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EG-210 Tutorial Sheet No. 1 (2014)

Ideal and Non-Ideal Process Systems

Please complete and hand-in Question 4 by 3pm Monday 24
th
February 2014.

1) I have some ethylene gas at a pressure 10 MPa and a temperature of 47C. Calculate;

a) The specific volume, (V/m), in m
3
/kg, using the ideal gas model: PV = mRT.
[4 marks]
b) The specific volume via the non-ideal gas function: PV = ZmRT.
[5 marks]
c) Using the non-ideal gas function, what pressure is required in order that the ethylene
have a specific volume of 0.0062 m
3
/kg at a temperature of 47C.
[8 marks]
d) Using the non-ideal gas function, what will be the temperature of ethylene when it has
a specific volume of 0.01 m
3
/kg and a pressure of 10 MPa
[8 marks]

Supplied Data: R = 0.29637 kJ / kg K for ethylene
T (K) = T (C) + 273
Data Sheet No. 2.1 Table of Critical Constants of Gases.
Data Sheet No. 2.2 Generalized Compressibility Factor Plot.

2) Calculate the molar volume, v = V/n, (m
3
/kmol) of a mixture of gases containing 59.39
mol% CO
2
and 40.61 mol% methane (CH
4
) at 310.94 K and 86.19 bar ab pressure using:

a) The ideal gas law equation: PV = nRT
[3 marks]
b) Van der Waals equation:
2

a
b
RT
P
m
m

=
where ( )
2
j j i i m
a y a y a + = ,
j j i i m
b y b y b + = and
i
i
C
C
i
P
T R
a
64
27
2 2
= ,
i
i
C
C
i
P
RT
b
8
=
[10 marks]
c) Psuedo-crictical constants (Kays Rule) and the compressibility factor chart.
[10 marks]
d) The measured specific volume is 0.2205 m
3
/kmol. What is the percentage deviation of
each model from the real value?
[2 marks]

Supplied Data: Data Sheet No. 2.1 Table of Critical Constants of Gases.
Data Sheet No. 2.2 Generalized Compressibility Factor Plot.
Universal Gas Constant: R = 8.314 kJ kmol
-1
K
-1

1 bar = 1 10
5
Pa




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3) In the soft drinks industry, there is considerable demand for food grade carbon dioxide for
product carbonation. The carbon dioxide is supplied as a gas at low pressure, and the first
step in the production process of the food grade carbon dioxide is to pressurize the carbon
dioxide gas.

Accordingly, estimate the work (W in kJ per kmol) required to compress 1.0 kmol CO
2
from
P
1
= 14.7 psia to P
2
= 4042.5 psia in a compressor unit operating reversibly with inter-stage
cooling so that the gas temperature is constant at T = 61.6 C, using the following
mathematical models:

a) An ideal gas, such that:

(

=
1
2
ln
P
P
nRT W
[4 marks]

b) A non-ideal gas, such that the compressibility factor, Z, has to be used to
evaluate the actual CO
2
volumes of V
1
and V
2
for:

(

=
2
1
ln
V
V
nRT W
[10 marks]

Existing compressors indicate that the actual compressibility factor for the carbon dioxide
over this range of system pressures is Z = 0.72.

c) Hence, comment on how the predicted Z values obtained in part (b) relate to
this actual Z value.
[4 marks]

d) When the carbon dioxide gas flow to the suction inlet of the compressor is
1020 m
3
h
-1
(at T = 61.6 C and P
1
= 14.7 psia) and the compressor has an
operational efficiency of 35%, specify the total power rating (in kW) of the
compressor motor.
[7 marks]

Supplied Data: Data Sheet No. 2.1 Table of Critical Constants of Gases.
Data Sheet No. 2.2 Generalized Compressibility Factor Plot
Universal Gas Constant: R = 8.314 kJ kmol
-1
K
-1

1 bar = 1 10
5
Pa = 14.5 psi
T (K) = T (C) + 273







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4) Hydrogen is under consideration as an alternative fuel to petrol in vehicles. High pressure
hydrogen tanks make it possible for the hybrid vehicle to travel further distances on a single
tank of fuel. A typical tank will contain 4.5 kg of hydrogen stored at a pressure of 35 MPa. If
the average temperature for storage is 20 C calculate the volume of the tank required (in
litres) using the following mathematical models, namely:

(a) The Ideal Gas Law:

nRT PV =
[3 marks]

(b) The Van der Waals Equation, namely:

| | T R b v
v
a
P
w 2
w
- =
(

+ where
C
2
C
2
w
P 64
T R 27
a

= and
C
C
w
P 8
T R
b =

with T
C
being the critical temperature of hydrogen, P
C
the critical pressure of
hydrogen and n / V v = , the molar volume of hydrogen (V is the volume and n
the number of kmols).
[6 marks]

(c) The Non-ideal Gas function, namely:

ZnRT PV =

where Z is the generalised compressibility factor.
[9 marks]

(d) The Department of Energy are aiming for the storage tank size to be 62 litres
by 2015. Using the non-ideal gas function calculate the temperature at which
the hydrogen needs to be stored assuming the pressure remains the same. What
implication does this have for hydrogen powered vehicles?
[7 marks]
Data Supplied:
1 Pa = 1 N m
-2
= 1 10
-5
bar
R = 8.314 kJ / kmol K
T (K) = T (C) + 273
Data Sheet No. 2.1 Table of Critical Constants of Gases.
Data Sheet No. 3 Generalized Compressibility Factor Plot for the high pressure range.





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Data Sheet No. 2.1: Table of Critical Constants of Gases.

Substance Formula Molar Mass
kg/kmol
T
C

K
P
C

MPa
Air - 28.97 132.5 3.77
Ammonia NH
3
17.03 405.5 11.28
Argon Ar 39.948 151 4.86
Benzene C
6
H
6
78.115 562 4.92
Bromine Br
2
159.808 584 10.34
n-Butane C
4
H
10
58.124 425.2 3.80
Carbon dioxide CO
2
44.01 304.2 7.39
Carbon monoxide CO 28.011 133 3.50
Carbon tetrachloride CCl
4
153.82 556.4 4.56
Chlorine Cl
2
70.906 417 7.71
Chloroform CHCl
3
119.38 536.6 5.47
Dichlorodifluoromethane (R-12) CCl
2
F
2
120.91 384.7 4.01
Dichlorofluoromethane (R-21) CHCl
2
F 102.92 451.7 5.17
Ethane C
2
H
6
30.070 305.5 4.48
Ethyl alcohol C
2
H
5
OH 46.07 516 6.38
Ethylene C
2
H
4
28.054 282.4 5.12
Helium He 4.003 5.3 0.23
n-Hexane C
6
H
14
86.179 507.9 3.03
Hydrogen (normal) H
2
2.016 33.3 1.30
Krypton Kr 83.80 209.4 5.50
Methane CH
4
16.043 191.1 4.64
Methyl alcohol CH
3
OH 32.042 513.2 7.95
Methyl chloride CH
3
Cl 50.488 416.3 6.68
Neon Ne 20.183 44.5 2.73
Nitrogen N
2
28.013 126.2 3.39
Nitrous oxide N
2
O 44.013 309.7 7.27
Oxygen O
2
31.999 154.8 5.08
Propane C
3
H
8
44.097 370 4.26
Propylene C
3
H
6
42.081 365 4.62
Sulfur dioxide SO
2
64.063 430.7 7.88
Tetrafluoroethane (R-34a) CF
3
CH
2
F 102.03 374.2 4.059
Trichlorofluoromethane (R-11) CCl
3
F 137.37 471.2 4.38
Water H
2
O 18.015 647.1 22.06
Xenon Xe 131.30 289.8 5.88












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Data Sheet No. 2.2 a: Dimensionless Plot of the Generalized Compressibility Factor (Z)
versus Reduced Pressure (P
r
) and Reduced Temperature (T
r
).





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Data Sheet No. 2.2 b: Dimensionless Plot of the Generalized Compressibility Factor (Z)
versus Reduced Pressure (P
r
) and Reduced Temperature (T
r
).



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Data Sheet No. 3: Generalized Compressibility Factor (Z) versus Reduced Pressure (P
r
)
and Reduced Temperature (T
r
) for the high pressure range.