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363
RU55IA'5 "ORTHODOX" !"#$%&' )"*%+,-
./$ &#"0%'& %'!*1$'+$ "! ./$ #122%3' "#./"4"5
+/1#+/ %' 2/3)%'& #155IA'5 POLICIE5 ABRO34
ROLRT C. LITT*
TALL OI CONTLNTS
1. Inlioduclion ................................................................................364
2. The Russian Oilhodox Chuichs Ioieign IoIicy
Mandale ......................................................................................365
3. Russian Ioieign IoIicy and Disiegaid foi lhe
ConslilulionaI OlIigalions of SecuIaiisn, Sepaialion,
and Nondisciininalion .............................................................367
3.1. Tnc |dcc|cgica| Ccn|ra|i|q cf Or|ncdcxq in Russian
|crcign Pc|icq as |xprcsscd |nrcugn |upncnisn ...................... 368
3.1.1. Tnc Rc|c cf Spiri|ua|i|q' in Russias Na|icna|
Sccuri|q S|ra|cgq .................................................................. 368
3.1.2. A Nc|c cn Cu||urc as a Sqncnqn fcr Or|ncdcxq ......374
3.1.3. Spiri|ua| Sccuri|q c Spiri|ua| Rctita| ..............377
3.2. Pu||ing Rnc|cric in|c Prac|icc. Tnc Asccndancq cf
Spiri|ua|i|q in Russias |crcign Pc|icq ....................................38O
3.2.1. Russian Or|ncdcx Cnurcn-Minis|rq cf |crcign
Affairs lcr|ing Grcup .........................................................38O
3.2.2. Russ|iq Mir |cunda|icn. A Cnincra S|a|c-Cnurcn
|crcign Pc|icq Tcc| ................................................................383
3.2.3. Suppcr| fcr Days of SpiiiluaI CuIluie .....................39O
3.2.4. |aci|i|a|ing an |xc|usitc Pcdiun fcr Or|ncdcxq a|
|nc Uni|cd Na|icns ................................................................394

* Associale Iiofessoi of Lav, Univeisily of Tennessee CoIIege of Lav,
KnoxviIIe, TN. A diafl of lhis papei vas piesenled al lhe CenliaI Luiopean
Univeisily duiing a confeience on ReIigion in lhe IulIic Squaie, heId }une 4-5,
2O1O in udapesl, Hungaiy. I an gialefuI lo Andias Sajo and Renala Uilz foi
exlending an invilalion lo pailicipale in lhis inpoilanl galheiing.
O2 LITT.DOC (DO NOT DLLLTL) 12/14/2O11 3:OO IM
364 U. Pa. ]. |n|| |. |VoI. 33:2
3.2.4.1. Spcnscring |nc Spiri|ua| Rctita| cf Russia
|xnioi| ...........................................................................394
3.2.4.2. Suppcr|ing |nc |s|ao|isnncn| cf a U.N.
Ccnsu||a|itc Ccunci| cn Rc|igicns ................................396
3.2.4.3. Kiri|| a| |nc U.N. ..............................................4O6
3.2.5. 8ui|ding |nc ROCs Rcacn. Unifica|icn c Cnurcn
Ccns|ruc|icn Aorcad .............................................................41O
3.2.5.1. ROC/ROCOR Mcrgcr Otcrsccn oq Pu|in ......41O
3.2.5.2. |aqing Ccrncrs|cncs fcr Ncu Cnurcncs and
Rcc|aining Cnurcn Prcpcr|q Ou|sidc Russia ...............414
3.2.5.3. ROC as Dip|cna|ic |ctcr ................................429
4. The InpIicalions of Oilhodox Russian Ioieign IoIicy
Alioad and al Hone .................................................................44O
4.1. Cna||cnging |s|ao|isncd Hunan Rign|s Ncrns ui|nin
|nc |n|crna|icna| Sqs|cn ..............................................................44O
4.2. Using |n|crna|icna| Dctc|cpncn|s |c Rcinfcrcc Adtcrsc
Hunan Rign|s Si|ua|icn a| Hcnc ...............................................451
5. ConcIusion ..................................................................................456
1. INTRODUCTION
The goveinnenl of Russia and lhe Russian Oilhodox Chuich
(ROC)
1
~lhe counliys piedoninanl ieIigious gioup~iecenlIy
undeivenl lack-lo-lack changes in each inslilulions iespeclive
Ieadeiship. This coincidence of lining has affoided a unique
oppoilunily lo ieexanine lhe slalus of conslilulionaI secuIaiisn
and chuich-slale ieIalions in lhe Russian Iedeialion. In a pievious
ailicIe, I expIoied lhe doneslic inpIicalions of Iiesidenl Dnilii
Medvedev and Ialiiaich KiiiIIs ieIalionship and concIuded lhal in
lhe shoil space of lvo yeais, lheii pailneiship seived lo fuilhei
enliench a disciininaloiy lhiee-lieied slalus syslen foi ieIigious
gioups and~peihaps noie significanlIy~has geneialed nuIlipIe
nev channeIs of infIuence foi lhe ROC in Russian sociaI and
poIilicaI Iife, incIuding handing lhe Chuich ils Iong-coveled piizes
of access lo lhe pulIic educalion syslen and lhe niIilaiy.
2
To le

1
The leins Russian Oilhodox Chuich, ROC, Russian Chuich, lhe Chuich,
and Oilhodox Chuich aie used inleichangealIy heiein lo iefei lo lhe Moscov
Ialiiaichale.
2
Scc, c.g., Roleil C. Iill, Onc Ncu Prcsidcn|, Onc Ncu Pa|riarcn, and a Gcncrcus
Disrcgard fcr |nc Ccns|i|u|icn. A Rccipc fcr |nc Ccn|inuing Dcc|inc cf Sccu|ar Russia, 43

2O11j RUSS|AS ORTHODOX |OR||GN PO||CY 365
ceilain, lhese deveIopnenls iepiesenl a significanl lIov lo
conslilulionaI secuIaiisn in Russia, lul do nol leII lhe enliie sloiy.
As lhis AilicIe viII denonsliale, lhe ROCs infIuence is
incieasingIy evidenl leyond lhe ieaIn of doneslic poIicies. The
Ialiiaich loday enjoys lhe eai of Russias Ioieign Minisliy and
pIays a key ioIe in lolh foinuIaling and advancing Russian
inleiesls alioad. ConsequenlIy, lhe lieakdovn in lhe
conslilulionaI piincipIe of secuIaiisn so evidenl in doneslic affaiis
has spiIIed ovei inlo Russias foieign poIicy, Ieading lo lhe lizaiie
ieaIily vheiely a secuIai slale is advocaling on lehaIf of ieIigious
Oilhodoxy and liadilionaI vaIues alioad. y assessing lhe
vaiious poinls of coopeialive oveiIap and connonaIily shaied ly
lhe ROC and Russian goveinnenl on lhis pIane, lhe foIIoving
AilicIe posils lhal lhe piaclice of nuluaI ieinfoicenenl in foieign
poIicy oljeclives as lelveen lhe ROC and goveinnenl of Russia
nol onIy undeinines iespecl foi lhe Russian conslilulion, lul
acluaIIy iisks exaceilaling aIieady adveise doneslic condilions
ieIaled lo fieedon of expiession and fieedon of ieIigion oi leIief,
as veII as videning lhe iifl lelveen conslilulionaI lexl and acluaI
piaclice.
2. THL RUSSIAN ORTHODOX CHURCHS IORLICN IOLICY MANDATL
The Moscov Ialiiaichale, Iike lhe Russian goveinnenl, is
acliveIy conceined aloul deveIopnenls oulside of Russia and lhe
polenliaI inpIicalions lhese deveIopnenls nay have on lhe hone
fionl. This concein is nol Iiniled lo lhe neai alioad foinei
Soviel lIoc slales oi lhe canonicaI leiiiloiy of lhe Moscov
Ialiiaichale, as defined lo incIude Russia, Ukiaine, yeIoiussia,
MoIdavia, Azeilaijan, Kazakhslan, Kiighizia, Lalvia, Lilhuania,

VAND. }. TRANSNATL L. 1337, 1339 (2O1O) |heieinaflei Iill, Onc Ncu Prcsidcn|j
(aiguing lhal lhe goveinnenl and lhe ROC have conlinued lo viIIfuIIy
undeinine lhe conslilulionaI piincipIes of secuIaiisn, nondisciininalion, and
equaIily lhiough a vaiiely of speciaI piiviIeges, coopeialion agieenenls, and
IegisIalive inilialives), scc a|sc Roleil C. Iill, Hcu |c |n|rcncn a Dc |ac|c S|a|c
Cnurcn in Russia. A Guidc in Prcgrcss, 2OO8 YU L. RLV. 7O7, 7O8-78 (2OO8)
|heieinaflei Iill, Hcu |c |n|rcncn a Dc |ac|c S|a|c Cnurcn in Russiaj (exanining
lhe chain of evenls lhal has Iefl lhe ROC poised lo conlinue lo expand ils
infIuence ovei goveinnenl poIicy undei lhe Iulin-oicheslialed adninislialion of
Iiesidenl Medvedev).
366 U. Pa. ]. |n|| |. |VoI. 33:2
Tajikislan, Tuiknenia, Uzlekislan and Lslonia.
3
Ralhei, il
exlends lo aII olhei slales vheie Russian Oilhodox Chiislians nay
le Iiving, piovided lhey voIunlaiiIy join lhe Ialiiaichales
juiisdiclion.
4
Lven noie lioadIy, lhe Chuichs puiviev is liuIy
gIolaI, coveiing viiluaIIy eveiy counliy as veII as nany najoi
inleigoveinnenlaI inslilulions. In Ialiiaich KiiiIIs nind,
|ljhe univeisaI naluie of lhe Chiislian leaching nakes us
inleiesled in vaiious spheies of lhe Iife of sociely. The
Chuich acls on equaI fooling as a suljecl of ieIalions vilh
diffeienl slales and vilh inleinalionaI pulIic and poIilicaI
oiganizalions. We defend oui vaIues and pionole lhe
iighls and inleiesls of oui congiegalions.
5

Mosl of lhe ROCs effoil alioad is nanaged lhiough ils
depailnenl of exleinaI chuich ieIalions (DLCR), vhich is lasked
vilh lhe sveeping iesponsiliIily of nainlain|ingj lhe Chuichs
ieIalions vilh LocaI Oilhodox Chuiches, non-Oilhodox Chuiches,
Chiislian oiganizalions and non-Chiislian ieIigious connunilies,
as veII as goveinnenlaI, paiIianenlaiy, inlei-goveinnenlaI,
ieIigious and pulIic lodies alioad and pulIic inleinalionaI
oiganizalions.
6
In piaclice, lhe DLCR opeiales as a foieign
ninisliy lhal hosls anlassadois, liaveIs videIy, and inleiacls vilh
lhe Uniled Nalions (U.N.), Luiopean Union (LU), and
Oiganizalion foi Secuiily and Coopeialion in Luiope (OSCL),
anong olhei inleinalionaI oiganizalions.
7

The Chuichs foieign poIicy oljeclives aie nuIli-pionged and
diveise, yel lhey shaie nany siniIaiilies vilh lhe goveinnenl of
Russias foieign poIicy piioiilies. As Ialiiaich KiiiII ienaiked in a

3
Tnc S|a|u|c cf |nc Russian Or|ncdcx Cnurcn, DLIT IOR LXTLRNAL CHURCH RLL.
OI THL MOSCOW IATRIARCHATL, pl. I, 3 hllp://oilhodoxeuiope.oig/page
/3/15.aspx (Iasl visiled Nov. 19, 2O11).
4
|d.
5
Cnurcn Dip|cnacq |s Nc| ]us| a Ma||cr cf |n|cr-Cnurcn Rc|a|icns, DIILOMAT,
Sepl. 2OO8, al 12-13.
6
Dcpar|ncn| fcr |x|crna| Cnurcn Rc|a|icns cf |nc Mcsccu Pa|riarcna|c (D|CR),
DLIT IOR LXTLRNAL CHURCH RLL. OI THL RUSSIAN ORTHODOX CHURCH,
hllp://vvv.nospal.iu/en/depailnenl/loday/ (Iasl visiled Nov. 19, 2O11).
7
Scc, c.g., Tnc D|CR Sccrc|aria| fcr |nc |ar Aorcad, DLIT IOR LXTLRNAL CHURCH
RLL. OI THL RUSSIAN ORTHODOX CHURCH, hllp://vvv.nospal.iu/en/depailnenl
/secielaiy-2/ (Iasl visiled Nov. 19, 2O11) (discussing lhe ioIe and lasks of lhe
DLCR secielaiial foi lhe fai alioad).
Iellei lo Ioieign Minislei Seigei Laviov on lhe occasion of his 6O
lh

liilhday, |djuiing youi seivice as foieign ninislei, lhe
coopeialion lelveen lhe Russian foieign poIicy depailnenl and
lhe Moscov Ialiiaichale has consideialIy lioadened.
8
The
foIIoving seclion viII discuss seveiaI exanpIes iIIuslialing lhis
inlinale coopeialion and denonsliale hov lhe Iockslep effoils ly
lhe Russian goveinnenl and ROC lo advance lhen conpionises
Russias secuIai conslilulion and iespecl foi hunan iighls, lolh
alioad as veII as al hone.
3. RUSSIAN IORLICN IOLICY AND DISRLCARD IOR THL
CONSTITUTIONAL OLICATIONS OI SLCULARISM, SLIARATION, AND
NONDISCRIMINATION
Moscov has Iosl sighl of ils conslilulionaI olIigalions ieIaled lo
secuIaiisn and sepaialion of chuich and slale even in lhe
foinuIalion and execulion of ils foieign poIicy. In lhe fiisl
inslance, a lieak is evidenl in lhe iheloiic disseninaled lhiough
Russias Minisliy of Ioieign Affaiis (MOIA) as veII as in speeches
ly Iiesidenl Medvedev and olheis. The cenliaI concepl leing
espoused heie is nealIy encapsuIaled in lhe conslanl iefiain in
favoi of spiiiluaI vaIues. So peivasive is lhis nolion lhal il has
inpIanled ilseIf al lhe apex of Russias slialegic pIanning, in lolh
lhe Na|icna| Sccuri|q S|ra|cgq, as veII as lhe |crcign Pc|icq Ccnccp|.
On lhe second IeveI, leyond voids and ideoIogicaI posilioning,
nuneious conciele poIicy venluies inpIenenled alioad iIIusliale
a goveinnenlaI viIIingness lo fuilhei luinish lhe aIieady gIossy~
lul neveilheIess conslilulionaIIy veilolen~palina of ieIigious
favoiilisn ioulineIy denonslialed in lhe conlexl of doneslic
affaiis.

8
Pa|riarcn Kiri||s Ccngra|u|a|crq Mcssagc |c Russian |crcign Minis|cr S. |atrct,
DLIT IOR LXTLRNAL CHURCH RLL. OI THL RUSSIAN ORTHODOX CHURCH (Mai. 22,
2O1O), hllp://vvv.nospal.iu/en/2O1O/O3/22/nevs14871/.
368 U. Pa. ]. |n|| |. |VoI. 33:2
3.1. Tnc |dcc|cgica| Ccn|ra|i|q cf Or|ncdcxq in Russian |crcign Pc|icq
as |xprcsscd Tnrcugn |upncnisn
3.1.1. Tnc Rc|c cf Spiri|ua|i|q in Russias Na|icna| Sccuri|q
S|ra|cgq
Russias Na|icna| Sccuri|q Ccnccp| (NSC) fion 2OOO gaineied
allenlion foi ils unusuaI enphasis on lhe need foi spiiiluaI
ienevaI.
9
Accoiding lo lhis docunenl, Russia faced a duaI lhieal:
inleinaIIy ly lhe depiecialion of spiiiluaI vaIues vhich
pionole|sj lension in ieIalions lelveen iegions and lhe cenlei
1O

and exleinaIIy ly cuIluiaI-ieIigious expansion inlo lhe leiiiloiy of
Russia ly olhei slales.
11
To eIininale lhese iisks lo nalionaI
secuiily, lhe NSC caIIed foi in|cr a|ia, pioleclion of lhe cuIluiaI,
spiiiluaI, and noiaI Iegacy . . . lhe foinalion of goveinnenl poIicy
in lhe fieId of lhe spiiiluaI and noiaI educalion of lhe popuIalion,
and . . . counleiaclion againsl lhe negalive infIuence of foieign
ieIigious oiganizalions and nissionaiies.
12

AIlhough lhe NSC invoked lhe geneiic lein spiiiluaIily, in
sulslance lhe poIicy oljeclive inlended lhe iesloialion of
Oilhodoxy specificaIIy, and lo a nuch Iessei degiee Russias olhei
liadilionaI failhs.
13
Indeed, lhe NSC venl on lo liand foieign
ieIigious oiganizalions a negalive infIuence, despile lhe facl lhal
nany of lhese ieIigions had exisled in Russia foi decades. WhiIe
lhe laclics of sone nissionaiy gioups opeialing in Russia
foIIoving lhe coIIapse of lhe Connunisn iighlfuIIy nay le
deseiving of ciilicisn, lhe facl lhal aII foieign ieIigious

9
Na|icna| Sccuri|q Ccnccp| cf |nc Russian |cdcra|icn, MINISTRY OI IORLICN AII.
OI THL RUSSIAN ILDN, pl. II (}an. 1O, 2OOO), hllp://vvv.nid.iu/ldonp/ns-
osndoc.nsf/1e5fOde28fe77fdcc32575d9OO298676/36ala64acO9f737fc32575d9OO2llf
31!OpenDocunenl.
1O
|d. al pl. III.
11
|d. al pl. IV.
12
|d.
13
}uIie LIknei, Consliucling lhe Chekisl: The CuIl of Slale Secuiily in Soviel
and Iosl-Soviel Russia 25O-51 (2OO9) (unpulIished Ih.D. disseilalion, Kings
CoIIege, Univeisily of Canliidge) (on fiIe vilh aulhoi) (foolnole onilled)
(expIaining lhal lhe oiiginaI use of lhe lein spiiiluaI vaIues, daling lack lo
1992, vas neanl lo fIag a shifl avay fion Soviel niIilanl alheisn and fion slale
peiseculion of ieIigious leIieveis. SulsequenlIy, hovevei, lhis Iinkage . . . has
leen laken up and used as a veapon foi ends vhich aie fai ienoved fion lhe
piincipIes guiding lhe IegisIalois vho diafled lhis Iav.).
oiganizalions veie lianded a lhieal slenned fion lhe
indisciininale allacks aiising fion vaiious doneslic souices,
incIuding sone Russian acadenics vho aigued lhal nosl
nissionaiies seived lhe inleiesls of lhe counliies fion vhich lhey
cane.
14
The ROC heailiIy endoised lhis vocifeious ciilicisn,
painling nissionaiy gioups as a lhieal lo lhe inlegiily of
|Russiasj nalionaI consciousness and oui cuIluiaI idenlily, lenl
on deslioying Russias liadilionaI oiganizalion of Iife and lhe
spiiiluaI and noiaI ideaI lhal is connon lo aII of us.
15

Moie iecenlIy, in 2OO8 lhe Medvedev goveinnenl ieIeased a
ievised Na|icna| Sccuri|q S|ra|cgq (NSS) inlended lo iepIace foinei
Iiesidenl VIadinii Iulins NSC fion 2OOO.
16
AIlhough al Ieasl one
olseivei has aigued lhal lhe decision lo expIicilIy nuIIify ceilain
slialegies of lhe pievious iegine signaIed lhe opening of a nev
slage, peihaps in an allenpl lo avoid . . . leing peiceived as neieIy

14
}ohn Andeison, Pu|in and |nc Russian Or|ncdcx Cnurcn. Asqnnc|ric
Sqnpncnia?, 61 }. INTL AII. 185, 194 (2OO7).
15
Maial S. Shleiin & }anes T. Richaidson, |cca| |aus Rcs|ric|ing Rc|igicn in
Russia. Prccurscrs cf Russias Ncu Na|icna| |au, 4O }. Chuich & Sl. 319, 333 n.48
(1998) (quoling AilicIe 9 of lhe CounciI |Soloij of lhe Aichlishops of lhe Russian
Oilhodox Chuich, Decenlei, 1994, unpulIished). As an exanpIe of hov lhis
poIicy has pIayed oul againsl Russias Iioleslanl connunily, see CIiffoid }. Levy,
A| |xpcnsc cf A|| O|ncrs, Pu|in Pic|s a Cnurcn, N.Y. TIMLS, Api. 24, 2OO8,
hllp://vvv.nylines.con/2OO8/O4/24/voiId/euiope/24chuich.hlnI`pagevanl
ed=aII (desciiling hov lhe KienIins suiiogales have nade lhe ROC lhe de faclo
officiaI ieIigion, vhiIe suppiessing ieIigious fieedon anongsl lhe Iioleslanl
connunily) and see ieIaled video, A Crac|dcun cn Russian Prc|cs|an|s, N.Y. TIMLS,
Api. 23, 2OO8
hllp://video.nylines.con/video/2OO8/O4/23/voiId/1194817O98599/a-
ciackdovn-on-iussian-pioleslanls.hlnI (naiialing lhe Russian goveinnenls
suppiession of Iioleslanl chuiches).
16
IiesidenliaI Deciee, Iiesidenl Dniliy Medvedev, Secuiily CounciI of lhe
Russian Iedeialion, Slialegiia nalsionaInoi lezopasnosli Rossiiskoi Iedeialsii do
2O2O goda |NalionaI Secuiily Slialegy of lhe Russian Iedeialion unliI 2O2Oj,
Deciee No. 537 (May 12, 2OO9), atai|ao|c a| hllp://vvv.scif.gov.iu
/docunenls/1/99.hlnI (selling lhe slialegy of lhe Russian Iedeialions nalionaI
secuiily slialegy unliI 2O2O, lhe condilion and liends of deveIopnenl of lhe
nodein voiId and Russias ieIalions, and addiessing Russian nalionaI inleiesls
and piioiilies). The Deciee aIso decIaied nuII and void lhe IiesidenliaI Deciee of
Dec. 17, 1997, Deciee No. 13OO On appiovaI of lhe NalionaI Secuiily Concepl of
lhe Russian Iedeialion (CoIIecled LegisIalion of lhe Russian Iedeialion, 1997,
No. 52, Ail. 59O9) and lhe IiesidenliaI Deciee of }an. 1O, 2OOO, Deciee No. 24 On
lhe Concepl of NalionaI Secuiily of lhe Russian Iedeialion (CoIIecled LegisIalion
of lhe Russian Iedeialion, 2OOO, No. 2, Ail. 17O). |d.
37O U. Pa. ]. |n|| |. |VoI. 33:2
a conlinualion of Iulins poIicies,
17
nany aspecls of Medvedevs
2OO8 NSS in facl enlody a cIeai conlinualion of Iulins slialegic
vision.
18
Ioi exanpIe, inleIIigence and olhei aclivilies of speciaI
seivices and oiganizalions, foieign goveinnenls and
individuaIs
19
aie Iisled as lhe piinaiy lhieal lo Russias nalionaI
secuiily, lealing oul even lhe aclivilies of leiioiisl oiganizalions.
2O

The need lo conlal lhis logeynan~oslensilIy nanifesled undei
lhe guise of foieign ieIigious oiganizalions and nongoveinnenlaI
oiganizalions (NCOs)~lhiough lhe ciealion of vaiious
luieaucialic huidIes and olhei laclics is loin diieclIy fion Iulins
pIaylook and enlhusiaslicaIIy suppoiled ly lhe ROC.
21

To nake noie expIicil lhis conlinualion in poIicy, Medvedev
specificaIIy singIes oul lhe peiceived lhieal posed ly ieIigious and
olhei oiganizalions inlending lo disiupl Russian unily and
leiiiloiiaI inlegiily, and deslaliIize lhe poIilicaI and sociaI slalus
quo.
22
These gioups have al vaiious lines leen IaleIed as

17
}aviei MoiaIes, Russias Ncu Na|icna| Sccuri|q S|ra|cgq. Tcuards a Mcdtcdct
Dcc|rinc?, RLAL INSTITUTO LLCANO (Sep. 25, 2OO9),
hllp://vvv.ieaIinsliluloeIcano.oig/vps/poilaI/iieIcano_eng/Conlenl`WCM_
CLOAL_CONTLXT=/eIcano/eIcano_in/zonas_in/aii135-2OO9.
18
Medvedevs decision lo foigo a ieeIeclion canpaign in 2O12~lhus
cIeaiing lhe vay foi Iulins unconlesled ieluin lo lhe piesidency~undeiscoies
lhe epheneiaI and dependenl naluie of his liief lenuie, and vaIidales lhe
consislency in poIicies as lelveen lhe 2OOO NSC and 2OO8 NSS.
19
NalionaI Secuiily Slialegy of lhe Russian Iedeialion unliI 2O2O, supra nole
16, al pl. IV(2)(37).
2O
|d. (Iisling lhe souice of dangei foi lhe slale and nalionaI secuiily).
21
Scc, c.g., Mallhev SchofieId, Pu|in Crac|s Dcun cn Ncngctcrnncn|a|
Organiza|icns, MCCLATCHY (Iel. 2O, 2OO7), hllp://vvv.nccIalchydc.con
/19O/sloiy/15642.hlnI (quoling Iulin as slaling, I lhink lhal il is cIeai foi aII . . .
vhen lhese nongoveinnenlaI oiganizalions aie financed ly foieign goveinnenls,
ve see lhen as an insliunenl lhal foieign slales use lo caiiy oul lheii Russian
poIicies). The ROC sliongIy leIieves lhal inleinalionaI hunan iighls noins
pionole a veslein anli-ieIigious agenda lhal poses an innediale lhieal lo
Russian liadilionaI (Oilhodox) vaIues. Scc a|sc Roleil C. Iill, 8aousn|a Said Tuc
Tnings|| li|| |i|ncr Rain cr Sncu, || |i|ncr li|| cr li|| Nc|. An Ana|qsis cf |nc
Prctisicns and Hunan Rign|s |np|ica|icns cf Russias Ncu |au cn Ncn-gctcrnncn|a|
Organiza|icns as Tc|d Tnrcugn ||ctcn Russian Prctcros, 4O CLO. WASH. INTL L. RLV.
1, 4 (2OO8) (discussing anendnenls lo lhe Russian NCO Iavs, vhich veie signed
ly Iulin in 2OO6, and inposed lighlei iesliiclions on NCOs, especiaIIy lhose
focusing on hunan iighls).
22
16, al pl. IV(2)(37) (selling lhe nain souices of dangei foi lhe slale and nalionaI
secuiily).
veapons |ofj desliuclion designed lo pionole Aneiican
geopoIilicaI inleiesls,
23
and noie iecenlIy, ly a Russian couil in lhe
case of ScienloIogy, as exlienisl and undeinining lhe liadilionaI
spiiiluaI vaIues of lhe cilizens of lhe Russian Iedeialion.
24
This
Iallei feal is inpiessive pailicuIaiIy in lhe face of lhe Luiopean
Couil of Hunan Righls (LClHR) iuIing iejecling Russias decision
lo deny lhe sane ScienloIogy lianches (in Suigul and
Nizhnekansk) slalus as a ieIigious gioup lecause lhey had nol
exisled foi al Ieasl 15 yeais in Russia.
25
ScienloIogy nov joins lhe
}ehovah Wilnesses and lhe coIIecled voiks of Said Nuisi
26
on
Russias evei-gioving Iisl of lanned exlienisl naleiiaIs.
27

23
Andeison, supra nole 14, al 194.
24
Russia 8ans Scicn|c|cgq |i|cra|urc, UNITLD IRLSS INTLRNATIONAL (Api. 22,
2O1O), hllp://vvv.upi.con/Top_Nevs/US/2O1O/O4/22/Russia-lans-
ScienloIogy-Iileialuie/UII-47381271975222/ (quoling MOSCOW TIMLS).
25
Chuich of ScienloIogy Moscov v. Russia, App. No. 18147/O2, 2O8 Lui. Cl.
H.R. (2OO7), hllp://cniskp.echi.coe.inl/lkp197/viev.aspìlen=1&poilaI=hlkn
&aclion=hlnI&highIighl=18147/O2&sessionid=82O92679&skin=hudoc-en
(hoIding lhal lhe Russian goveinnenl had vioIaled lhe iighls of lhe Chuich of
ScienloIogy in denying ils iegislialion as a ieIigious oiganizalion). The LClHR
addilionaIIy found lhe goveinnenl did nol in good failh and had negIecled lheii
duly lo le neuliaI and inpailiaI vis-a-vis lhe Chuichs ieIigious connunily. |d.
The decision lo Iisl ScienloIogy as an exlienisl gioup viII, lo say lhe Ieasl,
conpIicale lhal oiganizalions effoil lo secuie inpIenenlalion of lhe LClHRs
decision.
26
CeiaIdine Iagan, Russia. Said Nursi 8an 8rands Mcdcra|c Mus|ins As
|x|rcnis|, IORUM 18 (}une 27, 2OO7), hllp://vvin.oig/ailicIes/255O8
/`&pIace=iussia&seclion=chuich-slale (quoling Russias Onludsnan foi
Hunan Righls, VIadinii Lukin, vho defended Nuisis viilings in an open Iellei
lo lhe disliicl couil heaiing lhe case).
No foin of opposilion lo cilizens due lo lheii choice of voiId viev
(ieIigious oi non-ieIigious) is conlained in lhe looks and liochuies, sliII
Iess caIIs foi ieIigious halied and inloIeiance . . . . Il is veiy inpoilanl
lhal ve do nol aIIov inleifeience in lhe conviclions and leIiefs of
niIIions of cilizens on lhe pooiIy giounded, unpioven pielexl of fighling
againsl exlienisn, as lhis ieaIIy couId piovoke vide-scaIe vioIalions of
lheii iighl lo fieedon of leIief.
|d., scc a|sc U.S. COMMN ON INTL RLLICIOUS IRLLDOM, ANNUAL RLIORT 2O1O, 174
(2O1O), atai|ao|c a| hllp://vvv.usciif.gov/inages/annuaI2Oiepoil2O2O1O.pdf
(slaling foIIoveis of Kuidish lheoIogian, Said Nuisi, aie nol knovn lo have
advocaled oi engaged in vioIence).
27
Iedeialion Minisliy of }uslice, IedeiaInyi spisok ekslienislskikh
naleiiaIov |The IedeiaI Lisl of Lxlienisl MaleiiaIsj, IedeiaI Lav on lhe
Counleiaclion of Lxlienisl Aclivily 2OO2, No. 114-IZ, hllp://vvv.ninjusl.iu
/iu/aclivily/nko/fedspisok/ (slaling lhal pioduclion, possession, oi disliilulion

372 U. Pa. ]. |n|| |. |VoI. 33:2
Lven Medvedevs slaled leIief lhal lhe nain idea lehind his
NSS is secuiily lhiough deveIopnenl
28
appeais deiivalive of
Iulins pievious appioach.
29
Heie loo, lhe iecycIed enphasis on
deveIopnenl foi Russias cilizens cieales pioninenl space foi lhe
ioIe of spiiiluaIily and lhe ROC.
3O
In 2OO9, lhe ROC and Uniled
Russia expiessed lheii inlenl lo joinlIy decide . . . vhal lheii
connon vaIues aie and vhal nodeinizalion lasks nusl le
acconpIished in lhe conlexl of Russias deveIopnenl pIans.
31
The
paily of Iulin and Medvedev venl on lo asseil lhal Russian
nodeinizalion shouId le lased on Oilhodox failh.
32

ConvenienlIy, Medvedevs NSS Iaid lhe gioundvoik foi lhis slep
ly caIIing foi giealei coopeialion vilh inslilulions of civiI sociely,
incIuding ieIigious gioups. Undei lhe iuliic of counleiing lhieals
lo nalionaI secuiily lhal nay inpede lhe deveIopnenl of Russian

of naleiiaIs incIuded in lhe Iisl aie punishalIe undei Ail. 13 and Iisling lhe nanes
of exlienisls naleiiaIs). elveen Maich 2O1O and Novenlei 2O11, lhe Iisl has
giovn fion 614 lo 979 piohililed ilens. |d.
28
Scc Dniliy Medvedev, Iiesidenl of Russia, eginning of Meeling vilh
Secuiily CounciI On NalionaI Secuiily Slialegy of lhe Russian Iedeialion
Thiough lo 2O2O and Measuies Necessaiy lo InpIenenl Il (Mai. 24, 2OO9), atai|ao|c
a| hllp://aichive.kienIin.iu/eng/speeches/2OO9/O3/24/2O56_lype82913_214288
.shlnI (idenlifying achievenenl of slialegic goaIs sel foi lhe counliy as lhe nain
oljeclive lehind Medvedevs nalionaI secuiily slialegy).
29
Iulins 2OOO secuiily slialegy nenlioned deveIopnenl no fevei lhan
lvenly lines. Scc Na|icna| Sccuri|q Ccnccp| cf |nc Russian |cdcra|icn, supra nole 9
(highIighling lhe ioIe of deveIopnenl as neans of eslalIishing nalionaI secuiily).
3O
RenaikalIy, lvo sepaiale anaIyses of lhe 2OO9 NSS faiI lo nenlion even in
passing lhe cenliaI ioIe envisioned foi spiiiluaIily and cuIluie in guaianleeing
Russias nalionaI secuiily. Scc MaiceI de Haas, Mcdtcdcts Sccuri|q Pc|icq. A
Prctisicna| Asscssncn|, 62 RUSSIAN ANALYTICAL DIC. 2, 3 (2OO9), atai|ao|c a|
hllp://vvv.ies.elhz.ch/anaIysis/iad/delaiIs.cfnÌng=en&id=1O196O
(Accoiding lo lhe NSS, Russias aliIily lo defend ils nalionaI secuiily depended
alove aII on lhe counliys econonic polenliaI.), scc a|sc Henning Schidei,
Russias Na|icna| Sccuri|q S|ra|cgq |c 2020, 62 RUSSIAN ANALYTICAL DIC. 6, 7 (2OO9),
atai|ao|c a| hllp://vvv.ies.elhz.ch/anaIysis/iad/delaiIs.cfnÌng=en&id=1O196O
(enphasizing lhe inpoilance of econonic deveIopnenl foi Russian nalionaI
secuiily).
31
Cnurcn, Uni|cd Russia lan| S|a|c-Cnurcn Par|ncrsnip Sca|cd oq |aus,
INTLRIAX, Dec. 1, 2OO9, atai|ao|c a| Iacliva, Doc. No.
DANWSOOO2OO912O2e5c1OOOiy (expIaining lhal lhe Moscov Ialiiaichale vanls
lhe goveinnenl lo sel laigels foi Russias deveIopnenl logelhei vilh lhe
Chuich).
32
Uni|cd Russia Ccnsidcrs Or|ncdcxq as Mcra| 8asis fcr Mcdcrniza|icn, INTLRIAX
(Iel. 17, 2O1O), hllp://vvv.inleifax-ieIigion.con/àcl=nevs&div=6946.
cilizens, lhe NSS endoised such coopeialion as a neans of
ensui|ingj lhe pieseivalion of cuIluiaI and spiiiluaI heiilage and
addiessing piolIens ieIaled lo lhe spiiiluaI Iife of sociely.
33

Medvedevs faIIlack on spiiiluaIily as lhe adhesive foi a
coheienl nalionaI secuiily poIicy geneiales significanl
oppoilunilies foi lhe Chuich lo pIay an insliunenlaI ioIe in
shaping Russias nalionaI deveIopnenl piioiilies, and as a naluiaI
exlension of lhis, inpacling Russias secuiily poIicy and lhieal
peiceplion as veII. NolalIy, aII senioi goveinnenlaI officiaIs in
Russia aie speaking fion lhe sane sel of spiiiluaIily-infused
laIking poinls. Al an exhilil on Oilhodox Russia, Medvedev
ienaiked lhal lhe |ijnliansienl spiiiluaI vaIues of Oilhodoxy and
olhei liadilionaI confessions have aIvays leen al lhe cenlie of oui
nalionaI idenlily: Today |sicj lhey conlinue lo faciIilale noiaI and
elhnicaI ienovalion of Russian sociely and pionole loIeiance,
paliiolisn and civic consciousness anong young peopIe.
34

Duiing an Oilhodox Chiislnas Lve neeling vilh Ialiiaich KiiiII al
lhe ROCs DaniIov Monasleiy, Iiine Minislei Iulin piaised lhe
Chuich foi educaling cilizens in a spiiil of paliiolic Iove foi lheii
counliy and passing on a Iove foi spiiiluaI vaIues and hisloiy.
35

Speaking lo lhe OSCL, Russias Depuly Minislei of Ioieign Affaiis
invoked spiiiluaI vaIues as a conponenl of Russias secuiily
inleiesls.
36
And finaIIy, Ioieign Minislei Laivov has expIained lhe
Russian goveinnenls inleiesl in Oilhodox ieIigious siles oulside

33
16, al pl. IV(3)(52).
34
Mcdtcdcts lifc Visi|s |xnioi|icn Or|ncdcx Russia in Mcsccu, ITAR-TASS,
Nov. 4, 2OO9.
35
AIexandia Odynovaand CaIina SloIyaiova, Cnurcn Ca||s |cr Rc|urn cf
Trcasurcs, THL ST. ILTLRSURC TIMLS, May 11, 2O1O,
hllp://vvv.splines.iu/sloiy/31417.
36
Scc Slalenenl ly Depuly Minislei of Ioieign Affaiis AIexandei Ciushko al
lhe Opening of lhe OSCL AnnuaI Secuiily Reviev Confeience (}uIy 1, 2OO8),
atai|ao|c a|
hllp://vvv.In.nid.iu/ip_4.nsf/aih/5A7447937994LI9C325747AOO4ID7OÒ
penDocunenl (Of couise, lhese piocesses cannol lul affecl lhe secuiily inleiesls
of Russia, vhich in aII paianeleis~cuIluiaI, sociaI and lhose ieIaling lo spiiiluaI
vaIues~is an inlegiaI pail of Luiope.).
374 U. Pa. ]. |n|| |. |VoI. 33:2
of Russia as a naluiaI exlension of lhe spiiiluaI ievivaI . . . laking
pIace in Russia, |andj oui ieluin lo spiiiluaI vaIues and shiines.
37

3.1.2. A Nc|c cn Cu||urc as a Sqncnqn fcr Or|ncdcxq
Il is voilh undeiscoiing lhal lhe oslensilIy dogna-neuliaI
concepl of spiiiluaI . . . deveIopnenl
38
lhal enleied Russias
Iexicon vilh Iulins 2OOO NSC enlaiIs a veiy pailicuIai
inleipielalion Iiniled in lhe nain lo Russian Oilhodoxy. This is
evidenced in lhe aclive pionolion of goveinnenl-funded
piogians such as Daqs cf Russian Spiri|ua| Cu||urc,
39
as veII as in
Russias 2OO8 Ioieign IoIicy Concepl (IIC),
4O
vhich anong olhei
lhings acknovIedges lhal lhe Russian goveinnenl acliveIy
inleiacls vilh lhe Russian Oilhodox Chuich and olhei nain
confessions of lhe counliy foi lhe puipose of slienglhening
Russias inleinalionaI secuiily.
41

The discussion of hov spiiiluaIily has infiIlialed Russias
nalionaI secuiily slialegy iheloiic vouId le inconpIele vilhoul
aIso exanining lhe conneclion lelveen spiiiluaIily and cuIluie in
Russias NSS and IIC. Iion lhe conlenl of lhese docunenls, il is
cIeai lhal cuIluie is consideied incIusive of ieIigion, and noie
specificaIIy, of Russian Oilhodoxy. This Iinkage in luin geneiales
addilionaI poinls of enliy foi lhe ROC, fion vhich il is alIe lo
fuilhei chaIIenge lhe secuIai pionise of Russias conslilulion.
Accoiding lo lhe NSS, lhe lhieals lo nalionaI secuiily vilhin lhe
cuIluiaI aiena aie lhe peiceived doninalion of nass (i.e., Weslein)
cuIluie laigeling lhe spiiiluaI needs of naiginaIized gioups and
lhe unIavfuI encioachnenl on cuIluiaI oljecls.
42
To neel lhese

37
Inleiviev ly Cypius Nevs Agency vilh Seigei Laviov, Russian Ioieign
Minislei (Dec. 26, 2OO7), atai|ao|c a| hllp://vvv.In.nid.iu/ip_4.nsf/aih
/86186981OCO834C32573DOO46C453ÒpenDocunenl.
38
Na|icna| Sccuri|q Ccnccp| cf |nc Russian |cdcra|icn, supra nole 9, al pl. II.
39
Scc infra nole 1O7 and acconpanying lexl (pioviding fuilhei discussion on
lhis piogian).
4O
Scc Tnc |crcign Pc|icq Ccnccp| cf |nc Russian |cdcra|icn, MINISTRY OI IORLICN
AII. OI THL RUSSIAN ILDN, pl. 2 (}uIy 12, 2OO8), hllp://vvv.nid.iu/ns-
osndoc.nsf/Oe9272lefa342O9743256c63OO42d1aa/cef9556O654d4ca5c3257496OO36c
ddlòpendocunenl (delaiIing Russias foieign poIicy oljeclives, as appioved ly
Medvedev).
41
|d. al pl. 3.
42
16, al pl. IV(7)(8O).
chaIIenges, lhe NSS endoises lhe paianounl ioIe of cuIluie in
ieviving and pieseiving noiaI vaIues and slienglhening lhe
spiiiluaI unily of lhe nuIlinalionaI peopIe of lhe Russian
Iedeialion.
43
The IIC painls a siniIai picluie, concIuding lhal
lhe inciease in cuIluiaI and civiIizalionaI diveisily necessilales
ciealing a Iaigei ioIe foi ieIigion in shaping inleinalionaI ieIalions.
To faciIilale lhis ioIe, lhe docunenl caIIs foi engaging lhe
connon denoninaloi lhal has aIvays exisled in najoi voiId
ieIigions.
44

Wilh lhis oulIook in pIace, goveinnenl officiaIs nake lhe
ROCs lie-in vilh Russian cuIluie expIicil. Accoiding lo Ioieign
Minislei Laviov, Russias MOIA:
nainlains lhe cIosesl lies vilh lhe Russian Oilhodox
Chuich, vhich is lhe chuich nosl Russians leIong lo. Oui
coopeialion is one of lhe Iong-line liadilions of doneslic
dipIonacy. We vaIue lhe infIuence Oilhodoxy had on lhe
foinalion of oui slalehood, lhe shaping of cuIluie and
noIding of lhe consciousness of Russias nuIli-elhnic
peopIe. We aIso connend lhe ioIe pIayed ly lhe Russian
Oilhodox Chuich in lhe Iife of piesenl-day Russia as one of
lhe consoIidaling foices of Russian sociely.
45

Minislei of CuIluie AIexandei Avdeev nakes lhe equalion of
Russian cuIluie vilh Russian Oilhodoxy even noie expIicil:
Russian cuIluie viII fIouiish and ienain lhe cenlei of lhe nalionaI
idea onIy if il viII le in veiy cIose diaIogue vilh lhe Russian
Oilhodox Chuich, if il is connecled vilh lhe undeislanding lhal
lhe spiiiluaI and hisloiicaI vaIue aie lolh sacied vaIues.
46

43
|d. al pl. IV(7)(84). The lask of slienglhening lhe spiiiluaI unily of a
nuIlinalionaI~and nu||irc|igicus~peopIe nay sliike sone as leing conliadicloiy.
Il is aIso queslionalIe vhelhei lhe pionolion of such a lask is iighlfuIIy suiled lo
a secuIai goveinnenl.
44
Tnc |crcign Pc|icq Ccnccp| cf |nc Russian |cdcra|icn, supra nole 4O, al pl. 2.
Heie again, use of lhe lein najoi voiId ieIigions inpIies an excIusive and
disciininaloiy appioach lo vhich gioups nighl ieasonalIy le incIuded as pail of
such engagenenl.
45
Dip|cnacq Nccds a Mcra| |cunda|icn, DIILOMAT, Sepl. 2OO8, al 3-4 (quoling
an inleiviev vilh Seigei Laviov).
46
A|c|sandr Atdcct. Rcssiis|aia |u||ura oudc| uspcsnnc raztita|sia |c||c t
sc|rudnicncs|tc s Russ|ci pratcs|atnci |scr|ctiu |A|cxandcr Atdcct. Russian cu||urc
ui|| f|curisn cn|q in cccpcra|icn ui|n |nc Russian Or|ncdcx Cnurcnj, RUSSKIY MIR

