 mm
Maximum
bar size
(mm)
OR
Maximum
bar spacing
(mm)
160 32 300
200 25 250
240 16 200
280 12 150
320 10 100
360 8 50
For loading
or restraint
For loading
only
Workshop problem
29
Workshop problem
For the edge strip
indicated check
deflection is
within design
limits and ensure
the crack widths
are also limited.
A
s,req
= 959 mm
2
/m
d = 240 mm
Design for this span
Deflection
Check: basic l/d x F1 x F2 x F3 actual l/d
1. Determine basic l/d
The reinforcement ratio, = A
s,req
/bd = 959 x 100/(1000 x 240)
= 0.40%
30
Basic Span-to-Depth Ratios
(for simply supported condition)
26.2
Percentage of tension reinforcement (A
s,reqd
/bd)
S
p
a
n

t
o

d
e
p
t
h

r
a
t
i
o

(
l
/
d
)
This graph has been
produced for K = 1.0
Structural
System
K
Simply supported 1.0
End span 1.3
Interior Span 1.5
Flat Slab 1.2
Deflection
7.4.2 EN 1992-1-1
Check: basic l/d x F1 x F2 x F3 actual l/d
1. Determine basic l/d
The reinforcement ratio, = A
s,req
/bd = 959 x 100/(1000 x 240) =
0.40%
From graph basic l/d = 26.2 x 1.2 = 31.4 (K = 1.2 for flat slab)
2. Determine Factor F1
F1 = 1.0
3. Determine Factor F2
F2 = 1.0
For flanged sections where the ratio of the flange
breadth to the rib breadth exceeds 3, the values of l/d
given by Expression (7.16) should be multiplied by 0.8.
For flat slabs, with spans exceeding 8.5 m, which
support partitions liable to be damaged by excessive
deflections, the values of l/d given by Expression (7.16)
should be multiplied by 8.5 / l
eff
(l
eff
in metres, see
5.3.2.2 (1)).
31
Deflection
4. Determine Factor F3
A
s,req
= 959 mm
2
(ULS)
Assume we require H16 @ 200 c/c (1005 mm
2
) to control deflection
F3 = A
s,prov
/ A
s,req
= 1005 / 959 = 1.05 1.5
31.4 x 1.0 x 1.0 x 1.05 5900 / 240
33.0 24.5
Cracking
Action
0

1

2
Imposed loads in buildings,
Category A : domestic, residential
Category B : office areas
Category C : congregation areas
Category D : shopping areas
Category E : storage areas
0.7
0.7
0.7
0.7
1.0
0.5
0.5
0.7
0.7
0.9
0.3
0.3
0.6
0.6
0.8
Category F : traffic area,

30 kN
Category G : traffic area, 30160 kN
Category H : roofs
0.7
0.7
0.7
0.5
0
0.6
0.3
0
Snow load: H

1000 m a.s.l. 0.5 0,2 0
Wind loads on buildings 0.5 0,2 0
0.7
32
Determination of Steel Stress
252
Ratio G
k
/Q
k
U
n
m
o
d
i
f
i
e
d

s
t
e
e
l

s
t
r
e
s
s
,


s
u
Ratio G
k
/Q
k
= 8.5/4.0 = 2.13
Crack Widths
From graph
su
= 252 MPa

s
= (
su
A
s,req
) / ( A
s,prov
)

s
= (252 x 959) /(1.0 x 1005)
= 240 MPa
For H16 @ 200 c/c
Design meets both criteria
Maximum bar size or spacing to limit
crack width
Steel
stress
(
s
) MPa
w
max
= 0.3 mm
Maximum
bar size
(mm)
OR
Maximum
bar spacing
(mm)
160 32 300
200 25 250
240 16 200
280 12 150
320 10 100
360 8 50
For loading
or restraint
For loading
only
33
Flat Slab Design
Flat Slab Design
EC2 particular rules for flat slabs
Initial sizing
Analysis methods - BMs and Shear Force
Design constraints
Punching shear
Deflection
Moment transfer from slab to column
34
Particular rules for flat slabs
EC2 sections relevant to Flat Slabs:
Section 6 Ultimate Limit States
cl 6.4 Punching (shear) & PD 6687 cl 2.16, 2.17 & 2.1.8
Section 9 Detailing of members and particular rules
Cl 9.4 Flat slabs
9.4.1 Slab at internal columns
9.4.2 Slab at edge and corner columns
9.4.3 Punching shear reinforcement
Annex I (Informative) Analysis of flat slabs and shear walls
I.1 Flat Slabs
I.1.1 General
I.1.2 Equivalent frame analysis
I.1.3 Irregular column layout
The Concrete Society, Technical Report 64 - Guide to the Design and
Construction of Reinforced Concrete Flat Slabs
Distribution of moments
EC2: Figure I.1
Concise Figure 5.11
Particular rules for flat slabs
35
Distribution of moments
EC2: Table I.1
Concise: Table 5.2
Particular rules for flat slabs
Arrangement of reinforcement should reflect behaviour
under working conditions.
At internal columns 0.5A
t
should be placed in a width =
0.25 panel width.
At least two bottom bars should pass through internal
columns in each orthogonal directions.
Particular rules for flat slabs
EC2: Cl. 9.4 Concise: 12.4.1
36
Design reinforcement at edge and corner reinforcement
should be placed within the b
e

