Excel Functions

EXCEL FUNCTIONS
Index
COMPLETE LIST OF EXCEL FUNCTIONS
Name Source Type Description

ABS Built In Maths Returns the absolute value of a number
ACCRINT Analysis ToolPak Financial Returns the accrued interest for a security that
pays periodic interest
ACCRINTM Analysis ToolPak Financial Returns the accrued interest for a security that
pays interest at maturity
ACOS Built In Maths Returns in radians the arccosine of a number
ACOSH Built In Maths Returns the inverse hyperbolic cosine of a

number
ADDRESS Built In Lookup & Ref Creates a cell address as text based on given
row and column rumbers
AMORDEGRC Analysis ToolPak Financial Returns the depreciation for each accounting
period using the French accounting system
AMORLINC Analysis ToolPak Financial Returns the depreciation for each accounting
AND Built In Logical Returns TRUE if all its arguments are TRUE
AREAS Built In Lookup & Ref Returns the number of areas in a reference
ASC Built In Text Changes full-width (double-byte) English

letters or katakana within a character string to
half-width (single-byte) characters
ASIN Built In Maths Returns in radians the arcsine of a number
ASINH Built In Maths Returns the inverse hyperbolic sine of a

number
ATAN Built In Maths Returns in radians the arctangent of a number
ATAN2 Built In Maths Returns in radians the arctangent from x and y

coordinates
ATANH Built In Maths Returns the inverse hyperbolic tangent of a

number
AVEDEV Built In Statistical Returns the average of the absolute deviations

of data points from their mean
AVERAGE Built In Statistical Returns the average (arithmetic mean) of up to

30 numeric arguments
AVERAGEA Built In Statistical Returns the average (arithmetic mean) of its

arguments and includes evaluation of text and
logical arguments
BAHTTEXT Built In Text Converts a number to Thai text and adds a

suffix of "Baht"
BESSELI Analysis ToolPak Engineering Returns the Bessel function evaluated for
purely imaginary arguments
BESSELJ Analysis ToolPak Engineering Returns the Bessel function represented by

Jn(x)
BESSELK Analysis ToolPak Engineering Returns the modified Bessel function

represented by Kn(x)
BESSELY Analysis ToolPak Engineering Returns the Bessel / Weber / Neumann
function Yn(x)
BETADIST Built In Statistical Returns the cumulative beta probability density

function
BETAINV Built In Statistical Returns the inverse of the cumulative beta

probability density function
BIN2DEC Analysis ToolPak Engineering Converts binary number to decimal
BIN2HEX Analysis ToolPak Engineering Converts binary number to hexadecimal
BIN2OCT Analysis ToolPak Engineering Converts binary number to octal
BINOMDIST Built In Statistical Returns the individual term binomial

distribution probability
CALL Built In External Calls a procedure in a dynamic link library or

code resource
CEILING Built In Maths Rounds a number (away from zero) to the

nearest integer or to the nearest multiple of
significance
CELL Built In Information Returns information about the formatting ,

location or contents of the cell or upper left cell
of the reference
CHAR Built In Text Returns the ANSI character set (Microsoft) or

Macintosh character set (Macintosh) specified
by the code number
CHIDIST Built In Statistical Returns the one-tailed probability of the chi-

squared distribution
CHIINV Built In Statistical Returns the inverse of the one-tailed

probability of the chi-squared distribution
CHITEST Built In Statistical Returns the value from the chi-squared (γ2)
distribution for the statistic and the appropriate
degrees of freedom
CHOOSE Built In Lookup & Ref Uses a specified index number to select one
from up to 29 specified values
CLEAN Built In Text Removes all nonprintable characters from text
CODE Built In Text Returns a numeric code for the first character
in a text string
COLUMN Built In Lookup & Ref Returns the column number of the cell or a
specified reference
COLUMNS Built In Lookup & Ref Returns the number of columns in an array or
reference
COMBIN Built In Maths Returns the number of combinations for a

given number of objects
COMPLEX Analysis ToolPak Engineering Converts real and imaginary coefficients into
complex numbers of the form x + yi or x + yj
depending upon suffix
CONCATENATE Built In Text Joins several text items into one text item
CONFIDENCE Built In Statistical Returns the confidence interval for a

population mean
CONVERT Analysis ToolPak Engineering Converts a number from one measurement
system to another
CORREL Built In Statistical Returns the correlation coefficient between two

arrays of data
COS Built In Maths Returns the cosine of a given angle given in

radians
COSH Built In Maths Returns the hyperbolic cosine of a number
COUNT Built In Statistical Counts the number of cells that contain

numbers and also numbers within the list of
arguments
COUNTA Built In Statistical counts how many values are in the list of
arguments
COUNTBLANK Built In Information Counts the number of non-empty cells and the
values within the list of arguments
COUNTIF Built In Maths Counts the number of cells that meet the
criteria specified in the argument
COUPDAYBS Analysis ToolPak Financial Returns the number of days from the beginning
of the coupon period to the settlement date
using the specified or default day counting
basis
COUPDAYS Analysis ToolPak Financial Returns the number of days in the coupon
period that contains the settlent date using the
specified or default day counting basis
COUPDAYSNC Analysis ToolPak Financial Returns the number of days from the
settlement date to the next coupon date using
the specified or default day counting basis
COUPNCD Analysis ToolPak Financial Returns the next coupon date after the
settlement date using the specified or default
day counting basis
COUPNUM Analysis ToolPak Financial Returns the number of coupons payable

between the settlement date and maturity date
basis
COUPPCD Analysis ToolPak Financial Returns the previous coupon date before the
day counting basis
COVAR Built In Statistical Returns covariance; the average of the

products of deviations for each data point pair
CRITBINOM Built In Statistical Returns the smallest value for which the
cumulative binomial distribution is less than or
equal to a criterion value
CUMIPMT Analysis ToolPak Financial Returns the cumulative interest paid between
two periods
CUMPRINC Analysis ToolPak Financial Returns the cumulative principal paid on a loan
between two periods
DATE Built In Date & Time Returns the sequential Excel date / time serial
number that represents a particular date
DATEDIF Analysis ToolPak Date & Time Calculates differences between two dates in
terms of specified units and assumptions
DATEVALUE Built In Date & Time Converts a date text form to an Excel date /
time serial number
DAVERAGE Built In Database Returns the average of selected list or

database entries based on specified criteria
DAY Built In Date & Time Converts an Excel date / time serial number to
the day of a month
DAYS360 Built In Date & Time Calculates the number of days between two
dates using a specified 30 day month 360 day
year method
DB Built In Financial Returns the depreciation of an asset for a

specified period, using the fixed declining
balance method
DCOUNT Built In Database Counts the cells containing numbers from a

