EE 499: Wireless & Mobile Communications (082) Dr. Wajih A.

Abu-Al-Saud
Lecture8:FrequencyReuseConcepts
1

ProblemsonTrunkingandGradeofService

Problem 1:
Assumingthateachuserinasystemgeneratesatrafficintensityof0.2Erlangs,howmanyuserscanbe
supportedfor0.1%probabilityofblockinginanErlangB(BlockedCallsCleared)systemforanumberof
trunkedchannels(C)equalto60.
Solution 1:
SystemisanErlangB
0.2 Erlangs
U
A =
[ ] Pr Blocking 0.001 =
60 Channels C =
FromtheErlangBfigure,weseethat
40 Erlangs A
Therefore,

40
2000 Users
0.02
U
A
U
A
= = =

Problem 2:
Assumingthateachuserinasystemgeneratesatrafficintensityof0.01Erlangs,howmanyuserscanbe
supportedfor0.5%probabilityofblockinginanErlangB(BlockedCallsCleared)systemforanumberof
trunkedchannelsequalto25.
Solution 2:
SystemisanErlangB
0.01 Erlangs
U
A =
[ ] Pr Blocking 0.005 =
25 Channels C =
FromtheErlangBfigure,weseethat
EE 499: Wireless & Mobile Communications (082) Dr. Wajih A. Abu-Al-Saud
Lecture8:FrequencyReuseConcepts
2

15 Erlangs A
Therefore,

15
1500 Users
0.01
U
A
U
A
= = =

Problem 3:
AnErlangBsystemhasanumberoftrunkedchannelsequalto10.Ifitwasfoundthattheprobabilityof
callblockingis0.001,andthatthetotalnumberofusersofthesystemis300,howmuchtimeon
averagedoeseachuserusehisphoneduringpeakhours?
Solution 3:
SystemisanErlangB
10 Channels C =

[ ] Pr Blocking 0.001 =

300 Users U =

Toobtaintherequiredinformation,weneedtofindthetrafficintensityofthesystemusingtheErlangB
figure

3.1 Erlangs A

Now,trafficintensityperuseris
3.1
0.0103 Erlangs
300
U
U
A
A
U
= = =

Thismeansthateachuseronaveragemakescallsthatlast1.03%ofeachhourduringthepeakhour,or
( )
Seconds
Average Usage per User During Peak Hour 0.0103 3600
Hour
Seconds
37.2
Hour

=


=

Problem 4:
1000userswithanaveragetrafficintensityperuserof0.02Erlangscausetheprobabilityofcallblocking
inanErlangBsystemtobeis0.05.Howmanychannelsareallocatedforthesystem.
Solution 4:
EE 499: Wireless & Mobile Communications (082) Dr. Wajih A. Abu-Al-Saud
Lecture8:FrequencyReuseConcepts
3

SystemisanErlangB
[ ] Pr Blocking 0.05 =

1000 Users U =

0.02 Erlangs
U
A =

Wecangetthesystemtrafficintensityusingtheabove

( )( ) 0.02 1000 20 Erlangs

U
A A U = = =

So,fromtheErlangBchart
25 Channels C =

Problem 5:
Acityhasapopulationof3millionpeoplethatareevenlydistributedoveranareaof1000km
2
.We
knowthatapercentageofthepopulationissubscribedtoacellularsystem.Assumethatthecellular
systemisanErlangBsystemwithatotalbandof14MHzandfullduplexchannelbandwidthof40kHz
andcoversthecityusinghexagonalcellswithradius2kmandaclustersizeof7cells.Assumethateach
usermakes1calleach2hourswithaveragecalldurationof1minuteandthedesiredprobabilityofcall
blockingis0.005.Find:
a) Thetotalnumberofcellsinthesystem
b) Thenumberofchannelspercell
c) Thetotalnumberofchannelsinthesystem
d) Trafficintensitypercell
e) Maximumcarriedtrafficforthewholesystem
f) Thetotalnumberofuserswhocanusethesystem
g) PercentageofPopulationofthecitywhocansubscribetothecellularservice
h) Thetheoreticalmaximumnumberofuserswhocanbeservedatanytime.
Solution 5:
SystemisanErlangB
2
City Area 1000 km =
Total System Bandwidth 14 MHz =
Full Duplex Channel Bandwidth 40 kHz =
Cells Shape =Hexagonal
Cell Radius 2 km R =
EE 499: Wireless & Mobile Communications (082) Dr. Wajih A. Abu-Al-Saud
Lecture8:FrequencyReuseConcepts
4

Cluster Size 7 N =
1 Calls
0.5 Calls/Hour
2 Hour
= =
1
1 Minute Hours
60
H = =

[ ] Pr Blocking 0.005 =
a) Wecaneasilyverifythattheareaofahexagonalcellintermsofitsradiusis

2
Hexagonal Cell Area 2.598 R =
So,theareaofourcellsis
( )
2
2
Cell Area 2.598 2 10.392 km = =
Thisgivesanumberofcellinthesystemequalto

1000
Number of Cells 96 Cells
10.392
=
b) Weneedtogetthenumberofchannelsinthewholebandfirst

14 MHz
Number of Channels in Complete Band 350 Channels
40 kHz
= =
Dividingthesechannelsequallyamongthecellsofaclustergives

350
Number of Channels per Cell 50 Channels/Cell
7
C = = =
c) Thesystemhas96cells.Weallocated50channelsineachcell,so

( )
Channels
Total Number of Channels in the System 50 96 Cell
Cell
4800 Channels

