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C) C
p
(J/kg
C) l (N s/m
2
) b (1/K)
Cornea (a) 1050 0.58 4178
Anterior chamber (b) 996 0.58 3997 0.00074 0.000337
Lens (c) 1000 0.4 3000
Posterior chamber (d) 996 0.58 3997
Vitreous (e) 1100 0.603 4178
Sclera (f) 1050 1.0042 3180
Iris (f) 1050 1.0042 3180
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Journal of Heat Transfer MONTH 2012, Vol. 00 / 000000-3
PROOF COPY [HT-11-1373]
190 It is assumed that the uniform wave ux falls on the left side of
191
the human eye. Therefore, at the left boundary of the considered
192
domain, an electromagnetic simulator employs TM wave propaga-
193 tion port with specied power density
S
E E
1
E
1
E
1
E
1
(2)
194
Boundary conditions along the interfaces between different
195 mediums, for example, between air and tissue or tissue and tissue,
196
are considered as continuity boundary condition
n E
1
E
2
0 (3)
197
The outer sides of the calculated domain, i.e., free space, are
198
considered as scattering boundary condition [25]
n r E
z
jkE
z
jk 1 k n E
0z
exp jk r (4)
199
where k is the wave number (m
1
), r is electric conductivity
200 (S/m), n is normal vector, j
1
p
, and E
0
is the incident plane
201
wave (V/m).
202
3.3 Interaction of Electromagnetic Fields and Human
203 Tissues. Interaction of electromagnetic elds with biological tis-
204
sues can be dened in term of SAR. When electromagnetic waves
205
propagate through the human tissues, the energy of electromag-
206 netic waves is absorbed by the tissues. The specic absorption
207
rate is dened as power dissipation rate normalized by material
208
density [25]. The specic absorption rate is given by
SAR
r
q
E j j
2
(5)
209 where E is the electric eld intensity (V/m), r is the electric con-
210
ductivity (S/m), and q is the tissue density (kg/m
3
).
211
3.4 Equations for Heat Transfer Analysis. To solve the
212
thermal problem, the coupled effects of electromagnetic wave
213 propagation and unsteady bioheat transfer are investigated. The
214
temperature distribution is corresponded to the SAR. This is
215 because the specic absorption rate within the human eye distrib-
216
utes owing to energy absorption. Thereafter, the absorbed energy
217
is converted to thermal energy, which increases the tissue
218 temperature.
219
Heat transfer analysis of the human eye is modeled in two
220 dimensions. To simplify the problem, the following assumptions
221
are made:
(1) 222 Human tissues are biomaterial with constant thermal
223
properties.
(2)
224
There is no phase change of substance within the tissues.
(3) 225 There is local thermal equilibrium between the blood and
226
tissue.
(4)
227
There is no chemical reaction within the tissues.
228
This study utilized two pertinent thermal models to investigate
229
the heat transfer behavior of the human eye when exposed to the
230
electromagnetic elds.
231
Model I: The conventional heat transfer model [20].
232 This model assumes metabolic heat generation and blood perfu-
233
sion in the human eye to be zero. The governing equation solved,
234 therefore, resembled the classical heat conduction equation
q
i
C
i
@T
i
@t
r k
i
rT
i
Q
ext
; i a; b; c; d; e; f (6)
235
where i denotes each subdomain in human eye model as
236 shown in Fig. 2, q is the tissue density (kg/m
3
), C is the heat
237
capacity of tissue (J/kg K), k is the thermal conductivity of
238
tissue (W/m K), T is the tissue temperature (K), and t is the
239 time, respectively.
240
Model II: The developed heat transfer model [24].
241
In this model, the motion of uid is only considered inside
242 the anterior chamber [16]. There is blood ow in the iris/
243
sclera part, which plays a role to adjust eye temperature with
244 the rest of the body [24]. For the rest parts, the metabolic
245
heat generation is neglected based on the fact that these com-
246
prise mainly water [16]. The equation governing the ow of
247 heat in cornea, posterior chamber, lens, and vitreous is the
248
same as that given in Eq. (6).
