AP Chemistry: Chapter 1-3 Notes Outline

Objectives:
Memorize key ions and atoms symbols and their charges
Matter
Be able to count and use significant figures in calculations
Be able to convert measurements using dimensional analysis
Be able to name ionic compounds
Be able to name acids
Balance chemical equations
Use dimensional analysis to solve stoichiometric problems
Use dimensional analysis to do limiting reactant problems
Use dimensional analysis to calculate percent yield
Calculate percent composition
Calculate empirical and molecular formulas
Memorize Key ions an atoms:
You must score a 9!"## to receive credit$ %ee memory sheet for these items$
Matter:
&ure %ubstances vs Mi'tures
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Mi!tures
"omo#eneous
$e%inition
&!amples
"etero#eneous
$e%inition
&!amples
'eparation o% Mi!tures
(ase on Physical Properties
$istillation
Chromato#raphy
'olubility
Others
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'i#ni%icant )i#ures:
*hy significant figures+
Rules for counting significant figures
1. All nonzero numbers count
2. Leading zeros dont count
3. Trailing zeros count if there is a decimal
4. Trailing zeros dont count if there is no decimal
,'amples of counting significant figures:
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.ules for calculating /ith significant figures:
"$ 0ddition and %ubtraction: You are only as good as your least accurate place value
)$ Multiplication and 1ivision: You are only as good as your least accurate number o% si#ni%icant %i#ures
,'amples of calculations involving significant figures
Convert *ith $imensional Analysis
2he principle is that you are multiplying several fractions tog tether3 but each is the same measurement so that you are essentially multiplying
by "$
1imensional 0nalysis .ules:
"$ 0ll numbers must be /ritten as fractions4this includes numbers that are given4so 5$6 grams is
"
6 $ 5 g
)$ 0ll subsequent multipliers are /ritten such that the units must cancel: 7or e'ample:
lbs
g
lb
x
g
#" $ #
88
"
"
6 $ 5
=
/
/
$ 9otice ho/ the
grams cancel
-$ 0ll numbers on the top of a series of fractions are multiplied and all numbers on the bottom of a series of fractions are divided$ 7or
e'ample:
143.55mL
1
x
1L
1000mL
x
0.2642gal
1L
x
4qt
1gal
x
2pt
1qt
= 0.30341pt
. In your calculator you would: 143.55*0.264*4*2/1000=.
2ype ": :ne 1imensional &roblems
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2ype ) : *orking /ith multiple dimensions4Convert miles per hour into meters per second$
2ype -: 0rea and ;olume: <int a m
-
= m m m
2ype 8: Comple' &roblems
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Namin# +onic Compouns
Rules
1. Name ation
2. !se Roman Numerals if the metal is a transition metal "#xce$tions% &n' Ag' Al(
3. Name the Anion ")t ma* be a $ol*ion(
,'amples: 7rom 9ame to 7ormula
,'amples: 7rom 7ormula to 9ame
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Namin# Acis
Rules% Al+a*s chec, the anion of the acid
1. )f the anion ends in ide change to h*do--------ic acid
2. )f the anion ends in ate change to --------ic acid
3. )f the anion ends in ite change to --------ous acid
4. )f the anion is $er----ate change to $er-----ic acid
,'amples
(alance chemical e,uations
Balance the follo/ing:
>>C
5
<
")
:
5
? >>:
)
>>C:
)
? >><
)
:
>><
)
? >>:
)
>><
)
:
>><
)
? >>9
)
>>9<
-
>>9: ? >>:
)
>>9:
)
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'toichiometry Problems usin# imensional Analysis
Rules
1. Al+a*s start +ith a balanced e.uation
2. /rite +hat *ou ,no+ underneath the chemical that is ,no+n "0.23grams(
3. 1lace a .uestion mar, "2( underneath +hat *ou are loo,ing for.
4. !se dimensional anal*sis to con3ert to the chemical *ou are tr*ing to find information about. Note that *ou +ill most li,el* need to
use the mole4mole ratio "also called the stoichiometric ratio( to con3ert from one chemical to another.
&!amples
<o/ many liters of hydrogen gas is formed /hen "-$(grams of calcium reacts /ith sulfuric acid+
9itrogen gas reacts /ith o'ygen to form dinitrogen trio'ide$ <o/ many molecules of o'ygen are needed to make $ @ of 9):- at %2&+
Calcium Carbonate decomposes into calcium o'ide and a common gas$ *hen 8$ grams of calcium o'ide is formed ho/ many liters of
gas is also formed from this reaction$
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-imitin# .eactant Problems
Rules
1. on3ert all reactants to moles
2. 5i3ide b* the coefficient in the balanced e.uation
3. The chemical +ith the lo+est number of moles is the limiting reactant "LR(
4. !se the LR for all further calculations
&!ample:
*hen ""8$# g of iron and ))$6 g of chlorine gas reacts3 ironBCCCD chloride is formed$
a$ *rite a balanced equation
b$ *hat is the limiting reactant+
c$ <o/ many grams of Cron BCCCD chloride is formed
d$ <o/ much e'cess reagent is left over at the end of the e'periment+