=


=

d) Given CandtheProbabilityofacallbeingblocked(GOS),andusingtheErlangBchart,wesee
thateachcellhasatrafficintensityof
Traffic Intensity per Cell 36 Erlangs
e) Maximumcarriedtrafficoverthesystemassumesthatallcellsareexperiencingthemaximum
trafficintensitytogive
EE 499: Wireless & Mobile Communications (082) Dr. Wajih A. Abu-Al-Saud
Lecture8:FrequencyReuseConcepts
5

( )( )
( )
Maximum Carried Traffic over the System Number of Cells
36 Erlangs (96 Cells)
3456 Erlangs
A =
=
=

f) First,letusfindmaximumnumberofUsersperCell.Weneedtofindtrafficintensityperuser
whichis
( )
Traffic Intensity per User
1
0.5 0.00833 Erlangs
60
U
A H = =

= =



So,
36
Users per cell
0.00833
4322 Users/Cell
U
A
U
A

= = =


=

and

( )( ) Total Users in the Whole system 4322 Users/Cell 96 Cell

414,912 Users
=
=

g) Thisisgivenby

Total Users
Percentage of City Popuation who can Subscribe
City Population
414,912
3,000,000
13.83%
=
=
=

h) Thetheoreticalmaximumnumberofuserswhocanusethesystemataparticulartimeisequal
tothetotalnumberofchannelsinthesystem(thisassumesthatallchannelsarefullyoccupied
ataparticulartime)
( )
Theoriticl Maximum of Users who
Channels
can use System at a Particular Time 50 96Cell 4800 Users
Cell

= =

EE 499: Wireless & Mobile Communications (082) Dr. Wajih A. Abu-Al-Saud

Lecture8:FrequencyReuseConcepts
6

Problem 6:PLEASEREADNOTEBELOW
(Thisisanexerciseinthebook.Pleasereadthesolutionthere).
Ahexagonalcellwithina4cellsystemhasaradiusof1.387km.Atotalof60channelsareusedwithin
theentiresystem.Iftheloadperuseris0.029Erlangs,and=1call/hour,computethefollowingforan
ErlangCsystemthathasa5%probabilityofdelayedcall:
a) Howmanyuserspersquarekilometerwillthissystemsupport?
b) Whatistheprobabilitythatadelayedcallwillhavetowaitformorethan10s?
c) Whatistheprobabilitythatacallwillbedelayedformorethan10seconds?

ImportantNote:

TherequestedinformationinPart(b)is

[ ] Pr Delay >20s | The call is delayed

TherequestedinformationinPart(c)is
[ ] Pr Delay >20s
Thisisrelatedtothefirstby
[ ] [ ] [ ]
[ ] [ ]
[ ]
( )
Pr Delay >20s Pr Delay >20s | The call isdelayed Pr The call is delayed
Pr Delay >20s | The call is delayed Pr Delay >0
Pr Delay >0
where 20 seconds
T C A
H
e
T

=
=
=
=

Problem 6: (This is a modification of Problem 5 above)

AssumethesystemdescribedinProblem5ischangedtoanErlangCsystemwithallparametersbeing
thesameexceptthatnowwehavetheprobabilityofacallbeingdelayedis0.05andtheaveragecall
durationbeing5minutes.Find:
a) Trafficintensitypercell
b) Theprobabilityofacallgettingdelayedmorethan3seconds
c) Averagecalldelayinthesystem
Solution 6:
SystemisanErlangC
2
City Area 1000 km =
EE 499: Wireless & Mobile Communications (082) Dr. Wajih A. Abu-Al-Saud
Lecture8:FrequencyReuseConcepts
7

Total System Bandwidth 14 MHz =

Full Duplex Channel Bandwidth 40 kHz =
Cells Shape =Hexagonal
Cell Radius 2 km R =
Cluster Size 7 N =
1 Calls
0.5 Calls/Hour
2 Hour
= =
5
5 Minutes Hours 300 Seconds
60
H = = =

[ ] Pr Delay >0 0.05 =

a) Given C(asinpreviousproblem)andtheProbabilityofacallbeingdelayed(GOS),andusing
theErlangCchart,weseethateachcellhasatrafficintensityof
Traffic Intensity per Cell 38 Erlangs

b) Theformulaweuseis

[ ] [ ]
[ ]
[ ] [ ]
( )( )
( )
Pr Delay> | Signal is Delayed (Delay>0)
3s(50 32)
300s
Pr Delay > Pr Delay >0
Pr Delay >30s Pr Delay >0
0.05 0.8346
0.04173
4.173%
T C A
H
T
T e
e

=

=
=
=
=
=

c) Nowweuse

[ ]

( )
Avg. Delay of Calls with Delay >0
Avg. Delay of all Calls (delayed or not)
Pr Delay >0
300s
0.05
50-32
0.8333 seconds
Avg
H
D
C A
=
=
=

=


=

EE 499: Wireless & Mobile Communications (082) Dr. Wajih A. Abu-Al-Saud

Lecture8:FrequencyReuseConcepts
8

Thisislessthan1second.Butitistheaverageforallcallsincludingcallsthatdonotgetdelayed
atall,soifyouconsidercallsthataredelayedonly(withprobabilityof0.05or1calloutofeach
20getsdelayed).Thesecallshaveanaveragedelayof(300/(5032)=16.7seconds).