249 This model accounts for the existence of AH in the anterior
250
chamber. The heat transfer process consists of both conduction
251
and natural convection, which can be written as follows:
Continuity equation: r u
i
0; i b (7)
Momentum equation:
q
i
@v
i
@t
q
i
u
i
r u
i
rp
i
r lru
i
ru
T
i
q
i
gb
i
T
i
T
ref
; i b (8)
252
where b is the volume expansion coefcient (1/K), u is the veloc-
253 ity (m/s), p is the pressure (N/m
2
), l is the dynamic viscosity of
254
AH (N s/m
2
), and T
ref
is the reference temperature which we have
255
considered here is 37
q
2
SAR (11)
273 where r
tissue
is the electric conductivity of tissue (S/m).
274
3.4.1 Boundary Condition for Heat Transfer Analysis. The
275 heat transfer analysis, which does not include parts of the sur-
276
rounding space, is considered only in the human eye. As shown in
277 Fig. 3, the cornea surface is considered as the convective, radia-
278
tive, and evaporative boundary condition for all of the models
n : krT h
am
T
i
T
am
erT
4
i
T
4
am
e on C
1
i a
(12)
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000000-4 / Vol. 00, MONTH 2012 Transactions of the ASME
PROOF COPY [HT-11-1373]
279
where C
i
is the external surface area corresponding to section i, e
280 is the tear evaporation heat loss (W/m
2
), T
am
is the ambient tem-
281
perature (K), and h
am
is convection coefcient (W/m
2
K).
282
The temperature of blood which is generally assumed to be the
283 same as the body core temperature causes heat to be transferred
284
into the eye [16]. The surface of the sclera is assumed to be a con-
285 vective boundary condition for all of the models
n k
i
rT
i
h
b
T
b
T
i
on C
2
i f (13)
286
where h
b
is convection coefcient of blood (65 W/m
2
K). C
1
and
287
C
2
are corneal surface and sclera surface of the eye, respectively.
288
3.5 Calculation Procedure. In this study, the nite element
289
method is used to analyze the transient problems. The computa-
290 tional scheme is to assemble nite element model and compute a
291
local heat generation term by performing an electromagnetic cal-
292 culation using tissue properties. In order to obtain a good approxi-
293
mation, a ne mesh is specied in the sensitive areas. This study
294
provides a variable mesh method for solving the problem as
295 shown in Fig. 4. The system of governing equations as well as ini-
296
tial and boundary conditions are then solved. All computational
297 processes are implemented using COMSOL
TM
MULTIPHYSICS, to dem-
298
onstrate the phenomenon that occurs within the human eye
299
exposed to electromagnetic elds.
300 The 2D model is discretized using triangular elements and the
301
Lagrange quadratic is then used to approximate temperature and
302
SAR variation across each element. Convergence test is carried
303
out to identify the suitable number of elements required. The con-
304 vergence curve resulting from the convergence test is shown in
305
Fig. 5. This convergence test leads to the grid with approximately
306
10,000 elements. It is reasonable to assume that, at this element
307
number, the accuracy of the simulation results is independent
308
from the number of elements.
309 4 Results and Discussion
310 In this study, the coupled model of electromagnetic eld and
311
thermal eld are solved numerically. For the simulation, the
312
dielectric properties and thermal properties are directly taken
313
from Tables 1 and 2, respectively. The exposed radiated power
314
used in this study refers to ICNIRP standard for safety level at
315 the maximum SAR value of 2 W/kg (general public exposure) and
316
10 W/kg (occupational exposure) [6]. For the electromagnetic fre-
317
quency of 900 MHz, the effect of power density on distributions
318 of specic absorption rate and temperature prole within the
319
human eye is systematically investigated using two models,
320 namely, the conventional heat transfer model (models I) and the
321
developed heat transfer model (model II).