specified database that match specified criteria
DCOUNTA Built In Database Counts non blank cells from a specified

database that match specified criteria criteria
DDB Built In Financial Returns the deoreciation of an asset for a

specified period, using the double-declining
balance method of some other method that is
specified
DEC2BIN Analysis ToolPak Engineering Converts a decimal number to binary
DEC2HEX Analysis ToolPak Engineering Converts a decimal number to hexadecimal
DEC2OCT Analysis ToolPak Engineering Converts a decimal number to octal
DEGREES Built In Maths Converts radians to degrees
DELTA Analysis ToolPak Engineering Test whether two values are equal
DEVSQ Built In Statistical Returns the sum of the squares of the

deviations from the sample mean
DGET Built In Database Extracts from a specified database a single

value that matches specified criteria
DISC Analysis ToolPak Financial Returns the discount rate for a security using
DMAX Built In Database Extracts maximum number in a column of a list

or database that matches specified conditions
DMIN Built In Database Extracts minimum number in a column of a list

DOLLAR Built In Text Converts a number to text, using currency

format
DOLLARDE Analysis ToolPak Financial Converts a dollar price (expressed as a

fraction) into a dollar price expressed as a
decimal number
DOLLARFR Analysis ToolPak Financial Converts a dollar price (expressed as a

decimal number) into a dollar price expressed
as a fraction
DPRODUCT Built In Database Multiplies the values in a particular field of

records that match the specified criteria in a
database
DSTDEV Built In Database Estimates standard deviation of a population
based on a sample using numbers in a column
of a list or database that match specified
conditions
DSTDEVP Built In Database Calculates the standard deviation based on the

entire population using numbers in a column of
a list or database that match specified
conditions
DSUM Built In Database Adds the numbers in the field column of

records in the database that match the
specified criteria
DURATION Analysis ToolPak Financial Returns the Macauley duration of a security

with periodic interest payments using the
DVAR Built In Database Estimates the variance of a population based

on a sample by using the numbers in a column
criteria
DVARP Built In DataBase Calculates the variance of a population based

on the entire population by using the numbers
in a column of a list or database that match
specified criteria
EDATE Analysis ToolPak Date & Time Returns the Excel date / time serial number of
the date that is the indicated number of months
before or after the specified number of months
from the start_date
EFFECT Analysis ToolPak Financial Returns the effective annual interest rate of a
given nominal rate with its compounding
frequency
EOMONTH Analysis ToolPak Date & Time Returns the Excel date / time serial number of
the last day of the month before or after a
specified number of months from start_date
ERF Analysis ToolPak Engineering Returns the error function integrated between
lower_limit and upper_limit
ERFC Analysis ToolPak Engineering Returns the complementary ERF function

integrated between x and infinity
ERROR.TYPE Built In Information Returns a number corresponding to an Excel

error type
EUROCONVERT Add-in External Converts a number to or from Euros to or from

a member currency or converts between one
euro member currency to another using the
Euro as an intermediary (triangulation)
EVEN Built In Maths Rounds a number away from zero to the

nearest even integer
EXACT Built In Text Checks to see whether two text values are
identical
EXP Built In Maths Returns e (=2.71828182845904) raised to the

power of a given number
EXPONDIST Built In Statistical Returns the exponential distribution

FACT Built In Maths Returns the factorial of a number
FACTDOUBLE Analysis ToolPak Maths Returns the double factorial of a number
FALSE Built In Logical Returns the logical value FALSE
FDIST Built In Statistical Returns the F probability distribution
FIND Built In Text Finds one text value within another (case
sensitive)
FINDB Built In Text Finds one text value within another (case
sensitive) based on the number of bytes each
character uses.
FINV Built In Statistical Returns the inverse of the F probability

distribution
FISHER Built In Statistical Returns the Fisher transformation at x
FISHERINV Built In Statistical Returns the inverse of the Fisher

transformation
FIXED Built In Text Formats a number as text with a fixed number

of decimals
FLOOR Built In Maths Rounds a number down towards 0 to the

significance
FORECAST Built In Statistical Calculates a predicted value of y for a given x

value based on known values for x and y
FREQUENCY Built In Statistical Counts how often values occur within given
ranges of values and returns those counts as a
vertical array of numbers
FTEST Built In Statistical Returns the result of an F-test; the one-tailed

probability that the variances in array1 and
array2 are not significantly different
FV Built In Financial Returns the future value of an investment
FVSCHEDULE Analysis ToolPak Financial Returns the future value of an initial principal
after applying a series of compound interest
rates
GAMMADIST Built In Statistical Returns the gamma distribution
GAMMAINV Built In Statistical Returns the inverse of the gamma distribution
GAMMALN Built In Statistical Returns the natural logarithm of the gamma

function Γ(x).
GCD Analysis ToolPak Maths Returns the greatest common divisor of 2 - 29

integers
GEOMEAN Built In Statistical Returns the geometric mean of an array or

range of positive data
GESTEP Analysis ToolPak Engineering Tests whether a number is greater than a

threshold value
GETPIVOTDATA Built In External Returns data stored in a pivot table

GROWTH Built In Statistical Calculates predicted exponential growth and
returns the y-values for a series of specified
new x-values by using known x-values and y-
values
HARMEAN Built In Statistical Returns the harmonic mean of a data set by

calculating the reciprocal of the arithmetic
mean of reciprocals
HEX2BIN Analysis ToolPak Engineering Converts a hexadecimal to a binary
HEX2DEC Analysis ToolPak Engineering Converts a hexadecimal to a decimal
HEX2OCT Analysis ToolPak Engineering Converts a hexadecimal to an octal
HLOOKUP Built In Lookup & Ref Looks in the top row of a table or array and
returns the value of the indicated cell
HOUR Built In Date & Time Converts an Excel date / time serial number to
an hour
HYPERLINK Built In Lookup & Ref Creates a shortcut that opens a document on
your hard drive, a server or the internet
HYPGEOMDIST Built In Statistical Returns the hypergeometric distribution by

calculating the probability of a given number of
sample successes, given the sample size,
population successes, and population size
IF Built In Logical Returns one value specified condition

evaluates to TRUE and another value if it
evaluates to FALSE
IMABS Analysis ToolPak Engineering Returns the absolute value (modulus) of a

complex number provided in the text format "x
+ yi" or "x + yj"
IMAGINARY Analysis ToolPak Engineering Returns the imaginary coefficient of a complex

number provided in the text format "x + yi" or "x
+ yj"
IMARGUMENT Analysis ToolPak Engineering Returns the argument theta - an angle

expressed in radians
IMCONJUGATE Analysis ToolPak Engineering Returns the complex conjugate of a complex

