Art. 26.

Every person shall respect the _____1__________, personality, _______2________ and peace of
mind of his neighbors and other persons. The following and similar acts, though they may not constitute a
criminal offense, shall produce a cause of action for damages, ______________ and other relief!
"1# ______$_________ into the privacy of another%s residence!
"2# _______&________ with or disturbing the private life or family relations of another'
"# (ntriguing to cause another to be _______6________ from his friends'
"$# _______)________ or humiliating another on account of his religious beliefs, _______*________ station in
life, place of birth, physical ________+_______, or other personal condition.
Art. 2). Any person suffering material or _______1,________ loss because a public servant or employee
refuses or neglects, without -ust _______11________, to perform his official duty may file an action for
damages and other _______12________ against the latter, without ______1_________ to any disciplinary
administrative action that may be ta.en.
Art. 2*. /nfair competition in ______1$_________, commercial or industrial enterprises or in labor through the
use of force, _______1&________, ______16_________, _______1)________ or any other un-ust,
oppressive or _______1*________ method shall give rise to a right of action by the person who thereby
suffers damage.
Art. 2+. 0hen the accused in a criminal prosecution is ac1uitted on the ground that his guilt has not been
proved beyond reasonable doubt, a civil action for damages for the same act or _______1+________ may be
instituted. 2uch action re1uires only a ______2,_________ of evidence. /pon motion of the defendant, the
court may re1uire the _____21__________ to file a _______22________ to answer for damages in case the
complaint should be found to be malicious.
(f in a criminal case the -udgment of ac1uittal is based upon ______2_________ ______2$_________, the
court shall so declare. (n the absence of any declaration to that effect, it may be ______2&________ from the
te3t of the decision whether or not the ac1uittal is due to that ground.
Art. ,. 0hen a separate ______26_________ action is brought to demand _______2)________
______2*_________ arising from a criminal offense, and no criminal proceedings are instituted during the
pendency of the civil case, a preponderance of ______2+_________ shall li.ewise be sufficient to prove the
act complained of.
Art. 1. 0hen the _______,________ ______1_________ is based on an _______2________ not
arising from the act or omission complained of as a _______________, such civil action may proceed
independently of the ______$_________ proceedings and regardless of the result of the latter.
Art. 2. Any public _______&________ or employee, or any ______6_________ individual, who directly or
indirectly obstructs, _______)________, _______*________ or in any manner _______+________ or
impairs any of the following rights and liberties of another person shall be liable to the latter for damages!
"1# 4reedom of _______$,________'
"2# 4reedom of ______$1_________'
"# 4reedom to write for the ______$2_________ or to maintain a periodical _______$________'
"$# 4reedom from arbitrary or ______$$_________ _______$&________'
"&# 4reedom of ______$6_________'
"6# The right against ______$)_________ of property without due process of law'
")# The right to a -ust _______$*________ when private property is ta.en for public use'
"*# The right to the _______$+________ _______&,________ of the laws'
"+# The right to be secure in one%s _____&1_________ , _______&2________, _______&________, and
_______&$________ against unreasonable _______&&________ and _____&6__________'
"1,# The _______&)________ of _______&*________ and of changing the same'
"11# The privacy of _______&+________ and ______6,_________'
"12# The right to become a member of _______61________ or societies for purposes not
______62_________ to law'
"1# The right to ta.e part in a _______6________ assembly to petition the government for
_______6$________ of ______6&_________'
"1$# The right to be free from involuntary ______66_________ in any form'
"1&# The right of the accused against ________6)_______ ________6*_______'
"16# The right of the accused to be heard by himself and _______6+________, to be informed of the
______),_________ and cause of the accusation against him, to have a _______)1________ and public trial,
to meet the ________)2_______ face to face, and to have compulsory process to secure the attendance of
witness in his ______)_________'
"1)# 4reedom from being _______)$________ to be a witness against one%s self, or from being forced to
_______)&________ guilt, or from being induced by a promise of _______)6________ or reward to ma.e
such confession, e3cept when the person confessing becomes a _______))________ witness'
"1*# 4reedom from e3cessive fines, or ______)*_________ and unusual ______)+_________, unless the
same is imposed or ______*,_________ in accordance with a statute which has not been -udicially declared
_______*1________' and
"1+# 4reedom of ________*2_______ to the _______*________.
(n any of the cases referred to in this article, whether or not the defendant%s act or omission constitutes a
criminal offense, the ________*$_______ party has a right to commence an entirely separate and distinct civil
action for damages, and for other relief. 2uch civil action shall proceed independently of any criminal
prosecution "if the latter be instituted#, and mat be proved by a _______*&________ of ______*6_________.
The ______*)_________ shall include moral damages. _______**________ damages may also be
_____*+__________.
The _____+,_________herein set forth is not ______+1________from a -udge unless his act or omission
constitutes a violation of the ________+2______ ______+________or other _____+$_________
______+&________.
Art. . (n cases of ______+6________, and _____+)_________ _____+*_________ a civil action for
damages, entirely _____++_________ and distinct from the criminal action, may be brought by the
_____1,,_________ party. 2uch civil action shall proceed _____1,1_________ of the criminal
_____1,2_________ , and shall re1uire only a preponderance of evidence.
Art. $. 0hen a member of a _____1,_________ or _____1,$_________ ____1,&__________
____1,6__________ refuses or fails to render aid or protection to any person in case of
_____1,)_________ to life or property, such ______1,*________ officer shall be primarily liable for
damages, and the city or municipality shall be ______1,+________ responsible therefor. The civil action
herein recogni5ed shall be independent of any _____11,_________ proceedings, and a preponderance of
evidence shall suffice to support such _______1&)_______ .