322
4.1 Verification of the Model. In order to verify the accu-
323
racy of the present numerical models, the case without electro-
324 magnetic eld of the simulated results from the present study is
325
validated against the numerical results with the same geometric
326 model obtained by Shafahi and Vafai [24]. Moreover, the numeri-
327
cal results are then compared with the experimental results of the
328
rabbit obtained from Lagendijk [8]. The validation case assumes
329 that the rabbit body temperature is 38.8
C, and con-
331 vection coefcient of ambient air is 20 W/m
2
K. The results of the
332
selected test case are illustrated in Fig. 6 for temperature distribu-
333
tion in the eyes. Figure 6 clearly shows a good agreement of the
334 temperature distribution in the eye between the present solution
335
and that of Shafahi and Vafai [24] and Lagendijk [8]. In the gure,
336 the simulated results of the conventional heat transfer model
337
(models I) and the developed heat transfer model (model II) pro-
338
vide a good agreement with the simulated results obtained from
339 Shafahi and Vafai [24]. This favorable comparison lends con-
340
dence in the accuracy of the present numerical model.
Fig. 4 A two-dimensional nite element mesh of human eye
model
Fig. 5 Grid convergence curve of the 2D model
Fig. 6 Comparison of the calculated temperature distribution
to the temperature distribution obtained by Shafahi and Vafai,
and the Lagendijks experimental data; h
am
520 W/m
2
K and
T
am
525
C
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PROOF COPY [HT-11-1373]
341 4.2 Electric Field Distribution. To illustrate the penetrated
342
electric eld distribution inside the human eye, the predicted
343 results obtained from our proposed models are required. Figure 7
344
shows the simulation of electric eld pattern inside the human eye
345
exposed to electromagnetic eld in TM mode operating at the fre-
346 quency of 900 MHz propagating along the vertical cross section
347
human eye model where the varying power densities are done.
348 Due to the different dielectric characteristics of the various tissue
349
layers, a different fraction of the supplied electromagnetic energy
350
will become absorbed in each layer in the human eye. Conse-
351 quently, the reection and transmission components at each layer
352
contribute to the resonance of standing wave in the human eye. It
353 can be seen that the higher values of electric eld in all cases
354
occur in the outer part area of the eye, especially in cornea, and
355
lens. Certainly, the maximum electric eld intensity at the higher
356 power density is greater than that of the lower power density. The
357
maximum electric eld intensities are 391.680 V/m, 276.959 V/m,
358
123.907 V/m, and 87.616 V/m at the power densities of
359
100 mW/cm
2
, 50 mW/cm
2
, 10 mW/cm
2
, and 5 mW/cm
2
, respec-
360
tively. The three highest electric eld intensity values in the
361 human eye at all power densities occur in cornea, lens, and iris,
362
respectively. This is because the lower value of their dielectric
363
properties (e
r
) shown in Table 1 which corresponds to Eq. (1), as
364 well as these tissues located close to the exposed surface, by
365
which it causes the electromagnetic eld can penetrate easily
366 into these tissues. The electric eld deep inside the human eye is
367
extinguished where the electric eld attenuates due to absorbed
368
electromagnetic energy and is then converted to heat. Moreover,
369 the electric eld distribution also showed a strong dependence on
370
the dielectric properties of the tissues.