+ yj"
IMCOS Analysis ToolPak Engineering Returns the cosine of a complex number

provided in the text format "x + yi" or
"x + yj"
IMDIV Analysis ToolPak Engineering Returns the quotient of two complex numbers
provided in the text format "x + yi" or "x + yj"
IMEXP Analysis ToolPak Engineering Returns the exponential of a complex number

IMLN Analysis ToolPak Engineering Returns the natural logarithm of a complex

+ yj"
IMLOG10 Analysis ToolPak Engineering Returns the base-10 logarithm of a complex

+ yj"
IMLOG2 Analysis ToolPak Engineering Returns the base-2 logarithm of a complex
+ yj"
IMPOWER Analysis ToolPak Engineering Returns a complex number provided in the text
format "x + yi" or "x + yj" raised to an integer
number
IMPRODUCT Analysis ToolPak Engineering Returns the product of 2 - 29 complex numbers

IMREAL Analysis ToolPak Engineering Returns the real coefficient of a complex

+ yj"
IMSIN Analysis ToolPak Engineering Returns the sine of a complex number

"x + yj"
IMSQRT Analysis ToolPak Engineering Returns the square root of a complex number
IMSUB Analysis ToolPak Engineering Returns the difference of two complex

numbers provided in the text format "x + yi" or
"x + yj"
IMSUM Analysis ToolPak Engineering Returns the sum of 2 - 29 complex numbers

INDEX Built In Lookup & Ref Alternative forms. Array form returns a value or
array of values. Reference form returns a
reference.
INDIRECT Built In Lookup & Ref Returns a reference indicated by a value

provided as text
INFO Built In Information returns information about the current operating

environment
INT Built In Maths Rounds a number away from 0 to the nearest

integer
INTERCEPT Built In Statistical Calculates from given x and y values the point
at which a line will intersect the y-axis
INTRATE Analysis ToolPak Financial Returns the interest rate for a fully invested
security using the specified or default day
counting basis
IPMT Built In Financial Returns the amount of the interest element in a

payment for an investment for a given period
IRR Built In Financial Returns the internal rate of return for a series
of cash flows
ISBLANK Built In Information Returns TRUE if the value is blank
ISERR Built In Information Returns TRUE if the value is any error value
except #N/A
ISERROR Built In Information Returns TRUE if the value is any error value
ISEVEN Analysis ToolPak Information Returns TRUE if the number is even
ISLOGICAL Built In Information Returns TRUE if the value is a logical value

ISNA Built In Information Returns TRUE if the value is the #N/A error
value
ISNONTEXT Built In Information Returns TRUE if the value is not text
ISNUMBER Built In Information Returns TRUE if the value is a number
ISODD Analysis ToolPak Information Returns TRUE if the number is odd
ISPMT Built In Financial Returns the interest associated with a specific

loan payment
ISREF Built In Information Returns TRUE if the value is a reference
ISTEXT Built In Information Returns TRUE if the value is text
JIS Built In Text Changes half-width (single-byte) English

full-width (double-byte) characters.
KURT Built In Statistical Returns the kurtosis of a data set; a measure

that compares the relative peakedness or
flatness of a distribution compared with the
normal distribution
LARGE Built In Statistical Returns the kth largest value in a data set
LCM Analysis ToolPak Maths Returns the least common multiple of 1 - 29

integers
LEFT Built In Text Returns the left most characters from a text
value
LEFTB Built In Text Returns the first character or characters in a

text string, based on the number of bytes you
specify.
LEN Built In Text Returns the number of characters in a text

string
LENB Built In Text Returns the number of bytes used to represent

the characters in a text string
LINEST Built In Statistical Entered as an array formula, LINEST returns

an array that describes a line of best fit by
using the least squares method
LN Built In Maths Returns the natural logarithm (base e =

2.71828182845904) of a number
LOG Built In Maths Returns the logarithm of a number to a

specified base
LOG10 Built In Maths Returns the base-10 logarithm of a number
LOGEST Built In Statistical Entered as an array formula, LOGEST

calculates an exponential curve that fits known
data and returns an array of values that
describes that curve
LOGINV Built In Statistical Returns the inverse of the lognormal

cumulative distribution function of x, where
ln(x) is normally distributed with given
probability, mean, and standard deviation
LOGNORMDIST Built In Statistical Returns the cumulative lognormal distribution
of x, where ln(x) is normally distributed with
known mean and standard deviation
LOOKUP Built In Lookup & Ref Alternative forms. Vector form looks up values
in a one row or column range and returns a
value in a second one row or column range.
Array form looks in the first row or column of
an array for the specified value and returns a
value from the same position in the last row or
column of the array
LOWER Built In Text Converts text to lowercase
MATCH Built In Lookup & Ref Returns the relative position of an item in an
array that matches a specified value in a
specified order
MAX Built In Statistical Returns the maximum value in a list of

arguments ignoring logical values and text
MAXA Built In Statistical Returns the maximum value in a list of

arguments including logical values and text
MDETERM Built In Maths Returns the matrix determinant of an array
MDURATION Analysis ToolPak Financial Returns the Macauley modified duration for a
security with an assumed par value of $100
basis
MEDIAN Built In Statistical Returns the median of the given numbers
MID Built In Text Returns a specific number of characters from a

string starting at a specified position
MIDB Built In Text Returns a specific number of characters from a

text string, starting at the position you specify,
based on the number of bytes specified
MIN Built In Statistical Returns the minimum value in a list of

MINA Built In Statistical Returns the minimum value in a list of

MINUTE Built In Date & Time Converts an Excel date / time serial number to
a minute
MINVERSE Built In Maths Returns the matrix inverse of an array
MIRR Built In Financial Returns the modified internal rate of return

based on different finance and reinvestment
rates for negative and positive cash flows
MMULT Built In Maths Returns the matrix product of two arrays
MOD** Built In Maths Returns the remainder from division with the
result having the same sign as the divisor
MODE Built In Statistical Returns the most common value in a data set
MONTH Built In Date & Time Converts an Excel date / time serial number to
a month number
MROUND Analysis ToolPak Maths Returns a number rounded to the desired

multiple. Midway points are rounded away
from 0
MULTINOMIAL Analysis ToolPak Maths Returns the ratio of the factorial of a sum of
values to the product of factorials
N Built In Information Returns a value converted to a number
NA Built In Information Returns the error value #N/A
NEGBINOMDIST Built In Statistical Returns the negative binomial distribution; the