cz
cy
y
be = cz + y
A
cz
cy
y
A
be = z + y/2
z
A
Particular rules for flat slabs
EC2: Figure 9.9
Concise Figure 5.12
The maximum moment that can be transferred from the
slab to the column should be limited to 0.17b
e
d
2
f
ck
Elastic Plane Frame Equivalent Frame Method, Annex I
Apply in both directions X and Y
Method of Analysis for Bending Moments & SFs
Equivalent Frame - the Beams are the Slab width
K
slab
= use full panel width for vertical loads.
K
slab
= use 40% panel width for horizontal loads. Annex
I.1.2.(1)
Analysis Methods
37
Analysis Methods
Load cases
NA can use single load case provided:
Variable load 1.25 x Permanent load
Variable load 5.0 kN/m2
Condition of using single load case is that Support BMs should be
reduced by 20% except at cantilever supports
TR 64 Figure 14
Reduction in maximum hogging moment
at columns
Analysis Methods
38
Analysis Methods Equi Frame
Distribution of Design Bending Moments, Annex I
Table I.1 Column Strip Middle Strip
Negative 60 - 80% 40 - 20%
Positive 50 - 70% 50 - 30%
A
t
= Reinforcement area to resist full negative moment. Cl 9.4.1
Analysis Methods Equi Frame
400 mm
2
/m
100 mm
2
/m
100 mm
2
/m
200 mm
2
/m
200 mm
2
/m
Distribution of Design Bending Moments - Example
Table I.1 Column Strip Middle Strip
Negative 75% 25%
A
t
= Reinforcement area to resist full negative moment. Cl 9.4.1
= 1600 mm
2
Column strip = 1200 mm
2
Middle strip = 400 mm
2
39
Tabular Method
Simplest method
Use coefficients from Concise Tables 15.2 and 15.5 to determine
bending moments and shear forces
Design for full load in both directions
Frame lateral stability must not be dependent on slab-col connections
There must be at least three approx equal spans.
Method uses single load case. Note: No column BM given in table.
Analysis Methods
Flat slab Workshop
Cover and Flexure
40
Introduction to workshop
problem
This is example 3.4
of Worked examples
to Eurocode 2:
Volume 1.
Determine Cover
41
Design strip
Assume strip is 6 m wide.
Slab is 300 mm deep
42
From analysis
From analysis
(Using Concise table 15.5)
z = d [ 1 + (1 - 3.529K)
0.5
]/2 = 260[1 + (1 3.529 x 0.069)
0.5
]/2 = 243 mm
43
Workshop problem
Now determine the reinforcement for the hogging
moments
Hint: You will need to work out reinforcement for both
column and middle strips and then work out how it is
distributed.
Solution
(Using Concise table 15.5)
z = d [ 1 + (1 - 3.529K)
0.5
]/2 = 260[1 + (1 3.529 x 0.109)
0.5
]/2 = 232 mm
44
Solution
(Using Concise table 15.5 )
z = d [ 1 + (1 - 3.529K)
0.5
]/2 = 260[1 + (1 3.529 x 0.069)
0.5
]/2
= 243 mm < 0.95d < 247 mm
0.047
Reinforcement distribution
Total area of reinforcement:
A
s,tot
= 2213 x 3 + 887 x 3 = 9300 mm
2
50% A
s,tot
= 9300/2 = 4650 mm
2
This is spread over a width of 1.5m
A
s,req
= 4650/1.5 = 3100 mm
2
/m
Use H20 @ 100 ctrs (3140 mm
2
/m)
Remaining column strip:
A
s,req
= (2213 x 3 4650)/1.5 = 1326 mm
2
/m
Use H16 @ 100 ctrs (1540 mm
2
/m)
Middle strip: A
s,req
= 887 mm
2
/m
Use H12 @ 100 ctrs (1130mm
2
/m)
45
Tying systems
Peripheral ties (9.10.2.2) & NA:
F
tie,per
= (20 + 4n
0
)l
i
60kN
where n
0
is the number of storeys and l
i
is the length of the end span.
Internal ties (including transverse ties) (9.10.2.3) & NA :
F
tie,int
= ((g
k
+ q
k
) / 7.5 )(l
r
/5)F
t
F
t
kN/m
Where (g
k
+ q
k
) is the sum of the average permanent and variable floor loads (kN/m
2
), l
r
is the
greater of the distances (m) between the centres of the columns, frames or walls supporting any two
adjacent floor spans in the direction of the tie under consideration and F
t
= (20 + 4n
0
) 60kN.
Maximum spacing of internal ties = 1.5 l
r
Horizontal ties to columns or walls (9.10.2.4) & NA :
F
tie,fac
= F
tie,col
(2 F
t
(l
s
/2.5)F
t
) and 3% of N
Ed
N
Ed
= the total design ultimate vertical load carried by the column or wall at that level. Tying of external
walls is only required if the peripheral tie is not located within the wall. F
tie,fac
in kN per metre run of wall,
F
tie,col
in kN per column and l
s
is the floor to ceiling height in m.
All Concrete Structures
46
Tying systems (3)
Vertical ties (9.10.2.5):
In panel buildings of 5 storeys or more, ties should be provided in
columns and/or walls to limit damage of collapse of a floor.
Normally continuous vertical ties should be provided from the lowest
to the highest level.
Where a column or wall is supported at the bottom by a beam or slab
accidental loss of this element should be considered.
Continuity and anchorage ties (9.10.3):
Ties in two horizontal directions shall be effectively continuous and
anchored at the perimeter of the structure.
Ties may be provided wholly in the insitu concrete topping or at
connections of precast members.