376 U. Pa. ]. |n|| |. |VoI. 33:2
Confiining lhe Moscov Ialiiaichales inlenl lo lake advanlage
of lhese enliy poinls, ils 8asis cf |nc Sccia| Ccnccp| aIieady endoises
coopeialion vilh lhe slale in spiiiluaI, cuIluiaI, noiaI and
paliiolic educalion, as veII as cuIluie and |lhej ails noie
geneiaIIy.
47
Ioi lhe Chuich, cuIluie al ils essence is ieIigion: |ljhe
Lalin void cu||ura neaning cuIlivalion, lieeding, educalion,
deveIopnenl is deiived fion cu||us neaning veneialion, voiship,
cuIl. This poinls lo lhe ieIigious iools of cuIluie.
48
Againsl lhis
lackdiop, MeliopoIilan HiIaiion has caIIed foi lhe conpIele
desliuclion of lhe vaII lelveen lhe Chuich and cuIluie lhal vas
eslalIished in Soviel lines, and asseiled lhal |ijf lhe Chuich
does nol lake pail in lhe counliys cuIluiaI Iife, cuIluie is iunning
lhe iisk of luining inlo an anli-cuIluie.
49
In a siniIai vein,
Ialiiaich KiiiIIs vision of lhe ROCs paiishes alioad enlody lhe
Iink lelveen Oilhodoxy and Russian cuIluie insofai as lhey:
fuIfiII a cuIluiaI nission. They aie an inpoilanl Iink
lelveen lheii MolheiIand and lhe peopIe Iiving fai avay
fion lheii nalive counliy. The paiishes iun lolh Sunday

IOUND. (}uIy 6, 2OO9), hllp://vvv.iusskiynii.iu/iusskiynii/iu/nevs/connon
/nevs27OO.hlnI.
47
Tnc 8asis cf |nc Sccia| Ccnccp|, DLIT IOR LXTLRNAL CHURCH RLL. OI THL
RUSSIAN ORTHODOX CHURCH, pl. III (8), hllp://vvv.nospal.iu/en/docunenls
/sociaI-concepls/ (Iasl visiled Nov. 19, 2O11).
48
|d. al pl. XIV(2), hllp://vvv.nospal.iu/en/docunenls/sociaI-
concepls/xiv/ (Iasl visiled Nov. 19, 2O11).
49
Scnicr C|cric Urgcs Russian Cnurcn |c P|aq Grca|cr Cu||ura| Rc|c, RIA
NOVOSTI, (Sepl. 3, 2O1O), hllp://en.lela.iian.iu/ReIigion/2O1OO3O9
/158137O37.hlnI. Accoiding lo lhe ROCs 8asis cf |nc Sccia| Ccnccp|, if cuIluie
puls ilseIf in opposilion lo Cod, leconing anli-ieIigious and anli-hunane and
luining inlo anli-cuIluie, lhe Chuich opposes il. Scc Tnc 8asis cf |nc Sccia|
Ccnccp|, supra nole 47, al pl. XIV(2). In lhe conlexl of pieseivalion of cuIluie, lheie
is a IiveIy delale in Russia ovei lhe decision lo ieluin lo lhe ROC icons and olhei
ieIigious ieIics heId in Russian nuseuns. As one ailicIe pul il, Iiine Minislei
VIadinii Iulin is aloning foi lhe sins of lhe oIsheviks~oi deIiveiing a heavy
lIov lo Russian cuIluie, depending on vhon you ask. SloIyaiova, supra nole 35.
Opposilion lo lhe ieluin iefIecls concein ovei lhe Chuichs aliIily lo adequaleIy
pieseive lhe ailicIes and queslions iegaiding pulIic access. The delale has aIso
nanifesled ilseIf in lhe decision lo ieluin ieaI eslale lo lhe ROC, incIuding
chuiches lhal had leen conveiled lo olhei puiposes duiing lhe Connunisl eia.
Scc AIexandia Odynova, Cnurcn Sc| |c Rcgain Muscun Trcasurcs, THL MOSCOW
TIMLS, Api. 28, 2O1O, hllp://vvv.lhenoscovlines.con/nevs/ailicIe/chuich-
sel-lo-iegain-nuseun-lieasuies/4O4936.hlnI (discussing a pioposed liII lhal
vouId ieluin ieIigious ilens fion nuseuns lo lhe chuich).
schooIs and giade schooIs foi chiIdien vhose paienls vanl
lhen lo le educaled in lhe spiiiluaI and cuIluiaI liadilions
of lheii nalive counliy.
5O

AIlhough lhe Russian goveinnenl has pIaced an olvious
and Iongslanding enphasis on iesloiing and piolecling
spiiiluaI vaIues and cuIluie, and lhe ROC has heailiIy
endoised lhis poIicy, iecenl poIIing dala suggesl lhal Russian
cilizens viev lhe counliys nalionaI secuiily piioiilies in a
dianalicaIIy diffeienl Iighl. Accoiding lo lhe suivey findings,
lhe deailh of spiiiluaIily ianks al lhe lollon of lhe Iisl of
nalionaI lhieals facing Russia: onIy lhiee peicenl of Russians
shaied lhe viev lhal lhe Iack of spiiiluaI vaIues and lhe Iack
of cuIluie posed a najoi lhieal lo Russia.
51

3.1.3. Spiri|ua| Sccuri|q c Spiri|ua| Rctita|
Ieeding inlo lhe goveinnenls enphasis on spiiiluaI vaIues,
spiiiluaI ievivaI, and spiiiluaI deveIopnenl~oi peihaps even as
shoilhand foi aII lhese leins~is lhe Russian nolion of spiiiluaI
secuiily.
52
This concepl enlodies effoils lo piolecl Oilhodoxy
inside Russia ly fianing lhe lhieal of ieIigious conpelilion fion
nissionaiies and nonliadilionaI failhs as endangeiing nolhing
Iess lhan lhe secuiily of Russia.
53
In pail, lhis pioleclion is

5O
Cnurcn Dip|cnacq |s Nc| ]us| a Ma||cr cf |n|cr-Cnurcn Rc|a|icns, supra nole 5,
al 14.
51
MeanvhiIe, 11 of iespondenls consideied lhe econonic ciisis and veak
indusliy as a najoi lhieal facing Russia. The second lhieal nosl ciled ly lhose
poIIed (9) incIuded aIcohoIisn, diug addiclion, and Russias shiinking
popuIalion (9), foIIoved cIoseIy ly lhe peiceived niIilaiy lhieal fion NATO
and lhe Wesl and lhe possiliIily of a lhiid voiId vai (7). Six peicenl
consideied leiioiisn, poveily, Iov Iiving slandaids, coiiuplion, lhefl,
luieauciacy, and unenpIoynenl as najoi lhieals. Scc Opinicn pc||. On|q 3 cf
Russians |nin| |nc |ac| cf spiri|ua| ta|ucs |c oc a najcr na|icna| |nrca|, INTLRIAX (}uIy
13, 2OO9), hllp://vvv.inleifax-ieIigion.con/àcl=nevs&div=6215 (ciling a Iack
of spiiiluaI vaIues as one of lhe Iasl nalionaI lhieals Russians aie voiiied aloul).
52
Scc Andeison, supra nole 14, al 194 (desciiling lhe incIusion of ieIigious
iesloialion anong lhe Russian goveinnenls slaled nalionaI secuiily piioiilies).
53
Accoiding lo Lavience UzzeII, lhe diiving foice lehind lhe Iinkage of
spiiiluaI secuiily vilh nalionaI secuiily can le liaced lack lo NikoIai Tiofinchuk,
lhe head of lhe ReIigious Sludies IacuIly al lhe Russian Acadeny of Slale Seivice
and aulhoi of LXIANSIYA, a look vhich nakes lhe case lhal nissionaiies
invaiialIy seive lhe poIilicaI inleiesls of lheii hone counliies. Iulin appoinled
Tiofinchuk lo lhe KienIins CounciI foi Co-opeialion vilh ReIigious

378 U. Pa. ]. |n|| |. |VoI. 33:2
achieved lhiough an aIIiance lelveen lhe ROC and lhe IedeiaI
Secuiily Seivice of lhe Russian Iedeialion (IS),
54
as veII as lhe
luigeoning ieIalionship vilh Russias piedoninanl poIilicaI paily,
Uniled Russia.
SpiiiluaI secuiily aIso has an exleinaI connolalion lhal ieIales
lo lhe ioIe of lhe ROC alioad. As piine ninislei Iulin slaled in
2OO9, |ijn lhe diaIogue vilh olhei Sislei-Chuiches, lhe Russian
Oilhodox Chuich has aIvays defended and hopefuIIy viII
conlinue lo defend lhe nalionaI and spiiiluaI idenlily of
Russians.
55
This coIIaloialion is Iikevise achieved ly vay of
pailneiship alioad vilh Russias MOIA, pionoling
Russianness and coIIaloial|ingj lo piolecl lhe spiiiluaI secuiily
of lhe Russian diaspoia fion non-Oilhodox ieIigions and
especiaIIy fion lhe spiead of secuIaiisn.
56
Medvedev has
aIIoved his adninislialion lo giov lhis excIusive pailneiship. Al
lhe 3id WoiId Congiess of Conpaliiols Living Alioad, Medvedev
addiessed lhe lask of suppoiling Russians alioad: I cannol heIp
nenlioning lhe ioIe of lhe Russian Oilhodox Chuich and oui olhei
liadilionaI confessions in ieviving lhe spiiiluaI unily of
conpaliiols and slienglhening lheii hunanilaiian and cuIluiaI lies
vilh lhe hisloiicaI honeIand. We viII ceilainIy conlinue conlacls
lelveen lhe slale and appiopiiale confessions.
57

Oiganizalions in 2OO1, lul he died shoilIy lheieaflei. Scc Lavience UzzeII, Tnc
Tnrca| |c Rc|igicn, ST. ILTLRSURC TIMLS, Sepl. 7, 2OO1,
hllp://vvv.splines.iu/index.phpàclion_id=2&sloiy_id=5286. Scc a|sc DLNNIS
}. DUNN, THL CATHOLIC CHURCH AND RUSSIA: IOILS, IATRIARCHS, TSARS AND
COMMISSARS 198 (2OO4) (discussing Tiofinchuks opinion lhal spiiiluaI secuiily
is pail of nalionaI secuiily).
54
Scc LIknei, supra nole 13, al 246 (expIaining lhe exlenl of lhe conneclion
lelveen lhe ROC and IS).
55
DanieI I. Iayne, Spiri|ua| Sccuri|q, |nc Russian Or|ncdcx Cnurcn, and |nc
Russian |crcign Minis|rq. Cc||aocra|icn cr Cccp|a|icn?, 52 }. CHURCH & ST. 712, 715
(2O1O) (foolnole onilled).
56
|d. al 719.
57
Pa|riarcn Kiri|| A||cnds |nc Opcning cf |nc 3d Ccngrcss cf Ccnpa|ric|s |iting
Aorcad, DLIT OI LXTLRNAL CHURCH RLL. OI THL RUSSIAN ORTHODOX CHURCH (Dec.
1, 2OO9), hllp://vvv.nospal.iu/en/2OO9/12/O1/nevs9542/. Medvedevs
incIusion of liadilionaI confessions iings hoIIov heie. As pail of lhe Congiess,
a neeling vas heId al lhe DaniIovskaya holeI (vilhin lhe DaniIov Monasleiy
conpound, vhich seives as lhe paliiaichs officiaI iesidence) enlilIed The
Russian Oilhodox Chuich and olhei liadilionaI confessions in consoIidaling lhe
uniled spiiiluaI space of lhe Russian WoiId. The sulslance of lhis neeling vas
diiecled excIusiveIy al incieasing coopeialion lelveen lhe MOIA and lhe ROC

The oulcone of lhis ongoing aiiangenenl has lhe foIIoving
synliolic iesuIls: alioad, lhe goveinnenl lenefils fion lhe ROCs
effoils as a viIIing pailnei in ieinfoicing Russias spiiiluaI
secuiily, vhich in luin loosls lhe channeIs avaiIalIe lo il foi lhe
piojeclion of Russian povei alioad.
58
On lhe hone fionl, lhe
goveinnenl ensuies lhal ieIigious gioups, oi secls, deened ly
lhe ROC lo conslilule a lhieal aie sufficienlIy iepiessed. As DanieI
Iayne has iighlIy concIuded, spiiiluaI secuiily seives as lhe lasis
foi piolecling and uniling lhe Russian Oilhodox peopIe againsl
lhieals lo ils spiiiluaI and cuIluiaI veII-leing, especiaIIy ly
Iiniling lhe anounl of fieedon expeiienced in |Russiasj civiI
sociely ilseIf.
59
ul lhe polenliaI danage caused ly lhe Russian
goveinnenls pieoccupalion vilh spiiiluaI secuiily iuns deepei
sliII. Accoiding lo }uIie LIknei, insofai as Russias IS has
cIoak|edj ilseIf in spiiiluaI iheloiic, |ilj viII nol onIy allain noiaI
iespeclaliIily, lul viII effecliveIy pIace ilseIf leyond lhe ieach of
any Iegilinale ciilicisn, sciuliny oi conlioI.
6O

Iion lhis noie conlexluaIized vanlage poinl~and even lefoie
consideiing lhe piaclicaI ianificalions~il vouId appeai lhal lhe
geneiic nolions of safeguaiding and pionoling spiiiluaI
deveIopnenl, cuIluie, and spiiiluaI secuiily, aIieady eslalIish a
concepluaI appioach lo foieign poIicy and nalionaI secuiily lhal
undeiculs Russias conslilulionaIIy nandaled secuIaiisn and
sepaialion of ieIigion and slale. As lhe nexl seclion viII
denonsliale, lhe goveinnenl and lhe ROC have voiked diIigenlIy

alioad. Scc 3d lcr|d Ccngrcss cf Ccnpa|ric|s Scc|icn Mcc|ing cn Tnc Rc|c cf |nc ROC
and O|ncr Tradi|icna| Ccnfcssicns in Ccnsc|ida|icn cf Uni|cd Spacc cf |nc Russian
lcr|d, DLIT. IOR LXTLRNAL CHURCH RLL. OI THL RUSSIAN ORTHODOX CHURCH (Iel.
12, 2OO9), hllp://vvv.nospal.iu/en/2OO9/12/O2/nevs96O3/ (ieIaling lhal al a
neeling of lhe 3d WoiId Congiess of Conpaliiols, seveiaI ieIigious and poIilicaI
Ieadeis sliessed lhe inpoilance of heIping Russians Iiving alioad nainlain a
conneclion lo lheii counliy), scc a|sc Stia|cisnqi Pa|riar|n A|c|sii prinia| ucnas|ic t
zascdanii raoccnci gruppq pc tzaincdcis|tiiq M|D Rcssii | Russ|ci Pratcs|atnci Tscr|ti
|Pa|riarcn A|cxq A||cnds a Mcc|ing cf |nc lcr|ing Grcup cn |nc |n|crac|icn cf |nc
Russian |crcign Minis|rq and |nc Russian Or|ncdcx Cnurcnj, IRAVOSLAVIL (Nov. 21,
2OO7), hllp://vvv.piavosIavie.iu/nevs/24939.hln (quoling Russian Ioieign
Minislei, Seigei Laviov as slaling lhal a voiking gioup on coopeialion lelveen
lhe MOIA and lhe ROC vas foined in 2OO3).
58
Scc infra 3.2.1. foi addilionaI discussion on lhe coIIaloialion lelveen lhe
ROC and lhe MOIA.
59
Iayne, supra nole 55, al 716.
6O
LIknei, supra nole 13, al 291.
38O U. Pa. ]. |n|| |. |VoI. 33:2
lo pul lhis lheoielicaI fianevoik inlo conciele piaclice lhiough a
vaiiely of lacil and inlenlionaI endeavois and pailneiships. Il is
lhese langilIe effoils lhal noie definiliveIy confiin Medvedevs
viIIingness lo aIIov lhe Moscov Ialiiaichales gioving ioIe lo
expand leyond inleinaI affaiis and inlo lhe foieign poIicy ieaIn, as
veII as lhe enlhusiasn of lolh pailies lo inlensify lhis ieIalionship
despile oveiiiding conslilulionaI diieclives of secuIaiisn,
sepaialion of ieIigion and slale, and nondisciininalion lo lhe
conliaiy.
3.2. Pu||ing Rnc|cric in|c Prac|icc. Tnc Asccndancq cf Spiri|ua|i|q
in Russias |crcign Pc|icq
The fianevoik oulIined alove is nol inlended foi lhe naiiov
puipose of iheloiicaI fIouiish aIone. In facl, lhe ideoIogicaI
piincipIes fiisl espoused ly Iulin, and since expanded ly
Medvedev, have iesuIled in langilIe and gioving negIecl ly
Russias foieign poIicy foi lhe conslilulionaI piincipIes of
secuIaiisn, sepaialion, nondisciininalion, and equaIily. This
alandonnenl of conslilulionaI inpeialives is evidenl in a vaiiely
of officiaI aclions designed lo eilhei condone oi faciIilale lhe
encioachnenl of Oilhodoxy inlo Russias foieign poIicy and
consoIidale lhe ROCs ioIe as a spiiiluaI pailnei lo Russias
MOIA. SeveiaI of lhese poIicies aie highIighled and consideied
leIov.
3.2.1. Russian Or|ncdcx Cnurcn-Minis|rq cf |crcign Affairs
lcr|ing Grcup
In 2OO3, lhen Ialiiaich AIexy paid his fiisl officiaI visil lo
Russias MOIA.
61
And il is fion lhis slailing poinl lhal lhe lvo
oiganizalions have leen alIe lo deveIop poIicies ieIaled lo
defending and deepening Russias spiiiluaI vaIues and lhe
ROCs inleiaclions oveiseas. Al lhe line of lhis neeling, lhe

61
Scc Seigei Laviov, Minisliy of Ioieign Affaiis of lhe Russian Iedeialion,
Opening Renaiks al Iiess Confeience Aflei Tenlh Meeling of Woiking Cioup on
MIA-Russian Oilhodox Chuich Inleiaclion (Nov. 21, 2OO7), atai|ao|c a|
hllp://vvv.In.nid.iu/lip_4.nsf/e78a48O7Of128a7l43256999OO5lcll3/528O71cO
3O8e1Oe7c325739aOO5O2525ÒpenDocunenl (desciiling lhe fiisl neeling of lhe
Woiking Cioup on Inleiaclion lelveen lhe MOIA and lhe ROC duiing Ialiiaich
AIexy IIs fiisl visil lo lhe Minisliy).
pailies agieed lo eslalIish a voiking gioup lhal, in Ioieign
Minislei Laviovs voids, vouId enalIe lhe Chuich and Ioieign
Minisliy lo voik logelhei ieaIizing a vhoIe aiiay of foieign
poIicy and inleinalionaI aclivily lhiusls.
62
Cenenling lhe ROC-
MOIA pailneiship in lhe foin of a peinanenl voiking gioup
sliuck Laviov as naluiaI, since such a nove iefIecled an age-oId
liadilion of Russian doneslic dipIonacy.
63

In geneiaI, lhe ROC-MOIA voiking gioup neels ieguIaiIy,
64

and sonelines in snaIIei sulgioups,
65
lo discuss a iange of issues
incIuding lhe nainlenance of cuIluiaI and spiiiluaI Iinks vilh
Russians alioad, lhe uphoIding of lheii iighls, and pieseiving lhe
cuIluiaI and hisloiic Iegacy of |lhej IalheiIand and of lhe Russian
Ianguage.
66
In pionoling lhese aclivilies, Laviov has desciiled
lhe ROC as nolhing Iess lhan a huge nainslay of goveinnenl
aclions in lhis secloi.
67
The cenliaI ioIe of lhe Chuich is
pailicuIaiIy evidenl in lhe execulion of lhe Daqs cf Russian Cu||urc

62
Seigei Laviov, Minisliy of Ioieign Affaiis of lhe Russian Iedeialion,
Renaiks al Oilhodox Laslei Receplion, Moscov (Api. 3O, 2OO8) |heieinaflei
Laviov Renaiksj, atai|ao|c a| hllp://vvv.In.nid.iu/RI_4.NSI
/f68cd37l84711611c3256f6dOO541O94/O61ff2l937lfel62c325744OOO2637f9ÒpenD
ocunenl (desciiling lhe foieign poIicy coIIaloialions of lhe ROC and lhe MOIA,
vhich incIude suppoiling and defending lhe iighls of Russian cilizens alioad and
pieseiving Russias cuIluiaI heiilage).
63
|d.
64
Scc 15|n Scssicn cf |nc lcr|ing Grcup fcr Cccpcra|icn 8c|uccn |nc Russian
Minis|rq cf |crcign Affairs and |nc Russian Or|ncdcx Cnurcn, DLIT. IOR LXTLRNAL
CHURCH RLL. OI THL RUSSIAN ORTHODOX CHURCH (}une 4, 2O1O),
hllp://vvv.nospal.iu/en/2O1O/O6/O4/nevs19967/ (desciiling a neeling of
lhe ROC-MOIA voiking gioup), scc a|sc O prctcdcnii XV zascdaniia Raoccnci
gruppq pc tzaincdcis|tiiu M|D Rcssii | Russ|ci Pratcs|atnci Tscr|ti |On |nc 15
|n

Mcc|ing cf |nc lcr|ing Grcup fcr Cccpcra|icn cf |nc Minis|rq cf |crcign Affairs cf |nc
Russian |cdcra|icn and |nc Russian Or|ncdcx Cnurcnj, MINISTRY OI IORLICN AII. OI
THL RUSSIAN ILDN (}une 3, 2O1O), hllp://vvv.nid.iu/nsnpo.nsf
/O2l51979dec5fO83c32571O7OO3ll5a9/c32571O7OO2ea4a3c3257737OO51e422Òpen
Docunenl (expIaining lhal lhe Woiking Cioup neeling on }une 3, 2O1O piinaiiIy
discussed lusiness lhal had lianspiied since ils pievious neeling).
65
Scc lcr|ing Grcup fcr Cccpcra|icn 8c|uccn Russian Or|ncdcx Cnurcn and
|crcign Minis|rq Mcc|s in a Suo-grcup, DLIT. IOR LXTLRNAL CHURCH RLL. OI THL
RUSSIAN ORTHODOX CHURCH (Api. 15, 2O1O), hllp://vvv.nospal.iu/en
/2O1O/O4/15/nevs16869/ (ieIaling lhal, al ils ApiiI 15, 2O1O neeling, lhe
Woiking Cioup nel in snaII gioups lo discuss vaiious issues, incIuding lhe
ROCs piesence in Soulh Aneiica).
66
Laviov Renaiks, supra nole 62.
67
|d.
382 U. Pa. ]. |n|| |. |VoI. 33:2
piogian, one piojecl nanaged ly lhe voiking gioup and
discussed al giealei Ienglh leIov.
Moie specificaIIy, lhe neelings seive as slialegy sessions lhal
addiess lhe pIanning of lhe Ialiiaichs inleinalionaI liaveIs and
evaIuale lhe ROCs aclivilies in inleinalionaI oiganizalions, as veII
as deveIopnenls in ils inlei-ieIigious ieIalions, incIuding vilh lhe
Valican.
68
Iion lhis vanlage poinl, lhe Chuichs pasl and fuluie
aclions aie cooidinaled (and possilIy nodified) lased on
inpIicalions foi~and advanlages lo~Russias secuIai foieign
poIicy. In lhis nannei, lhe Chuich and MOIA opeiale in landen
lo advance lhe slales foieign poIicy goaIs, incIuding, foi exanpIe,
giving lhe ROC and liadilionaI ieIigious vaIues giealei
pioninence vilhin lhe inleinalionaI syslen.
69

Al lhe sane line, lhe exislence of lhe voiking gioup is anolhei
langilIe ienindei of lhe ROCs speciaI liealnenl, lhe inequaIily of
olhei ieIigious failhs, and lhe slales faiIuie lo alide ly ils
conslilulionaI olIigalions. This is pailicuIaiIy evidenl vhen lhe
sulslanlive sessions of lhe ROC-MOIA voiking gioup aie
juxlaposed vilh lhe apalhelic and inleinillenl effoils of MOIAs
advisoiy counciI on coopeialion vilh MusIin oiganizalions.
7O
The
Iallei gioup has nel onIy a handfuI of lines since ils eslalIishnenl
in }une 2OO7,
71
and has Iiniled ils discussions lo lhe slalus and
piospecls of IsIanic educalion,
72
and piolIens encounleied ly
Russian MusIins duiing lhe najj lo Saudi Aialia.
73

68
Scc O prctcdcnii X||| zascdaniia Raoccnci gruppq pc tzaincdcis|tiiu Russ|ci
Pratcs|atnci Tscr|ti i Minis|crs|ta incs|rannq|n dc| Rcssiis|ci |cdcra|sii |13
|n
Mcc|ing
cf |nc lcr|ing Grcup cn |nc |n|crac|icn cf |nc Russian Or|ncdcx Cnurcn and |nc
Minis|rq cf |crcign Affairs cf |nc Russian |cdcra|icnj, DLIT. IOR LXTLRNAL CHURCH
RLL. OI THL RUSSIAN ORTHODOX CHURCH (}une 29, 2OO9),
hllp://vvv.nospal.iu/iu/2OO9/O6/29/nevs3451/ (desciiling lhe Woiking
Cioups }une 29, 2OO9 neeling, in vhich lhe gioup expiessed salisfaclion vilh lhe
ROC and lhe CalhoIic Chuichs coIIaloialions and suggesled lhal lhe eIeclion of
MeliopoIilan KiiiII as Ialiiaich of Moscov vouId slienglhen lhe ROCs posilion
inleinalionaIIy).
69
Scc id. (discussing lhe inleinalionaI aclivilies of lhe ROC and lhe CalhoIic
Chuich and sliessing lhe inpoilance of laking ceilain sleps lo enhance lhe
posilion of lhe ROC in lhe inleinalionaI aiena).
7O
OfficiaI pulIicIy avaiIalIe infoinalion on lhis lody is scanl.
71
Dip|cnacq Nccds a Mcra| |cunda|icn, supra nole 45, al 5.
72
Scc M|D Rcssii qsi|itac| tzaincdcis|tic s rc|igicznqni crganiza|siani |Russias
|crcign Minis|rq S|rcng|ncns Cccpcra|icn ui|n Rc|igicus Organiza|icnsj, RUSSIA
MUITIS COUNCIL (Ocl. 16, 2OO7), hllp://vvv.nusIin.iu/1/nevs/1/333.hln

3.2.2. Russ|iq Mir |cunda|icn. A Cnincra S|a|c-Cnurcn |crcign
Pc|icq Tcc|
In addilion lo lhe coIIaloialion gioving oul of lhe ROC-MOIA
voiking gioup, lhe goveinnenl and Chuich have eslalIished
addilionaI avenues foi coaling Russias foieign poIicy vilh a
veneei of Oilhodoxy. The Russkiy Mii (Russian WoiId)
Ioundalion
74
is a quasi-goveinnenlaI inslilulion
75
eslalIished ly
VIadinii Iulin in 2OO7 undei piesidenliaI deciee. Accoiding lo
Iulin:
The Russian Ianguage nol onIy pieseives an enliie Iayei of
liuIy gIolaI achievenenls lul is aIso lhe Iiving space foi lhe
nany niIIions of peopIe in lhe Russian-speaking voiId, a
connunily lhal goes fai leyond Russia ilseIf . . . . In ny
viev, ve need lo suppoil lhe inilialive pul foivaid ly
Russian Iinguisls lo cieale a NalionaI Russian Language
Ioundalion, lhe nain ain of vhich viII le lo deveIop lhe
Russian Ianguage al hone, suppoil Russian Ianguage sludy

(slaling lhal, al ils Oclolei 16, 2OO7 neeling, MOIAs advisoiy counciI on
coopeialion vilh MusIin oiganizalions Iiniled ils discussion lo oiganizalionaI
issues and MusIin educalion), scc a|sc O zasedanii KonsuIlalivnoho sovela po
vzainodeislviiu MID Rossii s iossiiskini nusuInanskini oiganizalsiiani |Iiess
ReIease on lhe Meeling of lhe Russian Ioieign Minisliy Advisoiy CounciI foi
Coopeialion vilh Russian MusIin oiganizalionsj, MINISTRY OI IORLICN AII. OI
THL RUSSIAN ILDN (Mai. 27, 2OO8), hllp://vvv.nid.iu/ns-
dgpch.nsf/4a1c577d2fc577l843256l5fOO29f67e/432569eeOO522d3cc3257419OO44al
f5ÒpenDocunenl (ieIaling lhal, al ils Maich 27, 2OO8 neeling, lhe Advisoiy
CounciI on lhe Inleiaclion of lhe Russian Ioieign Minisliy vilh Russian MusIin
oiganizalions discussed lhe ieIigious educalion of Russian MusIins).
73
Scc O zasedanii KonsuIlalivnogo sovela po vzainodeislviiu MID Rossii s
iossiiskini nusuInanskini oiganizalsiiani |Iiess ReIease on lhe Meeling of lhe
Advisoiy CounciI foi Coopeialion vilh lhe Russian Ioieign Minisliy and Russian
MusIin oiganizalionsj, MINISTRY OI IORLICN AII. OI THL RUSSIAN ILDN (Mai. 27,
2OO8),
hllp://vvv.In.nid.iu/lI.nsf/pInv/9C1II1O972998AC3257419OO4LA576/24
IILL/27.O3.2OO8.doc (delaiIing chaIIenges faced ly Russian MusIins).
74
The Russian void nii aIso neans peace and connunily.
75
Il nighl aIso le consideied a goveinnenl-oiganized nongoveinnenlaI
oiganizalion, oi CONCO.
384 U. Pa. ]. |n|| |. |VoI. 33:2
piogians alioad and geneiaIIy pionole Russian Ianguage
and Iileialuie aiound lhe voiId.
76

The foundalions puipose is lo pionol|ej lhe Russian Ianguage,
as Russias nalionaI heiilage and a significanl aspecl of Russian
and voiId cuIluie, and |lo suppoilj Russian Ianguage leaching
piogians alioad.
77
Moie lioadIy, Russkiy Miis nission
slalenenl piovides foi suppoiling, enhancing and encouiaging
lhe appiecialion of Russian Ianguage, heiilage and cuIluie ly
shovcas|ingj vilianl exanpIes of Russian ail and cuIluie aiound
lhe voiId in lhe foin of ailislic, nusicaI, Iileiaiy, and scienlific
conliilulions ly Russias laIenled viileis, ailisls and acadenics
spieading and uniling Russian Ianguage and cuIluie . . . .
78

The Russian goveinnenl ielains significanl lies lo Russkiy Mii
lecause il opeiales as a joinl piojecl of lhe Minisliy of Ioieign
Affaiis and lhe Minisliy of Lducalion and Science and |isj
suppoiled ly lolh pulIic and piivale funds.
79
Al lhe
foundalions 2OO9 annuaI neeling, a slalenenl ly Iiine Minislei
Iulin haiIed lhe cIose coopeialion eslalIished lelveen lhe
foundalion and lhe goveinnenl.
8O
To le ceilain, lhis high IeveI of
coopeialion is ensuied ly lhe piesence of Ioieign Minislei Laviov,
Andiei Iuisenko, Minislei of Lducalion and Science, and Seigey
Vinokuiov, Head of Iiesidenl Medvedevs Office foi InleiiegionaI
and CuIluiaI ReIalions vilh Ioieign Counliies, on Russkiy Miis
loaid of liuslees.
81

CoupIed vilh ils goveinnenlaI Iinkage, lhe foundalion aIso has
deveIoped an incieasingIy olvious conneclion vilh lhe ROC. The

76
Aocu| Russ|iq Mir |cunda|icn. Crca|icn, RUSSKIY MIR IOUND.,
hllp://vvv.iusskiynii.iu/iusskiynii/en/fund/aloul (Iasl visiled Nov. 17,
2O11).
77
|d.
78
Aocu| Russ|iq Mir |cunda|icn. Missicn S|a|cncnl, RUSSKIY MIR IOUND.
hllp://vvv.iusskiynii.iu/iusskiynii/en/fund/aloul (Iasl visiled Nov. 17,
2O11) (expIaining lhe Ioundalions nission lo pionole peace and undeislanding
ly encouiaging lhe appiecialion of lhe Russian Ianguage and cuIluie).
79
Aocu| Russ|iq Mir |cunda|icn. Crca|icn, supra nole 76.
8O
Tnc Tnird Russ|iq Mir Asscno|q. Sunnarq cf Rcsu||s, RUSSKIY MIR IOUND.
(Nov. 5, 2OO9), hllp://vvv.iusskiynii.iu/iusskiynii/en/nevs/fund
/nevsOO25.hlnI.
81
Scc 8card cf Trus|ccs, RUSSKIY MIR IOUND.,
hllp://vvv.iusskiynii.iu/iusskiynii/en/fund/loaid.hlnI (Iasl visiled Nov.
17, 2O11) (Iisling lhe nenleis of lhe loaid of liuslees).
Russian Ianguage veision of lhe Russkiy Mii velsile eIaloiales no
Iess lhan sevenleen nain oljeclives of lhe foundalion (leyond
lhose ciled alove), incIuding, al lhe veiy end of lhe Iisl, inleiaclion
vilh lhe Russian Oilhodox Chuich and olhei ieIigions in
pionoling lhe Russian Ianguage and Russian cuIluie.
82
As an
oulgiovlh of lhis, nuch of lhe conlenl posled lo Russkiy Miis
velsile is Oilhodoxy-diiven, consisling of enliies seeningIy
unieIaled lo lhe nandale of advancing lhe Russian Ianguage.
These sloiies caiiy headIines such as: Russias Ialiiaich Visils
Azeilaijan,
83
Days of Russian SpiiiluaI CuIluie Kick off in
Valican,
84
Oilhodox Chiislians CeIeliale Ieasl of lhe
Resuiieclion of Chiisl in Aigenlina,
85
Ialiiaich KiiiII lo Visil
Noilhvesl Russia,
86
MeliopoIilan HiIaiion SignaIs Hope foi
Meeling lelveen Moscov Ialiiaich and Iope,
87
and Ialiiaich
KiiiII Inleiesled in Space TiaveI.
88

Al fiisl lIush, Russkiy Miis nandale enlaiIs IillIe oi no
conneclion lo lhe pionolion of spiiiluaIily oi ieIigion. As noled,
lhe foundalion is oslensilIy focused on lhe seeningIy secuIai lask
of pionoling lhe Russian Ianguage and ieIaled leaching piogians

82
Scc O Ionde |Aloul lhe Ioundalionj, RUSSKIY MIR IOUND.,
hllp://vvv.iusskiynii.iu/iusskiynii/iu/fund/aloul (Iasl visiled Oclolei 24,
2O11) (slaling lhe Russkiy Miis slalule and Iisling ils oljeclives). Theie is no
paiaIIeI iefeience lo lhe ROC on Russkiy Miis LngIish Ianguage velpage
(delaiIing lhe oljeclives found on lhe Russian Ianguage velsile), scc a|sc Aocu|
Russ|iq Mir |cunda|icn. Missicn S|a|cncn|, supra nole 78 (Iisling oljeclives found
on lhe LngIish Ianguage velsile).
83
Russias Pa|riarcn Visi|s Azcroaijan, RUSSKIY MIR IOUND. (Api. 26, 2O1O),
hllp://vvv.iusskiynii.iu/iusskiynii/en/nevs/connon/nevsO279.hlnI.
84
Daqs cf Russian Spiri|ua| Cu||urc Kic| cff in Va|ican, RUSSKIY MIR IOUND.
(Iel. 12, 2O1O), hllp://vvv.iusskiynii.iu/iusskiynii/en/nevs/connon
/nevsOO92.hlnI.
85
Prazdni| Vcs|rcscniia Xris|cta pratcs|atnqc c|nccna|i t Argcn|inc |Or|ncdcx
Cnris|ians Cc|cora|c |nc |cas| cf |nc Rcsurrcc|icn cf Cnris| in Argcn|inaj, RUSSKIY MIR
IOUND. (May 4, 2O1O), hllp://adnin.iusskiynii.iu/iusskiynii/iu/nevs
/connon/nevs9O15.hlnI.
86
Pa|riarcn Kiri|| |c Visi| Ncr|nucs| Russia, RUSSKIY MIR IOUND. (May 28, 2O1O),
hllp://vvv.iusskiynii.iu/iusskiynii/en/nevs/connon/nevsO423.hlnI.
87
Mc|rcpc|i|an Hi|aricn Signa|s Hcpc fcr Mcc|ing oc|uccn Mcsccu Pa|riarcn and
Pcpc, RUSSKIY MIR IOUND. (May 2O, 2O1O), hllp://vvv.iusskiynii.iu/
iusskiynii/en/nevs/connon/nevsO385.hlnI.
88
Pa|riarcn Kiri|| |n|crcs|cd in Spacc Tratc|Rcsccsncs Cnicf, RUSSKIY MIR
IOUND. (Dec. 2, 2O1O), hllp://vvv.iusskiynii.iu/iusskiynii/en/nevs
/connon/nevs1755.hlnI.
386 U. Pa. ]. |n|| |. |VoI. 33:2
alioad.
89
Moieovei, al Russkiy Miis inceplion in 2OO7, no ROC
iepiesenlalives veie incIuded eilhei on lhe oiganizalions
founding execulive slaff oi loaid of liuslees.
9O
Despile lhis
appaienl disconnecl, Iulins NSC fion 2OOO expIicilIy
foieshadoved lhe Iinkage lelveen Ianguage and Russias
spiiiluaI ienevaI pul inlo piaclice ly Russkiy Mii:
The spiiiluaI ienevaI of sociely is inpossilIe vilhoul lhe
pieseivalion of lhe ioIe of lhe Russian Ianguage as a facloi
of lhe spiiiluaI unily of lhe peopIes of nuIlinalionaI Russia
and as lhe Ianguage of inleislale connunicalion lelveen
lhe peopIes of lhe nenlei slales of lhe ConnonveaIlh of
Independenl Slales.
91

The NSCs vision denonsliales lhal lhe ROCs conneclion lo
Russkiy Mii is nol sinpIe kisnel, lul ialhei pail of a Iongslanding,
Iong-lein vision oiiginaIIy espoused ly Iulin and conlinued loday
undei lhe Medvedev adninislialion: Oilhodoxy shaII le
pionoled nol onIy undei lhe lannei of an oslensilIy noie
incIusive nolion of spiiiluaIily oi cuIluie, lul aIso as pail of lhe
goveinnenls lioadei effoil lo safeguaid lhe Russian Ianguage.
Taking a deepei Iook al Russkiy Miis nosl iecenl inleiaclions
vilh lhe ROC, il lecones olvious lhal lhe ieIalionship is
inlensifying as lhe foundalion diifls avay fion ils coie nission of
pionoling lhe Russian Ianguage and vandeis inlo lhe ieaIn of

89
Scc Dccrcc cf |nc Prcsidcn| cf |nc Russian |cdcra|icn cn |nc |s|ao|isnncn| cf |nc
Russ|iq Mir |cunda|icn, RUSSKIY MIR IOUND. (}une 21, 2OO7),
hllp://vvv.iusskiynii.iu/iusskiynii/en/fund/index.nesled/deciee_lexl.hlnI
(eslalIishing lhal lhe Ioundalion vas foined in oidei lo pionole Russian
Ianguage and cuIluie and lo slail Russian Ianguage leaching piogians in olhei
counliies), Ukaz Iiesidenla Rossiiskoi Iedeialsii O sozdanii fonda Russkiy nii
|IiesidenliaI Deciee on lhe Ciealion of lhe Russian WoiId fundj, No. 796 (}une
21, 2OO7), hllp://vvv.ig.iu/2OO7/O6/23/fond-dok.hlnI (slaling lhal lhe
ciealion of a Russian WoiId fund is desiialIe lecause lhe fund couId heIp
pionole lhe Russian Language).
9O
Dccrcc cf |nc Prcsidcn| cf |nc Russian |cdcra|icn cn |nc |s|ao|isnncn| cf |nc
Russ|iq Mir |cunda|icn, supra nole 89 (selling lhe pioceduie of oiganizing
Russkiy Mii vilhoul lhe use of iepiesenlalives of lhe Russian Oilhodox Chuich
in lhe founding execulives oi liuslees).
91
Scc

Na|icna| Sccuri|q Ccnccp| cf |nc Russian |cdcra|icn, supra nole 9, al pl. IV
(ieslaling lhal use of lhe geneiic lein spiiiluaI in lhis conlexl opeiales foi lhe
expiess puipose of soIidifying~vilh lhe assislance of slale funding~
Oilhodoxys piofiIe and pioxinily lo lhe Russian goveinnenl), scc a|sc supra 3.1.1.
endoising an excIusiveIy Oilhodox veision of spiiiluaIily and
Russia alioad.
Civen lhis dynanic, Russkiy Mii is a viiluaI pelii dish foi
exanining lhe expIosion of ROC-slale coopeialion on lhe
inleinalionaI slage, an exeicise lhal is ieveaIing on a nunlei of
IeveIs. Iiisl, lo lhe exlenl lhal Russkiy Mii has undeilaken
aclivilies faIIing oulside lhe scope of ils goveinnenl-sanclioned
(and financed) nandale, il is lechnicaIIy~if ialhei iionicaIIy~in
vioIalion of Russias heavy-handed NCO Iav, and lheiefoie
polenliaIIy suljecl lo Iiquidalion undei lhe piovisions of lhal Iav.
92

Second, in Iighl of lhe goveinnenls inlinale conneclion lo lhe
foundalion, lhese aclivilies give iise lo a polenliaI lieach of lhe
goveinnenls conslilulionaIIy nandaled olIigalions lovaids
secuIaiisn, chuich-slale sepaialion, and equaIily anong ieIigious
failhs. IinaIIy, in Iighl of Russkiy Miis enphasis on opeialions
oulside of Russia, lhe foundalion~and ly inpIicalion lhe
goveinnenl of Russia~seives lo advance lhe ROCs ieIigious and
poIilicaI inleiesls ly disseninaling an excIusiveIy Oilhodox poinl
of viev and cenenling lhe Iinkage lelveen Oilhodoxy and lhe
slale.
Al lhe end of 2OO9, Russkiy Mii and lhe ROC enleied inlo a
foinaI coopeialion agieenenl
93
inlended lo soIidify syslenalic
coIIaloialion. This niIeslone agieenenl caIIs foi in|cr a|ia
slienglhening lhe spiiiluaI unily of lhe Russian voiId,
94

92
The exanpIe of Russkiy Mii aIso undeiscoies lhe aililiaiiness associaled
vilh Russias enfoicenenl of lhe NCO Iav. Ioi a delaiIed anaIysis of lhe Iav and
ils hunan iighls inpIicalions, see Iill, supra nole 21.
93
IIans foi an agieenenl eneiged foIIoving an Augusl 2OO9 neeling
lelveen Ialiiaich KiiiII and Russkiy Mii Ioundalion diiecloi VyachesIav
Nikonov. A signing evenl vas heId on Nov. 3, 2OO9, al lhe Russkiy Mii
Ioundalions lhiid annuaI assenlIy. Scc Svialeishii Ialiiaikh KiiiII vslieliIsia s
iukovodileIen fonda Russkiy Mii V.A. Nikonovyn |Ialiiaich KiiiII nel vilh
lhe head of lhe Russian WoiId foundalionj, IATRIARCHIA (Aug. 26, 2OO9),
hllp://vvv.paliiaichia.iu/dl/lexl/727913.hlnI (iepoiling lhal an agieenenl
had leen ieached lo puisue syslenalic coopeialion and coIIaloialion).
94
Scc ZhuinaIy zasedaniia Sviashchennoho sinoda ol 25 dekaliia 2OO9 goda
|HoIy Synod }ouinaIs, Dec. 25, 2OO9j, RUSSKIY MIR IOUND. (Dec. 28, 2OO9),
hllp://vvv.iusskiynii.iu/iusskiynii/iu/fund/piess/piess1419.hlnI
(iesoIving lhal lhe agieenenl lelveen lhe ROC and Russkiy Mii vas a leneficiaI
one foi lhe slienglhening of lhe spiiiluaI unily of lhe Russian voiId), Pcdpisanc
scg|asncnic c sc|rudnicncs|tc nczndu Russ|ci pratcs|atnci |scr|ctiu i |cndcn Russ|iq
Mir |An agrccncn| cn cccpcra|icn oc|uccn |nc Russian Or|ncdcx Cnurcn and |nc
|cunda|icn 'Russ|iq Mir' is signcdj, RUSSKIY MIR IOUND. (Mai. 11, 2OO9),