probability that there will be number_f failures
before the number_s-th success, when the
constant probability of a success is
probability_s
NETWORKDAYS Analysis ToolPak Date & Time Returns the number of whole working days
between two dates excluding specified
holidays
NOMINAL Analysis ToolPak Financial Returns the nominal rate equivalent to a given
annual effective with a given compounding
frequency for the nominal rate
NORMDIST Built In Statistical Returns the cumulative distribution function or

probability mass function for the value x with
specified mean and standard deviation
NORMINV Built In Statistical Returns the inverse of the normal cumulative

distribution for the specified probability, mean,
and standard deviation
NORMSDIST Built In Statistical Returns the standard normal cumulative

distribution function. The distribution has a
mean of 0 and a standard deviation of 1
NORMSINV Built In Statistical Returns the inverse of the standard normal

cumulative distribution
NOT Built In Logical Reverses the logic of its argument
NOW Built In Date & Time Returns the Excel date / time serial number of
the current date and time
NPER Built In Financial Returns the number of periods for an

investment
NPV Built In Financial Returns the net present value of an investment

based upon a series of periodic cash flows and
a discount rate where the first cash flow is
received at the end of the first period
OCT2BIN Analysis ToolPak Engineering Converts an octal number to binary
OCT2DEC Analysis ToolPak Engineering Converts an octal number to decimal
OCT2HEX Analysis ToolPak Engineering Converts an octal number to hexadecimal
ODD Built In Maths Rounds a number away from 0 to the nearest

odd integer
ODDFPRICE Analysis ToolPak Financial Returns the price per $100 face value of a
security with an odd first period using the
ODDFYIELD Analysis ToolPak Financial Returns the yield of a security with an odd first
period using the specified or default day
counting basis
ODDLPRICE Analysis ToolPak Financial Returns the price per $100 face value of a
security with an odd last period using the
ODDLYIELD Analysis ToolPak Financial Returns the yield of a security with an odd last
counting basis
OFFSET Built In Lookup & Ref Returns a reference to a range that is a

specified number of rows and columns from a
cell or range of cells
OR Built In Logical ReturnsTRUE if any argument is TRUE
PEARSON Built In Statistical Returns the Pearson product moment

correlation coefficient
PERCENTILE Built In Statistical Returns the kth percentile of values in a range
PERCENTRANK Built In Statistical Returns the percentage rank of a value in a

data set
PERMUT Built In Statistical Returns the number of permutations for a

given number of objects that can be selected
from a number of objects without replacement
PHONETIC Built In Text Extracts the phonetic (furigana) characters

from a text string
PI Built In Maths Returns the number 3.14159265358979, the

mathematical constant pi, accurate to 15 digits
PMT Built In Financial Returns the periodic payment for an annuity
POISSON Built In Statistical Returns the Poisson distribution
POWER Built In Maths Returns the result of a number raised to a

power
PPMT Built In Financial Returns the amount of principal element in a

PRICE Analysis ToolPak Financial Returns the price per $100 face value of a
security that pays periodic interest using the
PRICEDISC Analysis ToolPak Financial Returns the price per $100 face value of a
discounted security using the specified or
default day counting basis
PRICEMAT Analysis ToolPak Financial Returns the price per $100 face value of a
security that pays interest at maturity using the
PROB Built In Statistical Returns either the probability that values in a
range are between two limits or if upper_limit
is not specified, the probability that values in
x_range are equal to lower_limit
PRODUCT Built In Maths Multiplies together 1 - 30 numbers
PROPER Built In Text Capitalizes the first letter in each word of a text
value
PV Built In Financial Returns the present value of an investment
QUARTILE Built In Statistical Returns the quartile of a data set
QUOTIENT Analysis ToolPak Maths Returns the integer portion of a division
RADIANS Built In Maths Converts degrees to radians
RAND Built In Maths Returns an evenly distributed random number

greater than or equal to 0 and less than 1
RANDBETWEEN Analysis ToolPak Maths Returns a random number between (and

inclusive of) two specified numbers
RANK Built In Statistical Returns the rank of a number in a list of

numbers
RATE Built In Financial Returns the interest rate per period of an

annuity
RECEIVED Analysis ToolPak Financial Returns the amount received at maturity for a
fully invested security using the specified or
REGISTER.ID Built In External Returns the register ID of the specified

dynamic link library (DLL) or code resource
that has been previously registered
REPLACE Built In Text Replaces characters within text
REPLACEB Built In Text Replaces part of a text string, based on the

number of bytes you specify, with a different
text string.
REPT Built In Text Repeats text a given number of times
RIGHT Built In Text Returns the rightmost characters from a text

value
RIGHTB Built In Text Returns the last character or characters in a

specify
ROMAN Built In Maths Converts an arabic number to Roman, as text
ROUND Built In Maths Rounds a number to a specified number of

digits to the left (-) or right (+) of the decimal
point. The midway digit 5 is rounded away from
0.
ROUNDDOWN Built In Maths Rounds a number down towards 0 to a

specified number of digits to the left (-) or right
(+) of the decimal point
ROUNDUP Built In Maths Round a number up away from 0 to a specified
number of digits to the left (-) or right (+) of the
decimal point
ROW Built In Lookup & Ref Returns the row number of a reference
ROWS Built In Lookup & Ref Returns the number of rows in a reference
RSQ Built In Statistical Returns the square of the Pearson product

moment correlation coefficient through data
points in known_y's and known_x's
RTD Built In Lookup & Ref Retrieves real-time data from a program that
supports COM automation
SEARCH Built In Text Finds one text value within another (not case
sensitive) and returns the number of the
starting position
SEARCHB Built In Text Finds one text string (find_text) within another
text string (within_text), and returns the
number of the starting position of find_text. The
result is based on the number of bytes each
character uses, beginning with start_num
SECOND Built In Date & Time Converts an Excel date / time serial number to
a second
SERIESSUM Analysis ToolPak Maths Returns the sum of a power series expansion
SIGN Built In Maths Returns 1 for positve numbers, 0 if the number

is 0 and, -1 if the number is negative
SIN Built In Maths Returns the sine of a given angle given in

radians
SINH Built In Maths Returns the hyperbolic sine of a given angle
SKEW Built In Statistical Returns the skewness of a distribution
SLN Built In Financial Returns the straight-line depreciation of an

asset for one period.
SLOPE Built In Statistical Returns the slope (vertical distance / horizontal

distance) of the linear regression line through
data points in known_y's and known_x's
SMALL Built In Statistical Returns the kth smallest value in a data set
SQL.REQUEST ODBC External Connects with an external data source, and

runs a query from a worksheet.
SQL.REQUEST then returns the result as an
array
SQRT Built In Maths Returns a positive square root
SQRTPI Analysis ToolPak Maths Returns the square root of a number multiplied
by pi
STANDARDIZE Built In Statistical Returns a normalized value from a distribution