371 4.3 SAR Distribution. Figure 8 shows the SAR distribution
372
evaluated on the vertical cross section of the human eye exposed
Fig. 7 Electric eld distribution (V/m) in human eye exposed to the electromagnetic fre-
quency of 900 MHz at the power densities of (a) 5 mW/cm
2
, (b) 10 mW/cm
2
, (c) 50 mW/cm
2
,
and (d) 100 mW/cm
2
Fig. 8 SAR distribution (W/kg) in human eye exposed to the electromagnetic frequency
of 900 MHz at the power densities of (a) 5 mW/cm
2
, (b) 10 mW/cm
2
, (c) 50 mW/cm
2
, and (d)
100 mW/cm
2
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000000-6 / Vol. 00, MONTH 2012 Transactions of the ASME
PROOF COPY [HT-11-1373]
373
to the electromagnetic frequency of 900 MHz at various power
374 densities. It is evident from the gure that the results of the
375
SAR values within the human eye (Fig. 8) which are increased
376
corresponding to the electric eld intensities (Fig. 7). Besides the
377 electric eld intensity, the magnitude of dielectric properties and
378
thermal properties in each tissue will directly affect the amount of
379
SAR within the human eye. For all power densities, the highest
380
SAR values are obtained only in the region of the cornea but not
381
in lens and iris as electric eld distributions. This is because the
382 cornea has a much higher value of its dielectric properties (r) than
383
those of the lens and iris, as well as the cornea located close to the
384
exposed surface, at which the electric eld intensity is strongest. It
385 is found that the SAR distribution pattern in the human eye, which
386
corresponds to Eq. (5), is strongly depended on the effect of the
387 dielectric properties (r, shown in Table 1) and thermal properties
388
(q, shown in Table 2). With penetration into the eye, the SAR val-
389
ues decrease rapidly along the distance from the electromagnetic
390 source. The maximum SAR values are 135.15 W/kg, 67.575
391
W/kg, 13.525 W/kg, and 6.763 W/kg at the power densities of
392 100 mW/cm
2
, 50 mW/cm
2
, 10 mW/cm
2
, and 5 mW/cm
2
, respec-
393
tively. Comparing to ICNIRP standard for safety level at the
394
maximum SAR value of 2 W/kg (general public exposure) and
395 10 W/kg (occupational exposure) [6], the resulting SAR values
396
from this study are higher than the ICNIRP exposure limits for
397
occupational exposure in most cases except for the power density
398
of 5 mW/cm
2
.
399
4.4 Temperature Distribution. Since this study has focused
400
on the volumetric heating effect into the multilayered eye induced
401 by electromagnetic eld, the effect of ambient temperature varia-
402
tion have been neglected in order to gain insight into the interac-
403 tion between electromagnetic eld and human tissues as well as
404
the correlation between SAR and heat transfer mechanism. For
405
this reason, the ambient temperature has been set to human body
406 temperature of 37
C,
488
0.353
C, 1.764
C, and 3.526
C, 0.305
C, 1.527
C, and
492 3.052
C and 3.052
C, respectively.
539
The obtained temperature increases may lead to the formation of
540 cataract or posterior capsular opacication [2].
541 5 Conclusions
542 This study presents the numerical simulation of SAR and tem-
543
perature distribution in the human eye exposed to TM-mode of
544 electromagnetic elds at 900 MHz with the power densities of
545
5 mW/cm
2
, 10 mW/cm
2
, 50 mW/cm
2
, and 100 mW/cm
2
. The nu-
546
merical simulations in this study show several important features
547 of the energy absorption in the human eye. Refer to SAR values,
548
the exposed radiated power used in this study refers to ICNIRP
Fig. 13 The temperature distribution in human eye exposed to the electromagnetic fre-
quency of 900 MHz at various power densities calculated using (a) the conventional heat
transfer model (b) the developed heat transfer model
Fig. 14 The velocity distribution inside the anterior chamber in human eye exposed
to the electromagnetic frequency of 900 MHz at the power densities of (a) 5 mW/cm
2
,
(b) 10 mW/cm
2
, (c) 50 mW/cm
2
, and (d) 100 mW/cm
2
Fig. 15 Steady state temperature increases versus papillary
axis of human eye exposed to the electromagnetic frequency of
900 MHz at various power densities
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PROOF COPY [HT-11-1373]
549 standard for safety level at the maximum SAR value of 2 W/kg
550
(general public exposure) and 10 W/kg (occupational exposure)
551
[6]. The resulting SAR from this study is exceeded the limit value
552 for occupational exposure in most cases except for the power den-
553
sity of 5 mW/cm
2
. This is because the SAR values vary corre-
554 sponding to the power densities which produced the temperature
555
increase within the human eye. Therefore, in the case of a lower
556
power density of 5 mW/cm
2
, the SAR value does not exceed the
557 specied SAR limits.