388 U. Pa. ]. |n|| |. |VoI. 33:2
pieseiving lhe spiiiluaI, Iinguislic and cuIluiaI idenlily of
Russians alioad,
95
and pionoling sliucluies ciealed ly lhe
Moscov Ialiiaichale oveiseas,
96
incIuding lhe oiganizalion of
louis lo Oilhodox piIgiinage siles oulside of lhe Russian
Iedeialion.
97
The agieenenl aIso acknovIedges lhe inpoilance of
lhe ROCs foieign aclivilies,
98
nandales lhal ROC iepiesenlalives
viII le appoinled lo Russkiy Miis gianl-naking counciI and loaid
of liuslees,
99
and eslalIishes a peinanenl voiking gioup of ROC
and Russkiy Mii iepiesenlalives lo addiess any piaclicaI issues
lhal nay aiise in inpIenenling lhe agieenenl.
1OO

hllp://vvv.iusskiynii.iu/iusskiynii/iu/nevs/fund/nevsO177.hlnI
(desciiling lhe pioceduie of signing lhe agieenenl and slaling KiiiIIs posilions
on lhe inpoilance of lhis coopeialion and lhe exislence of Russkiy Mii).
95
Scc Pcdpisanc scg|asncnic c sc|rudnicncs|tc nczndu Russ|ci Pratcs|atnci
Tscr|ctiu i fcndcn Russ|iq nir |An agrccncn| cn cccpcra|icn oc|uccn |nc Russian
Or|ncdcx Cnurcn and |nc |cunda|icn Russian lcr|dj, DLIT IOR LXTLRNAL CHURCH
RLL. OI THL RUSSIAN ORTHODOX CHURCH (Nov. 3, 2OO9),
hllp://vvv.nospal.iu/iu/2OO9/11/O3/nevs77O5/ (oulIining lhe conlenl of lhe
agieenenl lelveen lhe ROC and Russkiy Mii).
96
Scc Za||iucncnc scg|asncncnic nczndu pa|riarncn Kiri||cn | fcndcn Russ|iq
nir |Agrccncn| oc|uccn Pa|riarcn Kiri|| and Russian lcr|d |cunda|icnj, RUSSKIY
MIR IOUND. (Nov. 3, 2OO9), hllp://vvv.iusskiynii.iu/iusskiynii/iu
/fund/piess/piess1O41.hlnI (desciiling lhe pailicuIais of lhe agieenenl
lelveen lhe ROC and Russkiy Mii, incIuding lhe pionolion of sliucluies ciealed
ly lhe Moscov Ialiiaichale in oveiseas inslilulions).
97
Scc An agrccncn| cn cccpcra|icn oc|uccn |nc Russian Or|ncdcx Cnurcn and |nc
|cunda|icn Russian lcr|d, supra nole 95 (slaling lhal lhe joinl voik of lhe fund
and Chuich viII oiganize piIgiinages lo Russian shiines and nenoiiaI siles
alioad).
98
|d. (desciiling lhal lhe ROC sees ils foieign aclivilies as significanl foi
pieseiving lhe Russian voiId and caiing foi lhe fIock).
99
Scc Agrccncn| 8c|uccn Pa|riarcn Kiri|| and Russian lcr|d |cunda|icn, supra
nole 96 (desciiling lhe pailicipalion of lhe ROC in Russkiy Mii goveinance). Al
piesenl, lhe Oilhodox Chuich enjoys a nonopoIy as lhe soIe ieIigious
oiganizalion lesloved vilh a seal on lhe Ioundalions loaid of liuslees.
MeliopoIilan HiIaiion, Chaiinan of lhe Moscov Ialiiaichale Depailnenl foi
LxleinaI Chuich ReIalions, iepiesenls lhe Chuich in lhis capacily. Scc 8card cf
Trus|ccs, supra nole 81.
1OO
Scc An agrccncn| cn cccpcra|icn oc|uccn |nc Russian Or|ncdcx Cnurcn and |nc
|cunda|icn Russian lcr|d, supra nole 95 (desciiling lhe ciealion of a voiking
gioup foi piolIen iesoIulion as pail of lhe signed agieenenl). The voiking
gioup iesponsilIe foi nanaging ROC-Russkiy Mii Ioundalion ieIalions heId ils
fiisl neeling in ApiiI 2O1O. Il is expecled lhal lhe gioup viII conlinue neeling
peiiodicaIIy lo addiess piaclicaI nalleis ieIaling lo lhe ongoing ieIalionship. Scc
Scs|cia|cs zascdanic Raoccnci gruppq pc tzaincdcis|tiu Russ|ci Pratcs|atnci Tscr|ti |
|cnda |A ncc|ing cf |nc lcr|ing Grcup cn |nc |n|crac|icn cf |nc Russian Or|ncdcx

The acluaI signing of lhe agieenenl vas an occasion veighly
enough lo neiil Ialiiaich KiiiIIs pailicipalion
1O1
and lo le
scheduIed duiing lhe foundalions lhiid annuaI assenlIy, an evenl
allended ly neaiIy a lhousand peopIe fion 8O counliies.
1O2
In
his ienaiks lo lhe ciovd, KiiiII shaied his vievs on lhe fuluie of
Russian cuIluie and lhe Russian voiId. He expIained lhal Russkiy
Miis effoils aiound lhe voiId seive as a luIvaik againsl lhe
lhieal of gIolaIizalion and lhe Ioss of cuIluie. He aIso enphasized
lhal lhe ROC iepiesenls lhe lacklone of lhe Russian voiId and
seives as a unifying foice inside and oulside of Russia lhal
pievenls assiniIalion and fosleis cIosei lies vilh lhe Russian
slale.
1O3
NolalIy, KiiiII sliessed his leIief lhal lhe ROC vas nol an
elhnic chuich lul ialhei cuIluiaIIy lased, and advocaled foi use of
lhe unlieIIa lein counliies of lhe Russian voiId lo designale aII
lhose slales lhal nighl le hone lo a significanl Russian ninoiily
popuIalion.
1O4

Russkiy Miis nevIy ninled and fai-ieaching foinaI aIIiance
vilh lhe ROC pIaces lhe goveinnenl inlo a conslilulionaIIy
unlenalIe posilion. In Iighl of ils diiecl financiaI and poIilicaI
suppoil foi lhe foundalion, lhe goveinnenl has in essence ciealed
and sanclioned a pioxy lody lhal iepiesenls nolhing Iess lhan a
fusion of Oilhodox and slale inslilulions. This chineia, oiiginaIIy
lasked vilh lhe nodesl goaI of shovcasing exanpIes of Russian ail
and cuIluie, is nov lhe peifecl enlodinenl of hov Russias
foieign poIicy is conducled vilh ullei disiegaid foi lhe

Cnurcn and |nc |cunda|icn Russian lcr|dj, DLIT IOR LXTLRNAL CHURCH RLL. OI
THL RUSSIAN ORTHODOX CHURCH (Api. 22, 2O1O),
hllp://vvv.nospal.iu/iu/2O1O/O4/22/nevs17159/ (discussing lhe agieenenl
on coopeialion lelveen lhe Russian Oilhodox Chuich and lhe Ioundalion
Russian WoiId).
1O1
Lov-IeveI deIegales fion lhe ROC deIiveied slalenenls on lehaIf of
Ialiiaich AIexy II lo pievious Russia WoiId AssenlIies in 2OO7 and 2OO8. Scc
AssanlIei iusskogo niia |Russian WoiId AssenlIiesj, RUSSKIY MIR IOUND.
(aichivaI copy on fiIe vilh lhe Univeisily of IennsyIvania }ouinaI of InleinalionaI
Lav) (Iinking lo piess ieIeases of piioi yeais Russia WoiId AssenlIies).
1O2
Tnc Tnird Russ|iq Mir Asscno|q, supra nole 8O.
1O3
Scc id. (sunnaiizing lhe ienaiks of Ialiiaich KiiiII, vhich focused on lhe
aliIily of lhe Russian Oilhodox Chuich lo pievenl lhe gIolaIizalions lhieal of a
neig|ingj of aII cuIluies . . . .).
1O4
Scc Agrccncn| oc|uccn Pa|riarcn Kiri|| and Russian lcr|d |cunda|icn, supra
nole 96 (desciiling Ialiiaich KiiiIIs chaiacleiizalion of lhe Russian Oilhodox
Chuich and ils ieIalion lo counliies vilh Russian-speaking popuIalions).
39O U. Pa. ]. |n|| |. |VoI. 33:2
conslilulionaI iequiienenls of secuIaiisn and ieIigious equaIily.
Nol suipiisingIy, al Ieasl one nedia souice has IaleIed Russkiy
Mii as one of lhe sliucluiaI divisions of Russias Ioieign
InleIIigence Seivice.
1O5
NolalIy, VyachesIav Nikonov, lhe
foundalions diiecloi, has a peisonaI conneclion lo Russias seciel
seivice, having seived as advisoi lo lhe diiecloi of lhe KC in lhe
eaiIy 199Os.
1O6

3.2.3. Suppoil foi Daqs cf Spiri|ua| Cu||urc
One of lhe specific piojecls coning oul of lhe ROC-MOIA
voiking gioup is lhe Daqs cf Russian Spiri|ua| Cu||urc. This
piogian, pail of a lioadei Days of Russia IR inilialive Iaunched
ly lhe Russian goveinnenl, is opeialed vilh suppoil fion
Russias MOIA, lhe Minisliy of CuIluie, and lhe ROC, anong
olheis.
1O7
To dale, lhe piogian has leen a liaveIing ioadshov of
soils, heId in ovei a dozen slales incIuding Seilia, Cioalia, Cula,
Cosla Rica, VenezueIa, iaziI, Aigenlina, and ChiIe.
1O8
In 2O1O, lhe
Valican hosled a siniIai piogian, vhich incIuded an

1O5
The sane iepoil noles lhal Russkiy Miis execulive diiecloi vas foineiIy
assislanl diiecloi of lhe KC. Scc AIexandei Caviosh, Za|arpa|s|cgc scpara|qs|a
finansuic Mcs|ta |Mcsccu Suppcr|s Scpara|is| Transcarpa|niaj, UKRAYINA MOLODA,
Nov. 8, 2OO9, hllp://vvv.unoIoda.kiev.ua/nunlei/1285/18O/45461/ (noling
lhal Nikonovs caieei legan in lhe KC), scc a|sc OSC |US Open Souice Cenleij
Ana|qsis. Russia Prcnc|cs Rusqn Scpara|isn in lcs|crn U|rainc, }an. 5, 2OO9, (quoling
UKRAYINA MOLODA ailicIe, in }OHNSONS RUSSIA LIST, 2OO9-#3, }an. 6, 2OO9).
1O6
This infoinalion is onIy avaiIalIe on lhe Russian Ianguage veision of lhe
Russkiy Mii velsile. Scc Adninis|ra|icn, RUSSKIY MIR IOUND.,
hllp://vvv.iusskiynii.iu/iusskiynii/iu/fund/adninislialion/nik.hlnI (Iasl
visiled Nov. 19, 2O11) (oulIining Nikonovs liogiaphy and voik hisloiy), scc a|sc
Russia IiofiIe, 8ac|grcund Pccp|c, hllp://iussiapiofiIe.oig/lg_peopIe
/iesouices_vhoisvho_aIphalel_n_nikonov.hlnI (Iasl visiled Nov. 19, 2O11)
(enliy foi Nikonov VyachesIav AIexseevich, Iiesidenl of lhe IoIily Ioundalion)
(delaiIing lhe caieei palh of VyachesIav Nikonov).
1O7
Scc Daqs cf Russia |c Ta|c P|acc in |a|in Ancrica fcr |irs| Tinc, RUSSKIY MIR
IOUND. (Ocl. 9, 2OO8) hllp://vvv.iusskiynii.iu/iusskiynii/en/nevs
/connon/nevsO115.hlnI (desciiling lhe ceIelialion, Days of Russia, laking
pIace in Cula, Cosla Rica, VenezueIa, iaziI, Aigenlina, ChiIe, and Iaiaguay).
1O8
Scc |a|in Ancrica |c Cc|cora|c |nc Daqs cf Russian Spiri|ua| Cu||urc, INTLRIAX
(Sepl. 3O, 2OO8), hllp://vvv.inleifax-ieIigion.con/àcl=nevs&div=521O
(announcing lhe upconing Days of Russian SpiiiluaI CuIluie, aIong vilh sone
delaiIs of lhe evenl), scc a|sc Daqs cf Russian Spiri|ua| Cu||urc in Scroia, THL VOICL
OI RUSSIA (Sepl. 15, 2O1O, 8:3O IM),
hllp://engIish.iuvi.iu/2O1O/O9/15/2O596562.hlnI (iepoiling on lhe Days of
Russian SpiiiluaI CuIluie in Seilia).
inleinalionaI lheoIogicaI foiun . . . devoled lo lhe connon
Chiislian iools of lhe Ronan CalhoIic and lhe Laslein Oilhodox
Chuiches and lhe connon lasks lhey aie facing in lodays
Luiope.
1O9

Accoiding lo Ioieign Minislei Laviov, lhe Daqs cf Russian
Spiri|ua| Cu||urc piogian offeis a seiies of neelings, exhililions,
fiIn shovings and conceils and joinl divine seivices
11O
lo heIp
acquainl olheis vilh Russian spiiiluaI cuIluie. Iulling aside lhe
queslion of vhelhei lhe foieign ninisliy is opeialing uIlia viies of
Russias conslilulion ly acliveIy pionoling ieIigious seivices,
Laviovs desciiplion convenienlIy ignoies lhe facl lhal lhe
piogian is vhoIIy Oilhodox in oiienlalion and diieclIy Iinks lhe
Moscov Ialiiaichale and slale lo lhe excIusion of aII olhei failhs
exisling in Russia loday.
111

Moie accuialeIy, a piogian oiganizei desciiles lhe oveiiiding
inlenl of lhe Daqs cf Russian Spiri|ua| Cu||urc exhilil lo geneiale
posilive pulIic opinion aloul lhe ieunificalion of lhe ROC and
lhe ROCOR, and highIighl lhe ievivaI of Oilhodoxy and lhe
iesloialion of ils hoIy siles in Russia.
112
A piess ieIease~
coincidenlaIIy pulIished ly Russkiy Mii~expIains lhal lhe
exhililion highIighls lhe Iife of Russian chuiches loday and
spiiiluaI deveIopnenl in sociely, lhe ievivaI of sacied siles and lhe

1O9
Daqs cf Russian Spiri|ua| Cu||urc S|ar| a| |nc Va|ican, RUSSKIY MIR IOUND.
(May 19, 2O1O), hllp://vvv.iusskiynii.iu/iusskiynii/en/nevs/connon
/nevsO381.hlnI. Scc a|sc Va|ican |c Hc|d Daqs cf Russian Spiri|ua| Cu||urc,
INTLRIAX (Iel. 12, 2O1O, 12:49 IM), hllp://vvv.inleifax-ieIigion.con
/àcl=nevs&div=6928 (desciiling lhe Days of Russian SpiiiluaI CuIluie piogian
in lhe Valican and lhe shaied senlinenls and vaIues of lhe Laslein and Weslein
Chuiches), Daqs cf Russian Spiri|ua| Cu||urc Kic| cff in Va|ican, RUSSKIY MIR IOUND.
(Iel. 12, 2O1O), hllp://vvv.iusskiynii.iu/iusskiynii/en/nevs/connon
/nevsOO92.hlnI (iepoiling on Ialiiaich KiiiIIs assessnenl of lhe slale of
Luiopean cuIluiaI idenlily and vhal can le done lo ienedy lhe piolIens found
lheiein).
11O
111
RenaikalIy, Laviov in lhe sane liealh goes on lo desciile Russia as
having foi cenluiies exisled as a nuIlinalionaI and nuIliconfessionaI sociely . . .
. |d.
112
Scc |a|in Ancrica |c cc|cora|c |nc Daqs cf Russian Spiri|ua| Cu||urc, supra nole
1O8 (quoling lhe oiganizeis of Russian Days of SpiiiluaI CuIluie in Lalin Aneiica
as saying lhe puipose of lhe evenl is lo foin posilive pulIic opinion aloul
ieunion of lhe Russian Oilhodox Chuich in Russia and Alioad).
392 U. Pa. ]. |n|| |. |VoI. 33:2
hisloiic significance of lhe Russian Oilhodox Chuich Oulside
Russia and ils ieunificalion vilh lhe Moscov Ialiiaichale.
113

eyond conceils ly lhe Sielensky Monasleiy Choii foi lhe
secuIai pulIic, lhe Ioieign Minisliys sponsoiship of lhe
piogian has faciIilaled saIes of Oilhodox Iileialuie pulIished ly
lhe Moscov Ialiiaichale
114
and acquainling leIieveis in Lalin
Aneiica vilh nodein Russian Oilhodoxy.
115
When vieved
fion lhe giound IeveI, lhe Ioieign Minisliys suppoil foi Daqs cf
Russian Spiri|ua| Cu||urc has in facl enlioiIed lhe Russian
goveinnenl diieclIy in lhe voik of suppoiling lhe ROC
pioseIylizing alioad. To iIIusliale lhis concIusion, considei an
exceipl fion an inleiviev vilh Ialhei AIexy Aedo, a ChiIean
nalive and Oilhodox aichpiiesl:
Hicrcncn| Pau| Scncroacnct: Whal kind of naik have lhese
days |of Russian SpiiiluaI CuIluiej Iefl in lhe souIs of lhose
ChiIeans vho aie sliII nol in lhe Chuich, vho considei
lhenseIves lo le secuIai peopIe` Iion youi poinl of viev,
couId il happen lhal, aflei visiling lhe conceils of Sielensky
Monasleiys choii, lhe exhililion 'HoIy Russia, Oilhodox
Russia|j, and lhe cinenalic feslivaI of Russian fiIns, lheie
viII le avakened in lhen an inleiesl in spiiiluaIily, and in
liue Russian cuIluie, vhich is cIoseIy lound up vilh lhe
idea of Oilhodoxy`
|a|ncr A|cxq Acdc: Of couise. I lhink lhis |piogianj viII
aIso heIp lhen diav cIosei lo lhe Oilhodox failh lecause
duiing lhis peiiod of lhe Days of Russian cuIluie, ChiIeans
have had lhe chance lo conveise vilh cIeigy~vilh piiesls
and hieiaichs . . . peopIe nay le veiy fai fion lhe Chuich,
peihaps nol even leIieve in Cod . . . unliI lhey lecone

113
Daqs cf Russia |c Ta|c P|acc in |a|in Ancrica fcr |irs| Tinc, supra nole 1O7, scc
a|sc Daqs cf Russian Spiri|ua| Cu||urc S|ar| a| |nc Va|ican, supra nc|c 1O9 (desciiling a
seninai lo le heId al lhe evenl devoled lo lhe connon iools of lhe Valican and
lhe Russian Oilhodox Chuich).
114
Scc V |a|ins|ci Ancri|c prcidu| Dni russ|ci dunctnci |u||urq |Daqs cf Russian
Spiri|ua| Cu||urc |c oc Hc|d in |a|in Ancricaj, INTLRIAX (Sepl. 29, 2OO8, 2:O8 IM),
hllp://vvv.inleifax-ieIigion.iu/àcl=nevs&div=26699 (discussing lhe voiship
seivices lo le heId duiing lhe Russian Days of SpiiiluaI CuIluie in Lalin Aneiica
and lhe acconpanying Iileialuie).
115
|d.
acquainled vilh a piiesl. The Loid Cod IileiaIIy opens foi
lhen a IillIe dooi, liny and unnolicealIe, and~Io!~failh
appeais. Such a peison suddenIy luins lo us vilh a iequesl
lo lIess his hone, lo lIess his chiIdien. Then he Ieains
aloul lhe heighls of nonaslic Iife, and is leside hinseIf
vilh joy and vondei aloul il. He slails ieading lhe Iives of
sainls~Seiaphin of Saiov, SiIouan of Mounl Alhos,
Heinan of AIaska, and olhei ascelics of piely. . .y Cods
giace, a peison laIks vilh a piiesl and finds lhe foolsleps of
lhe Loid.
116

In addilion lo acliveIy sponsoiing lhe ROCs nissionaiy effoils, lhe
Daqs cf Russian Spiri|ua| Cu||urc seives lhe puipose of advancing
Russias lenpoiaI foieign poIicy. Accoiding lo Dniliy Kiavlsov,
diiecloi of Russia House in uenos Aiies, lhe piogian is
inpoilanl lecause il voiks lo slienglhen Russias pulIic
dipIonacy alioad.
117
Mixed in vilh lhe icons and cIeigy, aclivilies
incIude sessions on pionoling iegionaI coopeialion, slialegic
pailneiship and piofilalIe inveslnenls.
118
Iion lhis peispeclive,

116
Hieiononk IauI Scheilachev, Opcning a Dccr fcr |nc |crd in Pccp|cs
Hcar|s. An in|crticu, THL VOICL OI ORTHODOXY (}an-Iel, 2OO9),
hllp://vvv.lhevoiceofoilhodoxy.con/aichives/ailicIes/Opening_dooi_peopIes
_heail.hlnI#_flnief4.
117
Scc Dni russ|ci dunctnci |u||urq t argcn|ins|ci prctin|sii San|a-|ruz |Daqs cf
Russian Spiri|ua| Cu||urc |n |nc Argcn|inc Prctincc cf San|a Cruzj, IRAVOSLAVIL (Iel.
1O, 2O1O), hllp://vvv.piavosIavie.iu/nevs/34OO1.hln (discussing lhe opening
ceienony and ceIelialion of Russian Days of SpiiiluaI CuIluie vilh lhe
pailicipalion of Aigenlina, vhich aie neanl lo deveIop and suslain lhe sociaI,
cuIluiaI, educalionaI, and spiiiluaI ieIalions lelveen Russian and Aigenlina),
Dias dc |a cu||ura cspiri|ua| rusa cn |a prctincia San|a Cruz |Daqs cf Russian Spiri|ua|
Cu||urc in |nc Prctincc cf San|a Cruzj, CASA DL RUSIA (Iel. 2, 2O1O),
hllp://vvv.casadeiusia.oig/ai/ficha-evenlo.phpìdxevenl=62 (oulIining lhe
vays in vhich lhe Russian Days of SpiiiluaI CuIluie aie neanl lo deveIop
ieIalions lelveen Russian and Aigenlina). Il is voilh noling lhal Russia House
in uenos Aiies, opeialed ly lhe IedeiaI Agency foi lhe Affaiis of lhe
ConnonveaIlh of lhe Independenl Slales (CIS) of Conpaliiols Living Alioad
and foi InleinalionaI Hunanilaiian Coopeialion (Rcssc|rudnicncs|tc), pioninenlIy
fealuies dedicaled Iinks lo Russian Oilhodox Chuich nevs and nessages on ils
honepage, avaiIalIe in Russian and Spanish. Scc, c.g.,
hllp://vvv.casadeiusia.oig/ and hllp://vvv.casadeiusia.oig/ai/index.php.
The diiecloi of Rcssc|rudnicncs|tc is aIso a nenlei of lhe Russkiy Miis loaid of
liuslees. Scc supra nole 74.
118
Scc Daqs cf Russia |c Ta|c P|acc in |a|in Ancrica fcr |irs| Tinc, supra nole 1O7
(desciiling sone of lhe aclivilies of lhe Russian Days of SpiiiluaI CuIluie).
394 U. Pa. ]. |n|| |. |VoI. 33:2
lhe Daqs cf Russian Spiri|ua| Cu||urc inilialive ciyslaIIizes lhe
synlhesis lelveen Russias foieign poIicy oljeclives and lhe
disseninalion of Oilhodoxy.
3.2.4. |aci|i|a|ing an |xc|usitc Pcdiun fcr Or|ncdcxq a| |nc Uni|cd
Na|icns
3.2.4.1. Spcnscring |nc Spiri|ua| Rctita| cf Russia |xnioi|
The Russian MOIA aIso has soughl lo eslalIish a pioninenl
ioIe foi lhe Moscov Ialiiaichale vilhin a vaiiely of U.N. foia.
SiniIai lo lhe Daqs cf Russian Spiri|ua| Cu||urc piogian desciiled
alove, Russias Ieinanenl Mission lo lhe U.N. sponsoied an
exhilil al lhe U.N. Headquaileis in Nev Yoik enlilIed Russian
Oilhodox Chuich and InleiieIigious DiaIogue: SpiiiluaI RevivaI of
Russia.
119
WhiIe lhe lilIe puipoiled lo enphasize inleiieIigious
diaIogue, lhe evenls pioduclion and conlenl iefIecled a
lianspaienl effoil lo undeicul Russias conslilulion and Iegilinize
ongoing disciininalion againsl so-caIIed nonliadilionaI ieIigions
in Russia. Then Ialiiaich AIexys ienaiks al lhe opening
ceienony gIaiingIy excIuded lhousands of pious Russian cilizens
ly piocIaining ve, Russian Oilhodox Chiislians, MusIins,
}udaisls, and uddhisls, Iive in peace. And al lhe heail of lhis
peace is oui iespecl foi each olheis liadilions, vays of Iife and
sociaI nodeIs.
12O

Nol lo le ouldone, VilaIy Chuikin, Russias Ieinanenl
Repiesenlalive lo lhe Uniled Nalions, affiined lhis excIusionaiy
and disingenuous viev vhen he loasled lhal his Mission vanled
lo shov hov nodein Russia is addiessing lhe chaIIenging lask of
pionoling inleiieIigious and inleicuIluiaI undeislanding.
121
This

119
Iiess ReIease, Ieinanenl Mission of lhe Russian Iedn lo lhe U.N., On lhe
opening al lhe U.N. Headquaileis of lhe pholo exhililion Russian Oilhodox
Chuich and InleiieIigious DiaIogue: SpiiiluaI RevivaI of Russia (Ocl. 8, 2OO7),
atai|ao|c a|
hllp://vvv.un.inl/iussia/nev/MainRool/docs/piess/O71OO8epieI.hln.
12O
|d.
121
Iiess ReIease, H.L. VilaIy Chuikin, Ieinanenl Repiesenlalive of lhe
Russian Iedn lo lhe U.N., TaIking Ioinls al lhe Opening of lhe Iholo Lxhililion
Russian Oilhodox Chuich and InleiieIigious DiaIogue: SpiiiluaI RevivaI of
Russia (Ocl. 4, 2OO7), atai|ao|c a|
hllp://vvv.un.inl/iussia/nev/MainRool/docs/piess/O41OO7epieI.hln.
liash slalenenl cane onIy nonlhs aflei lhe Luiopean Couil of
Hunan Righls iuIed lhal Russias effoil lo deny ie-iegislialion lo
lhe SaIvalion Ainy on lhe lasis lhal il vas a paianiIilaiy
oiganizalion anounled lo an unjuslifialIe inleifeience vilh lhe
iighl lo fieedon of ieIigion and associalion undei lhe LCHR.
122

Chuikin aIso haiIed lhe najoi and liuIy seIfIess ioIe in lhe quesl
foi inleiieIigious hainony . . . pIayed ly lhe Russian Oilhodox
Chuich despile Iongslanding evidence lhal lhe Chuich exeiled
piessuie on |Russias }uslicej Minisliy lo pievenl sone ieIigious
oiganisalions fion ollaining lheii iegislialion.
123
In lhe end, as if
lo undeiscoie lhe poinl, lhe ROC vas lhe onIy ieIigious gioup
diieclIy invoIved in lhe exhilils pIanning, and iefeience lo
aclivilies of ieIigious NCOs in Russia vas Iiniled lo lhose vilh
consuIlalive slalus al lhe Uniled Nalions~coincidenlaIIy lvo
Russian Oilhodox gioups: lhe WoiId Russian IeopIes CounciI
124

and lhe InpeiiaI Oilhodox IaIesline Sociely.
125

122
The Couil in|cr a|ia found no ieasonalIe and oljeclive juslificalion foi a
diffeience in liealnenl of Russian and foieign nalionaIs as iegaids lheii aliIily lo
exeicise lhe iighl lo fieedon of ieIigion lhiough pailicipalion in lhe Iife of
oiganised ieIigious connunilies. Iuilhei, lhe Couil iejecled lhe Moscov }uslice
Depailnenls deniaI of iegislialion on lhe lasis lhal lhe SaIvalion Ainy
iepiesenled a paianiIilaiy oiganisalion, ieileialing lhal lhe iighl lo fieedon of
ieIigion as guaianleed undei lhe Convenlion excIudes any discielion on lhe pail
of lhe Slale lo deleinine vhelhei ieIigious leIiefs oi lhe neans used lo expiess
such leIiefs aie Iegilinale. Moscov ianch of lhe SaIvalion Ainy v. Russia,
paias. 82, 91 App. No. 72881/O1, (2OO6-XI Lui. Cl. H.R.), atai|ao|c a|
hllp://vvv.ecIj.oig/IDI/O61OO5O6_THL_SALVATION_ARMY_v_RUSSIA_}U
DCMLNT.pdf.
123
LUR. IARL. ASS., Rcpcr| oq |nc Mcni|cring Ccnn. cn Hcncuring cf Oo|iga|icns
and Ccnni|ncn|s oq |nc Russian |cdn, Doc. No. 9396, paia. 99 (2OO2),
hllp://assenlIy.coe.inl/Docunenls/WoikingDocs/docO2/LDOC9396.hln. Scc
a|sc LUR. IARL. ASS., Rcsc|u|icn 1278. Russias |au cn Rc|igicn, 11
lh
Sess., paia. 6(i)
(2OO2), hllp://assenlIy.coe.inl/Main.aspÌink=/Docunenls/AdopledTexl/laO2
/LRLS1278.hln (The IaiIianenlaiy AssenlIy sulsequenlIy ieconnended a
noie unifoin appIicalion of Russias ieIigious Iavs lhioughoul lhe Russian
Iedeialion, ending unjuslified iegionaI and IocaI disciininalion againsl ceilain
ieIigious connunilies and IocaI officiaIs piefeienliaI liealnenl of lhe Russian
Oilhodox Chuich, and in pailicuIai lheii insisling in ceilain disliicls lhal ieIigious
oiganisalions ollain piioi agieenenl foi lheii aclivilies fion lhe Russian
Oilhodox Chuich).
124
Il is connon knovIedge lhal lhe WoiId Russian IeopIes CounciI (WRIC)
is an NCO eslalIished and conlioIIed ly lhe ROC lo pionole ils agenda on lhe
inleinalionaI IeveI. The ROC Ialiiaich seives as lhe WRIC Ieadei and lhe NCOs
head office is Iocaled on lhe giounds of lhe DaniIov Monasleiy, headquaileis of
lhe Moscov Ialiiaichale and lhe officiaI iesidence of lhe Russian Ialiiaich. Scc

396 U. Pa. ]. |n|| |. |VoI. 33:2
3.2.4.2. Suppcr|ing |nc |s|ao|isnncn| cf a U.N. Ccnsu||a|itc
Ccunci| cn Rc|igicns
In 2OO7, al lhe uiging of lhe Moscov Ialiiaichale lo have ils
ioIe al lhe Uniled Nalions incieased, Russias MOIA:
cane up vilh lhe inilialive foi eslalIishing a consuIlalive
counciI on ieIigions . . . lo deveIop ieconnendalions foi lhe
sellIenenl of inleiconfessionaI piolIens in diffeienl
iegions of lhe voiId and lo heIp enhance lhe aclivilies and
aulhoiily of lhe U.N. in queslions of lhe nainlenance of
secuiily and pioleclion of hunan iighls.
126

Duiing lhe U.N. CeneiaI AssenlIys sixly-second session,
foieign ninislei Laviov IaleIed lhe spiiiluaI and noiaI
foundalions of hunan soIidaiily incieasingIy vilaI:

lcr|d Russian Pccp|cs Ccunci| |c Discuss Prco|cns cf Russian |duca|icn and |ani|q,
INTLRIAX (Api. 23, 2O1O, 5:37 IM), hllp://vvv.inleifax-
ieIigion.con/àcl=nevs&div=7193 (announcing lhe opening of lhe 14
lh
WoiId
Russian IeopIes CounciI), MOSCOW.INIO, Tnc Dani|ct Mcnas|crq,
hllp://vvv.noscov.info/oilhodox-noscov/daniIov-nonasleiy.aspx (Iasl
visiled Nov. 18, 2O11) (desciiling lhe DaniIov Monasleiy as lhe officiaI iesidence
of lhe ROC Ialiiaich), scc a|sc SACRLD DLSTINATIONS, Dani|ct Mcnas|crq, Mcsccu,
hllp://vvv.sacied-deslinalions.con/iussia/noscov-daniIov-nonasleiy.hln
(Iasl visiled Nov. 18, 2O11) (suppIying a hisloiicaI piinei on lhe DaniIov
Monasleiy and ils inpoilance lo lhe ROC), U.N. Lcon. & Soc. CounciI |LCOSOCj,
Lisl of non-goveinnenlaI oiganizalions in consuIlalive slalus vilh lhe Lcononic
and SociaI CounciI as of 1 Seplenlei 2O1O, U.N. Doc. L/2O1O/INI/4 (Sepl. 1,
2O1O), atai|ao|c a| hllp://csonel.oig/conlenl/docunenls/L2O1OINI4.pdf (ciling
WRIC as hoIding speciaI consuIlalive slalus vilh LCOSOC since 2OO5).
125
Scc Iiess ReIease, Ieinanenl Mission of lhe Russian Iedn lo lhe U.N.,
supra nole 119 (idenlifying lhe InpeiiaI Oilhodox IaIesline Sociely as a speciaI
slalus NCO lhal vas a pail of lhe pholo exhililion), Iiess ReIease, Minisliy of
Ioieign Aff. of lhe Russian Iedn, Tiansfei lo lhe InpeiiaI Oilhodox IaIesline
Socy (IOIS) of a Land IIol in elhIehen (May 22, 2OO8), atai|ao|c a|
hllp://vvv.In.nid.iu/lip_4.nsf/O/a75314297cc77ld2c3257451OO5748l3ÒpenD
ocunenl (shoving lhe conlinued cIose ieIalionship lelveen lhe Russian
goveinnenl and IOIS), scc gcncra||q Aocu| Us, THL IMILRIAL ORTHODOX IALLSTINL
SOCILTY - IALLSTINL, hllp://vvv.iops.ps/en/aloul_us.hln (Iasl visiled Nov. 18,
2O11) (The InpeiiaI Oilhodox IaIesline Sociely vas eslalIished lo slienglhen
Oilhodoxy in lhe HoIy Land |andj lo heIp Russian visilois liaveIing lo lhe HoIy
Land . . . .), HANNA KILDANI, MODLRN CHRISTIANITY IN THL HOLY LAND (2O1O),
(ieleIIing lhe eaiIy hisloiy of lhe InpeiiaI Oilhodox IaIesline Sociely and ils iools
in Russia).
126
SpiiiluaI vaIues of aII voiId ieIigions nake il inpeialive lo
achieve inleiciviIizalionaI accoid and fighl nanifeslalions
of xenopholia and iacisn . . . We piopose . . . eslalIishing
undei lhe Uniled Nalions auspices, a speciaI foiun~a kind
of consuIlalive CounciI of ReIigions~foi lhe exchanges of
vievs anong iepiesenlalives of najoi voiId confessions.
127

Since lhen, Russia has consislenlIy and iepealedIy advocaled in
favoi of such a counciI acioss a vaiiely of inleinalionaI foia,
128

incIuding diieclIy lo lhe U.N. Secielaiy-CeneiaI,
129
as pail of a
nelhodicaI effoil lo inciease lhe poinls of enliy avaiIalIe lo lhe
ROC on lhe inleinalionaI IeveI and in luin loosl lhe piojeclion of
Russian slale povei. Accoiding lo Laviov:
Russia suppoils in eveiy vay possilIe aII effoils lo fil lhe
diaIog of ieIigions inlo inleinalionaI affaiis vilhin lhe
fianevoik of nuIliIaleiaI oiganizalions and foiuns . . . .
The CounciIs nain lask vouId le lo eslalIish a vide-
ianging inlei-ieIigious diaIog and a diaIog lelveen lhe
iepiesenlalives of diffeienl failhs and poIilicaI Ieadeis. The
piesence of such an inleinalionaI inlei-ieIigious foiun is
Iong oveidue.
13O

127
U.N. CAOR, 62nd Sess., 11lh pIen. nlg. al 17-18, U.N. Doc. A/62/IV.11
(Sepl. 28, 2OO7). Scc a|sc Mcsccu ncpcs ini|ia|itc |c sc| up a Ccnsu||a|itc Ccunci| fcr
|n|crrc|igicus Cccpcra|icn undcr UN finds suppcr|, RLOR STRASOURC (Dec. 3, 2OO7),
hllp://sliaslouig-ieoi.oig/`lopicid=3O9 (The paliiaich aIso veIconed . . . lhe
slalenenl nade ly Mi. Laviov al lhe UN 62nd session . . . .).
128
Scc Russias |crcign Minis|cr ansucrs qcur qucs|icns cxc|usitc|q, RT (Api. 3O,
2OO9, 4:42 IM), hllp://il.con/poIilics/iussia-s-foieign-ninislei-ansveis-youi-
queslions-excIusiveIy/ (|The Russian Coveinnenlj suppoil|sj aII inleinalionaI
inilialives ained al pionoling inlei-ieIigious concoid.), Seigei Laviov, Minislei
of Ioieign Affaiis Speech al lhe XIV WoiId Russian IeopIes CounciI (May 25,
2O1O) (liansciipl avaiIalIe al hllp://vvv.nid.iu/lip_4.nsf/engIish
/89923C5CC35I5C325772IOO22ICLO) (enphasizing lhe inpoilance of lhe
ROC in fosleiing loIeiance foi aII peopIe in Russia).
129
Scc Iiess ReIease, Minislei of Ioieign Aff. of lhe Russian Iedn, Visil lo
lhe |sicj Russia of UN Secielaiy CeneiaI an Ki-noon (Api. 14, 2OO8),
hllp://vvv.nid.iu/ip_4.nsf/aih/L2DA2229O3LA28DC325742OO53724AÒp
enDocunenl (|Tjhe Moscov paliiaichale of lhe Russian Oilhodox Chuich
|desciiledj lhe essence of Russias pioposaI lo cieale a consuIlalive counciI of
ieIigions undei lhe aegis of lhe U.N. . . . lo |U.N. Secielaiy CeneiaIj an Ki-
Moon.).
13O
Dip|cnacq Nccds a Mcra| |cunda|icn, supra nole 45.
398 U. Pa. ]. |n|| |. |VoI. 33:2
The desiie lo eslalIish a ieIigious counciI has fealuied pioninenlIy
as one of Russias seIIing poinls in ils lid lo loIslei lies vilh lhe
MusIin voiId. In 2OO8, foieign ninislei Laviov inviled lhe
Oiganizalion foi lhe IsIanic Confeience (OIC) lo lack Russias
U.N. inilialive. Al lhal neeling, Iiine Minislei Iulin enphasized
lhe need foi lhe inleiieIigious counciI in lhe conlexl of lhe
Iegilinale and gioving ioIe of lhe ieIigious facloi in lhe nodein-
day inleinalionaI ieIalions . . . .
131
One foinei dipIonal desciiled
lhe nove as a najoi poIilicaI inilialive, eIevaling Russian
slanding in lhe MusIin voiId lo a quaIilaliveIy nev IeveI.
132

Soon lheieaflei, Saudi Aialia and olhei MusIin slales enliaced
Russias pioposaI as pail of lhe fouilh foiun of lhe Russia-IsIanic
WoiId Slialegic Vision Cioup.
133
The finaI connunique issued
ly lhe gioup~vhich incIuded iepiesenlalives fion lhe ROC
134
~
adopled a ieconnendalion lo suppoil lhe pioposaI ly lhe

131
Iiess ieIease, Iiine Minislei VIadinii Iulin, Ioinls of The Addiess al lhe
XI Sunnil of lhe Oiganizalion of lhe IsIanic Confeience (Maich 13, 2OO8),
atai|ao|c a|
hllp://vvv.nid.iu/ip_4.nsf/aih/681763963IDDAC13C32574OIOO213D7Òp
enDocunenl. This appioach aIso feeds inlo Medvedevs IIC. Scc supra Iail 3.1.2
(expIaining lhal Russias Ioieign IoIicy Concepl of 2OO8 nade nole of lhe
inpoilance foi Russia lo have open poIicies lovaids ieIigion leyond lhal of lhe
ROC).
132
M. K. hadiakunai, Russia Cna||cngcs US in |nc |s|anic lcr|d, ASIA TIMLS
ONLINL (Mai. 29, 2OO8), hllp://vvv.alines.con/alines/CenliaI_Asia
/}C29AgO1.hlnI.
133
Scc Iiess ReIease, Iiesidenl of Russia, Dniliy Medvedev Senl His
Cieelings lo DeIegales and Cuesls of The Iiflh Meeling of The Russia-IsIanic
WoiId Slialegic Vision Cioup (Dec. 21, 2OO9),
hllp://aichive.kienIin.iu/eng/lexl/nevs/2OO9/12/223466.shlnI (|Thej
Slialegic Vision Cioup vas eslalIished in 2OO6 lo lioaden coopeialion lelveen
Russia and lhe MusIin counliies.). The gioup heId ils fiflh neeling in Decenlei
2OO9. |d.
134
Russia-|s|anic lcr|d Grcup 8ac|s Russias Prcpcsa| |c Sc| Up U.N. Rc|igicus
Ccunci|, INTLRIAX (Ocl. 31, 2OO8, 12:35 IM), hllp://vvv.inleifax-
ieIigion.con/àcl=nevs&div=5327 (indicaling lhal ROC Aichpiiesl VsevoIod
ChapIin vas piesenl al lhe neeling and appioved of Saudi King AlduIIahs
lhoughls on ieIigious loIeiance). RepoiledIy, lhis vas lhe fiisl line an Oilhodox
Russian piiesl visiled lhe Saudi kingdon. Scc A Russian Prics| Visi|s Saudi Araoia
fcr Tnc |irs| Tinc, INTLRIAX (Ocl. 29, 2OO8, 5:3O IM) hllp://vvv.inleifax-
ieIigion.con/àcl=nevs&div=532O (Aichpiiesl VsevoIod ChapIin lecane lhe
fiisl piiesl of lhe Russian Oilhodox Chuich in hisloiy lo visil Saudi Aialia.).
Russian Iedeialion lo eslalIish a consuIlalive counciI on ieIigions
al lhe Uniled Nalions.
135

As vas lhe case vilh lhe Spiri|ua| Rctita| cf Russia exhilil, in
lhe conlexl of pionoling inleinalionaI-IeveI inleiieIigious diaIogue
lhe Russian goveinnenl ioulineIy excIudes iepiesenlalive voices
fion Russias diveise ieIigious connunilies. Accoiding lo
Laviov, il is sufficienl lhal Russias MOIA nainlains cIose conlacls
in U.N. lodies vilh ieIigious NCOs voiking in coopeialion vilh
lhe ROC, naneIy lhe InleinalionaI Ioundalion foi lhe Unily of
Oilhodox Chiislian Nalions, lhe WoiId Russian IeopIes CounciI,
and lhe InpeiiaI Oilhodox IaIesline Sociely.
136
This excIusive
sulsel of diaIogue pailneis signaIs lhe goveinnenls endoisenenl
of lhe viev lhal onIy lhe ROC can seive as lhe Iegilinale
iepiesenlalive foi Russian ieIigious consciousness on lhe
inleinalionaI slage. Lven vilhin lhe oslensilIy open-ended conlexl
of an inleiieIigious diaIogue, nonliadilionaI ieIigions aie a pricri
excIuded, and olhei so-caIIed non-Oilhodox liadilionaI failhs
nusl channeI lheii vievs lhiough lhe fiIlei of lhe Moscov
Ialiiaichale.
Suppoil foi expIoiling a sliIled vision of ieIigious diaIogue as a
Ievei foi loosling Russias poIilicaI povei vilhin lhe poIycenliic
inleinalionaI syslen
137
enanales fion lhe Russian Iiesidenl

135
IinaI Connunique of lhe Iouilh Ioiun of lhe Slialegic Vision Cioup:
Russia and lhe IsIanic WoiId, Ocl. 29, 2OO8, atai|ao|c a|
hllp://shainiev.lalai.iu/eng/guide/shov/1721.
136
Iiess ReIease, Minislei of Ioieign Affaiis Seigei Laviov, Sunnaiy of
Renaiks al a Meeling vilh Repiesenlalives of Russian NongoveinnenlaI
Oiganizalions (Iel. 18, 2O1O), atai|ao|c a| hllp://vvv.nid.iu/lip_4.nsf
/e78a48O7Of128a7l43256999OO5lcll3/147e175da591fll4c32576d4OO2fl81dÒpen
Docunenl.
137
Minislei of Ioieign Affaiis, Seigei Laviov al lhe XIV WoiId Russian
IeopIes CounciI, supra nole 128. This effoil aIso invoIves enpoveiing lhe
Oiganizalion of lhe IsIanic Confeience (OIC) and olhei siniIai lodies:
Russia veIcones lhe slienglhening of lhe consliuclive ioIe of lhe OIC in
voiId affaiis . . . . Russia fiinIy inlends lo conlinue ils poIicy of
expanding coopeialion vilh lhe IsIanic voiId in diffeienl fieIds, vhich
has aIieady lecone an inpoilanl facloi of shaping a poIycenliic
inleinalionaI syslen lased on lhe piincipIes of juslice, lhe equaIily of aII
slales and soIidaiily in lhe face of connon chaIIenges.
Iiess ReIease, Minislei of Ioieign Affaiis, Seigei Laviov, Addiess al 36lh Session
of OICs CounciI of Ioieign Minisleis (May 23, 2OO9), atai|ao|c a|
hllp://vvv.nid.iu/ip_4.nsf/aih/991I5O979994I7C32575C1OO29I45Òpen

4OO U. Pa. ]. |n|| |. |VoI. 33:2
hinseIf. Medvedev has sliessed lhe need lo loosl coopeialion
lelveen ieIigions vilhin lhe U.N. syslen, incIuding lhe Uniled
Nalions LducalionaI, Scienlific and CuIluiaI Oiganizalion
(UNLSCO): ConsuIlalions in lhis foinal shouId heIp lo addiess
inpoilanl issues such as lhe sellIenenl of inleiieIigious confIicls,
conlaling defanalion of ieIigions, and lhe pieseivalion and
pioleclion of sacied pIaces duiing ained confIicls.
138
Wilhin lhis
fianevoik, Medvedev has expiessIy endoised giafling Russias
aIieady skeved and excIusionaiy doneslic vision foi ieIigious
diaIogue
139
onlo lhe inleinalionaI IeveI, loasling lhal:

Docunenl. Scc a|sc Iiess ReIease, Iiesidenl of Russia, Dniliy Medvedev Senl a
Cieeling lo Iailicipanls of The Meeling of The 'Russia-IsIanic WoiId Slialegic
Vision Cioup, (Ocl. 28, 2OO8, 1O:1O IM), atai|ao|c a|
hllp://aichive.kienIin.iu/eng/lexl/nevs/2OO8/1O/2O8478.shlnI.
The iIIusion of a unipoIai voiId is ieceding lefoie oui veiy eyes. And
foiuns Iike youis can nake a significanl conliilulion lo lhe seaich foi
vays lo inpiove lhe silualion in lhe voiId and achieve a nev IeveI of
gIolaI pailneiship. I an confidenl lhal aclive coopeialion lelveen
Russia and lhe IsIanic voiId viII heIp luiId a noie equilalIe syslen of
inleinalionaI ieIalions in vhich lhe use of foice viII definiliveIy cease lo
acl as a univeisaI looI foi iesoIving aII piolIens lhal aiise.
|d. The consislenl nannei in vhich ieIigion is used lo ieinfoice Russias desiie foi
a nuIlipoIai voiId is appaienl in Russias foieign poIicy slalenenls al aII IeveIs of
goveinnenl. Scc Inleiviev vilh Minlinei Shainiev, Iiesidenl of Talaislan, in
}eddah, Saudi Aialia (Nov. 5, 2OO8), atai|ao|c a| hllp://shainiev.lalai.iu
/eng/pul/viev/4781`highIighl=Slialegic2OVision2OCioup:2ORussia2Oan
d2Olhe2OIsIanic2OWoiId (IoIIoving lhe fouilh Slialegic Vision Cioup
neeling, Shainiev slaled lhal Russia shouId loosl lhe aclivilies of |OIC enliliesj .
. . lased on a nuIli-poIai viev of lhe voiId and lhal slialegic coopeialion vilh
Russia is veiy inpoilanl foi lhe MusIin slales, as Russia ains foi a nuIli-poIai
voiId and does nol enliench upon lhe vaIues, liadilions, uniqueness and
soveieignly of lhe MusIin Lasls slales).
138
Iiess ReIease, Iiesidenl of Russia, Dniliy Medvedev Mel vilh Diiecloi-
CeneiaI of UNLSCO Koichiio Malsuuia and Menleis of The High LeveI Cioup
foi InleiieIigious DiaIogue Undei The Aegis of UNLSCO Headed ly Ialiiaich
KiiiII of Moscov and AII Russia (}uI. 21, 2OO9), atai|ao|c a|
hllp://aichive.kienIin.iu/eng/lexl/nevs/2OO9/O7/219991.shlnI. Medvedev
ieileialed his suppoil foi an inleiieIigious diaIogue vilhin UNLSCO duiing his
addiess lo lhe 64
lh
U.N. CeneiaI AssenlIy: ve leIieve lhal eslalIishing a high-
IeveI gioup on inleifailh diaIogue undei lhe Diiecloi-CeneiaI of UNLSCO is
exlieneIy vaIualIe. U.N. CAOR, 64lh Sess., 4lh pIen. nlg. al 19, U.N. Doc.
A/64/IV.4 (Sepl. 24, 2OO9). Scc infra seclion 3.2.5.3. (consideiing Russias
nolivalion foi suppoiling an inleinalionaI lan on defanalion of ieIigion).
139
Iill, Onc Ncu Prcsidcn|, supra nole 2, al 1343 (AIlhough Medvedev
acknovIedged lhal lhe |Russianj Conslilulion piovides foi fieedon of conscience
and sepaialion of ieIigious associalions fion slale, he conspicuousIy onilled

2O11j RUSS|AS ORTHODOX |OR||GN PO||CY 4O1
Russia has ils ovn pIace in lhe sun and unique expeiience
of inleiieIigious diaIogue, expeiience vhich has
accunuIaled ovei cenluiies. In geneiaI ve leIieve lhal lhis
is veiy advanlageous, il has heIped us cieale a gieal
counliy . . . vheie lhe fundanenlaI iighls of ieIigious
denoninalions aie iespecled, vheie civiI peace and
hainony ieign.
14O

This disloilion of Russias acluaI liack iecoid on ieIigious
fieedon, fundanenlaI iighls and loIeiance is, nol suipiisingIy,
echoed ly lhe ROC in ils effoil lo pieach lhe viilues of adopling
Russias disciininaloiy nodeI on lhe gIolaI IeveI. Accoiding lo
Aichpiiesl VsevoIod ChapIin, Depuly Head of lhe Moscov
Ialiiaichales DLCR, Russias exanpIe of inlei-ieIigious hainony
is in denand in lhe voiId vhich incieasingIy undeislands lhal il
is necessaiy lo iespecl diffeienl civiIizalions vilh lheii ieIigious oi
secuIai iools, lheii Iavs, iuIes, sociaI nodeIs and poIilicaI syslens .
. . .
141
ul olheis aie Iess sanguine aloul using Russia as a nodeI
foi ieIigious coexislence and loIeiance. Ioi exanpIe, WaIlei
Laquei fIalIy olseives lhal AppeaIs foi a diaIogue lelveen |IsIan
and Oilhodoxy in Russiaj aie neie eyevash, lheie is no such
ieadiness lo laIk on eilhei side.
142
Moie geneiaIIy, lhe U.S.
Depailnenl of Slales nosl iecenl iepoil on ieIigious fieedon in
Russia noles lhal ieIigious ninoiilies, in pailicuIai MusIin
foIIoveis of Tuikish lheoIogian Said Nuisis voik, }ehovahs
Wilnesses, and ScienloIogisls, faced lans on lheii ieIigious
Iileialuie and difficuIlies iegisleiing lheii IegaI enlilies and
olseives lhal lhe goveinnenl did nol aIvays iespecl conslilulionaI

nenlion of AilicIe 14s affiinalion lhal lhe 'Russian Iedeialion shaII le a secuIai
slale . . . .).
14O
Iiess ReIease, Iiesidenl Dniliy Medvedev, Opening Renaiks al Meeling
vilh Diiecloi-CeneiaI of U.N. Lduc., Scienlific and CuIluiaI Oig. (UNLSCO)
Koichiio Malsuuia and Menleis of The High LeveI Cip. foi InleiieIigious
DiaIogue Undei lhe Aegis of UNLSCOs Diiecloi-CeneiaI, (}uIy 21, 2OO9), atai|ao|c
a| hllp://aichive.kienIin.iu/eng/lexl/speeches/2OO9/O7/21/195O_lype84779
_219995.shlnI.
141
A Russian Prics| Visi|s Saudi Araoia fcr |nc |irs| Tinc, supra nole 134.
142
WaIlei Laqueui, Russias Mus|in S|ra|cgq, 6 MIDDLL LAST IAILRS 1, 11
(Nov. 1, 2OO9), atai|ao|c a| hllp://lIogs.Iav.haivaid.edu/nesh/fiIes/2OO9/1O
/iussia_isIan_Iaqueui.pdf.
4O2 U. Pa. ]. |n|| |. |VoI. 33:2
piovisions uphoIding lhe equaIily of aII ieIigious gioups and lhe
sepaialion of chuich and slale.
143

Wilh sone iecenl liaclion eneiging al UNLSCO, lhe ROC has
pIans lo eslalIish a secielaiial in Iaiis lo coopeiale vilh and
piovide ieIigious expeilise |foi lhej UNLSCO agenda.
144
This
consuIlalive gioup viII le speaiheaded ly lhe ROC and incIude
onIy liadilionaI ieIigious connunilies.
145
In a Iellei lo UNLSCO
Diiecloi CeneiaI Iiina okova, Ialiiaich KiiiII undeiscoied lhal
UNLSCOs goaIs can onIy le achieved on condilion of
consliuclive inleiaclion lelveen UNLSCO and liadilionaI
ieIigious connunilies . . . .
146
Again, lhe Russian goveinnenls
endoisenenl of lhis appioach~and faiIuie lo speak oul in any
neaningfuI vay lo ensuie iepiesenlalion of aII failhs in lhis
diaIogue~ialifies lhe disciininaloiy doneslic slalus quo and
ieinfoices lhe faiIuie lo iespecl lhe olIigalions sel foilh in lhe 1993
conslilulion.
147
And yel leyond UNLSCO, lhe Russian
goveinnenl aIso inlends lo ieinvigoiale effoils lo eslalIish
siniIai ieIigious consuIlalive counciIs in lhe fianevoik of . . . lhe
CounciI of Luiope and lhe OSCL,
148
as veII as in foia such as lhe
U.N. AIIiance of CiviIizalions.
149

AIlhough Laviovs goaI of conlaling nanifeslalions of
xenopholia is IaudalIe, lhe acluaI diieclion and nakeup of lhe
envisioned counciI suppoiled ly lhe Russian goveinnenl Ieaves
nuch lo le desiied. In lhe fiisl inslance, il is incongiuous lo IaleI
lhe ROC an eneny of xenopholia vhen lhe Chuich ilseIf has faiIed
lo neaningfuIIy condenn hosliIily againsl Russian ninoiilies,
incIuding gays,
15O
nigianls,
151
and adheienls of olhei failhs.
152

Second, il is evidenl fion alove lhal lhe inlenl undeiIying lhis
consuIlalive counciI is lo Iegilinale on lhe inleinalionaI IeveI lhe
ROCs disciininaloiy doneslic undeislanding of inleiieIigious
diaIogue. In olhei voids, lefoie any diaIogue can connence,
ninoiily and nonliadilionaI failhs as veII olheis, nusl le Iefl ly
lhe vayside oi accepled neieIy as loken pailicipanls.
153
Ioi
exanpIe, considei lhe ROCs decision lo lieak off a fifly-yeai
diaIogue vilh lhe LvangeIicaI Chuich in Ceinany (LCC)

143
Scc U.S. Depl of Slale, uieau of Denociacy, Hunan Righls, and Laloi,
InleinalionaI ReIigious Iieedon Repoil 2O1O, Russia (NOV. 17, 2O1O), atai|ao|c a|
hllp://vvv.slale.gov/g/diI/iIs/iif/2O1O/148977.hln (iepoiling on lhe slale of
ieIigious fieedon in Russia).

144
Russian Cnurcn |c Sc| Up Ccnsu||a|itc Grcup cn |n|crrc|igicus Dia|cguc a|
UN|SCO, INTLRIAX (}uIy 27, 2OO9), hllp://vvv.inleifax-
ieIigion.con/àcl=dujoui&div=2O2.
145
Russian Pa|riarcn Urgcs UN|SCO |c Cccpcra|c ui|n Rc|igicus Ccnnuni|ics,
INTLRIAX (Ocl. 2O, 2OO9, 1O:16 AM), hllp://vvv.inleifax-ieIigion.con
/àcl=nevs&div=6567. This Iinilalion is aIso lioulIing fion lhe peispeclive lhal
UNLSCO Diiecloi CeneiaI Koichiio Malsuuia iepoiledIy Iefl his neeling vilh lhe
ROC conpIeleIy salisfied vilh lhe oulcone. Scc a|sc Russian Cnurcn |c Sc| Up
Ccnsu||a|itc Grcup cn |n|crrc|igicus Dia|cguc a| UN|SCO, supra nole 144 (discussing
lhe pIans of lhe Russian Oilhodox Chuich lo foin a consuIlalive gioup).
146
Russian Pa|riarcn Urgcs UN|SCO |c Cccpcra|c ui|n Rc|igicus Ccnnuni|ics,
supra nole 145.
147
Il aIso seives as fuilhei evidence lhal lhe pieanluIai dislinclion lelveen
liadilionaI and so-caIIed non-liadilionaI ieIigions eslalIished undei lhe 1997
Lav on Iieedon of Conscience has achieved IegaI iecognilion and officiaIIy
Iegilinales disciininaloiy liealnenl lelveen lhese lvo sul-cIasses. Scc Iill, Onc
Ncu Prcsidcn|, supra nole 2, al 1346-47, Aiina LekheI, |ctc|ing |nc P|aqing |ic|d fcr
Rc|igicus |iocr|q in Russia. A Cri|ica| Ana|qsis cf |nc 1997 |au On |rccdcn cf
Ccnscicncc and Rc|igicus Assccia|icns, 32 VAND. }. TRANSNATL L. 167 (1999)
(anaIyzing lhe effecls of 1997 Iav On Iieedon of Conscience and ReIigious
Associalions vhich cuilaiIed lhe IegaI iighls of ceilain ieIigious gioups), O
Svolode Sovesli i o ReIigioznikh Oljedinenijah |On lhe Iieedon of Conscience
and ReIigious Associalionsj, ail. 4(4), SORANIL ZAKONODATLLSTVA ROSSIISKOI
ILDLRATSII |SZ RIj |Russian Iedeialion CoIIeclion of LegisIalionj 1997, No. 39,
Ilen 4465 (IedeiaI Lav No. 125-IZ).
148
Seigei Laviov, Minislei of Ioieign Affaiis Speech al lhe XIV WoiId
Russian IeopIes CounciI, supra nole 128.
149
Scc Ac|iti|ics cf Ncn-gctcrnncn|a| Organiza|icns and Cccpcra|icn ui|n |nc
A||iancc cf Citi|iza|icn arc Discusscd a| |nc Russian Minis|rq cf |crcign Affairs, DLIT
IOR LXTLRNAL CHURCH RLL. OI THL RUSSIAN ORTHODOX CHURCH (Nov. 27, 2OO9),
hllp://vvv.nospal.iu/en/2OO9/11/27/nevs9232/ (sunnaiizing, liiefIy, a
Novenlei 2OO9 neeling of lhe Russian Minisliy of Ioieign Affaiis and lhe
Russian Oilhodox Chuich iegaiding coopeialion vilh lhe U.N. AIIiance of
CiviIizalions).
15O
Scc Russian Na|icna|is|s A||ac| Gaqs, Rign| Said |rcd, and a Gcrnan Pc|i|ician,
SIILCLL ONLINL INTLRNATIONAL (May 28, 2OO7), hllp://vvv.spiegeI.de
/inleinalionaI/voiId/O,1518,485262,OO.hlnI (iepoiling on a vioIenl Moscov
counlei-piolesl againsl gay iighls in vhich fundanenlaIisl nenleis of lhe
Russian Oilhodox Chuich pailicipaled), scc a|sc Ihoele A. Cieenvood, Crucio|c cf
na|c, CUARDIAN UK (May 31, 2OO7), hllp://vvv.guaidian.co.uk/voiId/2OO7/jun
/O1/gayiighls.poIand (iepoiling on opposilion lo gay iighls in Laslein Luiope
and noling lhe Russian Oilhodox Chuichs condennaloiy slance lovaid
honosexuaIily), IauI LeCendie, Mincri|ics Undcr Sicgc. Ha|c Crincs and |n|c|crancc
in |nc Russian |cdcra|icn, HUMAN RICHTS IIRST (}une 26, 2OO6), atai|ao|c a|
hllp://vvv.hunaniighlsfiisl.oig/vp-conlenl/upIoads/pdf/O6623-disciin-
Minoiilies-Undei-Siege-Russia-vel.pdf (discussing lhe piolIen of iacisl and
xenopholic vioIence in Russia and pioposing soIulions).
151
Scc }anes W. WaihoIa, Rc|igicn and Pc|i|ics Undcr |nc Pu|in Adninis|ra|icn.
Acccnncda|icn and Ccnfrcn|a|icn ui|nin Managcd P|ura|isn, 49 }. CHURCH & ST.

4O4 U. Pa. ]. |n|| |. |VoI. 33:2
foIIoving lhe eIeclion of ishop Maigol Kaessnann as head of lhe
Chuich CounciI.
154
Despile hei shoil-Iived lenuie of foui
nonlhs~she iesigned seveiaI days aflei poIice aiiesled hei foi
iunning a ied Iighl vhiIe inloxicaled
155
~MeliopoIilan HiIaiion,
ieileialing lhe Ialiiaichs viev, as slaled:

75, 77-78 (2OO7) (consideiing lhe Iulin adninislialions disposilion lovaid
Russias Oilhodox najoiily and ils MusIin connunily).
152
Scc, c.g., Zoe Knox, Russian Or|ncdcxq, Russian Na|icna|isn, and Pa|riarcn
A|c|sii ||, 33 NATIONALITILS IAILRS 533, 535 (2OO5) (discussing anli-Senilic
ieaclions of Oilhodox Chuich nenleis lo Ialiiaich AIexy IIs Novenlei 1991
speech lo iallis in Nev Yoik Cily). Knox concIudes:
WhiIsl il is liue lhal condenning exlienisl lendencies |vilhin lhe ROCj
vouId iesuIl in a lackIash againsl lhe Moscov Ialiiaichale, lhis vouId
le no voise lhan lhe cuiienl iupluie lelveen IileiaI and conseivalive
cIeigy and lhe sulsequenl conlioveisy vouId le no giealei lhan lhe
poIenics on |Ialiiaichale AIexysj poIilicaI lendencies.
|d. al 542.
153
Seigei Laviov has expiessed his conviclion lhal onIy lhe nain voiId
ieIigions can iesloie lhe connon noiaI denoninaloi undeipinning lhe
concepl of iighls and lhal hainonious deveIopnenl of aII hunanily is
inpossilIe vilhoul lhis. Seigei Laviov, Minislei of Ioieign Affaiis of lhe
Russian Iedeialion, Addiess lo XV AssenlIy of lhe CounciI on Ioieign and
Defense IoIicy (Mai. 17, 2OO7), atai|ao|c a| hllp://vvv.noivay.nid.iu
/oId/nevs_fp/nevs_fp_O6_eng.hlnI.
154
Accoiding lo MeliopoIilan HiIaiion, |sjo fai ve have had neelings
lelveen Heads of oui Chuiches, lhal is lo say, lelveen lhe Ialiiaich and lhe
chaiinan of lhe CounciI of lhe LvangeIicaI Chuich in Ceinany. Nov such a
neeling has lecone inpossilIe . . . a neeling lelveen Ialiiaich KiiiII and Ms
Kaessnann vouId Iook Iike lhe iecognilion of fenaIe piieslhood ly oui Chuich.
Scc Arcnoisncp Hi|aricns jsic] Ansucrs Qucs|icns frcn Dcr Spicgc|, DLIT IOR
LXTLRNAL CHURCH RLL. OI THL RUSSIAN ORTHODOX CHURCH (Dec. 14, 2OO9),
hllp://vvv.nospal.iu/en/2OO9/12/14/nevs1O18O (conlaining lhe inleiviev
lhal vas pulIished in DLR SIILCLL issue No. 51, 2OO9). MeliopoIilan HiIaiions
Decenlei 2OO9 Iellei lo lhe LCC assessing lhe slalus of ieIalions lelveen lhe lvo
chuiches is avaiIalIe al Arcnoisncp Hi|aricns |c||cr |c Cnairpcrscn cf |nc Ccunci| cf |nc
|tangc|ica| Cnurcn in Gcrnanq Dr. Margc| Kacssnann and Hcad cf |nc Dcpar|ncn| fcr
|cuncnica| Rc|a|icns and Minis|rics Aorcad 8isncp Mar|in Scnindcnu||c, INTLRIAX
(Dec. 17, 2OO9), hllp://vvv.inleifax-ieIigion.con/àcl=docunenls&div=156.
155
Scc Gcrnanq Rcac|s ui|n Undcrs|anding |c 8isncps Rcsigna|icn, DLUTSCHL
WLLLL (Iel. 25, 2O1O), hllp://vvv.dv-voiId.de/dv/ailicIe/O,,5283198,OO.hlnI
(iepoiling on lhe Ceinan peopIes ieaclions lo ishop Maigol Kaessnanns
iesignalion aflei leing convicled of diunk diiving), scc a|sc Gcrnan Cnurcn |cadcr
Kacssnan Adni|s Drin|-Driting, C NLWS (Iel. 23, 2O1O),
hllp://nevs.llc.co.uk/2/hi/853O736.sln (iepoiling lhal ishop Maigol
Kaessnann adnilled lo diunk diiving).
|Tjhe eIeclion of Ms. Kaessnann vas onIy lhe lip of an
iceleig of a soil. . . . |Wje disagiee in piincipIe vilh lhe
IileiaIizalion in lheoIogy, chuich oidei and noiaIily vhich
lakes pIace in nany Iioleslanl connunilies incIuding lhe
LCC. We shouId le fiank and ask: Is lheie any sense in
conducling a diaIogue if il does nol liing us cIosei
logelhei`
156

Al lhe veiy Ieasl, lheiefoie, conlinued advocacy of lhis lype of
inleinalionaI inleiieIigious counciI on lhe pail of lhe Russian
MOIA iepiesenls an allenpl lo ieinfoice lhe disciininalion lhal
peisisls vilhin Russias doneslic conlexl and fuilhei undeinine
exisling inleinalionaI hunan iighls noins goveining fieedon of
ieIigion oi leIief, vhich aie lulliessed ly lhe piincipIes of
nondisciininalion and equaIily. LquaIIy aIaining, hovevei, an
exaninalion of lhe piioiily issues lo le advocaled ly such a
counciI signaIs a Iaigei effoil lo upend liadilionaI inleinalionaI
hunan iighls noins ly, in|cr a|ia, seeking lo pionole a piohililion
on defanalion of ieIigion
157
and a ieliogiade effoil lo
conlexluaIize olhei exisling iighls pioleclions in Iighl of so-caIIed
liadilionaI and ieIigious vaIues.
158

156
Mc|rcpc|i|an Hi|aricn cf Vc|c|c|ans|s |n|crticu |c |n|crfax-Rc|igicn Pcr|a|,
DLIT IOR LXTLRNAL RLL. OI THL RUSSIAN ORTHODOX CHURCH (Mai. 4, 2O1O),
hllp://vvv.nospal.iu/en/2O1O/O3/O4/nevs141O4/.
157
Scc, c.g., Iiess ReIease, Iiesidenl of Russia, Dniliy Medvedev Mel vilh
Diiecloi-CeneiaI of UNLSCO Koichiio Malsuuia and Menleis of The High LeveI
Cioup foi InleiieIigious DiaIogue Undei The Aegis of UNLSCO Headed ly
Ialiiaich KiiiII of Moscov and AII Russia , supra nole 138, scc infra seclions 3.2.5.3,
4 (nenlioning Medvedev ieileialed his suppoil foi an inleiieIigious diaIogue
vilhin UNLSCO)6 Ioi noie on lhe chaIIenge piesenled ly lhe effoil lo enshiine a
lan on defanalion of ieIigion, scc Roleil C. Iill, Tnc 8c||cn Up ]curncq cf
Dcfana|icn cf Rc|igicn frcn Mus|in S|a|cs |c |nc Uni|cd Na|icns. A Casc S|udq cf |nc
Migra|icn cf An|i-Ccns|i|u|icna| |dcas, 56 STUD. IN LAW, IOL. AND SOCY 121, 121-211
(2O11) (discussing lhe defanalion of ieIigion as a vioIalion of inleinalionaI
hunan iighls Iav).
158
Hunan Righls Walch caIIed lhe passage of a iesoIulion on liadilionaI
vaIues lacked ly Russia al lhe U.N. Hunan Righls CounciI divisive and
dangeious and a cause foi concein. Scc UN Hunan Rign|s Ccunci|. Tradi|icna|
Va|ucs Vc|c and Gaza Otcrsnadcu Prcgrcss, HUMAN RICHTS WATCH (Ocl. 2, 2OO9),
hllp://vvv.hiv.oig/nevs/2OO9/1O/O5/un-hunan-iighls-counciI-liadilionaI-
vaIues-vole-and-gaza-oveishadov-piogiess. One ieason foi concein ovei lhis
iesoIulion is lhal vonen aie oflen lhe suljecl of liadilions, oflen Iinked lo
nalionaI, cuIluiaI oi elhnic noins, vhich vioIale hunan iighls and fieedons.
UN Rcsc|u|icn cn Tradi|icna| Va|ucs. lna|s a| S|a|c fcr lcncns Rign|s?, ASSN IOR

4O6 U. Pa. ]. |n|| |. |VoI. 33:2
3.2.4.3. Kiri|| a| |nc U.N.
In lelveen Iollying lhe Uniled Nalions and ils individuaI
nenlei slales foi lhe eslalIishnenl of a consuIlalive counciI on
ieIigions and sponsoiing Russias spiiiluaI ienevaI in Iockslep
vilh lhe ROC, lhe Russian Ioieign Minisliy aIso nanaged lo
faciIilale a speech ly lhen MeliopoIilan KiiiII lo lhe U.N. Hunan
Righls CounciI (HRC). In Maich 2OO8, lhe HRC heId a discussion
enlilIed InleicuIluiaI DiaIogue on Hunan Righls. The
discussion vas |ajcliveIy suppoiled ly lhe Russian Iedeialion
and Russian Oilhodox Chuich.
159
Nol lo le ouldone ly his
counleipails in Nev Yoik, Anlassadoi VaIeiy Loshchinin,
Ieinanenl Repiesenlalive of lhe Russian Iedeialion lo lhe Uniled
Nalions and olhei InleinalionaI Oiganizalions in Ceneva, nade
suie lo pionole lhe hisloiic evenl in advance.
16O

MeliopoIilan KiiiII look his oppoilunily duiing lhe HRC
pIenaiy neeling lo Ianenl his leIief lhal:

WOMLNS RICHTS IN DLV. (Ocl. 5, 2OO9), hllp://vvv.avid.oig/Liliaiy/UN-
ResoIulion-on-TiadilionaI-VaIues-Whal-s-al-Slake-foi-Wonen-s-Righls.
Accoiding lo lhe }apanese deIegalion, lhe concepl of 'liadilionaI vaIues of
hunankind |used in lhe iesoIulion lexlj vas of concein. The use of lhe lein
'liadilionaI vaIues of hunankind vilhoul any quaIificalion vis-a-vis inleinalionaI
hunan iighls Iav vas unacceplalIe. Iiess ReIease, Hunan Righls CounciI
Adopls Six ResoIulions and One Decision On Disciininalion Againsl Wonen and
Iieedon of Lxpiession, Anong Olheis (Ocl. 2, 2OO9), hllp://vvv.unhchi.ch
/huiicane/huiicane.nsf/O/6A69IIOI95283CL7C1257643OO46793òpendocunen
l. Ioi addilionaI conlexl on lhe inpIicalions of liadilionaI vaIues, considei foi
exanpIe lhe goveinnenl of Iians iecenl effoil lo juslify paleinaIisn and gendei-
inequaIily undei lhe guise of liadilionaI vaIues and cuIluiaI ieIalivisn. |c||cr 8q
lcncns Rign|s Ac|itis|s Tc Mcnocrs cf |nc Uni|cd Na|icns |ccncnic and Sccia|
Ccunci|, UNRLIRLSLNTLD NATIONS AND ILOILLS ORCANIZATION (Api. 28, 2O1O),
hllp://vvv.unpo.oig/conlenl/viev/11O47/89/. The Iellei vas signed ly seven
vonens iighls oiganizalions and noie lhan 2OO Iianian hunan iighls aclivisls.
|d.
159
Iiess ReIease, Minisliy of Ioieign Affaiis of lhe Russian Iedeialion,
InleicuIluiaI DiaIogue on Hunan Righls Discussion al lhe 7lh Session of lhe UN
Hunan Righls CounciI (Mai. 21, 2OO8), hllp://vvv.nid.iu/ip_4.nsf/aih
/66O2DL7542DOD12C3257416OO55OLO5ÒpenDocunenl.
16O
Scc Mc|rcpc|i|an Kiri|| cf Snc|cns| and Ka|iningrad li|| Addrcss |nc 7|n scssicn
cf |nc UN Hunan Rign|s Ccunci| During |nc Panc| cn |n|crcu||ura| Dia|cguc cn
Hunan Rign|s cn Marcn 18, ILRMANLNT MISSION OI THL RUSSIAN ILDN (Mai. 14,
2OO8), hllp://vvv.geneva.nid.iu/piess/e_2OO8_11.hlnI (announcing lhe
Ialiiaich of Moscovs lhen-upconing speech lo lhe U.N. Hunan Righls CounciI.)
The hunan iighls appioach has leen |j used lo juslify lhe
ouliage againsl and disloilion of ieIigious synloIs and
leachings. The sane appioach is used loday lo inpose a
ceilain couise of inlioduclion lo vaiious ieIigions in schooIs
inslead of leaching lhe lasics of lheii ovn ieIigion . . . . In
addilion, lheie is a sliong infIuence of exliene feninislic
vievs and honosexuaI alliludes lo lhe foinuIalion of iuIes,
ieconnendalions and piogians in hunan iighls advocacy,
vhich aie desliuclive foi lhe inslilulion of faniIy and
iepioduclion of popuIalion.
161

Iuilhei on in his addiess, KiiiII sliessed lhe need foi a ieIalivislic
appioach lo inleinalionaI hunan iighls, one lhal oughl lo le:
inpIenenl|edj |j laking inlo accounl lhe cuIluiaI dislinclive
fealuies of a pailicuIai peopIe. In sone counliies lhe
popuIalion is noie ieIigious lhan in olheis and ieIigion
lheiefoie can and nusl pIay a noie pioninenl ioIe in lhe
foinalion and inpIenenlalion of hunan iighls. esides,
eveiy nalion has ils ovn hisloiicaI expeiience, cuIluiaI
liadilions and ils ovn syslen of neanings. These ieaIilies
shouId nol le ignoied in luiIding a nalionaI hunan iighls
syslen.
162

In cIosing, KiiiII caIIed foi fundanenlaI noiaI noins of najoi
voiId ieIigions lo infoin lhe deveIopnenl of inleinalionaI Iav as
a neans of avoiding aIienalion and opposilion of a consideialIe
pail of hunanily lo lhe |exislingj gIolaI piocesses.
163
He aIso
ieileialed lhe Russian goveinnenls caII foi eslalIishing a
consuIlalive counciI on ieIigion.
164
ShoilIy aflei lhe speech, lhe
Confeience of Non-CoveinnenlaI Oiganizalions in ConsuIlalive

161
Tnc Addrcss cf Mc|rcpc|i|an Kiri|| cf Snc|cns| and Ka|iningrad, Cnairnan cf |nc
Mcsccu Pa|riarcna|c D|CR cn |nc Panc| Discussicn cn Hunan Rign|s and |n|crcu||ura|
Dia|cguc a| |nc 7|n scssicn cf UN Hunan Rign|s Ccunci|, INTLRIAX (Mai. 22, 2OO8),
hllp://vvv.inleifax-ieIigion.con/àcl=docunenls&div=121.
162
|d.
163
|d.
164
Scc InleicuIluiaI DiaIogue on Hunan Righls Discussion al lhe 7lh Session
of lhe UN Hunan Righls CounciI, supra nole 159 (In piaclicaI leins, as
MeliopoIilan KiiiII sliessed, such discussion |aloul inleicuIluie and inleifailh
diaIoguej nay le ieaIized ly neans of lhe ciealion of a speciaI UN CounciI of
ReIigions.).
4O8 U. Pa. ]. |n|| |. |VoI. 33:2
ReIalionship vilh lhe Uniled Nalions (CONCO) Sul-connillee on
Iieedon of ReIigion and eIief deciied lhe facl lhal no
goveinnenl had ciilicized MeliopoIilan KiiiIIs disnissive ienaiks
aloul nuIli-cuIluiaI educalion and aIso aloul lhe iighls of
vonen.
165

Whal is nosl ienaikalIe aloul KiiiIIs seinonizing againsl
sixly yeais of hunan iighls deveIopnenl (lo say nolhing of his
ignoiance conceining lhe diveisily of vievs incIuded in lhe
diafling of lhe UniveisaI DecIaialion of Hunan Righls
166
), is lhe
facl lhal lhe Russian goveinnenl venl oul of ils vay lo pulIicize
lhe evenl, in essence eIevaling KiiiII lo lhe slalus of one of ils
officiaI agenls. A suivey of 15O Info-Digesls pulIished ly
Russias Ieinanenl Mission lelveen 2OO7 and 2O1O ieveaIs lhal
KiiiIIs speech vas lhe onIy non-goveinnenlaI evenl evei iepoiled
ly lhal office.
167
In olhei voids, nevs of lhe MeliopoIilans speech
vas pionoled in an officiaI goveinnenl pulIicalion olheivise
ieseived foi disseninaling lhe officiaI slalenenls, speeches,
inleivievs, liansciipls, and piess liiefings of pioninenl
goveinnenlaI figuies such as lhe piesidenl and foieign ninislei.
Iuilhei augnenling lhe inpiession lhal lhe MeliopoIilans
voids caiiied lhe veighl of slale sanclion is lhe facl lhal Russias
deIegalion in Ceneva, in addilion lo pionoling lhe addiess
lhiough ils office, look lhe line lo pholocopy KiiiIIs speech onlo
lhe Ieinanenl Missions officiaI goveinnenl Ielleihead foi

165
CONCO Connillee on Sul-connillee on Iieedon of ReIigion and eIief,
Draf| Minu|cs cf Mcc|ing cf 22 Apri| 2008, hllp://vvv.ngocongo.oig/index.php
`vhal=connillees&id=27&slail=4.
166
Ioi exanpIe, THL ARA HUMAN DLVLLOIMLNT RLIORT 2OO4 iecaIIs lhe
exlenl of lhe Aial conliilulion, vhelhei on lhe pail of lhe Aial slales lhal
acliveIy and effecliveIy pailicipaled in delales on lhe sulslanlive eIenenls of
hunan iighls slandaids, oi in lhe peisons of dislinguished Aial expeils vho
heIped shape inleinalionaI hunan iighls Iav. U.N. DLV. IROCRAMML, THL ARA
HUMAN DLV. RLI. 2OO4: TOWARDS IRLLDOM IN THL ARA WORLD 75. Scc a|sc IiIIay,
infra nole 324 (slaling lhal lhe DecIaialion of Hunan Righls vas diafled ly and
lased on a piojecl lhal diev fion cuIluies and liadilions acioss lhe voiId).
167
The Aulhoi conducled lhe suivey lased on lhe Iisl of Info-Digesls
avaiIalIe fion Russias Ieinanenl Mission velsile. The peiiod coveied iuns
fion Maich 15, 2OO7, lo May 18, 2O1O. Scc Digcs|s, ILRMANLNT MISSION OI THL
RUSSIAN ILDN, hllp://vvv.geneva.nid.iu/digesls/digesls.hlnI (conlaining
'info digesls ciealed ly lhe Russian Iedeialion fion 2OO7-2O1O).
ciicuIalion in lolh papei and eIeclionic foinal.
168
Likevise, lhe
Infoinalion and Iiess Depailnenl of Russias Ioieign Minisliy
disliiluled KiiiIIs speech in ils enliiely and suppIenenled il vilh
a sepaiale piess ieIease exceipling highIighls fion lhe
MeliopoIilans addiess.
169
This vouId lend lo ieinfoice lhe viev
lhal Russias MOIA had advanced access lo lhe speech and nay
have signed off on ils conlenl lefoiehand.
17O

UIlinaleIy, KiiiIIs MOIA-lacked diaIogue vilh lhe U.N.
HRC signaIed onIy lhe opening saIvo in an ongoing effoil ly
Russia al lhe U.N. lo IaleI exisling inleinalionaI hunan iighls
noins veslein and piess foi a ieinleipielalion of lhese noins
lhiough lhe Iens of liadilionaI vaIues.
171
This effoil conlinues lo

168
A copy of KiiiIIs addiess on lhe Ieinanenl Missions Ielleihead is on fiIe
vilh lhe Aulhoi.
169
Scc VyslupIenie piedsedalIia OldeIa vneshnih lsikovnyh sviazei
Moskovskogo pailiaiha MiliopoIila SnoIenskogo I KaIingiadskogo KiiiIIa na
paneI`noi diskusii 7-I sessi Sovela OON po piavan cheIoveka MezhkuI`luinyi
diaIog po piavan cheIovea, Zheneva, 18 naila 2OO8 goda |Spcccn oq |nc Cnairnan
cf |nc Dcpar|ncn| fcr |x|crna| Cnurcn Rc|a|icns cf Mcsccu, Pa|riarcna|c Mc|rcpc|i|an
Kiri|| cf Snc|cns| and Ka|iningrad, cn |nc Panc| Discussicn, 7
|n
Scssicn cf |nc UN
Hunan Rign|s Ccunci|, |n|crcu||ura| Dia|cguc cn Hunan Rign|sj (Mai. 2O, 2OO8),
hllp://vvv.nid.iu/lip_4.nsf/O/1I665LIOO95O992OC3257412OO3C456, O
vyslupIenii niliopoIoila KiiiIIa na 7-I sessi Sovela OON po piavan cheIoveka
|Addrcss cf Mc|rcpc|i|an Kiri|| a| |nc 7
|n
Scssicn cf |nc UN Hunan Rign|s Ccunci|j
(Mai. 2O, 2OO8),
hllp://vvv.nid.iu/lip_4.nsf/O/18AL82A722438LC3257412OO32C68.
17O
The piess ieIease issued ly Russias Ieinanenl Mission foui days in
advance of KiiiIIs addiess undeiscoies lhis cIose coIIaloialion. Il slales, in|cr a|ia:
The slalenenl of MeliopoIilan KiiiII al lhe session of lhe Hunan Righls
CounciI viII nake an inleiin ieviev of lhe aclivilies of lhe Russian
Oilhodox Chuich in lhe fieId of hunan iighls. The Chaiinan of lhe
Depailnenl foi LxleinaI Chuich ReIalions of lhe Moscov Ialiiaichale
viII liing aigunenls in favoi of lhe inpoilance of peiceiving hunan
iighls vilh due iespecl lo liadilionaI noiaIily and Chiislian
anlhiopoIogy and viII diav allenlion lo lhe dangeis iesuIling fion
Iileily vilhoul noiaIs.
Mc|rcpc|i|an Kiri|| cf Snc|cns| and Ka|iningrad li|| Addrcss |nc 7|n scssicn cf |nc UN
Hunan Rign|s Ccunci| During |nc Panc| cn |n|crcu||ura| Dia|cguc cn Hunan Rign|s
cn Marcn 18, supra nole 16O. Repiesenlalives of lhe ROC conlinue lo enjoy
neelings vilh Anlassadoi Loshchinin, discussing, anong olhei lhings, lhe
neaning of liadilionaI vaIues and lhe spiiiluaI conponenl in inleinalionaI
ieIalions. Arcnoisncp Hi|aricn tisi|s Russian Dip|cna|ic Missicn in Gcncta, RUSSIAN
ORTHODOX CHURCH (Dec. 15, 2OO9), hllp://vvv.nospal.iu/en/2OO9
/12/15/nevs1O249/.
171
The UNHRC iesoIulion on liadilionaI vaIues is discussed infra Seclion 4.1.
41O U. Pa. ]. |n|| |. |VoI. 33:2
le pionoled al lhe highesl echeIons of lhe Russian goveinnenl
vilh Ioieign Minislei Laviovs ovn speeches ieileialing lhe
lhenes iniliaIIy highIighled ly KiiiII:
Againsl lhe lackgiound of lhe gIolaI ciisis lhe invaIidily of
allenpls al a nev ideoIogizalion of inleinalionaI ieIalions,
pioceeding fion a faIse pienise lhal lheie is onIy one~
veslein~genuine civiIizalion slands oul even noie
visilIy. Undei lhese condilions ve aie vilnessing even
noie cIeaiIy lhe gioving ioIe of lhe ieIigious facloi in
inleinalionaI affaiis, and lhe denand foi effoils piedicaled
on connon noiaI ieguIaiilies in eslalIishing and fosleiing
a lioad inleiconfessionaI diaIogue and slienglhening
inleiciviIizalionaI hainony.
We aie gialified ly lhe aclive pailicipalion of lhe
Russian Oilhodox Chuich in lhese effoils. Ils voice in
defense of spiiiluaIily, peace and hainony and of liulh and
juslice is cIeaiIy heaid nol onIy in Russia, lul aIso
eveiyvheie in lhe voiId.
172

3.2.5. 8ui|ding |nc ROCs Rcacn. Unifica|icn c Cnurcn
Ccns|ruc|icn Aorcad
3.2.5.1. ROC/ROCOR Mcrgcr Otcrsccn oq Pu|in
Anolhei vay lhe Russian goveinnenl has pul lhe iheloiic of
spiiiluaI vaIues inlo piaclice is nanifesled in ils inlinale
invoIvenenl in enIaiging lhe ROCs physicaI and geogiaphic ieach
alioad. In lhe fiisl inslance, Iiesidenl Iulin pIayed an
insliunenlaI ioIe in ending lhe eighly-yeai schisn lelveen lhe
ROC and lhe Iong-eslianged Russian Oilhodox Chuich Oulside
Russia (ROCOR).
173
In 2OO7, iepiesenlalives of lhe lvo chuiches
signed an Acl of CanonicaI Connunion al Moscovs Chiisl lhe

172
Seigei Laviov, Minislei of Ioieign Aff. of lhe Russian Iedn, Renaiks al
lhe Ioieign Minisliys Receplion on lhe Occasion of Oilhodox Laslei (Api. 22,
2OO9), atai|ao|c a| hllp://vvv.nid.iu/lip_4.nsf/O
/3L686O616L4IA4I6C32575A2OO1CAIAC.
173
The spIil occuiied in lhe 192Os vhen nenleis of lhe Russian Oilhodox
failh seveied lies vilh lhe Moscov Ialiiaichale in iesponse lo Ialiiaich Seigeis
decision lo sveai IoyaIly lo lhe connunisl goveinnenl. Scc infra nole 179
(desciiling lhe aciinony of lhe spIil).
Savioi CalhediaI, effecliveIy ieuniling lvo najoi lianches of
Russian oilhodoxy. Al lhe signing ceienony, Iulin ienaiked,
We undeisland veII, and vaIue, lhe povei of pasloiaI voids
vhich unile lhe peopIe of Russia. Thal is vhy iesloiing lhe unily
of lhe chuich seives oui connon goaIs.
174
NolalIy, lhe chuich
neigei lioughl lhe ROCORs 4OO paiishes and 4OO,OOO nenleis
voiIdvide vilhin lhe foId of lhe Moscov Ialiiaichale. As lhe
la|| S|rcc| ]curna| olseived of lhe neigei, The |ROCj gains
infIuence in lhe U.S., Weslein Luiope and Soulh Aneiica, vheie il
had IillIe piesence. Mi. Iulin aIso gains. The union lIunls vhal
has leen one of his Iaigesl gioup of ciilics~Chuich Alioad cIeiics
vho ieguIaiIy allacked his poIicies and hunan-iighls iecoid.
175

AIlhough lhe neigei agieenenl pieseives ROCORs aulonony
in oiganizalionaI and econonic nalleis, lhis assuiance has pioven
inadequale foi assuaging lhe conceins of nany ROCOR cIeigy
176

and paiishioneis vho leIieve lhe Moscov Ialiiaichale has faiIed
lo adequaleIy addiess ils Iegacy of KC infiIlialion
177
oi
sufficienlIy insuIale ilseIf againsl cuiienl Russian goveinnenl
inleifeience. This has iesuIled in a fuilhei iupluie of lhe ROCOR,
vilh lhose iejecling lhe neigei aiguing lhal lhey aie pieseiving
lhe liue essence of Russian Oilhodoxy. Accoiding lo Rev. Vicloi
Dolioff of Nev Yoik Cily, an opponenl of ROC-ROCOR
unificalion: in a veiy shoil line |lhe IS viII havej nev spy nesls

174
David HoIIey, Russian Or|ncdcx Sp|i| is Mcndcd, L.A. TIMLS, May 18, 2OO7,
hllp://ailicIes.Ialines.con/2OO7/nay/18/voiId/fg-oilhodox18.
175
Suzanne SalaIine, Cc|d lar |ingcrs A| Russian Cnurcn |n Ncu ]crscq, WALL
ST. }., }uIy 18, 2OO7, al A1.
176
Lslinales pul lhe nunlei al aInosl one lhiid of ROCORs cIeigy pie-
neigei. |d. (desciiling lhe soie poinl lelveen lhe Chuich Alioad and Russian
Oilhodox Chuich in Moscov leing lhe Russian chuichs Iinks lo lhe KC, as
shovn in Soviel-eia iecoids), scc a|sc AIexandei Osipovich, Pusning 2 Cnurcncs
C|cscr |c |acn O|ncr, THL MOSCOW TIMLS, Iel. 12, 2OO8,
hllp://vvv.lhenoscovlines.con/nevs/ailicIe/pushing-2-chuiches-cIosei-lo-
each-olhei/3O2273.hlnI (noling lhe leIief, anong lhose in lhe Chuich Alioad
vho oppose nending lhe iifl lelveen lhe lvo Russian chuiches, lhal lhe ROC is
sliII sleeped in lhe Soviel-eia liadilion of appeasing lhe slale).
177
Scc OLLC KALUCIN, SIYMASTLR: MY THIRTY-TWO YLARS IN INTLLLICLNCL AND
LSIIONACL ACAINST THL WLST 225-26 (2OO9) (discussing lhe KCs neaiIy lolaI
conlioI of lhe Russian Oilhodox Chuich lolh al hone and alioad), scc a|sc
Iill, Onc Ncu Prcsidcn|, supra nole 2, al 713-14 (aiguing lhal lhe KC nade lhe
Russian Oilhodox Chuich a viiluaI ain of lhe Slale and lhal lhe Chuich vas
lolaIIy undei ils conlioI).
412 U. Pa. ]. |n|| |. |VoI. 33:2
aII ovei lhe voiId, alsoIuleIy unlouchalIe, voiking undei lhe
covei of lhe chuich.
178
Anolhei anli-union Oilhodox Chiislian
lIoggei desciiles lhe ongoing schisn: The coId haid liulh is lhal
Lcunenisn and Seigianisn
179
aie nol gone: lhey aie ialhei lheie
in foice. . . ve aie sliII deaIing vilh lhe sane oId Soviel, ecunenisl
|Moscov Ialiiaichalej . . . lhe sane oId KC agenls vilh nilies: a
connunisl hieiaichy in a capilaIisl~lul sliII sonelines
lolaIilaiian~nodein Russia.
18O
This inlense, oflen viliioIic,
division in failh has aIso given iise lo conciele dispules ovei
ovneiship of chuiches and chuich ieaI eslale in lhe Uniled Slales
and eIsevheie.
181