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--$5 grams of sulfur dio'ide reacts /ith $- grams of /ater to form sulfurous acid$
a$ *rite a balanced equation$
b$ *hat is the limiting reactant+
c$ <o/ many grams of sulfurous acid /ill be formed+
d$ <o/ much e'cess reagent /ill remain+
Percent /iel
Rules
1. 6alanced #.uation
2. /rite amount gi3en under the reactant that has a 3alue
3. 7ou +ill be gi3en an amount of $roduct "+rite this under the $roduct( this is the actual amount $roduced
4. on3ert gi3en reactant amount to same $roduct "and units( that +as gi3en
0.
"##
&r
x
ll*8ade Theoretica
oduced Actual
ld 1ercent7ie =
,'amples:
9itrogen gas reacts /ith hydrogen gas to make ammonia B9<-D$ "$(@ of 9) reacts at %2& to make -#(@ of ammonia$ *hat is the
percentage yield+
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Percent Composition
7ind the percentage composition of a chemical by finding the total molar mass of the compound find the mass percent of each element in a
compound:
,'ample: 9<89:-
Percent &rror
"## E x
Actual
Actual 9bser3ed
#rror

=
&mpirical )ormula:
Rules
1. 1ercent to 8ass
2. 8ass to 8oles
3. 5i3ide b* small
4. Times till +hole
,'ample:
Determine the empirical formula of a compound with 52.8% Sn, 12.4% Fe, 16% C and 18.8% N.
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Molecular )ormulas
"$ Molecular 7ormulas are >>>>>>>> >>>>>>>>>not Fust the simplest >>>>>>>>>>>>>
)$ the molar mass of the empirical formula B,7D is al/ays a multiple of the M*$
-$ Use the M* to determine by /hat factor you need to multiply the empirical formula to find the molecular formula$
,'ample
Determine the molecular formula for a compound that contains 22.5% Na, 30.4% P and 47.1% O and a molar mass of 306 g/mol
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,'ample: Comple' Molecular and ,mpirical 7ormula &roblems4Combustion &roblems
Many homes in rural 0merica are heated by propane gas3 a compound that contains only carbon and hydrogen$ Complete combustion
of a sample of propane produced )$58" grams of carbon dio'ide and "$88) grams of /ater as the only products$ 7ind the empirical
formula of propane$
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Galactose BGalD Balso called brain sugarD is a type of sugar found in dairy products3 in sugar beets and other gums and mucilages$
*hen )$-" grams of galactos is completely burned it produces -$9- grams of carbon dio'ide and "$-A9 grams of /ater$ 2he molar
mass of galactose is bet/een "6) g!mol and "A5 g!mol$ *hat is the empirical and molecular formula of galactose+
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