with known mean and standard_dev
STDEV Built In Statistical Estimates standard distribution based on a
sample ignoring text and logical values
STDEVA Built In Statistical Estimates standard deviation based on a

sample including text and logical values
STDEVP Built In Statistical Calculates standard distribution based on the

entire population ignoring text and logical
values
STDEVPA Built In Statistical Calculates standard deviation based on the

entire population including text and logical
values
STEYX Built In Statistical Returns the standard error of the predicted y-

value for each x in the regression
SUBSTITUTE Built In Text Substitutes new text for old text in a text string
SUBTOTAL Built In Maths Returns the sutotal in a list or database
SUM Built In Maths Adds its arguments
SUMIF Built In Maths Add the cells specified by a given criteria
SUMPRODUCT Built In Maths Returns the sum of the products of

corresponding array components
SUMSQ Built In Maths Returns the sum of the squares of 1 - 30

numbers
SUMX2MY2 Built In Maths Returns the sum of the difference of squares of

corresponding values in two arrays
SUMX2PY2 Built In Maths Returns the sum of the sum of squares of

SUMXMY2 Built In Maths Returns the sum of squares of differences of

corresponding values in two array
SYD Built In Financial Returns the sum of years' digits depreciation of

an asset for a specified period
T Built In Text Converts its arguments to text
TAN Built In Maths Returns the tangent of a given angle given in

radians
TANH Built In Maths Returns the hyperbolic tangent of a number
TBILLEQ Analysis ToolPak Financial Returns the bond-equivalent yield for a

treasury bill
TBILLPRICE Analysis ToolPak Financial Returns the price per $100 face value for a
Treasury bill
TBILLYIELD Analysis ToolPak Financial Returns the yield for a treasury bill
TDIST Built In Statistical Returns the probability for the Student t-

distribution where a numeric value (x) is a
calculated value of t for which the probability is
to be computed
TEXT Built In Text Formats a number and converts it to text

TIME Built In Date & Time Returns the decimal portion of an Excel date /
time serial number for a particular time
TIMEVALUE Built In Date & Time Converts the time in an acceptable form of text
enclosed in quotation marks to the decimal
portion of an Excel date / time serial number
TINV Built In Statistical Returns the t-value of the Student's t-

distribution based on given probability and
degrees of freedom
TODAY Built In Date & Time Returns the Excel date / time serial number of
today's date
TRANSPOSE Built In Lookup & Ref Returns the transpose of an array
TREND Built In Statistical Entered as an array formula, TREND fits a

straight line using the least squares method to
arrays of known_y's and known_x's and
returns the y-values along that line for the
array of specified new_x's
TRIM Built In Text Removes all spaces from text except single
spaces between words
TRIMMEAN Built In Statistical Calculates the mean by excluding a specified

percentage of data points from the top and
bottom tails of a data set
TRUE Built In Logical Returns the logical value TRUE
TRUNC Built In Maths Truncates a number to an integer or to

specified precision by removing the fractional
part of the number. (Serves to round down
towards 0)
TTEST Built In Statistical Returns the probability associated with a

student's t-test
TYPE Built In Information Returns the type of value (1 for value is a

number; 2 for value is text; 4 for value is logical
value; 16 for value is error value; 64 for value
is array)
UPPER Built In Text Converts text to uppercase
VALUE Built In Text Converts a text argument to a number
VAR Built In Statistical Estimates variance based on a sample

ignoring logical values and text
VARA Built In Statistical Estimates variance based on a sample

including text and logical values
VARP Built In Statistical Calculates variance based on the entire

population ignoring text and logical values
VARPA Built In Statistical Calculates variance based on the entire

population including text and logical values
VDB Built In Financial Returns the depreciation of an asset for a

specified or partial period using a variable
declining balance method
VLOOKUP Built In Lookup & Ref Locates a specified value in the leftmost
column of a specified table, and returns the
value in the same row from a specified column
in the table
WEEKDAY Built In Date & Time Converts an Excel date / time serial number to
the number of the day of the week based upon
counting system of return_type
WEEKNUM Analysis ToolPak Date & Time Returns the weeknumber in the year based
upon return_type counting basis
WEIBULL Built In Statistical Returns the Weibull distribution
WORKDAY Analysis ToolPak Date & Time Returns the Excel date / time serial number of
the date before or after a specified number of
workdays excluding holidays
XIRR Analysis ToolPak Financial Returns the annual effective interest rate for a
schedule of cash flows received at specified
dates
XNPV Analysis ToolPak Financial Returns the net present value for a schedule of
cash flows received at specified dates
YEAR Built In Date & Time Converts an Excel date / time serial number to
a year
YEARFRAC Analysis ToolPak Date & Time Returns the difference between start_date and
end_date expressed as a number of years
including decimal fraction of a year.
YEN Built In Text Converts a number to text, using the ¥ (yen)

currency format, with the number rounded to a
specified place
YIELD Analysis ToolPak Financial Returns the yield on a security that pays
periodic interest using the specified or default
day counting basis
YIELDDISC Analysis ToolPak Financial Returns the annual yield for a discounted
counting basis.
YIELDMAT Analysis ToolPak Financial Returns the annual yield of a security that pays
interest at maturity using the specified or
ZTEST Built In Statistical Returns the two-tailed P-value of a z-test
Notes: ** The Excel MOD function uses a different definition of MOD to that used by VBA Mod function insofar as negative numbers are conce
XCEL FUNCTIONS
Syntax
=ABS(Number)
=ACCRINT(Issue,First_Interest,Settlement,Rate,
Par,Frequency,Basis)
=ACCRINTM(Issue,Settlement,Rate,Par,Basis)
=ACOS(Number)
=ACOSH(Number)
=ADDRESS(Row_num,Column_num,Abs_num,
A1,Sheet_text)
=AMORDEGRC(Cost,Date_purchased,First_period,
Salvage,Period,Rate,Basis)
=AMORLINC(Cost,Date_purchased,First_period,
=AND(Logical1,Logical2,…)
=AREAS(reference)
=ASC(Text)
=ASIN(Number)
=ASINH(Number)
=ATAN(Number)
=ATAN2(x_num,y_num)
=ATANH(Number)
=AVEDEV(Number1,Number2,…)
=AVERAGE(Number1,Number2,…)
=AVERAGEA(Value1,Value2,…)
=BAHTTEXT(number)
=BESSELI(x,n)
=BESSELJ(x,n)
=BESSELK(x,n)
=BESSELY(x,n)
=BETADIST(x,alpha,beta,A,B)
=BETAINV(probability,alpha,beta,A,B)
=BIN2DEC(Number)
=BIN2HEX(Number,Places)
=BIN2OCT(Number,Places)
=BINOMDIST(number_s,trials,probability_s,
cumulative)
=CALL(register_id,argument1,...) With Register.id