178
SalaIine, supra nole 175. Opponenls of lhe neigei connonIy expiess lhe
feai lhal Russian spies viII nanipuIale lhe Chuich. Scc HoIIey, supra nole 174
(noling lhal ieunificalion has leen conlioveisiaI vilh sone nenleis of lhe
Chuich Alioad vho leIieve lhal lhe Moscov chuich has nol addiessed ils
infiIlialion ly lhe KC duiing lhe Soviel eia), Osipovich, supra nole 176
(desciiling lhe Chuich Alioads opposilion lo lhe Moscov Ialiiaichales
ieIalionship vilh lhe slale).
179
Accoiding lo an ailicIe in one anli-union Oilhodox chuich nevsIellei:
ul Chiisl nevei laughl lhal vhen peiseculed, lo join vilh lhe
peiseculois lo save oui Iives oi lo save lhe Chuich fion annihiIalion.
Such lehavioi vas aIvays condenned calegoiicaIIy and fiinIy ly lhe
Chuich as a deniaI of Chiisl. Such conducl can le undeislood and
synpalhized vilh, lul il cannol possilIy le juslified oi even exloIIed as
leing vise.
Heie you have il~Seigianisn nol in voids, lul pieciseIy, in deeds. In
concIusion, I iepeal lhe lasic, peihaps unspoken idea of Seigianisn:
vhen lhe Chuich is lhiealened ly lhe dangei of annihiIalion, il is
peinissilIe and acceplalIe lo sulnil lo any conpionise vilh faIsehood,
even lo lhe poinl of joining vilh lhe peiseculois foi lhe sake of
pieseiving lhe Chuich and saving il fion annihiIalion.
Nikila Ciigoiiev, On Scrgianisn, 1 SOWLR 1, 1 (2O1O),
hllp://nevs.iuschuichalioad.oig/sloiage/sovei/TheSovei-VoIO1-IssueO2-
L.pdf (enphasis onilled).
18O
}oseph Suaiden, |tcrqcnc cn |nc |ifcoca|s! A |c||cr |c a 8|cggcr, NOTLS IROM
THL UNDLRCROUND (Api. 13, 2O1O), hllp://nevs-nflu.lIogspol.con/2OO9/O4
/eveiyone-on-Iifeloals-Iellei-lo-lIoggei.hlnI.
181
Scc, c.g., }effiey CoId, N] judgc. Dicccsc nas Rign|s a| Parisn, USA TODAY,
Sepl. 8, 2OO7, hllp://vvv.usaloday.con/nevs/nalion/2OO7-O9-O8-
2258611882_x.hln (discussing ovneiship issues iegaiding lhe Svialo Iokiovskiy
Russian Oilhodox Chuich in uena Visla, N}), scc a|sc infra Seclion 4.
WhiIe lhe feais of sone anli-union Oilhodox Chiislians nay
appeai paianoid,
182
lhe facl lhal lhe ROC and Russian goveinnenl
coIIaloiale cIoseIy is undenialIe. Ioieign Minislei Laviov
desciiled lhe signing of lhe Acl of CanonicaI Connunion as
heiaIding a nev slage in oui effoils lo consoIidale lhe Russian
WoiId and has expIained lhal Russian dipIonacy has
consislenlIy leen foi lhe unily of lhe Oilhodox WoiId as a neans
of ensuiing slaliIily and a jusl voiId oidei.
183
Accoiding lo one
jouinaIisl, lhe ROC-ROCOR neigei seaIed a foui-yeai Iong effoil
ly Iulin . . . lo have lhe Moscov Ialiiaichale lake ovei ils iivaI
Aneiican-lased cousin and Iaunch a nev gIolaIized Chuich as his
slales nain ideoIogicaI ain and a vilaI foieign poIicy
insliunenl.
184
Indeed, pail of lhe diive lovaid ieunificalion vas
fueIed ly lhe ialionaIe lhal, if Russia veie lo successfuIIy iesloie
ils Iosl supeipovei slalus, having a supeichuich lo loIslei ils
anlilion vouId le advanlageous.
185

The Moscov Ialiiaichales unificalion vilh lhe ROCOR
iepiesenls one piece of lhis puzzIe. In a speech lefoie sone of lhe
ROCs senioi cIeigy, Medvedev veIconed lhe Chuichs gioving
significance as a foice foi secuiing Russian inleiesls alioad and
poinled lo lhe ROC-ROCOR neigei as lhe fiisl slep in
consoIidaling Russias neai alioad:

182
Ioi exanpIe, MeliopoIilan AgafangeI, a ROCOR lishop suspended foi his
iejeclion of lhe ROC-ROCOR neigei, has cIained Russian agenls aie oul lo
assassinale hin foi eslalIishing a lieakavay chuich. Scc MeliopoIilan
AgafangeIs, Nasnc oudusncncc. S|rani|sa 51, LIVL}OURNAL (Mai. 27, 2O1O),
hllp://agafa-angeI.IivejouinaI.con/22269.hlnI (slaling lhal he vas undei
suiveiIIance ly a gioup of youngsleis), scc a|sc }oseph Suaiden, ROCOR-A.
Mc|rcpc|i|an Agafangc|s |ifc Pcssio|q in Dangcr, NOTLS IROM THL UNDLRCROUND
(Mai. 27, 2O1O), hllp://nevs-nflu.lIogspol.con/2O1O/O3/iocoi-neliopoIilan-
agafangeIs-Iife.hlnI (noling, in his lIog, lhal MeliopoIilan AgafangeI announces
lhal if he veie evei lo le accidenlaIIy kiIIed, Ialiiaich KiiiII is IikeIy
iesponsilIe).
183
Dip|cnacq Nccds a Mcra| |cunda|icn, supra nole 45. Laviov ieileiales a
siniIai posilion duiing his 2OO9 Oilhodox Laslei ienaiks. Scc Laviov, supra nole
172.
184
Yuii Zaiakhovich, Pu|ins Rcuni|cd Russian Cnurcn, TIML, May 17, 2OO7,
hllp://vvv.line.con/line/voiId/ailicIe/O,8599,1622544,OO.hlnI.
185
Iayne, supra nole 55, al 716 (quoling fion MikhaiI Iozdnyayev, Tnc
S|rcng|n and lca|ncss cf Or|ncdcxq - Pa|riarcn A|c|sq || Ccnfcsscs |c |nc Cnurcn
Aorcad, 55 CURRLNT DICLST OI THL IOST-SOVILT IRLSS 19, 19 (2OO4)).
414 U. Pa. ]. |n|| |. |VoI. 33:2
We suppoil lhe Chuichs effoils lo slienglhen lhe fialeinaI
lies lelveen Russia and ils cIose neighlouis. We aie
sepaialed ly nalionaI loideis lul ve shaie a connon pasl
and connon hisloiic desliny . . . . |The ieunificalion of lhe
ROC and ROCORj gave decisive inpelus lo consoIidaling
lhe Russian voiId, naking oui lies vilh oui conpaliiols aII
aiound lhe gIole sliongei lhan evei.
186

3.2.5.2. |aqing Ccrncrs|cncs fcr Ncu Cnurcncs and Rcc|aining
Cnurcn Prcpcr|q Ou|sidc Russia
In Medvedevs viev, pail of slienglhening lies vilh
conpaliiols alioad neans ensuiing a IocaI foolhoId foi ROC
chuiches and cIeigy. AccoidingIy, lhe Russian goveinnenl has
leen a sliong pioponenl of effoils lo luiId nev Oilhodox chuiches
and puisue ovneiship cIains againsl piopeily cuiienlIy
nainlained oi conlioIIed ly Russian Oilhodox connunilies lhal
have eilhei giovn apail fion lhe Moscov Ialiiaichale oi aie
acliveIy affiIialed vilh lhe ConslanlinopIe Ialiiaichale (aIso
iefeiied lo as lhe LcunenicaI Ialiiaichale).
187

Nev Oilhodox chuiches aie leing luiIl acioss lhe gIole,
silualed in fai-fIung and oflen slialegic IocaIes such as Afiica,
188

186
Dniliy Medvedev, Iiesidenl of Russia, Spcccn a| a Rcccp|icn Gitcn oq |nc
Prcsidcn| cf Russia in Hcncur cf Scnicr C|crgq lnc Tcc| Par| in |nc Russian Or|ncdcx
Cnurcn |cca| Ccunci| (Iel. 2, 2OO9), atai|ao|c a| hllp://aichive.kienIin.iu/eng
/speeches/2OO9/O2/O2/1738_lype84779lype127286_212375.shlnI.
187
The hisloiicaI divide lelveen lhe second and lhiid Rone is oulside
lhe scope of lhis ailicIe. Ioi lackgiound, see AIicja Cuianovic, Tnc A||i|udc cf |nc
Mcsccu Pa|riarcna|c |cuards O|ncr Or|ncdcx Cnurcncs, 35 RLLICION, STATL & SOCY
3O1, 3O1-18 (2OO7) (discussing lhe hisloiy of hov lhe Thiid CounciI of
ConslanlinopIe, vhich founded lhe Ialiiaichale of ConslanlinopIe, oideied lhe
Oilhodox chuiches and pIaced lhe LcunenicaI Ialiiaichale in fiisl posilion and
lhe Moscov Ialiiaichale in fiflh, vhich sliII ienains a poinl of conlenlion vilhin
lhe UniveisaI Oilhodox Chuich), scc a|sc Arcnprics| Vsctc|cd Cnap|in uan|s Russia
|c occcnc 8qzan|iun ui|ncu| i|s fau||s, INTLRIAX (Iel. 29, 2OO8),
hllp://vvv.inleifax-ieIigion.con/àcl=nevs&div=4345 (slaling ChapIins leIief
lhal yzanliun has ieincainaled in Russia).
188
Scc Pa|riarcn Kiri|| in|cnds |c cpcn Russian parisncs and oui|d cnurcncs in
Africa, INTLRIAX (Api. 12, 2O1O), hllp://vvv.inleifax-ieIigion.con
/àcl=nevs&div=715O (discussing lhe inlenlion of lhe ROC lo expand geneiaIIy
and specificaIIy Iooking al ils pIans lo luiId Russian chuiches in Afiica).
Aigenlina,
189
China,
19O
Tokyo, Havana,
191
ThaiIand,
192
Madiid,
193

and Alu Dhali. Accoiding lo Ialiiaich KiiiII: oui paiishes |in
olhei counliiesj fuIfiII a cuIluiaI nission. They aie an inpoilanl
Iink lelveen lheii MolheiIand and lhe peopIe Iiving fai avay fion
lheii nalive counliy.
194
ul KiiiII has aIso opined lhal nev
chuiches opeiale as anolhei liidge lo unile Russia vilh olhei
nalions.
195
Iion lhe Ialiiaichs slalenenls, lhe consliuclion of
nev chuiches signaIs noie is al slake lhan lhe piovision of
spiiiluaI seivices lo an Oilhodox Russian fIock nov Iiving in a
gIolaI viIIage. As jouinaIisl CeiaIdine Iagin olseived, |ojne of
lhe veiy fev lhings lhe Soviel goveinnenl evei encouiaged lhe
Russian Oilhodox Chuich lo do vas pionole nalionaI inleiesls
alioad.
196
And lhis is pieciseIy vhal lhe nev Oilhodox chuiches

189
Scc A ncu Russian cnurcn |c oc ccns|ruc|cd in Argcn|ina, INTLRIAX (Nov. 7,
2OO8), hllp://vvv.inleifax-ieIigion.con/àcl=nevs&div=5348 (discussing pIans
lo consliucl a nev Russian chuich in Aigenlina).
19O
Scc An Or|ncdcx cnurcn ccnsccra|cd in |nc |crri|crq cf Russian cnoassq in
8cijing, DLIT IOR LXTLRNAL CHURCH RLL. OI THL RUSSIAN ORTHODOX CHURCH (Ocl.
13, 2OO9), hllp://vvv.nospal.iu/en/2OO9/1O/13/nevs6465/ (discussing lhe
consecialion of a Russian Oilhodox chuich in lhe leiiiloiy of lhe Russian enlassy
in eijing, China).
191
Scc Or|ncdcx Cnurcn Sprcads Krcn|ins lcrd, INTLLLICLNCL ONLINL (Maich
11, 2O1O), hllp://vvv.inleIIigenceonIine.con/goveinnenl-inleIIigence
/2O1O/O3/11/oilhodox-chuich-spieads-kienIin-s-void,821O5O27-ART-
ignoievaIide (discussing hov lhe KienIin is using ROC as an ain lo fuilhei ils
foieign poIicy oljeclives, vilh specific delaiI on hov lhe ROC has expanded
gIolaIIy lo pIaces as fai and vide as Tokyo and Havana).
192
The ROC consecialed ils second chuich in ThaiIand, Iocaled in lhe iesoil
lovn of Iallaya, in Decenlei 2OO9. Scc Arcnoisncp Hi|aricn Ccnsccra|cs Ncu
Russian Cnurcn in Tnai|and, RIA NOVOSTI (Dec. 2O, 2OO9), hllp://en.lela.iian.iu
/ReIigion/2OO9122O/1573O6114.hlnI (discussing lhe consecialion of a nev
Russian chuich in ThaiIand).
193
Scc Russian Or|ncdcx Cnurcn |c oc Gitcn a P|c| cf |and fcr 8ui|ding a Cnurcn
in Madrid, DLIT IOR LXTLRNAL CHURCH RLL. OI THL RUSSIAN ORTHODOX CHURCH
(}une 24, 2O1O), hllp://vvv.nospal.iu/en/2O1O/O6/24/nevs2O874/ (discussing
ROCs pIans lo luiId a nev chuich in Madiid, Spain).
194
Cnurcn Dip|cnacq |s nc| ]us| a Ma||cr cf |n|cr-Cnurcn Rc|a|icns, supra nole 5,
al 14.
195
Pa|riarcn Kiri|| 8c|ictcs Ncu Russian Parisncs |i|c|q |c appcar in |a|in Ancrica,
INTLRIAX (Sepl. 21, 2OO9), hllp://vvv.inleifax-ieIigion.con/àcl
=nevs&div=646O (discussing hov an incieasing nunlei of peopIe of Russian
cuIluie visil oi nove lo Lalin Aneiica).
196
CeiaIdine Iagan, Russias Anoi|icus Ncu Pa|riarcn, OILN DLMOCRACY (Iel.
12, 2OO9), hllp://vvv.opendenociacy.nel/ailicIe/enaiI/iussia-s-anlilious-
nev-paliiaich.
416 U. Pa. ]. |n|| |. |VoI. 33:2
aie poised lo do. In lhe voids of one high-IeveI Russian
goveinnenl officiaI, nev chuich consliuclion is a veiy inpoilanl
evenl even foi Russias secuIai povei.
197

The ROC does nol undeilake lhe inpiessive lask of luiIding
nev chuiches singIehandedIy. The Russian MOIA is viiluaIIy
onnipiesenl in lhe Chuichs consliuclion effoils alioad. Seigei
Laviov has slaled lhal lhe MOIA and ils dipIonalic nissions
alioad conpiehensiveIy heIp . . . lhe expansion of lhe piesence of
lhe Russian Oilhodox Chuich.
198
Whal lhis neans noie
specificaIIy, Laviov expIains al Ienglh:
The Ioieign Minisliy of Russia acliveIy heIps connunilies
of lhe Russian Diaspoia, even lo neel lheii spiiiluaI needs.
And, vhenevei oui conpaliiols say lhey vanl lo luiId a
chuich, ve legin voiking on lhe nallei in cIose
coopeialion vilh lhe Ieadeis of lhe Russian Oilhodox
Chuich and lhe hosl counliy conceined. This is aIso so
vhen il cones lo liansfeiiing lhe piopeily iighls lo lenpIes
lhal aie nonunenls of Russian cuIluie and failh lack lo
Russia. We pioceed fion lhe assunplion lhal lhe
eslalIishnenl of spiiiluaI Iife is one of lhe key faclois in lhe
veII-leing of lhe Russian Diaspoia.
199

The nosl pioninenl iecenl exanpIe of lhis connilnenl cane in
Ieliuaiy 2O1O vhen lhe Russian goveinnenl venl lo
exliaoidinaiy Ienglhs
2OO
lo eneige as lhe highesl liddei foi a lvo-
acie pIol of Iand alulling lhe Seine Rivei in dovnlovn Iaiis, a

197
Pu|ins tisi| |c UA| |c ccnsc|ida|c R|s pcsi|icns in Arao ucr|d, ORC. OI ASIA-
IACIIIC NLWS ACLNCILS, Sepl. 4, 2OO7.
198
Iiess ReIease, Minisliy of Ioieign Affaiis of lhe Russian Iedeialion,
Russian Minislei of Ioieign Affaiis Seigei Laviov Inleiviev vilh RIA Novosli on
Russian ReIalions vilh lhe Counliies of Lalin Aneiica and lhe Caiillean asin
(Nov. 17, 2OO8), hllp://vvv.nid.iu/ldonp/lip_4.nsf
/e78a48O7Of128a7l43256999OO5lcll3/4Odff6a7982643e5c3257523OO3f9f19!OpenD
ocunenl. The inleiviev aIso undeiscoies lhe secuIai inpoilance and ieIevancy of
Lalin Aneiica foi Russian foieign ieIalions. |d.
199
Dip|cnacq Nccds a Mcra| |cunda|icn, supra nole 45.
2OO
Scc Mallhev CanpleII, Onicn Dcncs |c Risc in Paris, THL SUNDAY TIMLS,
}une 6, 2O1O, atai|ao|c a| IACTIVA, Doc. No. STOOOOOO2O1OO6O6e666OOOfs.
(iepoiling lhal Russia has secuied peinission lo luiId an oilhodox chuich nexl lo
lhe LiffeI Tovei). Anong olhei sleps, il enpIoyed a Iiench Iollying fiin lo gel
acioss lhe nessage: lhe KienIin vouId considei a saIe lo anyone eIse an
'unfiiendIy acl. |d.
dcux pas dc |a |cur |iffc|.
2O1
Accoiding lo Russian IiesidenliaI
Adninislialion piess secielaiy Vikloi Khiekov, lhe piopeily
vouId le used lo consliucl a nev Russian spiiiluaI and cuIluiaI
cenlei.
2O2
Hovevei, despile Iiesidenl Medvedevs office pulIicIy
pilching lhe piojecl as a geneiic spiiiluaI and cuIluiaI cenlei, aII
olhei indicalois~incIuding a 2OO7 neeling lelveen Iiench
Iiesidenl NicoIas Saikozy and lhen-Ialiiaich AIexy II vheie lhe
iniliaI idea foi consliucling a nev Oilhodox Chuich in Iaiis vas
fiisl lioached
2O3
~poinl lo lhe high-piofiIe piopeily as leing
eainaiked foi excIusive use as a Russian Oilhodox Chuich
2O4
and
a seninaiy foi educaling piiesls.
2O5
Indeed, lhe Russian
goveinnenls inleinalionaI aichilecluiaI conpelilion lhal cIosed in
Oclolei 2O1O soughl oul lhe lesl design foi a Russian Oilhodox
ReIigious and CuIluiaI Cenlei . . . inlended as a pIace foi neelings,
cuIluiaI evenls|,j and spiiiluaI nouiishnenl foi lhe Russian
connunily and foi inlioducing Iaiisians lo lhe Russian Oilhodox
cuIluie.
2O6
The piojecl pionises lo le lhe fiisl Russian Oilhodox

2O1
Scc Vincenl }auveil, |affairc dc |a Ca|ncdra|c du Krcn|in a Paris |The case of
lhe KienIin CalhediaI in Iaiisj, NOUVLL OSLRVATLUR (May 28, 2O1O),
hllp://gIole.lIogs.nouveIols.con/aichive/2O1O/O5/28/connenl-Ie-kienIin-a-
ollenu-sa-calhediaIe-a-paiis.hlnI (iepoiling on lhe saIe of a pIol aIongside lhe
LiffeI Tovei lo lhe KienIin). Russias lid lesled lvo olhei iivaIs, Canada and oiI-
iich Saudi Aialia. Iiina IiIalova, Krcn|in Acquircs P|c| A|cngsidc |iffc| Tcucr, THL
MOSCOW TIMLS, Iel. 9, 2O1O.
2O2
Russia lins Ccn|cs| fcr |and in Paris |c 8ui|d Spiri|ua| Ccn|cr Tncrc, INTLRIAX
(Iel. 8, 2O1O), hllp://vvv.inleifax-ieIigion.con/àcl=nevs&div=69O7
(iepoiling lhal Russia pIaced lhe vinning lid). Scc a|sc 8ui|ding cf Russian
Spiri|ua| Ccn|cr in Paris |c s|ar| in 2012, INTLRIAX (Iel. 11, 2O1O),
hllp://vvv.inleifax-ieIigion.con/àcl=nevs&div=6923 (desciiling lhe aichilecl
seIeclion piocess foi lhe pIanned Russian SpiiiluaI Cenlei in Iaiis).
2O3
Scc }auveil, supra nole 2O1 (delaiIing Russias effoils lo secuie ieaI eslale
foi a calhediaI in Iiance).
2O4
Scc A Russian Or|ncdcx Cnurcn |c 8c 8ui|| in Dcun|cun Paris, DLIT IOR
LXTLRNAL CHURCH RLL. OI THL RUSSIAN ORTHODOX CHURCH (Iel. 9, 2O1O),
hllp://vvv.nospal.iu/en/2O1O/O2/O9/nevs12868/ (ieaffiining Russias pIan
lo luiId an Oilhodox chuich on lhe sile).
2O5
Scc Pu|in Tnan|s |rancc fcr Dccisicn |c 8ui|d Russian Spiri|ua| Ccn|cr, ITAR-
TASS WORLD SLRVICL, }une 11, 2O1O, atai|ao|c a| Iacliva, Doc. No.
TASSOOOO2O1OO611e66lOO1e3 (We aie deepIy gialefuI lo lhe piesidenl and lhe
goveinnenl foi lhis decision. This viII le nol onIy a ienindei, lul aIso an
addilionaI spiiiluaI liidge, vhich is connecling lhe lvo nalions. (quoling
Russian Iiine Minislei VIadinii Iulin)).
2O6
Scc |n|crna|icna| Ccn|cs| fcr 8cs| Dcsign cf Russian Or|ncdcx Rc|igicus and
Cu||ura| Ccn|cr Anncunccd in Paris, DLIT IOR LXTLRNAL CHURCH RLL. OI THL

418 U. Pa. ]. |n|| |. |VoI. 33:2
calhediaI luiIl in Iiance since lhe days of lhe Ronanovs
2O7
and
lhe fiisl Russian nonunenl luiIl in Iaiis since lhe AIexandei III
liidge in 1896.
2O8

IIainIy, lhe Russian goveinnenls connilnenl lo lhis
decidedIy piicey liansaclion confiins lhe facl lhal in ils viev, lhe
lein spiiiluaIily liansIales nol inlo uddhisn oi IsIan oi
}udaisn, lul ialhei inlo Oilhodoxy aIone lo lhe excIusion of aII
olheis. Moie innedialeIy, lhe puichase~coning al lhe expense
of an eslinaled ninely niIIion doIIais
2O9
~denonsliales lhe
goveinnenls disiegaid foi lhe conslilulionaI piopiiely of
expending slale funds alioad lo pionole a singIe piiviIeged
failh.
21O
Il aIso legs lhe fuilhei queslion: pieciseIy vhal
goveinnenl inleiesl is advanced ly luiIding a Iandnaik Russian
Oilhodox Chuich in a cily vheie lhe najoiily of Russians~
innigianls fion lhe oIshevik ievoIulion~aIieady have a
chuich
211
and, in any case, aie affiIialed vilh lhe LcunenicaI
Ialiiaichale and lhus do nol iecognize lhe Moscov Ialiiaichales
juiisdiclion`
212
This conducl is even noie cuiious vhen
consideied againsl lhe lackdiop of hundieds of iuiaI chuiches in

RUSSIAN ORTHODOX CHURCH (Ocl. 1, 2O1O),
hllp://vvv.nospal.iu/en/2O1O/1O/O1/nevs272O3/ (announcing lhal lhe
design of lhe calhediaI viII le deleinined ly conlesl).
2O7
CanpleII, supra nole 2OO.
2O8
Scc Heniy SanueI, |rcncn Sccrc| Scrticc |car Russian Ca|ncdra| a Spqing
|rcn|, THL DAILY TLLLCRAIH, May 28, 2O1O (The Iiench seciel seivice has
iepoiledIy expiessed aIain ovei pIans foi a Russian Oilhodox calhediaI in Iaiis,
feaiing il viII le used ly Moscov as a fionl foi spies . . . .).
2O9
Scc }auveil, supra nole 2O1 (iecounling Russias vinning lid foi lhe pIol of
Iand).
21O
The goveinnenl viII hand lhe Iand ovei lo lhe excIusive use of lhe
Moscov Ialiiaichale fiee of chaige. Scc AIexandei SoIdalov, Shchiioko shchagael
piavosIavnaia lseikov' |lidc S|ridcs fcr |nc Or|ncdcx Cnurcnj, NOVAYA CAZLTA,
Iel. 19, 2O1O, atai|ao|c a| hllp://vvv.novayagazela.iu/dala/2O1O/O18/O4.hlnI
(queslioning lhe piudence of using laxpayei noney lo pionole Russian Oilhodox
cuIluie alioad).
211
These Russians leIong lo Sl. AIexandei Nevsky CalhediaI on Rue Daiu.
Scc infra Seclion 3.1.5.3.
212
Scc SoIdalov, supra nole 21O (expIaining lhal nosl Russian innigianls in
Iaiis iecognize lhe LcunenicaI Ialiiaichale of ConslanlinopIe as opposed lo lhe
Ialiiaichale of Moscov).
Russia Iying in disiepaii and hundieds of lhousands of Oilhodox
paiishioneis in Russia Iiving in poveily.
213

The facl lhal lhe high-piofiIe Iaiis ieaI eslale deaI is nolivaled
ly a desiie lo enliench lhe ROCs posilion alioad as a
nanifeslalion of Russias ieinvigoialed secuIai slale povei is
undenialIe. This lecones pailicuIaiIy evidenl vhen vieved
againsl lhe lackdiop of olhei siniIai, if snaIIei-scaIe, allenpls lo
acquiie piopeily iighls lo chuiches alioad on lehaIf of lhe ROC.
The Russian goveinnenls aclivisn heie denonsliales cIeai
suppoil in favoi of consoIidaling aII Oilhodox connunilies
alioad undei lhe conlioI of lhe Moscov Ialiiaichale
214
as pail of
an oveiaiching effoil lo enliench lhe inage of a unified and
onnipiesenl Russian slale. Aclivily on lhis fionl has iesuIled in
nuneious liIaleiaI negolialions foi lhe ieluin of piopeily~as veII
as seveiaI conlenlious couil lallIes~acioss a vaiiely of
juiisdiclions incIuding lhe U.K., IsiaeI, IlaIy, Iiance, and lhe
Uniled Slales. Ioi exanpIe, IlaIian aulhoiilies agieed lo lhe
liansfei of an Oilhodox chuich lo Russia duiing a 2OO7 visil ly
lhen-Iiesidenl Iulin.
215
The Russian goveinnenl sulsequenlIy
passed conlioI of lhe aii chuich lo lhe ROC, expiessing lhe hope
lhal il vouId lecone a spiiiluaI cenlei foi pionoling Oilhodoxy
in IlaIy.
216
The liansfei pionpled Ialiiaich KiiiII lo appIaud lhe
goveinnenls veiy inpoilanl pailicipalion in faciIilaling lhe
liansfei
217
as a sign of lhe goveinnenls hisloiic conlinuily of caie

213
Scc id. (|Hjundieds of iuiaI chuiches in Russia conlinue lo le deslioyed,
and hundieds of lhousands of paiishioneis ROC |sicj Iive in poveily.).
214
Scc iuce CiunIey, lnq Russia lan|s ||s Or|ncdcx Cnurcncs 8ac|, TIML, }an.
24, 2O1O, hllp://vvv.line.con/line/voiId/ailicIe/O,8599,1956O45,OO.hlnI
(conlending lhal Russia endeavois lo unify lhe vaiious Russian Oilhodox
congiegalions foi poIilicaI puiposes).
215
Scc ||a|q Hands 8ari Cnurcn Otcr |c Russia, INTLRIAX (Api. 17, 2OO8),
hllp://vvv.inleifax-ieIigion.con/àcl=nevs&div=4575 (iepoiling lhal lhe cily
counciI of aii agieed lo liansfei ovneiship of a IocaI chuich lo lhe Russian
goveinnenl).
216
Scc Russian Prcsidcn|ia| Aidc Hcpcs 8ari Cnurcn li|| 8c a Ccn|cr fcr Prcnc|ing
Or|ncdcxq in ||a|q, INTLRIAX (Iel. 27, 2OO9), hllp://vvv.inleifax-ieIigion.con
/àcl=nevs&div=5747 (iepoiling lhal lhe Russian Ieadeiship vievs lhe liansfei of
lhe chuich as an hisloiic evenl).
217
Scc Or|ncdcx Pi|grin Ccn|cr in 8ari Transfcrrcd |c Russian Or|ncdcx Cnurcn,
INTLRIAX (Nov. 25, 2OO9), hllp://vvv.inleifax-ieIigion.con
/àcl=nevs&div=667O (expIaining hov lhe Russian goveinnenl ieluined lhe aii
chuich lo ROC conlioI).
42O U. Pa. ]. |n|| |. |VoI. 33:2
|foi lhej spiiiluaI lasics of oui peopIe.
218
VIadinii Kozhin, lhe
head of lhe KienIins Iiopeily Depailnenl, has ienaiked lhal lhe
aii liansfei iepiesenls onIy lhe leginning, and lhal lhe
goveinnenl viII conlinue lo acliveIy puisue lhe ieluin of shiines
lhal aie alioad of oui honeIand, incIuding in lhe Kingdon of
}oidan and in IsiaeI.
219

Olhei allenpls lo cIain Chuich piopeily have leen Iess
sliaighlfoivaid. This nay le in pail lecause in lhe case of lhe aii
chuich, nunicipaI aulhoiilies assuned iesponsiliIily foi
nainlaining lhe piopeily ialhei lhan Ieaving lhe lask lo a IocaI
Oilhodox congiegalion.
22O
WhiIe lhe case of lhe Svialo Iokiovskiy
Russian Oilhodox Chuich in uena Visla, N.}., appeais lo iefIecl a
dispule lelveen lhose in favoi and lhose againsl lhe ROCOR-ROC
union, olheis indicale diiecl invoIvenenl on lhe pail of lhe
Russian slale. Ioi exanpIe, in 2OO6, lhe Russian goveinnenl
legan laking sleps lo gain possession of lhe Sl. NichoIas CalhediaI,
an Oilhodox chuich luiIl in 1912 on lhe Iiench Rivieia vilh funds
piovided ly Czai NichoIas II.
221
Ioi lhe neaiIy ninely yeais
pieceding lhe Russian goveinnenls inleivenlion, lhe Russian
Oilhodox CuIluiaI Associalion of Nice (ACOR), an oiganizalion
vilh lies lo lhe LcunenicaI Ialiiaichale, nainlained and opeialed
lhe chuich. In eaiIy 2O1O, a Iiench couil of fiisl inslance iuIed lhal
lhe piopeily leIonged lo Russia and shouId ieveil lo ils
goveinnenl.
222
Accoiding lo VIadinii Kozhin, lhe Russian

218
Pa|riarcn Kiri|| Tnan|fu| |c Russian, ||a|q Au|ncri|ics fcr Transfcr cf 8ari
Cnurcn, INTLRIAX (Mai. 2, 2OO9), hllp://vvv.inleifax-ieIigion.con
/àcl=nevs&div=575O (iepoiling lhal Ialiiaich KiiiII caIIed IlaIys decision lo
ieluin lhe aii chuich a jusl acl).
219
Or|ncdcx Pi|grin Ccn|cr in 8ari Transfcrrcd |c Russian Or|ncdcx Cnurcn, supra
nole 217.
22O
Scc id. (Russian enigianls . . . passed aII chuich luiIdings lo lhe
nunicipaIily of aii in 1937, lecause lhey Iacked lhe funds lo nainlain lhe
chuich.).
221
Scc }ohn TagIialue, A Ca|ncdra| Rcsis|s |nc |aoc| Prcpcr|q cf Russia, N.Y.
TIMLS, }an. 9, 2OO8, hllp://vvv.nylines.con/2OO8/O1/O9/voiId
/euiope/O9nice.hlnI (iepoiling on an inleinalionaI dispule ovei lhe ovneiship of
lhe CalhediaI of Sl. NichoIas).
222
Scc |rcncn Ccur| Hands Nicc Ca|ncdra| |c Russia, RADIO IRLL LUROIL RADIO
LIRARY, }an. 2O, 2O1O, hllp://oiigin.ifeiI.oig/conlenl/Iiench_Couil_Hands
_Nice_CalhediaI_To_Russia/1934955.hlnI (iecounling lhe IegaI lallIe ovei
ovneiship of lhe calhediaI, vhich ended in a vicloiy foi lhe Russian
goveinnenl).
goveinnenl vouId do eveiylhing possilIe . . . lo have lhis chuich
cone lack. ul il is a veiy conpIicaled and Ienglhy piocess, ve
nusl le ieady foi lhis. Theyie aII quile conpIicaled, Ienglhy
lhings, a veiy conpIicaled juiispiudence on piopeily issues,
especiaIIy vhen diffeienl counliies aie invoIved.
223
Ioi ils pail,
lhe Moscov Ialiiaichale has cIained lhal il is nol diieclIy
connecled lo |lhe Sl. NichoIasj calhediaI, since seivices lheie aie
conducled ly a connunily leIonging lo anolhei juiisdiclion, lul
ve aie happy lhal lhe Iiench slale has acknovIedged Russias
iighl lo ovn lhis chuich.
224
AIlhough lhe Russian goveinnenl
iepoiledIy offeied lo aIIov lhe congiegalion lo nainlain use of lhe
chuich foi ils seivices,
225
il appeais lo have laken sleps lo assune
nanagenenl of lhe chuich,
226
polenliaIIy signaIing lhe fiisl slep in
seveiing lhe calhediaIs Iongslanding Iinkage lo lhe LcunenicaI
Ialiiaichale and handing lhe chuich ovei lo lhe ROC.
227
The
diieclion of IegaI lallIe ovei lhe chuich seens lo confiin lhis
evenluaIily. A pelilion ly ACOR lo lhe Aix-en-Iiovence Couil of
AppeaI faiIed lo ieveise lhe couil of fiisl inslances iuIing.
IoIIoving ACORs iefusaI lo vacanl lhe chuich, Russia ollained a

223
Russias Ta|ing Ouncrsnip cf Cnurcn in Nicc |c oc |cng PrcccssOfficia|,
INTLRIAX (}an. 25, 2O1O), hllp://vvv.inleifax-ieIigion.con/àcl=nevs&div
=6849.
224
Sophia Kishkovsky, Ccur| Saqs |rcncn Ca|ncdra| 8c|cngs |c Russia,
NATIONAL CATHOLIC RLIORTLR (}an. 26, 2O1O), hllp://ncionIine.oig/nevs/gIolaI
/couil-says-fiench-calhediaI-leIongs-iussia.
225
Scc Mc|rcpc|i|an Hi|aricn cf Vc|c|c|ans|s |n|crticu |c |n|crfax-Rc|igicn Pcr|a|,
supra nole 156 (indicaling lhal lhe liansfei of ovneiship vouId nol inpinge on
lhe ieguIai opeialions of lhe IocaI congiegalion).
226
Scc |a Russic Rcc|anc |Russia C|ainsj, CATHLDRALL RUSSL DL NICL |RUSSIAN
CATHLDRAL OI NICLj, Api. 5, 2O1O, hllp://calhediaIeiussenice.oig/spip/spip.php
àilicIe13 (desciiling a nolice senl ly Russia lo lhe Nice chuich denanding
nanagenenl changes).
227
Civen lhe ieIigious puipose associaled vilh lhis piopeily, such a slep
vouId le in keeping vilh doneslic deveIopnenls in Russia ieIaled lo a nev Iav
on ieIigious piopeily lhal viII see lhe ROC lecone one of lhe Iaigesl piopeily
ovneis in Russia, lehind onIy Gazprcn, lhe Russian gas nonopoIy, and Russian
RaiIvays. Krcn|in P|ans |c Hand Otcr Prcpcr|q |c Rc|igicus Grcups, RIA NOVOSTI
(Iel. 24, 2OO9), hllp://en.iian.iu/iussia/2OO9O224/12O27664O.hlnI. Scc a|sc
Or|ncdcx Cnurcn Maq 8cccnc Onc Of |argcs| Prcpric|crs |n Russia, ITAR-TASS WORLD
SLRVICL, }an. 3, 2OO9, atai|ao|c a| hllp://vvv.acg.iu/engIish
/oilhodox_chuich_nay_lecone_one_of_Iaigesl_piopiielois_in_iussia (iepoiling
lhal a pioposed liII diafled ly lhe Lcononic DeveIopnenl Minisliy vouId nake
lhe Oilhodox Chuich one of lhe Iaigesl piivale Iandovneis in Russia).
422 U. Pa. ]. |n|| |. |VoI. 33:2
sulsequenl couil oidei in Novenlei 2O11 (al lhe line lhis ailicIe
venl lo piess) vhich, vhiIe faIIing shoil of evicling ACOR,
iequiied lhe oiganizalion lo suiiendei lhe chuich keys vilhin one
veek oi face a fine of 6,OOO Luios pei day.
228

In anolhei dispule oiiginaling in iaiiilz, IocaI suppoileis of
lhe Moscov Ialiiaichale noved lo have lhe IocaI Oilhodox
Chuich~Iong affiIialed vilh lhe LcunenicaI Ialiiaichale
229
~
ieveil ils aIIegiance lo Moscov. In vhal one olseivei desciiled as
a pu|scn,
23O
lhe effoil lo vole in favoi of unificalion vilh Moscov
Ianded lhe pailies in couil. Aflei lvo appeaIs, lhe Coui de
cassalion oideied lhal lhe pioposed ieaIignnenl couId nol pioceed
due lo iiieguIaiilies in lhe voling pioceduie.
231

A siniIaiIy conlenlious effoil lo liing lhe Diocese of Souiozh
in lhe Uniled Kingdon undei conlioI of lhe Moscov Ialiiaichale
iesuIled in a veiy pulIic lieak vilhin lhe congiegalion and
anolhei couil chaIIenge.
232
The dispule cenleied on concein

228
Reny DoncaiIi, |g|isc Russc dc Nicc. |'Assccia|icn Dci| Rcndrc |cs C|cs
|Russian Ca|ncdra| cf Nicc. Tnc Assccia|icn Mus| Rc|urn |nc Kcqsj, NICL MATIN, Nov.
1, 2O11, hllp://vvv.nicenalin.con/ailicIe/nice/e-gIise-iusse-de-nice-
Iassocialion-doil-iendie-Ies-cIes. Ioi eaiIiei coveiage of lhe IegaI lallIe, see |a
Russic Rcc|anc, supra nole 226 (noling lhal ACOR has appeaIed lhe decision
liansfeiiing lhe Nice chuich lo Russia), scc a|sc |rancc. Tnc |cga| 8a|||c Surrcunding
S| Nicnc|as Ca|ncdra| in Nicc, DLUTSCHL WLLLL (}une 23, 2O1O), hllp://vvv.dv-
voiId.de/dv/ailicIe/O,,5717O54,OO.hlnI (iepoiling on lhe Nice paiishioneis
pending appeaI), Ccnnuniquc Nc 05-10 cf |nc Ccunci| cf |nc Arcndicccsc Mcc|ing cf
21 and 22 ]unc 2010, LCUMLNICAL IATRIARCHATL: DLANLRY OI CR. RIT. AND IR.,
hllp://exaichale.oig.uk/connuniquC3A9-nC2O-O5-1O-counciI-
aichdiocese-neeling-21-and-22-june-2O1O (Iasl visiled Nov. 17, 2O11) (eIaloialing
on lhe lineIine foi lhe appeaIs piocess).
229
As DanieI Iayne poinls oul, nany paiishes oulside Russia Iefl lhe ROC
and cane undei lhe juiisdiclion of lhe Ialiiaichale of ConslanlinopIe . . . pIacing
lheii piopeilies undei lhe conlioI of ConslanlinopIe. Iayne, supra nole 55, al
718.
23O
}auveil, supra nole 2O1.
231
Scc Coui de cassalion |Cass.j |Supiene Couil foi judiciaI Malleisj, 1e civ,
Ocl. 8, 2OO9, (unpulIished), Associalion CuIluieIIe Oilhodoxe Russe De iaiiilz v.
LgIise Oilhodoxe Russe el aI., AppeaI No. O8-16896 (Ii.), atai|ao|c a|
hllp://vvv.Iegifiance.oig/affich}uii}udi.doòIdAclion=iech}uii}udi&idTexle=}
URITLXTOOOO21141O22&faslReqId=1642911898&faslIos=1# (iejecling appIicanls
appeaI ly invaIidaling a iesoIulion of a geneiaI neeling of AROC lecause lhe
neeling did nol foIIov lhe slaluloiy iuIes vilhoul lhe need lo considei vhelhei
lhe iiieguIaiily had an inpacl on lhe adoplion of decisions).
232
Scc Dean v. uine, |2OO9j LWHC (Ch) 125O (Lng.), atai|ao|c a| 2OO9 WL
15O4469 (gianling conlioI of lhe Diocese of Souiozh lo lhe Moscov Ialiiaichale).
anong sone cIeigy and Iaily lhal lhe ROC vas allenpling lo nove
lhe Diocese avay fion ils noie IileiaIized Oilhodox piaclice
lhal had evoIved ovei line and given ils sepaialion fion Moscov.
IniliaIIy, lhe dioceses Ieadei, ishop asiI, uniIaleiaIIy soughl
ieIease fion lhe Moscov Ialiiaichale lo join lhe LcunenicaI
Ialiiaichale
233
due lo eIenenls in lhe Moscov Ialiiaichale lhal
suppoil lhose vho have leen seeking lo undeinine ny aulhoiily
in lhe Diocese and aie inleifeiing in ny conducl of ils affaiis.
234

Hovevei, upon Ieaining of lhe lishops aclions, lhe ROC ieliied
asiI vilhoul lhe iighl lo liansfei lo anolhei juiisdiclion and
noved lo appoinl Aichlishop Innokenly as lenpoiaiy acling
adninislialoi of lhe Diocese of Souiozh.
235
UIlinaleIy, lhe couil
decided lo vesl ovneiship of lhe dioceses piopeily and assels
vilh lhe Moscov Ialiiaichale.
Accoiding lo Iiolodeacon Ielei Scoiei, foineiIy of lhe Diocese
of Souiozh, lhe Russian goveinnenl sees Oilhodox chuiches
alioad as sonelhing Iike lhe enlassy chuiches lefoie lhe
|Russianj ievoIulion. They aie iepiesenlalions of Moscov alioad,
and aie conlioIIed nol ly lheii IocaI lishops, lul ly lhe DLCR
|Depailnenl of LxleinaI Chuich ReIalions of lhe Moscov
Ialiiaichalej.
236
This viev is fuilhei affiined in lhe conlexl of
goveinnenl and chuich aclivilies in Russias neai alioad.
Accoiding lo AIicja Cuianovic, lhe Russian goveinnenl and ROC:

aie inleiesled in ielaining doninance in lhe posl-soviel
aiea, and lo achieve lhis goaI lhey suppoil each olhei . . . .
Russian aulhoiilies peiceive lhe ROC as an aIIy in Iooking
aflei slale inleiesls and slienglhening lhe counliys
posilion in lhe inleinalionaI aiena, and lheiefoie suppoils
|sicj lhe ROCs liansnalionaI aclivily.
237