558
In particular, the temperature results obtained from a developed
559 heat transfer model, considered natural convection and porous
560
media theory, are compared with the results obtained from a con-
561
ventional heat transfer model in order to highlight the advantages
562 and the weakness of each model. It is found that by using the dif-
563
ferent heat transfer models, the distribution patterns of tempera-
564
ture at a particular time are quite different. In all cases, the
565
temperatures obtained from the developed heat transfer model
566
have a lower temperature than that of the conventional heat trans-
567 fer model. This is due to the presence of blood perfusion, which
568
provides buffer characteristic to the human eye temperature, as
569
well as the natural convection within the anterior chamber. It is
570 found that greater power density results in a greater heat genera-
571
tion inside the human eye, thereby increasing the rate of tempera-
572 ture increase. Moreover, it is found that the temperature
573
distributions in human eye induced by electromagnetic elds are
574
not directly related to the SAR distribution due to the effect of
575 dielectric properties, thermal properties, blood perfusion, and pen-
576
etration depth of the electromagnetic power.
577 Therefore, health effect assessment of electromagnetic eld ex-
578
posure requires the utilization of the most accurate numerical sim-
579
ulation of the thermal model along with the SAR model. In the
580 future works, the effect of ambient temperature variation will be
581
included in the analysis to represent the actual heat transfer pro-
582 cess which occurs in the realistic situation and will focus on the
583
frequency-dependent dielectric properties of human tissue. A
584
study will also be developed to a more realistic 3D model for sim-
585 ulations and to study the temperature dependency of dielectric
586
property. This will allow a better understanding of the realistic sit-
587
uation of the interaction between electromagnetic elds and the
588 human tissues.
589 Acknowledgment
590
This work was supported by the National Research University
591 Project of Thailand, Ofce of Higher Education Commission and
592
the Thailand Research Fund (TRF).
593 Nomenclatures
C specic heat capacity (J/kg K)
E electric eld intensity (V/m)
594
e the tear evaporation heat loss (W/m
2
)
f frequency of incident wave (Hz)
595
H magnetic eld (A/m)
596
h convection coefcient (W/m
2
K)
j current density (A/m
2
)
k thermal conductivity (W/(m K))
n normal vector
597
p pressure (N/m
2
)
Q heat source (W/m
3
)
T temperature (K)
598
u velocity (m/s)
599 t time
600 Greek Letters
601
B volume expansion coefcient (1/K)
l magnetic permeability (H/m)
e permittivity (F/m)
r electric conductivity (S/m)
x angular frequency (rad/s)
q density (kg/m
3
)
x
b
blood perfusion rate (1/s)
602
C external surface area
603 Subscripts
604
am ambient
b blood
ext external
605 i subdomain
met metabolic
r relative
606 ref reference
0 free space, initial condition
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Analysis of Specic Absorption Rate and Heat Transfer in the Human Body
J_ID: HT DOI: 10.1115/1.4006243 Date: 7-March-12 Stage: Page: 10 Total Pages: 12
ID: veeraragavanb Time: 17:14 I Path: //xinchnasjn/ASME/3b2/HT##/Vol00000/120101/APPFile/AS-HT##120101
000000-10 / Vol. 00, MONTH 2012 Transactions of the ASME
PROOF COPY [HT-11-1373]
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J_ID: HT DOI: 10.1115/1.4006243 Date: 7-March-12 Stage: Page: 11 Total Pages: 12
ID: veeraragavanb Time: 17:14 I Path: //xinchnasjn/ASME/3b2/HT##/Vol00000/120101/APPFile/AS-HT##120101
Journal of Heat Transfer MONTH 2012, Vol. 00 / 000000-11