=CALL(module_text,procedure,type_text,
argument1,...) Excel for Windows
=CALL(file_text,resource,type_text,
argument1,...) Excel for Macintosh
=CEILING(number,significance)
=CELL(info_type,reference)
=CHAR(Number)
=CHIDIST(x,degrees_freedom)
=CHIINV(probability,degrees_freedom)
=CHITEST(actual_range,expected_range)
=CHOOSE(index_num,value1,value2,...)
=CLEAN(text)
=CODE(text)
=COLUMN(reference)
=COLUMNS(array)
=COMBIN(number,number_chosen)
=COMPLEX(real_num,i_num,suffix)
=CONCATENATE (text1,text2,...)
=CONFIDENCE(alpha,standard_dev,size)
=CONVERT(number,from_unit,to_unit)
=CORREL(array1,array2)
=COS(Number)
=COSH(Number)
=COUNT(value1,value2, ...)
=COUNTA(value1,value2, ...)
=COUNTBLANK(range)
=COUNTIF(range,criteria)
=COUPDAYBS(settlement,maturity,
frequency,basis)
=COUPDAYS(settlement,maturity,
frequency,basis)
=COUPDAYSNC(settlement,maturity,
frequency,basis)
=COUPNCD(settlement,maturity,frequency,basis)
=COUPNUM(settlement,maturity,frequency,basis)
=COUPPCD(settlement,maturity,frequency,basis)
=COVAR(array1,array2)
=CRITBINOM(trials,probability_s,alpha)
=CUMIPMT(rate,nper,pv,start_period,end_period,
type)
=CUMPRINC(rate,nper,pv,start_period,end_period,
type)
=DATE(year,month,day)
=DATEDIF(start_date,end_date,unit)
=DATEVALUE(date_text)
=DAVERAGE(database,field,criteria)
=DAY(serial_number)
=DAYS360(start_date,end_date,method)
=DB(cost,salvage,life,period,month)
=DCOUNT(database,field,criteria)
=DCOUNTA(database,field,criteria)
=DDB(cost,salvage,life,period,factor)
=DEC2BIN(Number)
=DEC2HEX(Number)
=DEC2OCT(Number)
=DEGREES(angle)
=DELTA(number1,number2)
=DEVSQ(number1,number2,...)
=DGET(database,field,criteria)
=DISC(settlement,maturity,pr,redemption,basis)
=DMAX(database,field,criteria)
=DMIN(database,field,criteria)
=DOLLAR(number,decimals)
=DOLLARDE(fractional_dollar,fraction)
=DOLLARFR(decimal_dollar,fraction)
=DPRODUCT(database,field,criteria)
=DSTDEV(database,field,criteria)
=DSTDEVP(database,field,criteria)
=DSUM(database,field,criteria)
=DURATION(settlement,maturity,coupon,yld,
frequency,basis)
=DVAR(database,field,criteria)
=DVARP(database,field,criteria)
=EDATE(start_date,months)
=EFFECT(nominal_rate,npery)
=EOMONTH(start_date,months)
=ERF(lower_limit,upper_limit)
=ERFC(x)
=ERROR.TYPE(error_val)
=EUROCONVERT(number,source,target,
full_precision,triangulation_precision)
=EVEN(Number)
=EXACT(text1,text2)
=EXP(Number)
=EXPONDIST(x,lambda,cumulative)
=FACT(Number)
=FACTDOUBLE(number)
=FALSE()
=FDIST(x,degrees_freedom1,
degrees_freedom2)
=FIND(find_text,within_text,start_num)
=FINDB(find_text,within_text,start_num)
=FINV(probability,degrees_freedom1,
degrees_freedom2)
=FISHER(x)
=FISHERINV(y)
=FIXED(number,decimals,no_commas)
=FLOOR(number,significance)
=FORECAST(x,known_y's,known_x's)
=FREQUENCY(data_array,bins_array)
=FTEST(array1,array2)
=FV(rate,nper,pmt,pv,type)
=FVSCHEDULE(principal,schedule)
=GAMMADIST(x,alpha,beta,cumulative)
=GAMMAINV(probability,alpha,beta)
=GAMMALN(x)
=GCD(number1,number2, ...)
=GEOMEAN(number1,number2, ...)
=GESTEP(number,step)
=GETPIVOTDATA(data_field,pivot_table,field1,item1,field2,item2,...)
=GROWTH(known_y's,known_x's,new_x's,const)
=HARMEAN(number1,number2, ...)
=HEX2BIN(Number,Places)
=HEX2DEC(Number)
=HEX2OCT(Number,Places)
=HLOOKUP(lookup_value,table_array,
row_index_num,range_lookup)
=HOUR(serial_number)
=HYPERLINK(link_location,friendly_name)
=HYPGEOMDIST(sample_s,number_sample,
population_s,number_population)
=IF(logical_test,value_if_true,value_if_false)
=IMABS(inumber)
=IMAGINARY(inumber)
=IMARGUMENT(inumber)
=IMCONJUGATE(inumber)
=IMCOS(inumber)
=IMDIV(inumber1,inumber2)
=IMEXP(inumber)
=IMLN(inumber)
=IMLOG10(inumber)
=IMLOG2(inumber)
=IMPOWER(inumber,number)
=IMPRODUCT(inumber1,inumber2,...)
=IMREAL(inumber)
=IMSIN(inumber)
=IMSQRT(inumber)
=IMSUB(inumber1,inumber2)
=IMSUM(inumber1,inumber2,...)
=INDEX(array,row_num,column_num)
=INDEX(reference,row_num,column_num,
area_num)
=INDIRECT(ref_text,a1)
=INFO(type_text)
=INT(Number)
=INTERCEPT(known_y's,known_x's)
=INTRATE(settlement,maturity,investment,
redemption,basis)
=IPMT(rate,per,nper,pv,fv,type)
=IRR(values,guess)
=ISBLANK(Value)
=ISERR(Value)
=ISERROR(Value)
=ISEVEN(Number)
=ISLOGICAL(Value)
=ISNA(Value)
=ISNONTEXT(Value)
=ISNUMBER(Value)
=ISODD(Number)
=ISPMT(rate,per,nper,pv)
=ISREF(Value)
=ISTEXT(Value)
=JIS(text)
=KURT(number1,number2, ...)
=LARGE(array,k)
=LCM(number1,number2, ...)
=LEFT(text,num_chars)
=LEFTB(text,num_bytes)
=LEN(text)
=LENB(text)
=LINEST(known_y's,known_x's,const,stats)
=LN(Number)
=LOG(Number,base)
=LOG10(Number)
=LOGEST(known_y's,known_x's,const,stats)
=LOGINV(probability,mean,standard_dev)
=LOGNORMDIST(x,mean,standard_dev)
=LOOKUP(lookup_value,lookup_vector,
result_vector)
=LOOKUP(lookup_value,array)