233
Scc id. al *21, 58-59 (ishop asiI look lhe nonenlous decision lo
nove fion lhe juiisdiclion of lhe Moscov Ialiiaichale lo lhal of lhe LcunenicaI
Ialiiaichale . . . . On 24 ApiiI 2OO6 ishop asiI viole lo lhe Ialiiaich of Moscov
asking lo le 'ieIeased fion lhe Ialiiaichale of Moscov.).
234
|d. al *21, 59.
235
|d. al **22-23, 65.
236
237
AIicja Cuianovic, Tnc A||i|udc cf |nc Mcsccu Pa|riarcna|c Tcuards O|ncr
Or|ncdcx Cnurcncs, 35 RLLICION, ST. & SOCY 3O1, 312 (2OO7).
424 U. Pa. ]. |n|| |. |VoI. 33:2
In Iighl of lhis nuluaI inleiesl, vheiely chuich and slale acl in
landen alioad lo iepossess oId chuiches and luiId nev ones,
lhese faciIilies oughl lo le vieved as noie lhan houses of voiship.
Ralhei, lhey opeiale as conciele nanifeslalions of Russias allenpl
lo exeil giealei geogiaphic ieach and poIilicaI infIuence. The
Russian goveinnenls aclive ioIe in secuiing lhese piopeilies on
lehaIf of lhe ROC signaIs ils endoisenenl of lhe use of chuiches lo
loIslei Russias piofiIe as veII as ils viIIingness lo avaiI ilseIf of
lhe Chuich as a polenliaI Ievei of sofl povei in ils puisuil of
foieign poIicy oljeclives. This silualion gives iise lo seveiaI
piolIens. Iiisl, ly venluiing leyond lhe loideis of lhe Russian
Iedeialion and even lhe so-caIIed neai alioad, lhe Moscov
Ialiiaichale appeais viIIing lo conliavene ils ovn eccIesiaslic iuIe
of canonicaI leiiiloiy, vhich posils lhe piincipIe of one cily~
one lishop~one Chuich.
238
As }uslice Iackluine expIained in
Dcan t. 8urnc:
The poinl, as I undeisland il, is lhal lhe Moscov
Ialiiaichale had no iighl lo exeicise ils juiisdiclion ovei
Oilhodox Chiislians voishipping oulside lhe loideis of
Russia (ie |sicj lhe leiiiloiies hisloiicaIIy iegaided as vilhin
lhe juiisdiclion of lhe Moscov Ialiiaichale) and lhal, given
lhe schisn lelveen Oilhodoxy and lhe Chuich in lhe Wesl
daling lack lo 1O54, juiisdiclion ovei Oilhodox
voishippeis in Weslein Luiope faIIs lo lhe LcunenicaI
Ialiiaich as Iocun lenens of lhe Ialiiaich of Rone.
239

DanieI Iayne olseives lhal lhe eslalIishnenl of nuIlipIe
chuiches in a singIe leiiiloiy goes againsl lhe eccIesioIogicaI lasis
of lhe Oilhodox Chuich.
24O
Hovevei, lhis is pieciseIy vhal lhe
ROC is poised lo do in pIaces as diveise as Iiance, IlaIy, lhe Uniled
Kingdon, and Lalin Aneiica. Such a nove posilions lhe Moscov

238
Scc 8isncp Hi|aricn cf Vicnna and Aus|ria. Onc ci|qcnc oisncpcnc
Cnurcn. Tnc Princip|c cf Cancnica| Tcrri|crq and |nc Appcarancc cf Para||c|
Hicrarcnics, LUROIAICA ULL. (}an. 23, 2OO6), hllp://oilhodoxeuiope.oig
/page/14/84.aspx#5 (discussing lhe piincipIe of canonicaI leiiiloiy of one cily~
one lishop~one chuich and desciiling lhe eneigence of paiaIIeI hieiaichies in
Chiislendon).
239
Dean v. uine, |2OO9j LWHC (Ch) 125O, 33 (Lng.), atai|ao|c a| 2OO9 WL
15O4469, al *12, 36.
24O
Ialiiaichale in diiecl conpelilion vilh olhei chuiches (eilhei
veslein oi vesleinized Oilhodox) foi goveinance ovei lhe
spiiiluaI Iives of lhe failhfuI.
Ioinei Ialiiaich AIexy pieviousIy asseiled lhal lhe ROCs
fiisl piioiily |on lhe inleinalionaI IeveIj is lo pieseive lhe unily of
lhe Chuich and ensuie lhe spiiiluaI Iife of lhe exlensive chuich
diaspoia Iiving oulside lhe canonicaI leiiiloiy of lhe Russian
Oilhodox Chuich (ROC).
241
The paliiaichs favoied appioach~
posilioning lhe ROC lo go vheievei Russians go~appeais al odds
vilh lhe one cily, one lishop poIicy.
242
ul cIosei inspeclion of
lhe docliine in piaclice ieveaIs lhal any iuIes associaled vilh
canonicaI leiiiloiy appIy fasl and Ioose, and even lhen, onIy vheie
convenienl.
243
Ioi exanpIe, lhe ROC is quick lo denounce any
peiceived vioIalion oi chaIIenge lo ils ovn seIf-defined canonicaI
leiiiloiy,
244
oflenlines invoking lhe anoiphous nolion of cuIluiaI
canonicaI leiiiloiy.
245
In conliasl, lhe Chuich appeais lo ieseive

241
Ialiiaich AIexy II, Tnc Russian Or|ncdcx Cnurcn in |nc Mcdcrn lcr|d, 55
INTL AII. 49, 49 (2OO9).
242
Scc Tnc S|a|u|c cf |nc Russian Or|ncdcx Cnurcn, supra nole 3, pl. I, 3
(pioviding lhal lhe ROCs juiisdiclion incIudes Oilhodox peisons in lhe canonicaI
leiiiloiy of lhe Russian Oilhodox Chuich as veII as Oilhodox Chiislians oulside
Russia vho voIunlaiiIy join ils juiisdiclion).
243
Scc 8isncp Hi|aricn cf Vicnna and Aus|ria Tnc Prac|ica| App|ica|icn cf |nc
Princip|c cf Cancnica| Tcrri|crq, LUROIAICA ULL. (Iel. 17, 2OO6),
hllp://oilhodoxeuiope.oig/page/14/87.aspx#5 (asseiling lhal vhiIe lhe
piincipIe of canonicaI leiiiloiy is a conponenl of Oilhodox eccIesioIogy, il is nol
aIvays appIied in aII Iocalions).
244
Scc Shina aiadaian-Rolison el aI., Rc|igicus Mcncpc|ics and |nc
Ccnncdifica|icn cf Rc|igicn, 32 ILII. L. RLV. 885, 917 (2OO5) (slaling lhal lhe Russian
Oilhodox Chuich has conpIained lhal foieign ieIigions pioseIylize on 'lhe
canonicaI leiiiloiy of lhe Chuich), scc a|sc Andeison, supra nole 14, al 192-93
(eIaloialing upon lhe Chuichs one cily, one lishop, one chuich, leIief lhal
lecause elhnic Russians aie Oilhodox, olhei Chiislian gioups shouId nol allenpl
lo conveil lhen), Ccns|an|incp|c Sncu|dn| |ncrcacn cn Cancnica| Tcrri|crq cf O|ncr
|cca| Cnurcncs - Mcsccu Pa|riarcna|c, DLIT IOR LXTLRNAL CHURCH RLL. OI THL
MOSCOW IATRIARCHATL, hllp://oilhodoxeuiope.oig/piinl/19/2/625.aspx (Iasl
visiled Nov. 17, 2O11) (ciilicizing lhe ConslanlinopIe paliiaichale foi selling up
chuiches in nev leiiiloiies vilhoul fiisl engaging in inlei-Oilhodox diaIogue).
245
8isncp Hi|aricn cf Vicnna and Aus|ria Tnc Prac|ica| App|ica|icn cf |nc Princip|c
cf Cancnica| Tcrri|crq, supra nole 243. Accoiding lo lhis undeislanding, lhe
oveivheIning najoiily of Russians ly lheii iools leIong lo lhe Oilhodox
liadilion, and lheiefoie Russia cannol le vieved as a fiee nissionaiy leiiiloiy.
|d. 8u| scc Lui. ConsuIl. Ass., Russias |au cn Rc|igicn, Doc. No. 94O9 (2OO2),
atai|ao|c a| hllp://assenlIy.coe.inl/nain.asp`Link=/docunenls/voikingdocs
/docO2/edoc94O9.hln (ciilicizing lhe concepl of canonicaI leiiiloiy as

426 U. Pa. ]. |n|| |. |VoI. 33:2
fev piaclicaI Iinilalions on ils iighl lo opeiale vilhin lhe canonicaI
leiiiloiies of olhei chuiches. This is juslified in pail ly an open-
ended concepl of nissionaiy canonicaI leiiiloiy, vhich peinils
conpelilion and pioseIylizing alioad.
246

Lven if lending lo ones fIock alioad does nol necessaiiIy
conliavene lhe canonicaI leiiiloiy iuIe pei se, lhe nannei in vhich
lhe ROC is puisuing lhis oljeclive signaIs lhal lhe eslalIishnenl of
ils chuiches is in no vay inlended lo le Iiniled oi iesliicled
247
lo
lhe naiiov ialionaIe of pioviding fuII-fIedged, effeclive spiiiluaI
suppoil lo ils fIock.
248
As noled alove, one of lhe expiess
puiposes of lhe nev Oilhodox Chuich leing pIanned in Iaiis is lo
shaie Oilhodox cuIluie vilh Iaiisians, nol onIy paiishioneis.
Moie gIaiingIy, lhe ROC aIso has exhililed a lendency lo sliay
leyond even lhe nosl geneious ieading of canonicaI confines,
expiessing open suppoil foi assisling elhnic Russians in eIeclion
canpaigns lo IegisIalive lodies in lhe Luiopean Union
249
and
voiking lo eslalIish a diaIogue lelveen |Iiesidenl Medvedevsj
Uni|cd Russia paily and lhe conseivalive foices of Luiope and lhe
USA . . . .
25O

unacceplalIe ly hunan iighls slandaids as inleipieled ly lhe CounciI of
Luiope).
246
Scc 8isncp Hi|aricn cf Vicnna and Aus|ria. Tnc Cancnica| Tcrri|crics cf |nc |cca|
Or|ncdcx Cnurcncs, LUROIAICA ULL. (Iel. 6, 2OO6), hllp://oilhodoxeuiope.oig
/page/14/85.aspx#3 (expIaining lhal lhe concepl of nissionaiy canonicaI
leiiiloiy suppoils Oilhodox nissionaiy pioseIylizalion in aieas vheie no IocaI
Oilhodox chuich exisls).
247
Considei sone of lhe ROCs aclivilies discussed al supra Seclion 3.2.5.2,
incIuding pioseIylizing in Lalin Aneiica, iepossession of lhe ROC chuich in aii
as a spiiiluaI cenlei foi pionoling Oilhodoxy in IlaIy, and consliuclion of a
nev ROC chuich in Iaiis, vheie a Iongslanding Russian Oilhodox congiegalion
and seveiaI affiIialed chuiches aIieady exisl.
248
Ialiiaich AIexy II, supra nole 241, al 5O (slaling lhal lhe chuichs desiie lo
suppoil ils fIock fueIs ils inleiesl in nainlaining ieIalionships vilh slale agencies
in lhe counliies vheie ils foIIoveis Iive).
249
Scc iian Whilnoie, Russias Pa|riarcn |ncrcasing|q 8cccning Majcr |crcc in
Pc|i|ics, RADIO IRLL LUR. RADIO LILRTY (Sepl. 6, 2OO9),
hllp://vvv.ifeiI.oig/conlenl/Russias_Ialiiaich_IncieasingIy_econing_Majoi
_Ioice_In_IoIilics/1815832.hlnI (|Ialiiaichj KiiiII suppoils lhe idea of heIping
elhnic Russians vin eIeclion lo IegisIalive lodies in lhe Luiopean Union.).
25O
Russian Cnurcn |c Hc|p |xpand Dia|cg 8c|uccn Uni|cd Russia and lcs|crn
Ccnscrta|itcs, INTLRIAX (May 31, 2O1O, 3:48 IM), hllp://vvv.inleifax-
ieIigion.con/àcl=nevs&div=7322.
Looking deepei, lhe effoil lo spiead, enliench, and unify
Russian Oilhodoxy signaIs a Iaigei puipose lhal ieIales diieclIy lo
lhe Moscov Ialiiaichales vaIues and ils peiceplion of an
unfoIding exislenliaI sliuggIe: Luiope incieasingIy iepiesenls a
secuIai vasleIand of innoiaI conducl haikening lack lo lhe
godIess U.S.S.R., leiefl of ils Chiislian elhos, unlelheied fion any
conneclion lo liadilionaI Chiislian vaIues. In olhei voids, lhe
goveining slale of affaiis poses a lhieal lo lhe ROCs conlinued
infIuence and ieIevancy. AilicIe 16(4) of lhe ROCs ases of lhe
SociaI Concepl eIaloiales on lhe Chuichs unliage diiecled
againsl secuIaiizalion of pulIic and sociaI Iife:
The conlenpoiaiy inleinalionaI IegaI syslen is lased on
lhe piioiily given lo lhe inleiesls of lhe eailhIy Iife of nan
and hunan connunilies ovei ieIigious vaIues . . . . This
piioiily is seaIed in lhe nalionaI IegisIalion of nany
counliies . . . . Many infIuenliaI pulIic nechanisns use lhe
sane piincipIe in lheii open confionlalion vilh failh and
lhe Chuich, ained lo ousl lhen fion pulIic Iife. These
nanifeslalions cieale a geneiaI picluie of lhe secuIaiizalion
of pulIic and sociaI Iife.
|Tjhe Chuich cannol favoui a voiId oidei lhal puls in lhe
cenlie of eveiylhing lhe hunan peisonaIily daikened ly
sin. This is vhy . . . lhe Chuich seeks lo asseil Chiislian
vaIues in lhe piocess of decision-naking on lhe nosl
inpoilanl pulIic issues lolh on nalionaI and inleinalionaI
IeveIs. She sliives foi lhe iecognilion of lhe IegaIily of
ieIigious voiIdviev as a lasis foi sociaIIy significanl aclion
(incIuding lhose laken ly slale) and as an essenliaI facloi
vhich shouId infIuence lhe deveIopnenl (anendnenl) of
inleinalionaI Iav and lhe voik of inleinalionaI
oiganisalions.
251

UnenleIIished, lhe ROCs oveiiiding nolivalion foi eslalIishing
nev chuiches and asseiling conlioI ovei oId ones loiIs dovn lo
confionling secuIaiisn: LileiaI lendencies . . . nake Chiislianily
evei noie vuIneialIe in lhe face of niIilanl secuIaiisn, vhich

251
Scc Tnc 8asis cf |nc Sccia| Ccnccp|, supra nole 47, pl. XVI.4 (enphasis
onilled).
428 U. Pa. ]. |n|| |. |VoI. 33:2
sleaIs fion us niIIions of peopIe, nolalIy youlh.
252
In olhei
voids, lhe Moscov Ialiiaichale consideis ils chuiches as lhe
vanguaid in a sliuggIe againsl lhe diunleal of secuIaiisn and
spiead of individuaI hunan iighls lhal, in ils viev, negIecls
ieIalions vilh Cod and pionoles onIy lhe pioleclion of seIf-
viII.
253
NolalIy, lhis sliuggIe is nol Iiniled lo lhe neai alioad
oi even lhe Luiopean conlinenl al Iaige. In HiIaiions assessnenl,
Il nay veII le lhe case lhal lhe enliie Weslein civiIizalion,
nol onIy in Luiope lul aIso eIsevheie, is leconing
iadicaIIy anli-Chiislian and anli-ieIigious. In lhis case lheie
is a need of nol onIy a pan-Luiopean lul aIso of a univeisaI
connon fionl foined ly liadilionaI ieIigious confessions
in oidei lo iepeI lhe onsIaughl of niIilanl secuIaiisn.
254

This Manichean confIicl lelveen secuIaiisn and Oilhodoxy, as
lhe ROC sees il, Ieads lo lhe second, even noie piofound piolIen
vilh lhe nounling effoil lo acquiie nev and oId chuiches: y
diieclIy advocaling foi and undeiviiling such effoils and lheiely
fueIing lhe gIolaI canpaign lo spiead Russian Oilhodoxy undei
lhe guise of geneiic spiiiluaIily, lhe Russian goveinnenl is
opeialing in diiecl conliavenlion of ils ovn conslilulion, and
uIlinaleIy endoising a posilion lhal sliikes al lhe heail of lhe
docunenls veiy Iegilinacy. This cieales an alsuid ieaIily
vheiely Russia, a conslilulionaIIy secuIai counliy, advocales via
ils foieign poIicy foi an ideoIogy lhal al ils coie iejecls lhe

252
ishop HiIaiion AIfeyev, Majcr Cna||cngcs fcr Cnris|iani|q in |urcpc, DLIT.
OI LXTLRNAL CHURCH RLL. OI THL MOSCOW IATRIARCHATL (Iasl visiled Nov. 17,
2O11), hllp://oilhodoxeuiope.oig/piinl/4/1.aspx. Scc a|sc HiIaiion AIfeyev,
|urcpcan Cnris|iani|q and |nc Cna||cngc cf Mi|i|an| Sccu|arisn, 57 LCUMLNICAL RLV.
82, 84 (2OO5) (Conlenpoiaiy niIilanl secuIaiisn, Iike Russian oIshevisn, vievs
ilseIf as a lc||anscnauung deslined lo iepIace Chiislianily. Hence, il is neilhei
neuliaI noi indiffeienl lovaid Chiislianily, ialhei, il is openIy hosliIe lo il.).
253
Tnc 8asis cf |nc Sccia| Ccnccp|, supra nole 47, pl. IV.7 (enphasis onilled).
254
ishop HiIaiion AIfeyev, Iiesenlalion of Chiislianily and lhe ChaIIenge of
MiIilanl SecuIaiisn Iapei al lhe InleinalionaI Confeience of lhe AusliaIian and
Nev ZeaIand Associalion of TheoIogicaI SchooIs (}uIy 5-8, 2OO4),
hllp://vel.aichive.oig/vel/2O11O522124444/hllp://en.hiIaiion.oilhodoxia.oig
/6_11 (Iasl visiled Nov. 17, 2O11) (accessed ly seaiching inleinel uiI on Inleinel
Aichive) (aichivaI copy on fiIe vilh lhe Univeisily of IennsyIvania }ouinaI of
InleinalionaI Lav), scc a|sc infra Seclion 4.1 (discussing Russias disciininalion
againsl secuIaiisn and allacks on hunan iighls Iav).
Iegilinacy of lhe slales foundalion, i.e., secuIaiisn, nol onIy as il
exisls in Russia, lul in Luiope and eIsevheie in lhe veslein voiId.
3.2.5.3. ROC as Dip|cna|ic |ctcr
The Russian goveinnenl, in an effoil lo iesloie ils Iosl ioIe as a
gIolaI supeipovei, has ieciuiled lhe Chuich as a piinaiy
insliunenl foi iaIIying logelhei a dulious assoilnenl of slales and
ieIigious iepiesenlalives lo suppoil a nev inleinalionaI oidei.
This nev oidei is pienised on lhe iejeclion of univeisaI hunan
iighls and lhe ievivaI of ieIalivisn, lvo piincipIes lhal seive lhe
Chuich veII. Ialiiaich KiiiII has chaiacleiized lhe uigenl need lo
unify lhe Russian voiId lhusIy:
AIone, even lhe Iaigesl counliies of lhe Russian voiId viII
nol le alIe lo defend lheii spiiiluaI, cuIluiaI and
civiIizalionaI inleiesls in a gIolaIizing voiId.
I leIieve lhal onIy a uniled Russian voiId can lecone a
sliong gIolaI acloi in inleinalionaI poIilics, sliongei lhan
any poIilicaI aIIiances. Moieovei, vilhoul cooidinalion
anong slale, chuich and civiI sociely, ve viII nol achieve
lhis goaI.
255

ul lhe quesl foi unily lianscends jusl lhe Russian voiId oi neai
alioad. As Ioieign Minislei Laviov and olheis have ieached oul
lo lhe OIC lo Ieveiage lhe nuluaI oljeclive of a lan on defanalion
of ieIigion,
256
lhe Moscov Ialiiaichale has siniIaiIy soughl lo
cuiiy favoi vilh lhe MusIin voiId ly uliIizing lhe sane laclics. In
a neeling vilh anlassadois fion lvenly Aial slales, Ialiiaich
KiiiII caIIed foi Oilhodoxy and IsIan lo lecone aIIies in lhe
lallIe againsl lhe chaIIenges of gIolaIizalion.
257
Moie
specificaIIy, in a Iellei diiecled al a gioup of MusIin lheoIogians,
foinei Ialiiaich AIexy caIIed foi a Chiislian-MusIin diaIogue:

255
Texl vyslupIeniia Svialeisheho Ialiiikha KiiiIIa |The Texl of a Speech
ly His HoIiness Ialiiaich KiiiIIj, RUSSKIY MIR IOUND., hllp://vvv.iusskiynii.iu
/iusskiynii/iu/fund/assanlI/pal.hlnI (Iasl visiled Nov. 21, 2O11) (quolalion
liansIaled fion Russian).
256
Scc supra Seclion 3.2.4.2 (discussing Ioieign Minislei Layiovs aIIiance
vilh lhe OIC), infra Seclion 4.1 (iefeiiing lo Russias shaied goaI vilh lhe OIC).
257
Pa|riarcn Kiri|| |c |s|anic S|a|cs. Mcrc A||cn|icn |c Cnris|ian Mincri|ics,
ASIANLWS.IT (May 9, 2OO5, 1O:O6) hllp://vvv.asianevs.il/nevs-en/Ialiiaich-
KiiiII-lo-IsIanic-slales:-Moie-allenlion-lo-Chiislian-ninoiilies-16241.hlnI.
43O U. Pa. ]. |n|| |. |VoI. 33:2
ained al safeguaiding lhe ioIe of ieIigion in pulIic Iife,
sliuggIing vilh lhe defanalion of ieIigion, oveiconing
inloIeiance and xenopholia, piolecling hoIy pIaces,
pieseiving pIaces of voiship and pionoling joinl peace
inilialives . . . . Theiefoie, in lhe fianevoik of inleinalionaI
oiganizalions, il seens usefuI lo cieale nechanisns lhal
nake il possilIe lo le noie sensilive lo lhe spiiiluaI and
cuIluiaI liadilions of vaiious peopIes.
258

The ROC has aIso heId oul lhe piospecl of iepaiiing lies vilh lhe
Valican and CalhoIic voiId al Iaige on lhe lasis of connon
inleiesls ieIaled lo lhe pieseivalion and enlienchnenl of
liadilionaI Chiislian vaIues. Ialiiaich KiiiII has expiessed his
hope lhal lhis ieIalionship couId le hainessed lo defend and asseil
liadilionaI Chiislian vaIues in Luiope and in lhe voiId as a
vhoIe.
259
Likevise, MeliopoIilan HiIaiion has ailicuIaled suppoil
foi lhe Iopes connilnenl lo lhe defence of Chiislian vaIues.
26O

SiniIai lo hov KiiiII has caIIed foi unily vilhin lhe Russian WoiId,
lhe Moscov Ialiiaichale has iaIIied aiound unily vilh CalhoIicisn
as a vehicIe foi,
piopos|ingj lo lhe voiId lhe spiiiluaI and noiaI vaIues of
lhe Chiislian failh, logelhei ve viII le alIe lo offei oui
Chiislian vision of lhe faniIy, of piociealion, of a hunan
Iove nade nol onIy foi pIeasuie, lo confiin oui concepl of
sociaI juslice, of a noie equilalIe disliilulion of goods, of a

258
Ialiiaich AIexy II, Rcspcnsc frcn His Hc|incss Pa|riarcnq A|cxq || cf Mcsccu
and A|| Russia |c |nc Opcn |c||cr cf 138 Mus|in Tncc|cgians, A COMMON WORD (Api.
18, 2OO8), hllp://aconnonvoid.con/en/a-connon-void/6-chiislian-iesponses
/2O2-iesponse-fion-his-hoIiness-paliiaichy-aIexy-ii-of-noscov-and-aII-
iussia.hlnI.
259
Pa|riarcn Kiri|| Hcpcs fcr 8rcadcr Dia|cguc ui|n Ca|nc|ics, INTLRIAX (Iel 3,
2OO9, 12:23), hllp://vvv.inleifax-ieIigion.con/àcl=nevs&div=5664. Scc a|sc
Dniliy Medvedev, Iiesidenl of Russia, Speech al a Receplion HeId ly lhe
Iiesidenl of Russia in Honoui of Senioi CIeigy vho Took Iail in lhe Russian
Oilhodox Chuich LocaI CounciI (Iel. 2, 2OO9), atai|ao|c a|
hllp://vvv.cdi.oig/iussia/johnson/2OO9-22-7.cfn (expIaining lhal lhe siniIai
vievs of lhe CalhoIic Chuich and lhe Russian Oilhodox Chuich aloul nany
aspecls of nodein Iife vouId aIIov lhen lo voik logelhei lo pionole Chiislian
vaIues acioss lhe gIole).
26O
NeviIIe Kyike-Snilh, |n Russia, |nc Pa|n |c Uni|q is Dcfrcs|ing, CATHOLIC
HLRALD, }an. 22, 2O1O, atai|ao|c a| hllp://vvv.knovIedge-dalalase.oig
/posl/45532798OO_5647__In2ORussia,2Olhe2Opalh2Olo2Ounily2Oi.hlnI.
connilnenl lo safeguaiding lhe enviionnenl, foi lhe
defence of hunan Iife and ils dignily.
261

In olhei voids, as Russia advances ils seaich foi gIolaI pailneis
viIIing lo counlei lhe convenlionaI Weslein assunplion lhal
univeisaI hunan iighls aie appIicalIe lo aII, lhe Moscov
Ialiiaichale siniIaiIy echoes Moscovs nessage. In lhis vein, il
has eageiIy senl oul feeIeis and uiged lhose disenfianchised vilh
Iavs lhal piolecl lhe iighls of vonen, gays, fieedon of expiession,
and fieedon of ieIigion oi leIief lo join us. This nessage is
slaikIy evidenl in MeliopoIilan HiIaiions pieface lo a conpiIalion
of Iope enedicl XVIs speeches pulIished ly lhe ROC. HiIaiion
uses lhis oppoilunily lo hoId oul an oIive lianch lo lhe Valican
and piopose an aIIiance lelveen lhe Moscov Ialiiaichale and lhe
HoIy See. Anong olhei lhings, he asseils lhal any civiI Iav
conliadicling divine Iav ceases lo le Iav and lecones
iIIegaI.
262
OlviousIy, disoledience of a civiI Iav is an exliene
neasuie . . . . Il is nonelheIess a possiliIily lhal nusl nol le
excIuded a piioii, in case a syslen of secuIaiized vaIues shouId
lecone lhe onIy one opeialing in Luiope.
263
Iaced vilh lhis
seeningIy inninenl lhieal, HiIaiion ieasons lhal lhe ROC and
CalhoIic Chuich can coIIaloiale . . . in defending lhe Chiislian
liadilion againsl niIilanl secuIaiisn.
264

Nol ly accidenl, lhe Moscov Ialiiaichales look Iaunch
coincided vilh lhe announcenenl lhal Russia and lhe Valican
vouId eslalIish fuII dipIonalic ieIalions.
265
And, in an addilionaI

261
|d.
262
}ohn Thavis, |cuncnica| A||ics? Or|ncdcx, Ca|nc|ics Ta|c Ain a| |urcpcan
Sccu|arisn, CATHOLIC NLWS SLRV. (Dec. 11, 2OO9), hllp://vvv.calhoIicnevs.con
/dala/sloiies/cns/O9O5462.hln.
263
Roleil Moynihan, Rcnc-Mcsccu Rc|a|icns 8cgin Ncu |ra, ZLNIT (Dec. 14,
2OO9), hllp://vvv.zenil.oig/ailicIe-27845Ì=engIish.
264
Thavis, supra nole 262.
265
Scc Russia and |nc Va|ican |s|ao|isn |u|| Dip|cna|ic Tics, C NLWS (Dec. 3,
2OO9, 1O:59 IM), hllp://nevs.llc.co.uk/2/hi/8394O79.sln (iepoiling on lhe
nevIy eslalIished ieIalionship of conpIele dipIonalic lies lelveen Russia and
lhe Valican naiks a significanl luining poinl given lhe lenuous hisloiy of
CalhoIics in Russia), Iill, Hcu |c |n|rcncn a Dc |ac|c S|a|c Cnurcn in Russia, supra
nole 2 al 755-56 (noling lhal lhe ROC infused poIilicaI discouise vilh undeiIying
ideas of Chiislian Oilhodoxy), scc a|sc DanieI L. SchIafIy, }i., Rcnan Ca|nc|icisn in
Tcdaqs Russia. Tnc Trcuo|cd Hcri|agc, in RLLICIOUS LILRTY IN NORTHLRN LUROIL IN
THL TWLNTY-IIRST CLNTURY 125, 125 (Deiek H. Davis ed., 2OOO) (noling lhal lefoie

432 U. Pa. ]. |n|| |. |VoI. 33:2
sign of gioving pioxinily lelveen lhe lvo pailies, specuIalion
conlinues lo giov aloul a Iope-Ialiiaich neeling~an evenl lhal
has nol happened since lhe Cieal Schisn of 1O54.
266
The giavilas of
such a sunnil, accoiding lo CaidinaI WaIlei Kaspei, head of lhe
IonlificaI CounciI foi Chiislian Unily, vouId denonsliale lo an
incieasingIy secuIaiized voiId lhal |lhe lvo chuichesj have lhe
sane posilions on noiaI queslions.
267

ul lhe ROCs dipIonalic Iockslep doesnl end vilh enliealies
lo lhe OIC and Valican. Lvidence of ils liieIess poIilicaI effoils lo
peisuade inleinalionaI aIIies lo join lhe connon cause of
eslalIishing a univeisaI connon fionl lo slanp oul ianpanl
secuIaiisn is onnipiesenl. High-IeveI visils ly foieign
goveinnenl officiaIs lo Russia oflen incIude a slop al lhe Moscov
Ialiiaichale, and nenleis of lhe ROC liaveI fiequenlIy vilhin lhe
neai alioad and leyond lo connunicale a consislenl nessage
lhal veslein-infIuenced gIolaIizalion and hunan iighls nusl le
chaIIenged and even defied.
268
In Ieliuaiy 2O1O, Cieek Iiine
Minislei Ceoige Iapandieou liaveIed lo Moscov lo discuss NATO

eslalIishnenl of fuII dipIonalic ieIalions in lhe Iale 2OOOs, lhe Russian Oilhodox
and Ronan CalhoIic Chuich had expiessed a desiie lo le sislei chuiches).
266
Scc Russian Cnurcn Saqs Nc Pa|riarcn, Pcpc Ta||s li|ncu| U|rainc Dca|, RIA
NOVOSTI (}une 9, 2O1O), hllp://en.iian.iu/iussia/2O1OO6O9/159361O73.hlnI
(iepoiling on heighlened specuIalion lhal lhe Iope and Ialiiaich veie noving
cIosei lovaids neeling), scc a|sc Pa|riarcns Mcc|ing ui|n Pcpc Gc||ing Ncarcr
Mc|rcpc|i|an Hi|aricn, INTLRIAX (Nov. 26, 2O1O, 1O:O3), hllp://vvv.inleifax-
ieIigion.con/àcl=nevs&div=7957 (iepoiling lhe Moscov Ialiiaichs connenl
lhal |ejach day liings us cIosei lo lhis neeling lelveen lhe Iope and
Ialiiaich).
267
Richaid Oven, Pcpcs Cqprus Visi| Maq |cad |c Sunni| ui|n Russian
Or|ncdcx Cnurcn, THL TIMLS (London), May 2O, 2O1O, hllp://vel.aichive.oig/vel
/2O1OO52617181O/hllp://vvv.linesonIine.co.uk/loI/connenl/failh/ailicIe713
2141.ece (accessed ly seaiching inleinel uiI on Inleinel Aichive) (aichivaI copy on
fiIe vilh lhe Univeisily of IennsyIvania }ouinaI of InleinalionaI Lav). Acccrd
Riazal ull, Mcrncns and Ca|nc|ics ]cin |crccs, THL CUARDIAN, Iel. 26, 2O1O,
hllp://vvv.guaidian.co.uk/connenlisfiee/leIief/2O1O/fel/26/noinon-
calhoIic-eugene-geoige (desciiling lhe eneigence of a siniIai pailneiship
lelveen CalhoIics and Moinons conceined vilh lhe incieasingIy secuIai nood
in lhe Uniled Slales).
268
Ioi a pailiaI Iisl of lhis exlensive liaveI, see Chaiinan of Inlei-Oilhodox
ReIalions of Depl foi LxleinaI Chuich ReIalions of lhe Russian Oilhodox Chuich,
D|CR Cnairnan Rcccun|s His lcr|ing Trips cf 2010, DLIT IOR LXTLRNAL CHURCH
RLL. OI THL RUSSIAN ORTHODOX CHURCH (Nov. 28, 2O1O),
hllp://vvv.nospal.iu/en/2O1O/11/28/nevs31398.
and eneigy coopeialion
269
vilh Iulin and Medvedev. He aIso nel
Ialiiaich KiiiII, vho used lhe oppoilunily lo caII on aII Oilhodox
counliies lo unile in lhe sliuggIe againsl gIolaIizalion: Il is ny
conviclion lhal in lhe gIolaIizalion eia ve aII shouId le conceined
foi lhe pieseivalion of |Oilhodoxj civiIizalions speciaI fealuies
and chaiacleiislics.
27O
KiiiII aIso appIauded lhe Cieek Oilhodox
Chuichs iejeclion of a Luiopean Couil of Hunan Righls iuIing
lanning ciucifixes in IlaIian cIassioons, as veII as lhe
goveinnenls iefusaI lo ienove icons of }esus Chiisl fion
couilioons and foigo using lhe gospeI foi sveaiing in
vilnesses.
271
Cieece chaiacleiizes ils ieIalions vilh Russia as
connecled vilh sliong londs of fiiendship lased, anong olhei
lhings, on lheii connon spiiiluaI and cuIluiaI vaIues.
272
Civen
slialegic and poIilicaI deveIopnenls in lhe eneigy secloi and

269
Scc Papandrccu, Pu|in Discuss |ccncnq, Tradc and |ncrgq, NLW LUR. (Iel.
21, 2O1O, 7:57 IM), hllps://vvv.neuiope.eu/ailicIe/papandieou-pulin-discuss-
econony-liade-and-eneigy (iepoiling on Iapandieous visil lo Moscov,
incIuding lheii discussion of issues such as, econonic coopeialion, pipeIine
piojecls, and eneigy coopeialion).
27O
Chaiinan of Inlei-Oilhodox ReIalions of Depl foi LxleinaI Chuich
ReIalions of lhe Russian Oilhodox Chuich, Pa|riarcn Kiri|| Mcc|s ui|n Grcc| Princ
Minis|cr Gccrgc Papandrccu, DLIT IOR LXTLRNAL CHURCH RLL. OI THL RUSSIAN
ORTHODOX CHURCH (Iel. 16, 2O1O), hllp://vvv.nospal.iu/en/2O1O
/O2/16/nevs13319/.
271
Scc Pa|riarcn Kiri|| Nadcc|sia Cn|c Rcssiia | Grc|sia 8udu| Vncs|c Zasnisncna|
Pratcs|atnqc Tscnncs|i c| Sctrcncnnqn Ugrcz |Pa|riarcn Kiri|| Hcpcs Russia and
Grcccc ui|| Cccpcra|c |c Dcfcnd Or|ncdcx Va|ucs |rcn Tnrca|sj, INTLRIAX (Iel. 16,
2O1O), hllp://vvv.inleifax-ieIigion.iu/àcl=nevs&div=34252 (discussing
Ialiiaich KiiiIIs salisfaclion vilh lhe iefusaI of Cieek aulhoiilies lo ienove icons
fion couilioons), scc a|sc Pa|riarcn Kiri|| Hcpcs Russia and Grcccc |c ]cin||q Prc|cc|
Or|ncdcx Va|ucs frcn Mcdcrn Daq Tnrca|s, INTLRIAX (Iel. 17, 2O1O, 11:32),
hllp://vvv.inleifax-ieIigion.con/àcl=nevs&div=6944 (noling lhal
|ajccoiding lo lhe Ialiiaich, lhe Russian Chuich 'appioves of lhe iecenl Cieek
aulhoiilies iefusaI lo ienove icons fion couilioons and canceI oalh on lhe
CospeIs in lhe vake of lhe Luiopean Couil of Hunan Righls iuIing), MaIcoIn
ialanl, Grcc| Cnurcn Ac|s cn Crucifix 8an, C NLWS (Nov. 12, 2OO9, 11:17 IM),
hllp://nevs.llc.co.uk/2/hi/8358O27.sln (desciiling lhe Cieek Oilhodox
Chuichs pIea lo Luiopean Chiislian lo unile and appeaI . . . |lhej lan on
ciucifixes in cIassioons in IlaIy).
272
8i|a|cra| Rc|a|icns. Russia, CRLLCL MINISTRY OI IORLICN AII.,
hllp://vvv.nfa.gi/vvv.nfa.gi/en-US/IoIicy/Ceogiaphic+Regions/Russia+-
+Laslein+Luiope+-+CenliaI+Asia/iIaleiaI+ReIalions/Russia/ (Iasl visiled Nov.
17, 2O11).
434 U. Pa. ]. |n|| |. |VoI. 33:2
leyond, Cieek-Russian ieIalions aie poised lo giov in
significance.
273

KiiiII had a siniIai nessage in anlicipalion of a visil lo
Ainenia. The puipose of lhe liip, in his viev, vas lo enhance
coopeialion lelveen lhe lvo counliies ly expIoiing vays lo
slienglhen lhe ioIe pIayed ly spiiiluaI and noiaI vaIues vilhin lhe
poIilicaI ieaIn.
274
Duiing lhe visil~vhich nixed lhe sacied vilh
lhe secuIai~Ialiiaich KiiiII and CalhoIicos Kaiekin (Caiegin) II
visiled a Russian Defense Minisliy schooI in Yeievan, vheie lhe
paliiaich piesenled lhe schooI vilh sone of his ovn looks and
voiks ly olhei aulhois devoled lo lhe paliiaichaI seivice.
275
AIso
duiing lhe visil, Ialiiaich KiiiII nel vilh Iiesidenl Seizh Saikisian
and inauguiale|dj lhe slail of consliuclion of a nev Russian
|Oilhodoxj chuich in Yeievan . . . .
276
The visil aIso paved lhe

273
The Russian-uIgaiian-Cieek uigas-AIexandioupoIis oiI pipeIine piojecl,
foi inslance, is inlended lo lianspoil ciude Russian oiI fion lhe Iack Sea lo lhe
Medileiianean, aIlhough uIgaiia has iaised enviionnenlaI conceins. Scc }ohn
HeInei, Pu|ins Surprisc Rcuard fcr Grcccc, and O|ncr |ricnds, ATHLNS NLWS, Mai.
16, 2OO7, hllp://vvv.alhensnevs.gi/oId_issue/13226/15877 (slaling lhal lhe
uigas-AIexandiopouIis pipeIine piojecl suppoils Russias slialegic inleiesls in
seeing one of ils naluiaI iesouices safeIy lo naikel). Anolhei Russian-inilialed
piojecl, lhe Soulh Sliean pipeIine ained al decieasing Luiopes dependency on
Russian gas. Grcccc Sca|s Pipc|inc Agrccncn| ui|n Russia, LURACTIV (Api. 3O,
2OO8), hllp://vvv.euiacliv.con/en/eneigy/gieece-seaIs-pipeIine-agieenenl-
iussia/ailicIe-172O44. olh piojecls hoId econonic and poIilicaI significance foi
Cieece. Scc |np|cncn|a|icn cf |nc 8urgas-A|cxandrcupc|is Oi| Pipc|inc and Scu|n
S|rccn Gas Pipc|inc Prcjcc|s is Crucia| fcr Grcccc, TRANS-ALKAN IIILLINL (Dec. 8,
2O1O), hllp://vvv.llpipeIine.con/node/237 (noling a Cieek paiIianenlaiy
depulys viev lhal lhe aigas-AIexandioupoIis oiI pipeIine is innenseIy
inpoilanl foi Cieece).
274
Scc Pa|riarn Kiri|| Prioudc| s Trcndnctnqn Vizi|cn t Arncniiu |Pa|riarcn Kiri||
arritcs fcr a |nrcc-daq tisi| |c Arncniaj, RIA NOVOSTI (Mai. 16, 2O1O),
hllp://vvv.iian.iu/sociely/2O1OO316/214583423.hlnI (desciiling lhe lasis foi
poIilicaI ieIalions lelveen Russia and Ainenia as a spiiiluaI unily of nalions).
275
Inlei-Chiislian ReIalions of Depl foi LxleinaI Chuich ReIalions of lhe
Russian Oilhodox Chuich. Pa|riarcn Kiri|| and Ca|nc|iccs Karc|in || Visi| Russian
Dcfcnsc Minis|rqs Scncc| in Ycrctan, DLIT IOR LXTLRNAL CHURCH RLL. OI THL
RUSSIAN ORTHODOX CHURCH (Mai. 17, 2O1O), hllp://vvv.nospal.iu
/en/2O1O/O3/17/nevs1464O.
276
Aza alayan & Cayane DanieIian, Russian Cnurcn Hcad S|ar|s |irs| Visi| Tc
Arncnia, (Mai. 16, 2O1O), hllp://vvv.azalulyun.an/conlenl/ailicIe
/1985537.hlnI. Scc a|sc Pa|riarcn cf Mcsccu and A|| Russia Kiri|| Arritcs in Arncnia
fcr a Tnrcc-Daq Visi|, IANARMLNIAN NLTWORK (Mai. 17, 2O1O, 3:43 IM),
hllp://vvv.panainenian.nel /eng/nevs/45582 (discussing Ialiiaich KiiiIIs
visil lo Ainenia).
vay foi a hisloiic liip ly Kaiekin II lo Azeilaijan, vheie he,
aIongside KiiiII and olhei ieIigious Ieadeis, discussed
gIolaIizalion, ieIigions ioIe in pulIic Iife, and lhe iesoIulion of lhe
Nagoino-Kaialakh confIicl.
277

In a }uIy 2OO9 liip lo Ukiaine, KiiiII enphasized a nessage of
ieIigious unily. Accoiding lo lhe Ialiiaich, lhe Oilhodox of
Russia, Ukiaine, and eIaius aie avaie of lhe inpoilance of lhe
spiiiluaI unily of hisloiicaI Rus (Russia), vhich is divided ly
poIilicaI loideis
278
and nusl piay foi ils unlieakalIe spiiiluaI
and chuich unily.
279
KiiiII decIaied duiing lhe liip lhal |ljheie
is no inpeiiaIisn heie, no doninalion ovei olheis. Theie is onIy a
cIeai Oilhodox docliine: lhe paliiaich is eveiyones falhei . . . .
28O

These ienaiks, hovevei, appeaied caIcuIaled lo counlei effoils ly
lhe Ukiainian Oilhodox Chuich (UOC Kyiv Ialiiaichale) lo gain
iecognilion foi ils independence fion lhe ROC, a spIil suppoiled
ly Ukiainian nalionaIisls and olheis seeking lo dislance lhe
counliy fion Russias liadilionaI infIuence.
281
AddilionaIIy, his
ienaiks appeaied lo le inlended lo chaIIenge lhe Ukiainian

277
Scc Arncnian Cnurcn |cadcr in His|cric Azcroaijan Visi|, DAILY NLWS (Tuik.),
Api. 27, 2O1O, hllp://vvv.huiiiyeldaiIynevs.con/n.php`n=ainenian-chuich-
Ieadei-in-hisloiic-azeilaijan-visil-2O1O-O4-27 (discussing lhe conlenls of lhe laIks
lelveen Kaiekin II, Ialiiaich KiiiII, and Azeilaijans Shiile MusIin Ieadei).
278
Russian Cnurcn |cadcr Vicus Cnangcs in Cnurcn, Ycu|n, U|rainc Scnisn,
|rccdcn, C, May 31, 2OO9, atai|ao|c a| Iacliva, Doc. No.
CSUIOO2OO9O531e55vOOOxd (quoling Unalliiluled Inleiviev, Pa|riarcn cf
Mcsccu and A|| Rus Kiri|| |c |ztcs|iqa. Cnurcn |ifc Sncu|d 8c Scrticc, IZVLSTIYA
(May 12, 2OO9)).
279
Russian Pa|riarcn Ca||s fcr Uni|q ui|n U|rainc, KYIV IOST, }uI. 27, 2OO9,
hllp://vvv.kyivposl.con/nevs/nalion/delaiI/45975. Scc a|sc Maiia DaniIova,
Russian Pa|riarcn Ca||s fcr Uni|q ui|n U|rainc, SLATTLL TIMLS, }uI. 27, 2OO9,
hllp://seallIelines.nvsouice.con/hlnI/nalionvoiId/2OO9543881_apeuukiainei
ussiaoilhodoxchuich.hlnI (noling Ialiiaich KiiiIIs caII foi liolheihood and
unily lelveen lhe lvo lense Oilhodox neighlois).
28O
CIaiie igg, Russian Pa|riarcns Visi| Crca|cs S|crn |n U|rainc, RADIO IRLL
LUROIL RADIO LILRTY (}uIy 31, 2OO9), hllp://vvv.ifeiI.oig/conlenl
/Russian_Ialiiaichs_Visil_Cieales_Sloin_In_Ukiaine/1789959.hlnI.
281
Scc Nali AlduIIaev, Kiri|| Ca||s fcr Cnurcn Uni|q in Kict, MOSCOW TIMLS
(}uIy 28, 2OO9), atai|ao|c a| hllp://vvv.cdi.oig/iussia/johnson/2OO9-141-36.cfn
(noling specuIalion lhal KiiiIIs visil lo Ukiaine vas nolivaled ly lhe poIilicaI
nolivalions peilaining lo non-iecognilion of lhe UOC Kyiv Ialiaichale).
Hovevei, no olhei Oilhodox chuich has iecognized ils independence. |d. The
Moscov Ialiiaichale, vhich conlioIs aloul lvo-lhiids of Ukiaines Oilhodox
paiishes, exconnunicaled lhe lieakavay chuichs Ieadei, IiIaiel, in 1997. |d.
436 U. Pa. ]. |n|| |. |VoI. 33:2
puisuil of cIosei lies vilh lhe Wesl and NATO.
282
Al Ieasl one
dipIonalic calIe ieIeased ly WikiLeaks, confiins lhal lhe
Ialiiaichs concein ieached leyond hunlIe ieIigious unily lo
advocaling on lehaIf of Russias geopoIilicaI inleiesls. U.S.
Anlassadoi lo Russia WiIIian uins ieIayed lhal lhe lhen
MeliopoIilan expiessed appiehension ovei Ukiaines lid foi
NATO nenleiship, cIaining lhal such a nove couId cause a spIil
in lhal counliys popuIalion, and cieale luinoiI in Laslein
Luiope.
283