Art. &. 0hen a person, claiming to be _____111_________ by a criminal offense, charges another with the
same, for which no ______112________ civil action is granted in this 6ode or any _____11_________ law,
but the -ustice of the peace finds no reasonable grounds to believe that a crime has been committed, or the
prosecuting attorney ______11$________ or fails to institute criminal proceedings, the ______11&________
may bring a civil action for damages against the alleged _____116_________. 2uch civil action may be
_____11)_________ by a preponderance of evidence. /pon the _____11*_________ motion, the court may
re1uire the _____11+_________ to file a bond to indemnify the defendant in case the complaint should be
found to be _____12,_________.
(f during the ______121________ of the civil action, an information should be presented by the prosecuting
_____122_________, the civil action shall be suspended until the termination of the criminal
______12________.
Art. 6. ______12$________ 1uestions which must be decided before any criminal prosecution may be
instituted or may proceed, shall be governed by rules of court which the _____12&_________
______126________ shall promulgate and which shall not be in conflict with the ____12)__________ of this
____12*_________.
Art. ). _____12+_________ ______1,________, which is the fitness to be the sub-ect of legal relations,
is inherent in every natural person and is lost only through death. 6apacity to act, which is the power to do acts
with ______11________ effect, is ac1uired and may be ______12________. "n#
Art. *. ______1________, _____1$_________ or ______1&________, the state of being a
_____16_________, _____1)________ and civil ______1*________ are mere restrictions on capacity to
act, and do not e3empt the _____1+_________ person from certain obligations, as when the latter arise from
his acts or from property relations, such as _____1$,_________. "2a#
Art. +. The following circumstances, among others, modify or limit capacity to act! age, insanity, imbecility, the
state of being a deaf7mute, penalty, prodigality, _____1$1_________ ______1$2________,
______1$________, ____1$$__________, _______1$&_______ and ______1$6________. The
conse1uences of these circumstances are governed in this 6ode, ______1$)________
______1$*________, the _____1$+_________ of _____1&,_________, and in special laws. 6apacity to act
is not limited on account of ______1&1________ ______1&2________ or _______1&_______
______1&$________.
A married woman, _____1&&_________ years of age or over, is 1ualified for all acts of civil life, e3cept in
cases specified by ____1&6__________. "n#
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Art. $,. _____1_________determines _______2_______' but the ______________child shall be considered
born for all purposes that are favorable to it, provided it be _____$_________later with the conditions specified
in the following article. "2+a#
Art. $1. 4or civil _____&_________, the _______6_______is considered ______)________if it is alive at the
time it is completely delivered from the mother%s womb. 8owever, if the fetus had an ______*________ of less
than _____+_________months, it is not deemed born if it dies within _____1,_________hours after its
complete delivery from the _______11_______womb. ",a#
Art. $2. 6ivil personality is _____12_________by ______1________.
The effect of ______1$________upon the rights and obligations of the _______1&_______is determined by
law, by ______16________and by ______1)________. "2a#
Art. $. (f there is a ______1*________, as between two or more persons who are called to succeed each
other, as to which of them died first, whoever alleges the death of one prior to the other, shall prove the same'
in the ______1+________of proof, it is presumed that they died at the same time and there shall be no
______2,________of rights from one to the other. "#
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Art. $$. The following are _______21_______ ______22________!
"1# The ______2________and its political _____2$_________'
"2# =ther corporations, institutions and _____2&_________for public interest or purpose, created by law' their
personality begins as soon as they have been constituted according to law'
"# ____26__________, _______2)_______and ______2*________for private interest or purpose to which
the law grants a -uridical personality, separate and distinct from that of each shareholder, partner or member.
"&a#
Art. $&. _____2+_________ ______,________mentioned in ;os. 1 and 2 of the preceding article are
governed by the laws creating or recogni5ing them.
9rivate corporations are regulated by laws of general application on the sub-ect.
______1________and associations for private interest or purpose are governed by the provisions of this
6ode concerning partnerships. "6 and )a#
Art. $6. >uridical persons may ______2________and ______________property of all .inds, as well as
______$________obligations and bring civil or criminal actions, in ____&__________with the laws and
regulations of their organi5ation. "*a#
Art. $). /pon the dissolution of ______6________, ______)________and other _____*_________for
public interest or purpose mentioned in ;o. 2 of Article $$, their property and other assets shall be disposed of
in pursuance of law or the _____+_________creating them. (f nothing has been specified on this point, the
property and other assets shall be applied to similar purposes for the benefit of the ______$,________,
______$1________, city or municipality which during the e3istence of the institution derived the principal
benefits from the same. "+a#
Title ((. 7 6(T(@E;28(9 A;? ?=A(6(<E
Art. $*. The following are citi5ens of the 9hilippines!
"1# Those who were citi5ens of the 9hilippines at the time of the _____$2_________of the
_______$_______of the 9hilippines'
"2# Those born in the 9hilippines of ______$$________ ______$&________who, before the adoption of said
6onstitution, had been elected to public office in the 9hilippines'
"# Those whose _____$6_________are citi5ens of the 9hilippines'
"$# Those whose mothers are _____$)_________of the 9hilippines and, upon reaching the age of
_____$*_________, _______$+_______ _______&,_______ ______&1________'
"&# Those who are ______&2________in accordance with law. "n#
Art. $+. _____&_________and the loss and _____&$_________of citi5enship of the 9hilippines are governed
by ____&&__________laws. "n#
Art. &,. 4or the e3ercise of civil rights and the fulfillment of civil obligations, the _____&6________of natural
persons is the place of their ____&)__________residence. "$,a#
Art. &1. 0hen the law _____&*_________or recogni5ing them, or any other provision does not fi3 the domicile
of -uridical persons, the same shall be understood to be the place where their legal representation is
established or where they e3ercise their ______59________functions. "$1a#