=LOWER(text)
=MATCH(lookup_value,lookup_array,
match_type)
=MAX(number1,number2,...)
=MAXA(value1,value2,...)
=MDETERM(array)
=MDURATION(settlement,maturity,coupon,yld,
frequency,basis)
=MEDIAN(number1,number2, ...)
=MID(text,start_num,num_chars)
=MIDB(text,start_num,num_bytes)
=MIN(number1,number2,...)
=MINA(value1,value2,...)
=MINUTE(serial_number)
=MINVERSE(array)
=MIRR(values,finance_rate,reinvest_rate)
=MMULT(array1,array2)
=MOD(number,divisor)
=MODE(number1,number2,...)
=MONTH(serial_number)
=MROUND(number,multiple)
=MULTINOMIAL(number1,number2, ...)
=N(Value)
=NA()
=NEGBINOMDIST(number_f,number_s,
probability_s)
=NETWORKDAYS(start_date,end_date,holidays)
=NOMINAL(effect_rate,npery)
=NORMDIST(x,mean,standard_dev,cumulative)
=NORMINV(probability,mean,standard_dev)
=NORMSDIST(z)
=NORMSINV(probability)
=NOT(Logical)
=NOW()
=NPER(rate, pmt, pv, fv, type)
=NPV(rate,value1,value2, ...)
=OCT2BIN(number,places)
=OCT2DEC(number)
=OCT2HEX(number,places)
=ODD(number)
=ODDFPRICE(settlement,maturity,issue,
first_coupon,rate,yld,redemption,
frequency,basis)
=ODDFYIELD(settlement,maturity,issue,
first_coupon,rate,pr,redemption,
frequency,basis)
=ODDLPRICE(settlement,maturity,last_interest,
rate,yld,redemption,frequency,basis)
=ODDLYIELD(settlement,maturity,last_interest,
rate,pr,redemption,frequency,basis)
=OFFSET(reference,rows,cols,height,width)
=OR(logical1,logical2,...)
=PEARSON(array1,array2)
=PERCENTILE(array,k)
=PERCENTRANK(array,x,significance)
=PERMUT(number,number_chosen)
=PHONETIC(reference)
=PI()
=PMT(rate,nper,pv,fv,type)
=POISSON(x,mean,cumulative)
=POWER(number,power)
=PPMT(rate,per,nper,pv,fv,type)
=PRICE(settlement,maturity,rate,yld,redemption,
frequency,basis)
=PRICEDISC(settlement,maturity,discount,
redemption,basis)
=PRICEMAT(settlement,maturity,issue,rate,
yld,basis)
=PROB(x_range,prob_range,lower_limit,
upper_limit)
=PRODUCT(number1,number2, ...)
=PROPER(text)
=PV(rate,nper,pmt,fv,type)
=QUARTILE(array,quart)
=QUOTIENT(numerator,denominator)
=RADIANS(angle)
=RAND()
=RANDBETWEEN(bottom,top)
=RANK(number,ref,order)
=RATE(nper,pmt,pv,fv,type,guess)
=RECEIVED(settlement,maturity,investment,
discount,basis)
=REGISTER.ID(module_text,procedure,type_text)
=REPLACE(old_text,start_num,num_chars,
new_text)
=REPLACEB(old_text,start_num,num_bytes,
new_text)
=REPT(text,number_times)
=RIGHT(text,num_chars)
=RIGHTB(text,num_bytes)
=ROMAN(number,form)
=ROUND(number,num_digits)
=ROUNDDOWN(number,num_digits)
=ROUNDUP(number,num_digits)
=ROW(reference)
=ROWS(array)
=RSQ(known_y's,known_x's)
=RTD(ProgID,server,topic1,[topic2],...)
=SEARCH(find_text,within_text,start_num)
=SEARCHB(find_text,within_text,start_num)
=SECOND(serial_number)
=SERIESSUM(x,n,m,coefficients)
=SIGN(number)
=SIN(number)
=SINH(number)
=SKEW(number1,number2,...)
=SLN(cost,salvage,life)
=SLOPE(known_y's,known_x's)
=SMALL(array,k)
=SQL.REQUEST(connection_string,output_ref,
driver_prompt,query_text,col_names_logical)
=SQRT(number)
=SQRTPI(number)
=STANDARDIZE(x,mean,standard_dev)
=STDEV(number1,number2,...)
=STDEVA(value1,value2,...)
=STDEVP(number1,number2,...)
=STDEVPA(value1,value2,...)
=STEYX(known_y's,known_x's)
=SUBSTITUTE(text,old_text,new_text,
instance_num)
=SUBTOTAL(function_num,ref1,ref2,...)
=SUM(number1,number2, ...)
=SUMIF(range,criteria,sum_range)
=SUMPRODUCT(array1,array2,array3, ...)
=SUMSQ(number1,number2, ...)
=SUMX2MY2(array_x,array_y)
=SUMX2PY2(array_x,array_y)
=SUMXMY2(array_x,array_y)
=SYD(cost,salvage,life,per)
=T(value)
=TAN(number)
=TANH(number)
=TBILLEQ(settlement,maturity,discount)
=TBILLPRICE(settlement,maturity,discount)
=TBILLYIELD(settlement,maturity,pr)
=TDIST(x,degrees_freedom,tails)
=TEXT(value,format_text)
=TIME(hour,minute,second)
=TIMEVALUE(time_text)
=TINV(probability,degrees_freedom)
=TODAY()
=TRANSPOSE(array)
=TREND(known_y's,known_x's,new_x's,const)
=TRIM(text)
=TRIMMEAN(array,percent)
=TRUE()
=TRUNC(number,num_digits)
=TTEST(array1,array2,tails,type)
=TYPE(value)
=UPPER(text)
=VALUE(text)
=VAR(number1,number2,...)
=VARA(value1,value2,...)
=VARP(number1,number2,...)
=VARPA(value1,value2,...)
=VDB(cost,salvage,life,start_period,end_period,
factor,no_switch)
=VLOOKUP(lookup_value,table_array,
col_index_num,range_lookup)
=WEEKDAY(serial_number,return_type)
=WEEKNUM(serial_num,return_type)
=WEIBULL(x,alpha,beta,cumulative)
=WORKDAY(start_date,days,holidays)
=XIRR(values,dates,guess)
=XNPV(rate,values,dates)
=YEAR(serial_number)
=YEARFRAC(start_date,end_date,basis)
=YEN(number,decimals)
=YIELD(settlement,maturity,rate,pr,redemption,
frequency,basis)
=YIELDDISC(settlement,maturity,pr,redemption,
basis)
=YIELDMAT(settlement,maturity,issue,rate,pr,
basis)
=ZTEST(array,x,sigma)
used by VBA Mod function insofar as negative numbers are concerned.