Againsl lhis lackdiop, ienaiks ly UOC Kyiv Ialiiaichale
Ialiiaich IiIaiel suggesling lhal lhe Moscov Ialiiaichales
piesence in Ukiaine vas a looI of lhe Russian slales poIilics and
lhal KiiiIIs visil vas inlended lo pionole a poIilicaI piojecl of
inlegialing Ukiaine inlo Russia, lo pionole unily undei lhe
KienIin Ieadeiship, fion vhich Ukiaine, ly Cods lIessing and on
peopIes viII, gol iid |ofj in 1991
284
appeai Iess paianoid. Indeed,

282
Scc igg, supra nole 28O (slaling lhal KiiiII uiged Ukiainians nol lo
saciifice lheii vaIues in puisuil of cIosei lies vilh Luiope, vhich vas a veiIed
jal al lhe Ukiainian effoils lo nove avay fion Russias oilil and join NATO),
scc a|sc iian Whilnoie, Russias Pa|riarcn |ncrcasing|q 8cccning Majcr |crcc |n
Pc|i|ics, RADIO IRLL LUROIL RADIO LILRTY (Sepl. 6, 2OO9), hllp://vvv.ifeiI.oig
/conlenl/Russias_Ialiiaich_IncieasingIy_econing_Majoi_Ioice_In_IoIilics/18
15832.hlnI (Many olseiveis sav poIilicaI undeicuiienls in KiiiIIs liip, vhich
cane as Moscov vas engaged in a lillei sliuggIe vilh lhe pio-Weslein
goveinnenl in Kyiv~and cane shoilIy aflei a visil lo Ukiaine ly U.S. Vice
Iiesidenl }oe iden.).
283
Scc gcncra||q CalIe fion lhe Uniled Slales Lnlassy in Moscov lo lhe
Uniled Slales Secielaiy of Slale (Api. 4, 2OO4), atai|ao|c a|
hllp://vvv.ionancalhoIicinpeiiaIisl.oig/2O1O/12/soIzhenilsyn-and-
neliopoIilan-kiiiII-on.hlnI (iepiinling a Ieaked leIegian fion Anlassadoi uins
lo lhe U.S. enlassy), scc a|sc Pa|riarcn Kiri|| Spc|c Agains| U|raincs Mcnocrsnip in
NATO-li|i|ca|s, INTLRIAX (Dec. 7, 2O1O, 1:2O IM), hllp://vvv.inleifax-
ieIigion.con/àcl=nevs&div=7995 (iepoiling a Ieaked leIegian of Anlassadoi
uins desciiling KiiiIIs senlinenl lhal "Ukiaine vas 'nol ieady, and NATO
nenleiship couId cause a spIil in lhal counliy's popuIalion, and cieale|j luinoiI
in Laslein Luiope).
284
Rcoc| C|cric Saqs Pa|riarcn Kiri|| P|c|s |c Mcrgc U|rainc, Russia, RIA NOVOSTI
(}uIy 27, 2OO9), atai|ao|c a| hllp://vvv.shelacss.con/en/nedia-cenlei-
27138.hlnI. Scc a|sc LyudniIa AIexandiova, Russian Pa|riarcns Visi| Tc U|rainc
Gc||ing |ncrcasing|q Pc|i|icizcd, ITAR-TASS (}uIy 3O, 2OO9), atai|ao|c a|
hllp://enn.nevsexpIoiei.eu/NevsLxpIoiei/cIusleiedilion/en/2OO9O73O,ilailas
s_en-192d92447O7ll9c13l8Olfd1f967ef5e.hlnI (slaling lhal Ukiainian poIilicians
poIilicized lhe visil in lhe Iead up lo eIeclions). Ioi a conliadicloiy assessnenl
vieving lhe visil as alsenl of such poIilicaI nolivalions, see Andiei ZoIolov, }i.,

even as lhe conlioveisy iaged vilh |sjcuffIes and healed
aigunenls lelveen pio-UOC Kyiv Ialiiaichale denonslialois
and ROC voishippeis, KiiiII found line lo ieileiale lhe KienIins
condennaloiy laIking poinl iegaiding Ukiainian allenpls lo
faIsify hisloiy ly seeking inleinalionaI iecognilion of lhe
HoIodonoi, a SlaIin-eia fanine lhal kiIIed niIIions of Ukiainians,
as a ciine of genocide.
285

In lhe vake of KiiiIIs liip, Medvedev quickIy fiied off an
angiy nissive lo lhen Ukiainian piesidenl Vikloi Yushchenko,
vhich incIuded, accusing hin of spoiIing Russian-Ukiainian
ieIalions lhiough his slulloin diive lo join NATO, ciilicisn of
Ukiainian effoils al hisloiicaI ievisionisn, and disappiovaI of
olhei poIicies. Nol coincidenlaIIy, Medvedev specificaIIy caIIed
allenlion lo Ukiaines hainfuI piaclices of inleivenlion . . . in lhe
affaiis of lhe Oilhodox Chuich and deened unfavoialIe lhe
condilions lhal veie ciealed ailificiaIIy on lhe eve and duiing a
iecenl pasloiaI visil lo Ukiaine ly Ialiiaich KiiiII of Moscov and
AII Russia.
286
He fuilhei eIaloialed lhal due lo lhe anli-Russian
posilion of lhe cuiienl Ukiainian aulhoiilies, his Iellei announced
his inlenlion lo poslpone sending a nev Russian anlassadoi lo
Ukiaine unliI a nev poIilicaI Ieadeiship signaIed ils ieadiness
lo luiId ieIalions lelveen oui counliies.
287
Such slalenenls
eslalIish lhal any peiceived nisliealnenl of lhe Moscov
Ialiiaichale viII le consideied an equaI affionl lo Russias secuIai
goveinnenl. This nev Ieadeiship appeais lo have eneiged vilh
lhe Ieliuaiy 2O1O eIeclion of KienIin-fiiendIy Iiesidenl Vicloi
Yanukovich.
288
Indeed, since Yushchenkos defeal, lhe Moscov

Kiri|| cn a Missicn, }OHNSONS RUSSIA LIST (}uIy 27, 2OO9),
hllp://vvv.cdi.oig/iussia/johnson/2OO9-141-37.cfn.
285
igg, supra nole 28O. Ioi fuilhei infoinalion iegaiding Russias nev
Connission lo Iievenl IaIsificalion of Hisloiy, see Iill, Onc Ncu Prcsidcn|, supra
nole 2, al 1361-63.
286
Dniliy Medvedev, Iiesidenl of Russia, Addiess lo Iiesidenl of Ukiaine
Vicloi Yushchenko (Aug. 11, 2OO9), hllp://aichive.kienIin.iu/eng/lexl/docs
/2OO9/O8/22O759.shlnI.
287
|d. Russian fiuslialion vilh Ukiaine dales lack lo lhe 2OO4 Oiange
RevoIulion.
288
Scc Luke Haiding, Vi||cr Yanu|ctqcn Prcniscs U|rainc li|| |noracc Russia,
THL CUARDIAN (London), Mai. 5, 2O1O, hllp://vvv.guaidian.co.uk/voiId/2O1O
/nai/O5/ukiaine-iussia-ieIalions-vikloi-yanukovych (Yanukovych said he

438 U. Pa. ]. |n|| |. |VoI. 33:2
Ialiiaichale has undeilaken seveiaI ieluin visils lo Ukiaine, nosl
nolalIy lvo lack-lo-lack liips in Novenlei 2O1O, vheie ROC
officiaIs nel vilh lolh ieIigious and slale officiaIs, incIuding lhe
nev piesidenl.
289
Al lhe neeling lelveen KiiiII and Yanukovich,
lhe Ialiiaich heiaIded lhe Ukiainian eIeclion as having aIieady
leen of visilIe lenefil lo lhe peopIe of lhe counliy and lhanked
Yanukovich foi his allenlion lo lhe needs of lhe Ukiainian
Oilhodox Chuich of lhe Moscov Ialiiaichale.
29O

Anolhei exanpIe of lhe Chuichs inleinalionaI dipIonalic
inleivenlions is leIIing foi vhal is nissing. In Maich 2O1O,
MeliopoIilan HiIaiion liaveIed lo Iiance as pail of Iiesidenl
Medvedevs officiaI deIegalion. HiIaiions scheduIe vas
denanding: a giand ieceplion al lhe Cily CounciI vilh lhe
Mayoi of Iaiis lo discuss coopeialion nalleis incIuding lhe

vouId peifoin a shaip U-luin on lhe poIicies puisued ly his piedecessoi, Vikloi
Yushchenko, vhose pio-vesl and pio-NATO slance infuiialed lhe KienIin.).
289
Scc Mc|rcpc|i|an Hi|aricn cf Vc|c|c|ans| Mcc|s ui|n His 8ca|i|udc
Mc|rcpc|i|an V|adinir cf Kict and A|| U|rainc, DLIT IOR LXTLRNAL CHURCH RLL. OI
THL RUSSIAN ORTHODOX CHURCH (Nov. 16, 2O1O), hllp://vvv.nospal.iu/en
/2O1O/11/16/nevs3O5O6/ (desciiling lhe neeling as a coidiaI fialeinaI
alnospheie |vheiej lhe hieiaichs discussed lopicaI issues of eccIesiaslicaI Iife in
Ukiaine.), His Hc|incss Pa|riarcn Kiri|| arritcs in Kict |c Cc|cora|c 75|n oir|ndaq cf His
8ca|i|udc Mc|rcpc|i|an V|adinir, DLIT IOR LXTLRNAL CHURCH RLL. OI THL RUSSIAN
ORTHODOX CHURCH (Nov. 23, 2O1O), hllp://vvv.nospal.iu/en
/2O1O/11/23/nevs31O77/ (desciiling lhe Moscov Ialiiaichales second
Novenlei liip lo Ukiaine), scc a|sc IaveI Koiolov el aI., Pa|riarcn Kiri|| |xp|crcs a
Cancnica| Tcrri|crq, RT (}uI. 21, 2O1O), hllp://il.con/poIilics/piess
/konneisanl/paliiaich-kiiiII-expIoies-a-canonicaI-leiiiloiy/en (desciiling
KiiiIIs allendance of Yanukovichs inauguialion and olhei visils lo lhe Ukiaine),
Pa|riarcn Kiri|| Of Mcsccu Tc A||cnd Prcsidcn|-||cc| Yanu|ctqcns |naugura|icn On
|coruarq 25, IINANCIAL (Ceoi.), Iel. 22, 2O1O, hllp://vvv.finchanneI.con
/Main_Nevs/Ukiaine/58874_Ialiiaich_KiiiII_Of_Moscov_To_Allend_Iiesidenl
-LIecl_Yanukovych27s_Inauguialion_On_Ieliuaiy_25_ (noling Ialiiaich
KiiiIIs inlenlion lo allend lhen Iiesidenl LIecl Yanukovychs inauguialion).
29O
Pa|riarcn Kiri|| ncc|s ui|n U|rainian Prcsidcn| Vic|cr Yanu|cticn, DLIT IOR
LXTLRNAL CHURCH RLL. OI THL RUSSIAN ORTHODOX CHURCH (Nov. 23, 2O1O),
hllp://vvv.nospal.iu/en/2O1O/11/23/nevs31136/. Scc a|sc Pa|riarcn |i|arc|
Adtiscd Pa|riarcn Kiri|| |c Rcccgnizc Au|cccpna|q cf U|rainian Cnurcn, RLLICIOUS INIO.
SLRV. OI UKRAINL (Nov. 1O, 2O1O), hllp://iisu.oig.ua/en/index/aII_nevs
/confessionaI/oilhodox_ieIalions/38877/ (desciiling an inleiviev vilh Voice of
Aneiica vheie Ialiiaich IiIaiel nainlained lhal Russia expecls nolhing Iess lhan
unificalion of Ukiainian Oilhodoxy and annexalion lheieof lo Moscov).
consliuclion of lhe nev Russian Oilhodox Chuich,
291
inauguialion
of lhe HoIy Rus exhililion al lhe Louvie, and an officiaI dinnei
hosled ly Iiesidenl Saikozy in honoi Iiesidenl Medvedev.
292

Hovevei, anidsl aII lhe sociaIizing vilh Iiances poIilicaI eIile, lhe
MeliopoIilan found IillIe line lo engage in spiiiluaI endeavois.
When asked vhelhei he nel vilh any of Oilhodox hieiaichs fion
Iaiis, HiIaiion fIalIy iepIied: No . . . . I had leen supposed lo
seive al lhe CalhediaI of Sl. AIexandei Nevsky in iue Daiu . . . lul
a veek lefoie lhe appoinled dale I ieceived a Iellei fion
Aichlishop CaliieI infoining ne lhal ny visil lo lhe calhediaI
had lo le pul off unliI lellei lines.
293

Yel HiIaiion hinseIf has cIained lhal lhe Moscov Ialiiaichale
is piesenl in lhe inleinalionaI spheie nol lo acquiie an infIuence
lul lo liing lhe void of lhe Tiulh lo peopIe, lo poinl lo lhe
inpoilance of lhe noiaI dinension of hunan Iife and of spiiiluaI
and cuIluiaI vaIues in luiIding a suslainalIe hunan connon Iife
in juslice.
294
SuieIy, lhis is lellei achieved in chuich ialhei lhan
ovei Roquefoil and Chleau Maigaux al lhe IaIais de ILIysee.
Moieovei, even if one is alIe lo cIain lhal lhe Chuichs nission is
pieseived anid lIack-lie exhililion openings and anuse-louches,
lhe Russian goveinnenl~as consliluled undei a secuIai
conslilulion iefIecling lhe popuIai viII of lhe peopIe~is acling
uIlia viies ly undeiviiling oi faciIilaling even lhis hunlIe caIIing.

291
D|CR Cnairnan A||cnds Grand Rcccp|icn Gitcn cn |nc Occasicn cf Russian
Prcsidcn|s Visi| |c |rancc, DLCR COMMCN SLRV. (Mai. 2, 2O1O),
hllp://hiIaiion.iu/en/2O1O/O3/O3/136O.
292
Scc D|CR Cnairnan Ccnp|c|cs His Visi| |c |rancc, DLCR COMMCN SLRV.
(Mai. 3, 2O1O), hllp://hiIaiion.iu/en/2O1O/O3/O3/1367 (iepoiling MeliopoIilan
HiIaiions pailicipalion in lhe inauguialion of an exhilil al lhe Louvie and his
allendance al an officiaI dinnei).
293
Mc|rcpc|i|an Hi|aricn cf Vc|c|c|ans|s |n|crticu |c |n|crfax-Rc|igicn Pcr|a|,
DLIT IOR LXTLRNAL CHURCH RLL. OI THL RUSSIAN ORTHODOX CHURCH (Mai. 4,
2O1O), hllp://vvv.nospal.iu/en/2O1O/O3/O4/nevs141O4. Scc a|sc Dni|rq
Mcdtcdcts Visi| |c |nc Ca|ncdra| cf Nc|rc Danc dc Paris is Unfcrgc||ao|c |tcn|,
INTLRIAX (Mai. 5, 2O1O), hllp://vvv.inleifax-ieIigion.con/àcl=inleiviev
&div=77 (nenlioning lhal lhe lines veie nol lellei lecause of IegaI aclion).
294
IaveI Koiolov, ||nics as Pc|i|ics. |n|crticu ui|n 8p. Hi|aricn cf Vc|c|c|ans|,
ORTHODOXY TODAY (Dec. 25, 2OO9), hllp://vvv.oilhodoxyloday.oig/ailicIes-
2OO9/Koiolov-Llhics-As-IoIilics-Inleiviev-Wilh-p-HiIaiion-Of-
VoIokoIansk.php.
44O U. Pa. ]. |n|| |. |VoI. 33:2
4. THL IMILICATIONS OI ORTHODOX RUSSIAN IORLICN IOLICY
AROAD AND AT HOML
4.1. Cna||cnging |s|ao|isncd Hunan Rign|s Ncrns ui|nin |nc
|n|crna|icna| Sqs|cn
The pallein oulIined in lhe pievious seclion iIIusliales lhe
oveiIap in vision and lhe deplh of coopeialion shaied ly lhe
goveinnenl of Russia and lhe ROC on lhe inleinalionaI slage.
295
Il
aIso undeiscoies lhe exlenl lo vhich lhe cuiienl goveinnenls
aclivilies alioad have fIouled lhe conslilulionaI pionises of
secuIaiisn, sepaialion, and nondisciininalion endoised ly lhe
Russian peopIe in 1993. eyond ils vigoious pionolion of
Oilhodox inleiesls alioad, lhe MOIA aIso has chanpioned foieign
poIicy posilions lhal, in addilion lo loosling lhe ROCs infIuence,
seek lo chaIIenge Iongslanding piincipIes of inleinalionaI hunan
iighls Iav. The chuich-slale pailneiship exhililed on lhis fionl
exposes noie fuIIy lhe inleinalionaI ianificalions of lhe
lieakdovn in Russias iespecl foi ils conslilulionaI secuIaiisn.
Since Iiesidenl Iulin look office, lhe Russian goveinnenl has
soughl lo Iinil lhe inpacl of exisling inleinalionaI hunan iighls
noins al hone and alioad. Iiesidenl Medvedev has conlinued
lhis poIicy and lhe ROC has devoledIy foIIoved suil, al lines
aigualIy Ieading lhe canpaign. Accoiding lo Ioieign Minislei
Laviov, lhe ROCs liealise On Hunan Digni|q, |rccdcn and Rign|s
has sulslanliaIIy conliiluled lo addiessing effoils lo lie ciileiia
foi civiI iighls and Iileilies noie cIoseIy lo lhe individuaIs
iesponsiliIily lo sociely.
296
The puipoiled nessage is lhus cIeaiIy
echoed ly lhe ROC and goveinnenl aIike: univeisaI hunan iighls
noins aie veslein noins. The exisling inleinalionaI syslen is
liased and nusl accounl foi liadilionaI (ieIigious) vaIues. Tvo
inleinalionaI canpaigns sponsoied ly Russia al lhe U.N. aie
pailicuIaiIy ieIevanl exanpIes heie.

295
In a scalhing essay, Iongline Russia schoIai VIadinii ShIapenlokh has
aigued, |ljhe paliiaichs |AIexy II and KiiiIIj and lhe vhoIe ainy of piiesls acioss
lhe counliy |have leconej aidenl piopagandisls of lhe iegine and liouladouis of
Iulin as lhe 'nalionaI Ieadei. VIadinii ShIapenlokh, Pu|in is Mucn Snar|cr Tnan
|nc Sctic| |cadcrs. lna| is 8cnind His Hign Ra|ing?, }OHNSONS RUSSIA LIST (}uI. 1,
2OO9), hllp://vvv.cdi.oig/iussia/johnson/2OO9-122-34.cfn.
296
Dip|cnacq Nccds a Mcra| |cunda|icn, supra nole 45, al 3.
In lhe fiisl case, Seigei Laviov has ceIelialed lhal Russian
dipIonals and cIeiics aIike aie aIIies
297
in lhe len-yeai effoil lo
piohilil defanalion of ieIigion al lhe U.N.
298
This ongoing venluie
seeks lo cIoak doneslic anli-lIaspheny neasuies in lhe iheloiicaI
Iegilinacy of inleinalionaI hunan iighls Iav. Russias U.N.
nission consislenlIy has voled in favoi of defanalion iesoIulions
in lhe U.N. CeneiaI AssenlIy and Hunan Righls CounciI, even
going so fai as lo endoise nev iesliiclions on lhe iighl lo fieedon
of expiession, despile such Iinils leing uniecognized ly lhe
InleinalionaI Covenanl on CiviI and IoIilicaI Righls.
299

The nev noin Russia aspiies lo inslaII, logelhei vilh lhe heIp
of lhe OIC and ROC,
3OO
vouId piovide inleinalionaI juslificalion
foi lhe aIieady dulious doneslic piaclice of censuiing ieIigious
dissenleis and ninoiily failhs, as veII alheisls and nonleIieveis,
deened lo iun afouI of lhe doninanl, slale-sanclioned ieIigious
peispeclive.
3O1
And yel, lhe effoil lo advance defanalion of

297
|d.
298
Ioi a noie delaiIed liealnenl of lhe piolIens associaled vilh lanning
defanalion of ieIigion, see Roleil C. Iill, Sncu|d Ncu 8i||s cf Rign|s Addrcss
|ncrging |n|crna|icna| Hunan Rign|s Ncrns? Tnc Cna||cngc cf Dcfana|icn cf
Rc|igicn, 9 NW. U. }. INTL HUM. RTS. 1-26 (2O1O).
299
Scc C.A. Res. 61/164, 9, U.N. Doc. A/RLS/61/164 (Iel. 21, 2OO7)
(endoising Iinilalions on fiee expiession vheie necessaiy foi, inlei aIia, iespecl
foi ieIigions and leIiefs), Iiess ReIease, CeneiaI AssenlIy, CeneiaI AssenlIy
Adopls 46 Thiid Connillee Texls on Hunan Righls Issues, Refugees, SeIf-
Deleininalion, Racisn, SociaI DeveIopnenl, Annex XII, U.N. Iiess ReIease
CA/1O562, atai|ao|c a| hllp://vvv.un.oig/Nevs/Iiess/docs/2OO6
/ga1O562.doc.hln (indicaling lhal Russia affiinaliveIy voled in favoi of a
pioposed iesoIulion conlaling lhe defanalion of ieIigions). 8u| Scc
InleinalionaI Covenanl on CiviI and IoIilicaI Righls, ail. 19, Dec. 19, 1966, 999
U.N.T.S. 172 (pioviding foi fuII fieedon of expiession suljecl lo onIy veiy Iiniled
exceplions).
3OO
Ioi lhe ROCs ioIe advancing lhis effoil see supra Seclion 3.2.5.3.
3O1
}oinl slalenenl ly Mi. Cilhu Muigai el aI. on Iieedon of Lxpiession and
Incilenenl lo RaciaI oi ReIigious Halied al lhe OHCHR Duilan Reviev
Confeience 2 (ApiiI 22 2OO9), hllp://vvv2.ohchi.oig/engIish/issues/iacisn
/iappoileui/docs/}oinl_Slalenenl_SRs.pdf (noling lhal defanalion of ieIigion
has oflen pioved lo le appIied in a disciininaloiy nannei and lhal |ljheie aie
nuneious exanpIes of peiseculion of ieIigious ninoiilies oi dissenleis . . . |as
veII assj alheisls and non alheisls). Nol suipiisingIy, Russia ilseIf has aIieady
pioseculed seveiaI cases of aIIeged lIaspheny againsl lhe Russian Oilhodox
Chuich on lhe lasis of incilenenl lo ieIigious halied. Ioi exanpIes of such
pioseculions, see Iill, Hcu |c |n|rcncn a Dc |ac|c S|a|c Cnurcn in Russia, supra nole
2, al 757, infra Seclion 4.2.
442 U. Pa. ]. |n|| |. |VoI. 33:2
ieIigion peisisls despile lhe facl lhal a paneI of U.N. speciaI
iappoileuis on hunan iighls has concIuded lhe difficuIlies in
pioviding an oljeclive definilion of lhe lein 'defanalion of
ieIigions al lhe inleinalionaI IeveI nake lhe vhoIe concepl open lo
aluse.
3O2
Indeed, despile len yeais and dozens of iesoIulions
expiessing suppoil foi piohililing defanalion of ieIigion, neilhei
lhe U.N. CeneiaI AssenlIy noi lhe Hunan Righls CounciI has
venluied lo undeilake lhe lask of oulIining a voikalIe definilion
of lhe offense.
3O3

CoupIed vilh ils effoils lo IegaIize an iII-defined piohililion
againsl defanalion of ieIigion, Russia aIso has inilialed a lioadei
allack on lhe univeisaI foundalion of hunan iighls Iav. This
second inleinalionaI canpaign~vhich Ialiiaich KiiiII has lhe
dislinclion of having Iaunched duiing his addiess lo lhe U.N.
HRC
3O4
~nanifesls ilseIf lhiough a conceiled effoil lo nake lhe
inleipielalion of univeisaI hunan iighls suljecl lo liadilionaI
vaIues, anolhei open-ended and undefined calchaII lein inlended
lo enpovei ieIigious ieIalivisn. IoIIoving KiiiIIs conlioveisiaI
speech, lhe Russian goveinnenl diiecled ilseIf lo luining voids
inlo deeds ly diafling an HRC iesoIulion enlilIed, Iionoling
Hunan Righls and IundanenlaI Iieedons Thiough a ellei
Undeislanding of TiadilionaI VaIues of Hunankind. AIlhough
Russias fiisl allenpl lo pass lhe iesoIulion al lhe CounciIs 11
lh

session faced opposilion,
3O5
ialhei lhan alandon lhe effoil,

3O2
Muigai el aI., supra nole 3O1, al 2.
3O3
Scc Iill, supra nole 298, al 4 (discussing lhe possiliIily of defanalion of
ieIigion leing idenlified as an eneiging noin). ecause of conpIicalions
associaled vilh defining defanalion of ieIigion, lheie has leen nuch effoil spenl
lIuiiing lhe loundaiy lelveen defanalion of ieIigion and lhe noie IegaIIy
coheienl concepl of incilenenl. |d. al 16.
3O4
Accoiding lo Inleifax, lhe TiadilionaI VaIues iesoIulion vas an oulcone
of discussions |lhalj legan in Maich 2OO8 vilh a paneI on 'The InleicuIluiaI
DiaIogue on Hunan Righls. Scc Tnc UN Hunan Rign|s Ccunci| |a|cs a s|and fcr a
oc||cr undcrs|anding cf |radi|icna| ta|ucs cf nunan|ind, INTLRIAX (Ocl. 28, 2OO9),
hllp://vvv.inleifax-ieIigion.con/àcl=nevs&div=6587 (noling lhal lhe
significance of lhe iesoIulion diafled ly Russia vas lo exchange opinions and
gain a giealei undeislanding iegaiding lhe connon vaIues of hunankind), scc
a|sc infra Iail 3.2.4.3 (discussing KiiiIIs addiess).
3O5
Scc U.N. Hunan Righls CounciI, Prcnc|ing Hunan Rign|s and |undancn|a|
|rccdcns Tnrcugn a 8c||cr Undcrs|anding cf Tradi|icna| Va|ucs cf Hunan|ind, U.N.
Doc. A/HRC/11/L.1 (pioviding lhe diafl iesoIulion). The opeialive pail of lhis
diafl iesoIulion caIIed foi lhe U.N. High Connissionei foi Hunan Righls lo

Anlassadoi Loshchinin opled lo defei consideialion of lhe diafl
and pIedged lo piess foivaid al lhe nexl session.
3O6
This
peiseveiance paid off seveiaI nonlhs Ialei vhen lhe CounciI
passed lhe liadilionaI vaIues iesoIulion ly a iecoided vole of 26
lo 15, vilh six alslenlions.
3O7

The opeialive pail of lhe iesoIulion sels lhe oslensilIy hunlIe
goaI of convening a voikshop . . . on hov a lellei undeislanding
of liadilionaI vaIues of hunankind undeipinning inleinalionaI
hunan iighls noins and slandaids can conliilule lo lhe
pionolion and pioleclion of hunan iighls and fundanenlaI
fieedons.
3O8
The piolIen inheienl in lhe iesoIulion vas evidenl
lo lhe Noivegian deIegalion, vhich voled againsl lhe inilialive
lecause il couId undeinine lhe sliuggIe foi equaIily anong nen
and vonen.
3O9
Likevise, Iiance, iepiesenling lhe Luiopean
Union, expiessed ils deep conviclion lhal lhe concepl of
liadilionaI vaIues vas sonelhing lhal couId iendei hunan iighls
noie vuIneialIe . . . |andj couId le used lo veaken hunan iighls,
as enshiined in inleinalionaI insliunenls.
31O

liing lhe piesenl iesoIulion lo lhe allenlion of aII Menlei Slales of lhe Uniled
Nalions, lo seek lheii vievs and opinions on lhe issue of pionoling hunan iighls
and fundanenlaI fieedons lhiough a lellei undeislanding of lhe liadilionaI
vaIues of hunankind, and lo sulnil a iepoil lheieon . . . . |d. al 2.
3O6
Scc U.N. Hunan Righls CounciI, Hunan Rign|s Ccunci| |s|ao|isncs Manda|c
cf |ndcpcndcn| |xpcr| On Sudan |cr Onc Ycar, }une 18, 2OO9,
hllp://vvv.ohchi.oig/en/NevsLvenls/Iages/DispIayNevs.aspx`NevsID=89
5O&LangID=L (desciiling Loshchinins slalenenls lhal Russia vas connilled lo
finding a conpionise and lheiefoie had decided lo defei lhe diafl iesoIulion lo
lhe nexl session).
3O7
Scc Prcnc|ing Hunan Rign|s and |undancn|a| |rccdcns Tnrcugn a 8c||cr
Undcrs|anding cf Tradi|icna| Va|ucs cf Hunan|ind, C.A. Res. 12/21, U.N. Doc.
A/HRC/12/21 (Ocl. 12, 2OO9) (desciiling lhe iesoIulion and naning lhe counliies
lhal voled in favoi, againsl, oi alslained fion voling on lhe iesoIulion).
3O8
|d. paia. 1.
3O9
Iiess ReIease, Hunan Righls CounciI, Hunan Righls CounciI Adopls Six
ResoIulions and One Decision On Disciininalion Againsl Wonen and Iieedon
of Lxpiession, Anong Olheis (Ocl. 2, 2OO9), atai|ao|c a| hllp://vvv.unhchi.ch
/huiicane/huiicane.nsf/vievO1/6A69IIOI95283CL7C1257643OO46793òpendoc
unenl (sunnaiizing lhe ieasoning lehind Noivays vole againsl lhe iesoIulion
as slenning fion gendei equaIily sliuggIes).
31O
|d.
444 U. Pa. ]. |n|| |. |VoI. 33:2
The voikshop ilseIf, a seninai on TiadilionaI VaIues and
Hunan Righls, convened in Ceneva in Oclolei 2O1O,
311
piovided
yel anolhei U.N. foiun foi Russia lo expound ils cuiious vision of
an Oilhodoxy-infused gIolaI oidei vhich iejecls lhe Iegilinacy of
exisling hunan iighls noins. The seIeclion of NalaIia
Naiochnilskaya, fion lhe Iaiis-lased Inslilule foi Denociacy and
Coopeialion (IDC), as Russias oslensilIy nongoveinnenlaI
officiaI speakei al lhe seninai is pailicuIaiIy ieveaIing, nol onIy foi
lhe conlenl of hei ienaiks, lul aIso foi lhe affiIialions she
iepiesenls. The KienIin eslalIished lhe IDC in 2OO8 in an effoil lo
counlei Weslein ciilicisns conceining Russias hunan iighls
iecoid, ly nandaling il vilh a voik piogian inlended lo
sciulinize denociacy and hunan iighls piaclices in Luiope and
lhe Uniled Slales. AIlhough lhe KienIin has denied funding lhe
oiganizalion diieclIy, ils voik is leing suppoiled ly unnaned
piivale lusinesses.
312
Accoiding lo sone olseiveis, lhe IDC is
IillIe noie lhan anolhei inage-luiIding looI foi a KienIin desiiing
a noie pioninenl pIace in voiId affaiis.
313
As foi
Naiochnilskaya, hei poIilicaI phiIosophy has leen desciiled as
leing cul fion lhe lasis of vaiious aspecls of Oilhodox
Chiislianily.
314
Anong olhei posilions,
315
she has caIIed foi

311
Scc gcncra||q Office of lhe High Connissionei Ioi Hunan Righls,
IiovisionaI Agenda, The TiadilionaI VaIues Undeipinning InleinalionaI Hunan
Righls: Hov Can They Conliilule lo Iionolion and Iioleclion` (Ocl. 4, 2O1O)
(aichivaI copy on fiIe vilh lhe Univeisily of IennsyIvania }ouinaI of InleinalionaI
Lav) (pioviding lhe confeience agenda).
312
Scc Ncu Russian Tnin| Tan| |c Qucs|icn lcs| laqs, MSNC, }an. 28, 2OO8,
hllp://vvv.nsnlc.nsn.con/id/22885961/ns/voiId_nevs-euiope (noling lhal
aIlhough lhe KienIin appioved lhe oiganizalion, il is funded lhiough donalions
fion piivale lusinesses). The IDC velsile piovides no infoinalion iegaiding ils
funding souices. Scc gcncra||q Inslilul de Ia Denocialie el de Ia Coopeialion
Hone Iage, hllp://vvv.idc-euiope.oig/index.asp (Iasl visiled Nov. 18, 2O11).
313
AIex Rodiiguez, Ci|ing U.S. Hqpccrisq cn Rign|s, Russia Ta|cs |cc|crn,
CHICACO TRIUNL, Mai. 27, 2OO8, hllp://ailicIes.chicagoliilune.con/2OO8-O3-
27/nevs/O8O326O749_1_hunan-iighls-kienIin-lacked-hunan-iighls-valch
(noling lhe opinions of lhe nev KienIin acadenic lhink lank on Weslein
denociacy and hov connilled lhe Wesl is lo lhe pioleclion of hunan iighls on
U.S. soiI).
314
SHIRLLN HUNTLR LT AL., ISLAM IN RUSSIA: THL IOLITICS OI IDLNTITY AND
SLCURITY 18O (2OO4).
315
Ioi a iecenl inleiviev vilh Naiochnilskaya, see Lslelan ViIIaiejo, A |cs
|iocra|cs Ruscs dc |cs Ancs 90 sc |cs |dcn|ifica Ccnc |ncnigcs dc |a Nacicn |The
Russian LileiaIs of lhe 199Os aie Consideied Lnenies of lhe Nalionj, AC (May

Russia lo ieluiId ilseIf vilhoul ieIiance on alsliacl univeisaI ideas,
lul inslead lo deveIop a poIilicaI oidei pienised on ils Oilhodox
heiilage:
Those vho knov vhal is feIl ly a leIievei duiing inspiied
piayei al Iiluigy knov peifeclIy veII lhe feeIing of
leIonging lo an Oilhodox Chuich~vhich joins vilh Chiisl
aII leIieveis, lhose vho aie dead, lhose vho aie Iiving, and
lhose vho aie lo le loin. Lel us sliive foi a siniIai
haIIoved feeIing of leIonging lo oui IalheiIand.
316

Naiochnilskayas conneclions lo lhe ROC and cuiienl Russian
goveinnenl iun deepei sliII. Il is piolalIy no snaII coincidence
lhal she happens lo sil aIongside MeliopoIilan HiIaiion and
Ioieign Minislei Laviov on Russkiy Miis oaid of Tiuslees,
317
and
aIso has pailicipaled in olhei high-IeveI neelings vilh ROC
officiaIs lo deveIop poIicies ained al incieasing lhe ioIe of ieIigious
liadilions in shaping of inleinalionaI IegaI slandaids ieIaled lo
hunan iighls.
318

26, 2OO9), hllp://vvv.alc.es/2OO9O526/inleinacionaI-euiopa/IileiaIes-iusos-
anos-idenlifica-2OO9O526.hlnI (LngIish liansIalion atai|ao|c a|
hllp://O2vaivaia.voidpiess.con/2OO9/O7/13/) (pioviding Naiochnilskayas
insighls inlo Russias cuiienl poIilicaI enviionnenl in ieIalionship lo lhe voiId,
specificaIIy noling lhal lhe fuluie of Russia is lhe fuluie of Luiope), scc a|sc
Muf|i Asnircts S|a|cncn|s aocu| |nc Russian Cnurcn Offcnd a lnc|c Pccp|c and Ma|c
Grcund fcr a |cga|Ssui|MP, INTLRIAX (Iel. 22, 2OO7), hllp://vvv.inleifax-
ieIigion.con/àcl=nevs&div=2637 (indicaling Naiochnilskayas dispIeasuie vilh
connenls conpaiing lhe leachings of Oilhodox CuIluie lo lhe leachings of MLIN
KAMII).
316
Llhan AIexandei-Davey, Tnc Rcoir|n cf Russian Ccnscrta|isn, 44(4)
UNIVLRSITY OOKMAN (2OO6) (look ieviev), atai|ao|c a| hllp://vvv.kiikcenlei.oig
/index.php/looknan/ailicIe/lhe-ieliilh-of-iussian-conseivalisn/ (quoling
exceipl fion NalaIia Naiochnilskaya, QUL RLSTL-T-IL DL NOTRL VICTOIRL` RUSSL-
OCCIDLNT: LL MALLNTLNDU |WHAT WL IOUCHT IOR AND WHOM WL IOUCHT WITHj
(2OO8)), scc a|sc Inslilul de Ia Denocialie el de Ia Coopeialion Hone Iage,
hllp://vvv.idc-euiope.oig/shoveiInfoinalion.aspÌdenlificaleui=1.
317
Scc RUSSKIY MIR IOUND., supra nole 82 (Iisling Naiochnilskaya as pail of
lhe foundalions loaid of liuslees).
318
Scc Arcnoisncp Hi|aricn Cnairs a Mcc|ing cn |nc Prcpara|icn cf |nc
|n|crna|icna| |au and Rc|igicus Tradi|icns. Pc|cn|ia| fcr Cccpcra|icn Scninar, DLIT
IOR LXTLRNAL CHURCH RLL. OI THL MOSCOW IATRIARCHATL,
hllp://oilhodoxeuiope.oig/page/19/2/857.aspx (Iasl visiled Nov. 18, 2O11)
(sunnaiizing lhe puipose of lhe neeling as lhe deveIopnenl of diaIogue
lelveen ieIigious connunilies and lhe CounciI of Luiope inslilules).
446 U. Pa. ]. |n|| |. |VoI. 33:2
Wilh lhis alove conlexl in pIace, il is nol suipiising lo find lhal
Naiochnilskayas piepaied ienaiks lo lhe voikshop pailicipanls
iead as if penned ly lhe MOIA-ROC voiking gioup. Aflei
congialuIaling lhe HRC foi ils appioach lo hunan iighls lhal
avoids lhe quesl lo foice aII cuIluies inlo a one-dinensionaI,
unifoin and inevilalIy sleiiIe nallei vilh no spiiiluaI inpelus,
she aigued lhal lhe Ioudesl hunan iighls pionoleis lend lo nake
liadilionaI vaIues, and lhose noiaI ciileiia vhich deiive fion
ieIigion . . . lhe nain oljecl of lheii allacks.
319
ecause of lhis
phenonenon, Luiope loday is confionling a seIf-desliucling
depailuie fion ils civiIizalionaI iools, and an unnaluiaI
sepaialion of hunan iighls fion liadilionaI and noiaI vaIues.
32O

ConsequenlIy, Naiochnilskaya concIudes lhal Russia~and Luiope
loo~nusl iesloie nalionaI, liadilionaI and ieIigious vaIues,
vhich enlody a dislincl peiceplion of sin and viilue as a lasis foi
civiI and poIilicaI fieedons.
321

The ROC deIegalions ienaiks nade fion lhe fIooi ieinfoiced
Naiochnilskayas vievs vilh piaclicaI sleps lhal couId le
inlioduced lo ensuie a giealei ioIe foi liadilionaI vaIues in
defining hunan iighls. Depuly Chaiinan of lhe Depailnenl foi
LxleinaI Chuich ReIalions, Allol IhiIip (Ryalykh), suggesled lhal
lhe inleinalionaI connunily shouId deveIop a code of conducl lo
piolecl ieIigious liadilions in lhe pulIic aiena, as veII as neasuies
lhal vouId hoId lhe nedia accounlalIe foi disseninalion of
infoinalion deened defanaloiy of ieIigion. He fuilhei aigued
lhal lhe ideoIogicaI nonopoIy in hunan iighls nusl yieId lo a
giealei ioIe foi ieIigious vaIues, vhich in luin nusl iejecl lhe
lhiid geneialion iighls aIIuded lo ly Naiochnilskaya
322
~
naneIy, lhe iighls lo sexuaI oiienlalion, eulhanasia, and aloilion.
IinaIIy, in an effoil lo juslify lhe ROCs disciininaloiy appioach lo

319
NalaIia Naiochnilskaya, Insl. foi Denociacy and Coopeialion, Opening
Renaiks al lhe Seninai on TiadilionaI VaIues and Hunan Righls (Ocl. 4, 2O1O),
atai|ao|c a| hllp://vvv.idc-euiope.oig/en/IDC-al-Uniled-Nalions-.
32O
|d.
321
Scc id. (aiguing lhal nany have expIoiled hunan iighls foi poIilicaI ends
and lhal lhe voisl vioIalois of hunan iighls have leen anli-liadilionaI and anli-
Chiislian).
322
Accoiding lo Naiochnilskaya, lhiid geneialion iighls aie lhose insciiled
on lhe Messianic lanneis of lhe piesenl-day 'Iileilaiian ievoIulion. These aie lhe
iighls of any individuaI lo induIge in any foin of exliavaganl lehavioui. |d.
inleiieIigious diaIogue~as veII as lhe conposilion of Russias
envisioned inleinalionaI consuIlalive counciI of ieIigions~Allol
IhiIip ieasoned lhal advocaling leIiefs connon lo najoi
ieIigious liadilions does nol iequiie iepiesenlalion fion aII
ieIigions.
323

To hei ciedil, U.N. High Connissionei foi Hunan Righls,
Navanelhan IiIIay, ieninded seninai pailicipanls of lhe
univeisaI foundalion foi hunan iighls, and lhe facl lhal lhe
piincipIes enshiined vilhin lhis IegaI fianevoik iefIecl liuIy
univeisaI nolions lhal lianscend ieIigion and liadilion:
Whal eIse couId le expecled of a |UniveisaI DecIaialion of
Hunan Righlsj diafled ly nen and vonen vilh nanes
Iike Chang, MaIik, Cassin, Hunphieys and RooseveIl, and
lased on a piojecl lhal diev fion cuIluies and liadilions
acioss lhe voiId, and suiveyed a iange of lhinkeis, fion
HuxIey lo Candhi.
Of couise, lheie viII aIvays le lhose vho, foi lheii ovn
poIilicaI oi peisonaI designs, vouId deny lhe univeisaIily
of oui iighls, and seek lo use aigunenls of liadilion and
cuIluie lo oppose lhen. To lhen I say, speak lo ny slaff
vho voik in eveiy coinei of lhe gIole defending hunan
iighls. Ask lhen if, in any of lhe 192 Menlei Slales of lhis
Oiganizalion any singIe vonan, nan oi chiId has evei
slood lo denand lhe iighl lo le loiluied, sunnaiiIy
execuled, slaived oi denied nedicaI caie, in lhe nane of
lheii cuIluie.
324

323
Scc V Sctc|c OON pc pratan cnc|ctc|a prcsncnc| scninar, pcstiasncncnnqi
pratan cnc|ctc|a | |radi|sicnnqn |scnncs|ian |U.N. Hunan Rign|s Ccunci| Scninar cn
Hunan Rign|s and Tradi|icna| Va|ucsj, DLIT. IOR LXTLRNAL CHURCH RLL. OI THL
RUSSIAN ORTHODOX CHURCH (Ocl. 5, 2O1O), hllp://vvv.nospal.iu/iu
/2O1O/1O/O5/nevs2733O/ (aiguing lhal ieIigion enlodies univeisaI vaIues, such
as fieedon, and hunan dignily, and lhal il is lhus in hainony vilh lhe nolion of
hunan iighls), scc a|sc Scninar cn Tradi|icna| Va|ucs and Hunan Rign|s, INTL
SLRVICL IOR HUMAN RICHTS (Ocl. 4, 2O1O), hllp://vvv.ishi.ch/aichive-
counciI/931-seninai-on-liadilionaI-vaIues-and-hunan-iighls (sunnaiizing lhe
seninais pioceedings fion lhe peispeclive of a Ceneva-lased hunan iighls
NCO).
324
Navanelhen IiIIay, Seninai on TiadilionaI VaIues and Hunan Righls:
Opening Slalenenl ly Navanelhen IiIIay High Connssionei foi Hunan Righls
(Ocl. 4, 2O1O), hllp://vvv.ohchi.oig/en/NevsLvenls/Iages

448 U. Pa. ]. |n|| |. |VoI. 33:2
Despile High Connissionei IiIIays iheloiic, lhe Oilhodoxy-
infused foieign poIicy cuiienlIy advocaled ly Russia has seiious
inpIicalions on lhe inleinalionaI IeveI foi suppoileis of exisling
hunan iighls noins and inslilulions. The novenenl lo enliench a
lan on defanalion of ieIigion iisks inpeding fieedon of lhoughl,
conscience, ieIigion oi leIief and ieducing lhe fiee exchange and
expiession of ideas on a gIolaI IeveI.
325
Iuilheinoie, ly insisling
on a ioIe foi so-caIIed liadilionaI vaIues in infoining univeisaI
hunan iighls noins, Russia has sanclioned lhe unIocking of a
Iandoias lox fuII of deliinenlaI piaclices such as fenaIe genilaI
nuliIalion
326
and disciininalion againsl vonen and ieIigious
ninoiilies~lo say nolhing of Oilhodox liadilionaI vaIues lhal
iejecl iighls foi honosexuaIs, non-liadilionaI ieIigions, and
olheis. As Ialiiaich KiiiII has asseiled:
The |Oilhodoxj ieIigious liadilion . . . conlains a ciileiion
foi disceining good fion eviI. Iion lhe peispeclive of lhis
liadilion, lhe foIIoving cannol le accepled as noinalive:
nockeiy of sacied lhings |i.e., lIasphenyj, aloilion,
honosexuaIily, eulhanasia and c|ncr ac|icns |na| arc ac|itc|q
adtcca|cd |cdaq oq |nc ccnccp| cf nunan rign|s.
327

The lining of Russias dulious inilialive cones al a ciilicaI
juncluie, vheie lhe canpaign lo eIininale lhe use of liadilion as
a juslificalion foi such alusive cuslons lolh vilhin lhe Uniled
Nalions and eIsevheie has nade disceinalIe piogiess. Ioi

/DispIayNevs.aspx`NevsID=1O413&LangID=e (advocaling lhe use of liadilionaI
vaIues lo suppoil hunan iighls in ceilain iegions). IoIIoving lhis seninai, lhe
HRC iequesled lhal ils Advisoiy Connillee eslalIish a diafling gioup lasked
vilh piepaiing a sludy on hov a lellei undeislanding and appiecialion of
liadilionaI vaIues of dignily, fieedon and iesponsiliIily couId conliilule lo lhe
pionolion and pioleclion of hunan iighls. Scc Rcpcr| cf |nc Adtiscrq Ccnni||cc
On ||s Sctcn|n Scssicn, UN Doc. A/HRC/AC/7/4 (Sepl. 2, 2O11), atai|ao|c a|
hllp://vvv2.ohchi.oig/engIish/lodies/hicounciI/advisoiyconnillee/docs/se
ssion7/iepoilAC_ALV.doc.
325
Ioi noie on lhis issue, see Iill, supra nole 157 (pioviding noie
infoinalion aloul defanalion of ieIigion).
326
Scc U.N.H.C.R., supra nole 158 (slaling lhal lhe lein liadilionaI vaIues is
oflen used lo juslify nany hainfuI piaclices, such as fenaIe genilaI nuliIalion).
327
Scc Mc|rcpc|i|an Kiri|| cf Snc|cns| and Ka|iningrad. Hunan Rign|s and Mcra|
Rcspcnsioi|i|q, papei iead al lhe X WoiId Russian IeopIes CounciI, INTLRIAX (Api.
4, 2OO6), hllp://vvv.inleifax-ieIigion.con/àcl=docunenls&div=62 (slaling lhal
hunan iighls in lhe nodein eia has lianpIed noiaIily) (enphasis added).
exanpIe, lhe Uniled Nalions nevIy eslalIished Lnlily foi Cendei
LquaIily and lhe Lnpoveinenl (U.N. Wonen) is focused on
acceIeial|ingj piogiess in neeling lhe needs of vonen and giiIs
voiIdvide.
328
These needs necessaiiIy incIude ensuiing Slales
shouId condenn vioIence againsl vonen and shouId nol invoke
any cuslon, liadilion oi ieIigious consideialion lo avoid lheii
olIigalions vilh iespecl lo ils eIininalion
329
~a posilion ieileialed
ly lhe 8cijing Dcc|ara|icn and P|a|fcrn fcr Ac|icn,
33O
and vhich
undeiscoies lhe appioach lo hainfuI liadilionaI piaclices laken ly
lhe Connillee lo LIininale Disciininalion Againsl Wonen.
331

Lchoing lhese vievs, The LIdeis, an independenl gioup of
eninenl gIolaI Ieadeis oiganized ly NeIson MandeIa lo heIp
addiess najoi causes of hunan suffeiing and pionole lhe shaied
inleiesls of hunanily,
332
has concIuded lhal lhe juslificalion of
disciininalion againsl vonen and giiIs on giounds of ieIigion oi

328
Scc Diiecloiy of UN Resouices on Cendei and Wonens Issues, WOMLN
WATCH, hllp://vvv.un.oig/vonenvalch/diiecloiy/UN_enlilies_1O.hln (Iasl
visiled Nov. 18, 2O11) (Iisling U.N. oiganizalions lhal incoipoiale gendei issues
inlo lheii voik).
329
Scc DecIaialion on lhe LIininalion of VioIence againsl Wonen C.A. Res.
48/1O4, U.N. Doc. A/RLS/48/1O4, ail. 4 (Iel. 23, 1994), atai|ao|c a|
hllp://vvv.unhchi.ch/huiidocda/huiidoca.nsf/28synloI29/a.ies.48.1O4.en
(affiining lhal vioIence againsl vonen conslilules a vioIalion of a fundanenlaI
iighl and uiging slales lo adopl poIicies lo eIininale such acls).
33O
Scc 8cijing Dcc|ara|icn and P|a|fcrn fcr Ac|icn, adopled al lhe 16lh pIenaiy
neeling, paia. 124(a) (Sepl. 15, 1995), atai|ao|c a|
hllp://vvv.un.oig/vonenvalch/dav/leijing/pdf/DIfA2OL.pdf
(Condenn vioIence againsl vonen and iefiain fion invoking any cuslon,
liadilion oi ieIigious consideialion lo avoid lheii olIigalions vilh iespecl lo ils
eIininalion as sel oul in lhe DecIaialion on lhe LIininalion of VioIence againsl
Wonen.).
331
Scc gcncra||q InleinalionaI Hunan Righls Insliunenls, Ccnpi|a|icn cf
Gcncra| Ccnncn|s and Gcncra| Rcccnncnda|icns Adcp|cd oq Hunan Rign|s Trca|q
8cdics, 14, 19, U.N. Doc. HRI/CLN/1/Rev.7 (May 12 2OO4), atai|ao|c a|
hllp://vvv.unhchi.ch/lls/doc.nsf/O/ca12c3a4ea8d6c53c1256d5OOO56e56f/$IIL
L/CO4413O2.pdf (ieconnending lhal slales pievenl fenaIe ciicuncision and
vioIence againsl vonen).
332
Scc Aocu| |nc ||dcrs, THL LLDLRS, hllp://vvv.lheeIdeis.oig/aloul (Iasl
visiled Nov. 18, 2O11) (expIaining lhal lhe oiganizalion consisls of a gioup of
Ieadeis vho aie nol lied lo lhe inleiesls of any one nalion and vho pionole
hunan iighls).
45O U. Pa. ]. |n|| |. |VoI. 33:2
liadilion, as if il veie piesciiled ly a highei aulhoiily, is
unacceplalIe.
333

Reinfoicing lhis liend, lhe 2OO4 Aial Hunan DeveIopnenl
Repoil (ADHR), viillen ly an independenl gioup of Aial
schoIais, poIicynakeis and piaclilioneis, olseived lhal:
|Ijn Aial counliies lhe issue of specificily is fiequenlIy
iaised lo veaken inleinalionaI hunan iighls Iav . . .
liadilionaI inleipielalions of Shaiia |IsIanic Iavj aie used
lo aigue lhal inleinalionaI hunan iighls Iavs |ieIaling lo
issues such as capilaI punishnenl, gendei equaIily, and lhe
liealnenl of ieIigious ninoiiliesj aie nol appIicalIe in Aial
counliies.
334

The ADHR aIso found lhal OfficiaI nodeIs of leIief lhal loIslei
liadilion and liadilionaI vaIues and negale fieedon of opinion,
lieal lhose vho do nol confoin lo lhen as enenies.
335
In a siniIai
vein, lhe foIIov-up 2OO5 AHDR concIuded~undei lhe heading
TiadilionaI ReIigious Heiilage Iionoles and Reinfoices lhe
Lxisling Cendei Hieiaichy~lhal Aial vonen aie . . . deneaned
nol onIy ly conseivalive and liadilionaI juiispiudenliaI
inleipielalions lul aIso ly sayings, nylhs and pioveils lhal
confine lhen lo a pailicuIai pIace in sociely.
336

333
Scc Iiess ReIease, Rc|igicus and Tradi|icna| Prac|iccs Discrinina|c Agains|
lcncn and Gir|s, THL LLDLRS (}uI. 2, 2OO9),
hllp://vvv.lheeIdeis.oig/ailicIe/ieIigious-and-liadilionaI-piaclices-
disciininale-againsl-vonen-and-giiIs (asking nen and loys lo aIlei lheii
liadilionaI and ieIigious piaclices so lhal vonen aie nol hained).
334
Scc ARA HUMAN DLVLLOIMLNT RLIORT 2OO4, supra nole 166, al 13
(expIaining lhal sone liadilionaI inleipielalions of Shaiia aigue lhal ninoi
diffeiences lelveen IsIanic Iav and hunan iighls Iav pievenl lhe Iallei fion
appIying lo Aial counliies).
335
|d. al 89.
336
UNITLD NATIONS DLVLLOIMLNT IROCRAMML (U.N.D.I.), THL ARA HUMAN
DLVLLOIMLNT RLIORT 2OO5: TOWARDS THL RISL OI WOMLN IN THL ARA WORLD 147
(2OO6). As pail of ils ieconnendalions foi addiessing conceins ieIaled lo hainfuI
liadilionaI piaclices, lhe 2OO4 AHDR consideied hainonizing lhe inleipielalion
of IsIanic Iav in a nannei lhal ensuies iespecl foi inleinalionaI hunan iighls Iav
in ils enliiely, vhiIe iecognizing lhe Aial nalionaI idenlily and ils aspiialions.
Scc ARA HUMAN DLVLLOIMLNT RLIORT 2OO4, supra nole 166, al 75 (desciiling lhe
leIief lhal lhe nosl pionising aigunenl foi ieconciIing IsIan and inleinalionaI
hunan iighls Iav is lhe lheoiy lhal lhe veIfaie of MusIin nalions viII inpiove if
lhey foIIov inleinalionaI hunan iighls slandaids).
This coIIeclive ieasoning ailicuIales one vilaI pioposilion: lhe
pieseivalion and advancenenl of univeisaI hunan iighls iequiies
lhal deliinenlaI piaclices nol le shieIded fion inleinalionaI
sciuliny oi juslified on lhe lasis of cuslon, liadilion, ieIigion, oi
olhei paiochiaI vaIue. Yel, as denonslialed alove, Russias open-
ended effoil lo ieinvigoiale a ieIigion-diiven ieIalivisn seeks lhe
inveise ly liealhing nev Iife inlo lhe suspecl nolion of vaiialIe
slandaids, lhus lhiealening nol onIy lhe coheience of inleinalionaI
hunan iighls Iav, lul aIso lhe efficacy of lhe inslilulions designed
lo uphoId ils noins.
4.2. Using |n|crna|icna| Dctc|cpncn|s |c Rcinfcrcc Adtcrsc Hunan
Rign|s Si|ua|icn a| Hcnc
In addilion lo deslaliIizing eslalIished inleinalionaI hunan
iighls noins, Russias Oilhodox foieign poIicy has equaIIy
danaging consequences on lhe hone fionl. The goveinnenl and
ROC aie acliveIy using lhe chaIIenge nounled againsl lhese noins
on lhe inleinalionaI IeveI as fuilhei juslificalion foi lhe
ieinfoicenenl of hosliIily lo hunan iighls al hone. This is evidenl
acioss a vaiiely of aieas~incIuding ninoiily iighls and lhe
pioseculion of defanalion of ieIigion offenses~and is
exaceilaled ly lhe seveie luieaucialic iesliiclions inposed on
hunan iighls NCOs undei lhe goveinnenls anended NCO
Iav.
337
These anendnenls aie designed lo hindei lhe aliIily of
hunan iighls oiganizalions lo opeiale fieeIy in Russia. Hovevei,
vhen coupIed vilh Russias inleinalionaI effoils lo undeicul lhe
aulhoiily of exisling inleinalionaI hunan iighls Iav, lhe cIinale
foi hunan iighls gioups in Russia lecones nol onIy hosliIe foi
conducling opeialions, lul one vheie lhe veiy Iegilinacy and
even paliiolisn of lhal voik is lioughl inlo queslion.
Russias effoil lo luiId cuiiency foi lhe nolion of liadilionaI
ieIigions on lhe inleinalionaI IeveI, seen lhiough ils UNLSCO
inleiaclions and olhei aclivilies al lhe U.N., ieinfoices ils exisling
doneslic lhiee-lieied syslen foi dislinguishing lelveen Russian
Oilhodoxy, IsIan, uddhisn and }udaisn (as olhei liadilionaI
failhs), and lhe so-caIIed non-liadilionaI ieIigions. In piaclice,

337
Anendnenls lo lhe NCO Iav in 2OO6 gaineied lhe ROCs oulspoken
suppoil. Scc Iill, Hcu |c |n|rcncn a Dc |ac|c S|a|c Cnurcn in Russia, supra nole 2, al
747-48.
452 U. Pa. ]. |n|| |. |VoI. 33:2
lhis pallein Iegilinales disciininalion al odds vilh lhe
conslilulionaI lexl and pievenls individuaIs fion fieeIy olseiving
lheii failh. Ioi exanpIe, ialhei lhan uige oi iequiie lhe ROC lo
eslalIish a noie incIusive ieIigious coaIilion foi lhe officiaI
diaIogue il speaiheads vilh UNLSCO, lhe Russian goveinnenl
eIecled sinpIy endoises lhe excIusive ieIalionship as a Iegilinale
iepiesenlalion of Russias ieIigious nosaic.
338

This poIicy of excIusion, disciininalion, and inloIeiance is
advanced fuilhei undei lhe lannei of so-caIIed liadilionaI
vaIues, and inpacls nol onIy ieIigious ninoiilies lul lhe
liealnenl of Russias Ieslian, gay, lisexuaI, and liansgendei
connunilies as veII. In a Sileiian couil, pioseculois aigued
ScienloIogys key lexls undeinined Russias liadilionaI spiiiluaI
vaIues. As noled alove, lhe couil agieed, deciding lo lan such
voiks as exlienisl.
339
To le ceilain, lhe ROCs vision of liadilionaI
vaIues leing advocaled on lhe inleinalionaI IeveI excIudes any
iecognilion of iighls foi lhese individuaIs and gioups. And lhis
lype of opposilion is nade evidenl doneslicaIIy in lhe piohililion
of gay piide paiades and lhe iepoiled denoIilion an Oilhodox
chuich vheie a piiesl officialed a gay naiiiage.
34O
Ialiiaich KiiiII
iecenlIy appeais~al Ieasl vhen neeling vilh inleinalionaI
inleiIoculois~lo have nodeialed his slance vis-a-vis
honosexuaIily, cIaining lhe ROC opposes peiseculion of lhese
peopIe. Hovevei, in lhe sane liealh, he conlinues lo denounce
gay paiades as a lIalanl dispIay of sodony lhal degeneiales
pulIic noiaIily.
341
Moie iecenlIy sliII, lhe ROC veIcone|dj

338
Scc Laviov, supra nole 172 (desciiling lhe MOIA and lhe ROCs pIan lo
voik joinlIy lo eslalIish a ConsuIlalive CounciI of ReIigions via lhe Uniled
Nalions).
339
Scc gcncra||q AIexandei ialeisky, |x|rcnisn Cascs Ca|| |xpcr|s |n|c
Qucs|icn, MOSCOW TIMLS, Api. 23, 2O1O, atai|ao|c a| DOW }ONLS Docunenl
MOSTIMOO2O1OO422e64nOOOO2 (highIighling iecenl inslances of inloIeiance of
nonliadilionaI ieIigious novenenls in Russia).
34O
Scc Russian Cnapc| Razcd af|cr Gaq Marriagc, WASH. TIMLS, Ocl. 8, 2OO3,
hllp://vvv.vashinglonlines.con/nevs/2OO3/ocl/8/2OO31OO8-113616-3O77i/
(slaling lhal lhe chuich vas deened defiIed and lhe officialing piiesl, Ialhei
VIadinii Lneil, vas defiocked).
341
Ann-Doiil oy, Gaq Ac|itis|s Ris| Vic|cncc |c Hc|d Paradc, DLR SIILCLL (May
12, 2OO9), hllp://vvv.spiegeI.de/inleinalionaI/voiId/O,1518,624286,OO.hlnI. In
Decenlei 2OO9, KiiiII cIained lefoie lhe Secielaiy CeneiaI of lhe CounciI of
Luiope, We iespecl lhe peisons fiee choice, incIuding in sex ieIalions. Russian
Cnurcn |cadcr ccndcnns discrinina|icn cf ncncscxua|s, RIA NOVOSTI (Dec. 23, 2OO9),

soIidaiily lelveen lhe goveinnenl and sociely in iejecling sex
ninoiilies allenpls lo hoId a gay piide paiade in Moscov.
342

Accoiding lo VIadinii Legoyda, lhe head of lhe Moscov
Ialiiaichales Infoinalion Depailnenl, lhe gay piide paiade
synloIizes one of nany aclions chaIIenging liadilionaI vaIues . . .
and lhe vaIues of liadilionaI ieIigions, vhich viev peopIes deeds
in lhe calegoiies of sin and viilue. . . . 'This is jusl anolhei allenpl
lo eiode lhe cIeai loideiIines lelveen lhe good and lhe eviI.
343

Russias effoils lo pionole an inleinalionaI noin piohililing
defanalion of ieIigion Iend Iegilinacy lo lhe goveinnenls paiaIIeI
viIIingness lo piosecule ieIaled offenses undei lhe guise of
incilenenl in doneslic couils. The ROC conlinues lo le a sleadfasl
pioponenl of such Iavs as veII as lhe oiganizalion lhal piinaiiIy
lenefils fion ils enfoicenenl. Ioi exanpIe, goveinnenl
pioseculois soughl jaiI line againsl Yuii Sanoduiov, lhe foinei
diiecloi of Moscovs Andiei Sakhaiov Ieace, Iiogiess, and
Hunan Righls Cenlei, and Andiei Yeiofeev, an ail hisloiian, foi
incilenenl of halied oi ennily, as veII as alalenenl of dignily of
a peison oi gioup of peisons . . . .
344
The ciininaI chaiges

hllp://en.iian.iu/iussia/2OO91223/157334493.hlnI. Six nonlhs Ialei, KiiiII
voiced seiious concein ovei lhe chaIIenges facing ecunenicaI diaIogue vilh
sone Iioleslanl chuiches lecause of lheii nev posilions on noiaI issues
incIuding honosexuaIily. iian Hull, Russian Or|ncdcx Hcad Ccnccrncd li|n Prc-
Gaq Prc|cs|an| Cnurcncs, THL CHRISTIAN IOST, }un. 29, 2O1O,
hllp://vvv.chiislianposl.con/nevs/iussian-oilhodox-chuich-iaises-conceins-
ovei-pio-gay-pioleslanl-chuiches-45724/.
342
Russian Cnurcn Suppcr|s 8an cn Gaq Pridc Paradc, Inleifax (May 31, 2O1O),
hllp://vvv.inleifax-ieIigion.con/àcl=nevs&div=7315.
343
|d. Tied lo lhe dispule ovei lhe gay piide paiades, lhe Moscov Cily Couil
iejecled a pelilion fiIed againsl nayoi Yuii Luzhkov denanding he apoIogize foi
aIIegedIy offensive slalenenls nade on leIevision expIaining vhy Moscov vouId
lan lhe paiade. Mayoi Luzhkov vas quoled as saying, Oui noiaIIy heaIlhy
sociely does nol accepl aII lhese faggols. Mcsccu Ci|q Ccur| Upnc|ds Ccur| Ru|ing
Agains| Gaq Pridc Paradc Organizcrs, INTLRIAX (}uIy 2, 2O1O), hllp://vvv.inleifax-
ieIigion.con/àcl=nevs&div=7436. UnliI Iiesidenl Medvedev deposed hin in
2O1O foi unieIaled ieasons, Luzhkov vas a Iongslanding suppoilei of lhe Moscov
Ialiiaichale. Scc Iill, Onc Ncu Prcsidcn|, supra nole 2, al 1345, scc a|sc Iill, Hcu |c
|n|rcncn a Dc |ac|c S|a|c Cnurcn in Russia, supra nole 2, al 725.
344
Scc UCOLOVNYI KODLKS ROSSIISKOI ILDLRATSII |THL CRIMINAL CODL OI THL
RUSSIAN ILDLRATIONj |UK RIj |CiininaI Codej ail. 282 (Russ.), atai|ao|c a|
hllp://vvv.IegisIalionIine.oig/dovnIoad/aclion/dovnIoad/id/1697/fiIe/Occ1
acff8241216O9O943e97d5l4.hln/pieviev. The ciine nakes no aIIovance foi a
posilive defense on lhe lasis of acadenic oi ailislic fieedon.
454 U. Pa. ]. |n|| |. |VoI. 33:2
foIIoved lhe Iaunch of an exhililion enlilIed Ioilidden Ail,
345

vhich aIIegedIy delas|edj lhe ieIigious leIiefs of cilizens and
incil|edj ieIigious halied.
346
AIlhough suppoileis of Sanoduiov
and Yeiofeev pelilioned lhe U.N. High Connissionei foi Hunan
Righls lo inleivene in lhe case on lhe defendanls lehaIf,
347
}udge
SvelIana AIexandiovna lianded lhe ailvoik, a pulIic offense lo
Chiislians
348
and found lhe paii guiIly of connilling aclions
ained al inciling halied, senlencing each lo pay fines lolaIing
appioxinaleIy $12,OOO.
349

The Ioilidden Ail liiaI, aIIegedIy insligaled ly eIenenls
vilhin lhe Moscov Ialiiaichale,
35O
foIIovs on lhe heeIs of a

345
The exhilil iepiesenled a coIIeclion of pieviousIy lanned ailvoik.
346
Scc A.O. & L.L, lna| Happcns lncn Ycu Disp|aq |croiddcn Ar|, THL
LCONOMIST, }une 24, 2O1O,
hllp://vvv.econonisl.con/lIogs/easleinappioaches/2O1O/O6/lIaspheny_no
scov (desciiling hov pioseculois in Russia aie denanding a lhiee yeai jaiI
senlence foi lhose iesponsilIe foi pulling foilidden ail on dispIay al a
nuseun), scc a|sc Russian Prcsccu|crs Scc| ]ai| Tcrns |cr |croiddcn Ar| Organizcrs,
RIL/RL (}une 22, 2O1O), hllp://vvv.ifeiI.oig/conlenl/Russian_Iioseculois
_Seek_}aiI_Teins_Ioi_Ioilidden_Ail_Oiganizeis_/2O79532.hlnI (slaling lhal lhe
exhililed voiks veie nol aulhoiized foi exhililion in Russia and lhal nany of
lhen conlined Soviel and ReIigious iconogiaphy in piovocalive vays).
347
Scc Rign|s Canpaigncrs Turn |c UN Otcr Tria| cf 8|aspncncus |xnioi|
Organizcrs, INTLRIAX (}uI. 1, 2O1O), hllp://vvv.inleifax-ieIigion.con
/àcl=nevs&div=743O (discussing aclion laken ly Russian hunan iighls aclivisls
foIIoving lhe pioseculion of oiganizeis of a conlioveisiaI ail exhilil in Moscov).
348
Scc |croiddcn Ar|-2006 |xnioi|icn Organizcrs |c Paq |inc, RIA NOVOSTI (}uI.
12, 2O1O), hllp://en.iian.iu/iussia/2O1OO712/1597695O4.hlnI (desciiling lhe
iuIing againsl exhililion oiganizeis and lhe penaIlies a Moscov couil inposed on
lhen foi lhe conlioveisiaI exhilil).
349
Scc }oanna Inpey, Russians Ccntic|cd Otcr |croiddcn Ar| Sncu, DLUTSCHL
WLLLL, }uI. 12, 2O1O, hllp://vvv.dv-voiId.de/dv/ailicIe/O,,5784213,OO.hlnI
(desciiling lhe conviclion of lhe ail exhilil oiganizeis and lhe Russian Oilhodox
Chuichs condennalion of lhe exhilil), scc a|sc Richaid oudieaux, |croiddcn Ar|
Draus a |inc, WALL. ST. }., }uI. 13, 2O1O, hllp://onIine.vsj.con/ailicIe
/S1OOO1424O527487O42882O4575362651473284486.hlnI (desciiling lhe
punishnenl given lo lhe Russian ail exhilil oiganizeis and hov lhe oulcone has
geneialed ciilicisn fion lolh lhe Russian ieIigious iighl and fion Russian iighls
aclivisls), Russians Ccntic|cd and |incd ctcr |croiddcn Ar| Sncu, C NLWS, }uI. 12,
2O1O, hllp://vvv.llc.co.uk/nevs/1O5959O3 (focusing on lhe inpIicalions of lhe
couils punishnenl of lhe exhilil cuialois). Annesly InleinalionaI IaleIed lhe
veidicl, yel anolhei lIov lo fieedon of expiession in Russia. Scc Laelilia Ieion,
Russia Ccntic|s Ar| |xpcr|s Otcr |xnioi|icn, AII LNCLISH WIRL, }uI. 12, 2O1O,
atai|ao|c a| WL 7/12/1O ACIRI 14:41:48.
35O
U.S. COMMN ON INTL RLLICIOUS IRLLDOM, supra nole 26, al 282.
siniIai Iavsuil, aIso laigeling Sanoduiov, foi a 2OO3 exhilil
enlilIed Caulion, ReIigion! lhal fealuied conlenpoiaiy Russian
ailisls addiessing lhe issue of iising cIeiicaIisn.
351
In lhal incidenl,
aflei an oiganised gioup of seIf-piofessed Oilhodox leIieveis
352

iansacked lhe exhilil,
353
lhe slale opled lo piosecule Sanoduiov
and LyudniIa VasiIovskaya, lhe exhilils cuialoi, foi inciling
halied and ennily, again undei ailicIe 282(2) of Russias CiininaI
Code.
354
The invesligaloi in chaige of seiious ciines foi Moscovs
TsenliaIniy disliicl poIice office aIIeged lhal Sanoduiov and
VasiIovskaya conspiied lo:
Slage an exhililion in Moscov vhich vas cIeaiIy ained al
conveying pulIicIy, in a giaphic and denonslialIe nannei,
huniIialing and offensive vievs lovaids lhe Chiislian
ieIigion in geneiaI and Oilhodox Chiislianily and lhe
Russian Oilhodox Chuich in pailicuIai . . . vhich inciled
halied and ennily and veie degiading lo lhe dignily of
individuaIs vho leIonged lo lhe Chiislian ieIigion in

351
The Luiopean Couil of Hunan Righls adnissiliIily decision piovides
addilionaI delaiIs iegaiding lhe acluaI conlenl of lhe exhilil. Scc Sanoduiov v.
Russia, App. No. 3OO7/O6, Lui. Cl. H.R. (Dec. 15, 2OO9), atai|ao|c a|
hllp://vvv.ailicIe19.oig/dala/fiIes/pdfs/anaIysis/iussia-fiisl-decision-yuiiy-
sanoduiov.pdf (hoIding lhal lhe facls of lhe case, and lhe conpIainl nade, aie
inadnissilIe lefoie lhe Luiopean Couil of Hunan Righls).
352
Scc id. al 3 (slaling lhal lhe gioup lioke inlo lhe exhililion haII and
deslioyed a significanl nunlei of exhilils ly leaiing hen dovn oi dauling lhen
vilh a spiay painl fion cans lhey had lioughl vilh lhen).
353
A disliicl couil deened lhal lhis did nol anounl lo a ciininaI offense. |d.
al 5.
354
This decision cane despile an iniliaI invesligalion lhal concIuded lheie
vas insufficienl evidence lo shov lhe ailisls iequisile inlenl lo pulIicIy dispIay
lheii voik. |d. AilicIe 282 of Russias CiininaI Code piovides lhal,
|ajclions ained al lhe incilenenl of halied oi ennily, as veII as
alasenenl of dignily of a peison oi a gioup of peisons on lhe lasis of
sex, iace, nalionaIily, Ianguage, oiigin, allilude lo ieIigion, as veII as
affiIialion lo any sociaI gioup, if lhese acls have leen connilled in
pulIic oi vilh lhe use of nass nedia
shaII le punishalIe in|cr a|ia ly eilhei a fine, conpuIsoiy voiks, coiieclive voiks
oi ly depiivalion of Iileily foi a lein ianging up lo five yeais. UCOLOVNYI
KODLKS ROSSIISKOI ILDLRATSI |THL CRIMINAL CODL OI THL RUSSIAN ILDLRATIONj
|UK RIj |CiininaI Codej ail. 282 (Russ.).
456 U. Pa. ]. |n|| |. |VoI. 33:2
geneiaI and Oilhodox Chiislianily . . . and lhe Russian
Oilhodox Chuich in pailicuIai . . . .
355

Al liiaI, lhe pioseculion Ied leslinony fion six expeil vilnesses.
Of lhe six, none had a lackgiound in conlenpoiaiy ail. Anong
lheii concIusions veie lhal lhe exhilils puipose vas lo disciedil
Chiislianily lhiough expIicilIy insuIling and lIasphenous
356

voiks of ail. In a lizaiie lvisl, lhe Disliicl Couil iejecled lhe
defenses expeil vilnesses on lhe lasis lhal lhe defendanls aclions
undeinined lhe hunan dignily of leIieveis.
357
ConsequenlIy, in
lhe Couils viev, aIIoving lhe expeil leslinony vouId le
unconslilulionaI insofai as il vioIaled lhe iighls and fieedons of
olheis and consliluled |pjiopaganda oi agilalion insligaling
sociaI, iaciaI, nalionaI oi ieIigious halied and sliife.
358
Wilh lhis
inaginalive spinning of Russian conslilulionaI Iav, lhe couil
iejecled oul of hand lhe aliIily lo iaise any neaningfuI defense,
essenliaIIy hoIding lhal any expeil ieady lo leslify on lehaIf of lhe
defendanls vas a pricri in lieach of lhe Conslilulion. The couil
convicled lhe defendanls and fined each in lhe anounl of $4,OOO.
On appeaI, lhe Moscov Cily Couil upheId lhe judgnenl in ils
enliiely, ieileialing pails of lhe voiding.
359
As of lhis viiling, a
finaI decision on lhe adnissiliIily of lhis case is pending lefoie lhe
Luiopean Couil of Hunan Righls (LCHR). Sanoduiov and
Yeiofeyev have aIso expiessed lheii inlenl lo puisue an LCHR
appeaI againsl lhe }uIy 2O1O veidicl fiIed againsl lhen.
5. CONCLUSION
This ailicIe caIIs allenlion lo lhe gioving ieIigionizalion of
Russias foieign poIicy and ils ensuing inpIicalions foi
conslilulionaI fideIily and iespecl foi hunan iighls lolh al hone
and alioad. The Medvedev-Iulin goveinnenl has deveIoped a
seeningIy open-ended concepl of spiiiluaIily in lhe conlexl of ils
nalionaI secuiily poIicy lhal, on cIosei exaninalion, liansIales inlo

355
Sancdurct, App. No. 3OO7/O6, Lui. Cl. H.R, al 6.
356
|d. al 7-8.
357
|d. al 1O.
358
Sancdurct, App. No. 3OO7/O6, Lui. Cl. H.R, al 1O (ciling ailicIes 17(3) and
29(2) of lhe Russian Conslilulion).
359
Sancdurct, App. No. 3OO7/O6, Lui. Cl. H.R, al 11.
excIusive espousaI of Russian Oilhodox vaIues. eyond lhe
iheloiicaI endoisenenl of Oilhodoxy as gIue foi Russian
nalionaIisn, lhe goveinnenl has laken piaclicaI sleps lo
incoipoiale lhe Moscov Ialiiaichales vievs and infiasliucluie in
lhe foinuIalion and pionuIgalion of ils foieign poIicy.
36O
Heie,
Ioieign Minislei Laviovs olseivalions aie insliuclive:
The liadilion of coopeialion lelveen nalionaI dipIonacy
and lhe Russian Oilhodox Chuich slielches lack inlo
cenluiies. We aie sliII voiking hand in hand, heIping lhe
Russian diaspoia and piolecling lhe iighls of Russians vho
have found lhenseIves fai avay fion lhe HoneIand. The
Chuich, in facl, soIves lhe sane piolIens as dipIonacy. . . .
Lasl yeais pasloiaI liip of His HoIiness Ialiiaich KiiiII lo
Ukiaine, lhe visils lo eIaius, Kazakhslan, Ainenia and
Azeilaijan, and lhe iecenl CIS InleiieIigious CounciI
neeling in aku have heIped slienglhen lies lelveen
peopIes and eslalIished lhe pieiequisiles foi luiIding up
inleislale ieIalions.
361

When vieved in lhe conlexl of Russias ongoing inleinaI
disnanlIing of chuich-slale sepaialion, lhe exislence of a paiaIIeI
ROC-Slale pailneiship on lhe inleinalionaI IeveI shouId cone as
no suipiise. Whal is suipiising, hovevei, is lhe exlenl of lhis
pailneiship and lhe nuIlipIe channeIs lhiough vhich il is leing
ailicuIaled. This IeveI of enhanced coopeialion and pailneiship
cones al lhe expense of undeinining iespecl foi Russias
conslilulionaI oidei, vhich is pienised on lhe fundanenlaIs of
secuIaiisn, sepaialion of chuich and slale, and equaI
nondisciininaloiy liealnenl foi aII ieIigious gioups. y
foinuIaling and execuling eIenenls of Russias foieign poIicy in
Iockslep vilh lhe Chuich, Medvedev has effecliveIy aliogaled his
IoyaIly oalh lo iespecl and piolecl hunan and civiI iighls and

36O
This is in Iine vilh Medvedevs NalionaI Secuiily Slialegy, vhich caIIs on
Russia lo use poIilicaI, IegaI, foieign, niIilaiy, and c|ncr ins|runcn|s foi lhe
pioleclion of slale soveieignly and nalionaI inleiesls. Scc NalionaI Secuiily
Slialegy of lhe Russian Iedeialion unliI 2O2O, supra nole 16, al pl. II(19) (enphasis
added).
361
Tiansciipl of Speech ly Minislei of Ioieign Affaiis Seigei Laviov al lhe
XIV WoiId Russian IeopIes CounciI, supra nole 128. KiiiIIs liips lo Ukiaine and
Ainenia aie discussed infra Iail 3.2.5.3.
458 U. Pa. ]. |n|| |. |VoI. 33:2
fieedons, |andj olseive and piolecl lhe Conslilulion.
362
No Iess
egiegious, Medvedev has fIaunled piincipIes of his ovn design
inlended lo safeguaid lhe nalionaI inleiesl insofai as lhe Na|icna|
Sccuri|q S|ra|cgq caIIs foi ensuiing lhe invioIaliIily of lhe
conslilulionaI oidei, as veII as piolecling lhe conslilulionaI oidei
and fundanenlaI iighls and fieedons of individuaIs.
363

Hovevei, Medvedev is nol aIone in his conlenpl foi lhe
conslilulion. The goveinnenl~as veII as lhe ROC~has viIIingIy
pIaced ilseIf alove lhe Iav ly suloidinaling lhe cIeai sociaI
conpacl agieed upon ly lhe Russian peopIe and enshiined in lhe
conslilulionaI lexl. Confionled vilh lhis oveivheIning evidence
of a lolaI disconnecl fion conslilulionaI fundanenlaIs, Iiine
Minislei Iulins sliaighl-faced asseilion in lhe conlexl of a nov-
confiined 2O12 piesidenliaI iun lhal Neilhei I noi Iiesidenl
Medvedev viII do anylhing vhich conliadicls cuiienl Russian
IegisIalion oi lhe counliys fundanenlaI Iav~lhe conslilulion,
364

haidIy neiils connenl.
The ROC, foi ils pail, has leen quick lo enliace lhe
goveinnenls invilalion inlo lhe ieaIn of foieign poIicy pIanning
as a neans of loosling ils inleinalionaI slalus and infIuence, as
veII as fuilhei enlienching ils doneslic agenda. In exchange foi
lhis piiviIege, lhe Moscov Ialiiaichale has viIIingIy opened up ils
chuiches and nissions alioad as an oslensilIy neuliaI yel
consislenl pioponenl of lhe goveinnenls inleiesls. DisluilingIy,
lhis ieIalionship caiiies lhe loxic iisk of conpionising lhe
Chuichs posl-Soviel independence and liinging aloul a ieluin of
lhe suloidinalion of lhe Russian Oilhodox failh lo lhe KienIins
poIilicaI diklals.
365

362
KONSTITUTSIIA ROSSIISKOI ILDLRATSII |KONST. RIj |RUSSIAN CONSTITUTIONj
ail. 82(1) (Russ.).
363
16, al Iails III(21) and IV(2)(35), iespecliveIy.
364
Scc Andieas Rinke, Russias Pu|in Hin|s a| Krcn|in Rc|urn in 2012, RLUTLRS
(Sepl. 6, 2O1O), hllp://vvv.ieuleis.con/ailicIe/2O1O/O9/O6/us-iussia-pulin-
idUSTRL68528W2O1OO9O6 (discussing slalenenls nade ly Russian Iiine
ninislei Iulin hinling al lhe possiliIily lhal he viII iun foi Iiesidenl again in
2O12).
365
Considei foinei KC oveiseas counleiinleIIigence diiecloi OIeg
KaIugins olseivalion lhal Russias cuiienl |poIilicaIj syslen is lased on lhe
KC al lhe head of lhe goveinnenl, on lhe Russian Oilhodox Chuich as a foinei
pail of KC agencies anong lhe cIeigy, and on Russian lusiness|,j and lhal lhe

To le ceilain, lhe unfoIding ieIalionship desciiled alove has
fonenled a counlei-inluilive silualion, vheiely a conslilulionaIIy
decIaied secuIai slale pionoles a pailicuIai ieIigious agenda as
pail of ils foieign poIicy on lhe gIolaI slage. The consequences of
lhis pailneiship have seiious inpIicalions al lhe inleinalionaI IeveI,
nanifesled in effoils lo suppIanl univeisaI hunan iighls noins
and Iegilinale lhe ialionaIe lhal ceilain seIecl liadilionaI oi
najoi ieIigions neiil giealei infIuence in lhe foinuIalion of
inleinalionaI iuIes lhan olheis. These inleinalionaI poIicies, in
luin, ieveileiale vilhin Russias doneslic ieaIn so as lo
exaceilale aIieady hainfuI goveinnenl aclions. Ioi exanpIe,
inleinalionaI endoisenenl of lhe leIief lhal ceilain failhs shouId le
piiviIeged al lhe expense of olheis ieinfoices exisling
disciininaloiy liealnenl of so-caIIed nonliadilionaI ieIigions in
Russia. Likevise, suppoil foi a gIolaI lan on defanalion of
ieIigion fuilhei juslifies lhe pioseculion of individuaIs Iike
Sanoduiov and gioups such as lhe }ehovah Wilnesses undei
incilenenl and exlienisn Iavs lhal puipoil lo conpIy vilh
inleinalionaI hunan iighls noins. In olhei voids, Russias
negIecl of expIicil conslilulionaI diieclives in lhe foieign poIicy
conlexl conpounds lhe aIieady negalive liealnenl affoided lo
doneslic hunan iighls pioleclions inlended lo safeguaid, in|cr a|ia,
fieedon of expiession and fieedon of ieIigion oi leIief.
The ongoing suppiession of Russian civiI sociely viII IikeIy
fuilhei enloIden Russian goveinnenl and ROC officiaIs lo giafl
Oilhodox spiiiluaI vaIues onlo addilionaI poIicy inilialives
alioad. The success of such effoils viII in pail le conlingenl upon
Russias aliIily lo nainlain and foslei inleinalionaI aIIiances vilh
Iike-ninded, ieIalivisl-incIined iegines and ieIigious gioups. The
olhei conlingency in lhis equalion iesls vilh lhe posilion laken ly
lhose connilled lo uphoIding inleinalionaI hunan iighls and
conslilulionaI Iav. UnliI nov, Russias poIicies on lhe
inleinalionaI slage have leen nel vilh ieIalive siIence fion olhei
slales and inleigoveinnenlaI lodies such as lhe CounciI of Luiope

Russian Oilhodox Chuich aIvays pIayed a significanl ioIe in |lhe KCs
ieciuilnenl effoilsj, and il is IikeIy lo pIay an even giealei ioIe loday. |crncr
KG8 Gcncra| Ka|ugin Ca||s U.S.-Russia Spq Saga A |arcc, RIL/RL, }uI. 17, 2O1O,
hllp://vvv.ifeiI.oig/conlenl/Ioinei_KC_CeneiaI_KaIugin_CaIIs_US_Russia
_Spy_Saga_A_Iaice/21O24OO.hlnI.
46O U. Pa. ]. |n|| |. |VoI. 33:2
and OSCL. Hovevei, given lhe diie silualion vilhin Russia and
lhe polenliaI deIeleiious inpacl of ils foieign poIicy, il lehooves
lhese aclois lo iaIIy in defense of Russias leIeagueied cilizens and
lheii discounled denocialic viII. Such a slep viII iequiie noie
vigoiousIy iesisling Russias allenpls lo undeinine lhe conlenl
and inlegiily of univeisaI hunan iighls Iav and a iedoulIing of
effoils lo sciulinize and infIuence change on lhe doneslic fionl.
The oveiiiding poIicy queslion heie shouId le: vhal aie lhe
inpIicalions of a given aclion on lhe conlenl and invioIaliIily of
univeisaI hunan iighls and lhe consequences foi civiI sociely in
Russia loday`
AdnilledIy, lhis cIaiion caII nay iun afouI of lhe KienIins
slaled desiie lo ieliench an anachionislic undeislanding of slale
soveieignly and pionole seIecl spiiiluaI vaIues al hone and
alioad. Hovevei, given lhe associaled iisks foi lhe slaliIily of
univeisaI hunan iighls, Moscovs deIeleiious poIicies shouId no
Iongei go unchaIIenged. In slaking oul a loughei and noie
deIileiale posilion againsl lhese poIicies, slales, inleigoveinnenlaI
lodies, and NCOs aIike shouId lake confoil in lhe facl lhal lhe
KienIin and Moscov Ialiiaichales agenda is ly no neans
necessaiiIy suppoiled ly a najoiily of Russians. eyond lhe cIeai
disagieenenl ovei piioiilizing lhieals lo Russias nalionaI
secuiily,
366
doneslic evidence poinls lo a lackIash againsl lhe
Chuichs piefeienliaI liealnenl,
367
even in lhe face of a peivasive
inaliIily lo effecliveIy expiess dissenling vievs lhiough liadilionaI
poIilicaI, nedia, and civiI sociely channeIs.

366
Scc Opinicn pc||. On|q 3 cf Russians Tnin| |nc |ac| cf Spiri|ua| Va|ucs |c oc a
Majcr Na|icna| Tnrca|, supra nole 51.
367
Ioi exanpIe, lheie has leen a lackIash againsl ROC pIans lo consliucl
lelveen 1OO and 2OO nev chuiches in lhe Moscov aiea. Scc IauI ColIe,
Musccti|cs Prc|cs| Agains| Ccns|ruc|icn Of Ncu Or|ncdcx Cnurcncs, WINDOW ON
LURASIA (Nov. 28, 2O1O), hllp://vindovoneuiasia.lIogspol.con/2O1O/11
/vindov-on-euiasia-nuscoviles-piolesl.hlnI (desciiling iecenl piolesls ly
Muscoviles againsl a pIan lo consliucl 1OO lo 2OO nev Russian Oilhodox chuiches
in lhe Moscov aiea), scc a|sc Mcs|ticni tqis|upi|i prc|it s|rci|c|s|ta pratcs|atnqn
|scr|tci |Musccti|cs cppcscd |nc ccns|ruc|icn cf Or|ncdcx Cnurcncsj, ANSAR, Nov. 27,
2O1O, hllp://vvv.ansai.iu/sociely/2O1O/11/27/8751 (desciiling lhe piolesls
againsl lhe consliuclion piojecl).

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