Database Functions
Name Source Description

DAVERAGE Built In Returns the average of selected list or
database entries based on specified criteria
DCOUNT* Built In Counts the cells containing numbers from a

specified database that match specified criteria
DCOUNTA* Built In Counts non blank cells from a specified

database that match specified criteria criteria
DGET Built In Extracts from a specified database a single

value that matches specified criteria
DMAX Built In Extracts maximum number in a column of a list

DMIN Built In Extracts minimum number in a column of a list

DPRODUCT Built In Multiplies the values in a particular field of

records that match the specified criteria in a
database
DSTDEV Built In Estimates standard deviation of a population
based on a sample using numbers in a column
conditions
DSTDEVP Built In Calculates the standard deviation based on the

entire population using numbers in a column of
a list or database that match specified criteria
DSUM Built In Adds the numbers in the field column of

records in the database that match the
specified criteria
DVAR Built In Estimates the variance of a population based
on a sample by using the numbers in a column
criteria
DVARP Built In Calculates the variance of a population based

on the entire population by using the numbers
in a column of a list or database that match
specified criteria
Notes: * See also COUNT, COUNTA and FREQUENCY (Statistical) and COUNTIF (Maths) and COUNTBLANK (Information)
Database Function Arguments
Argument Description
Database The range of cells that makes up the list or database
Field Indicates which column is used in the function as text in inverted commas or as number of field
Criteria The range of cells that contains the conditions you specify
base Functions
Syntax
=DAVERAGE(database,field,criteria)
=DCOUNT(database,field,criteria)
=DCOUNTA(database,field,criteria)
=DGET(database,field,criteria)
=DMAX(database,field,criteria)
=DMIN(database,field,criteria)
=DPRODUCT(database,field,criteria)
=DSTDEV(database,field,criteria)
=DSTDEVP(database,field,criteria)
=DSUM(database,field,criteria)
=DVAR(database,field,criteria)
=DVARP(database,field,criteria)
Statistical) and COUNTIF (Maths) and COUNTBLANK (Information)
Function Arguments
p the list or database
n the function as text in inverted commas or as number of field
the conditions you specify

Date & Time Functions

DATE Built In Returns the sequential Excel date / time serial
number that represents a particular date
DATEDIF* Analysis ToolPak Calculates differences between two dates in

terms of specified units and assumptions
DATEVALUE Built In Converts a date text form to an Excel date /

time serial number
DAY Built In Converts an Excel date / time serial number to
the day of a month
DAYS360 Built In Calculates the number of days between two
dates using a specified 30 day month 360 day
year method
EDATE Analysis ToolPak Returns the Excel date / time serial number of
the date that is the indicated number of months
before or after the specified number of months
from the start_date
EOMONTH Analysis ToolPak Returns the Excel date / time serial number of
the last day of the month before or after a
specified number of months from start_date
HOUR Built In Converts an Excel date / time serial number to

an hour
MINUTE Built In Converts an Excel date / time serial number to

a minute
MONTH Built In Converts an Excel date / time serial number to

a month number
NETWORKDAYS Analysis ToolPak Returns the number of whole working days
between two dates excluding specified
holidays
NOW Built In Returns the Excel date / time serial number of
the current date and time
SECOND Built In Converts an Excel date / time serial number to
a second
TIME Built In Returns the decimal portion of an Excel date /

time serial number for a particular time
TIMEVALUE Built In Converts the time in an acceptable form of text

enclosed in quotation marks to the decimal
portion of an Excel date / time serial number
TODAY Built In Returns the Excel date / time serial number of

today's date
WEEKDAY Built In Converts an Excel date / time serial number to

the number of the day of the week based upon
counting system of return_type
WEEKNUM Analysis ToolPak Returns the weeknumber in the year based

upon return_type counting basis
WORKDAY Analysis ToolPak Returns the Excel date / time serial number of
the date before or after a specified number of
workdays excluding holidays
YEAR Built In Converts an Excel date / time serial number to
a year
YEARFRAC Analysis ToolPak Returns the difference between start_date and

end_date expressed as a number of years
including decimal fraction of a year.
Notes: * See Appendix 2. DATEDIF really does exist! It is an Excel built in function. It doesn't appear in the listings in the function wizard
and the only documentation reference is in the Help files for Excel 2000.
Date and Time Function Arguments
Basis The type of day count basis to use: 0 or omitted = US(NASD) 30/360
(For Securities Functions) 1 = Actual / Actual 2 = Actual / 360
3 = Actual / 365 4 = European 30/360
Date_text A date enclosed in quotation marks that is in a date text form acceptable to Excel. Note that acceptable date
forms vary with system and Excel settings.
Day A number representing the day of the month. If day is greater than the number of days in the month specified,
day aggregates the month and year arguments appropriately and day represents the balance after this
aggregation
Days The number of nonweekend and nonholiday days before or after start_date. A positive value for days yields a
future date; a negative value yields a past date
End_date The last date as an acceptable date in inverted commas or as a serial number
Holidays An optional range of one or more dates to exclude from the working calendar. The list can be either a range
of cells that contains the dates or an array constant of the serial numbers that represent the dates
Hour A number from 0 to 32767 representing the hour. Any value greater than 23 will be divided by 24 and the
remainder will be treated as the hour value
Method FALSE or omitted = US (NASD) 30/360 method; TRUE = European 30/360 method
Minute A number from 0 to 32767 representing the minute. Any value greater than 59 will be converted to hours and
minutes
Month A number representing the month of the year. If month is greater than 12, month adds that number of months
(For DATE function) to the first month in the year specified
Months The number of months before or after start_date
Return_type A number that determines the type of return value: 1 (or omitted) 1 = Sunday; 2 = 1 = Monday; 3 = 0 =
(WEEKDAY only) Monday
Return_type A number that determines on which day the week begins; 1 (or omitted) = starts Sunday nums 1 to 7; 2 =
(WEEKNUM only) starts Monday nums 1 to 7
Second A number from 0 to 32767 representing the second. Any value greater than 59 will be converted to hours,
minutes, and seconds
Serial_num A date / time serial number. Dates should be entered by using the DATE function, or as results of other
formulas or functions
Serial_Number An Excel date / time serial number. Dates should be entered by using the DATE function, or as results of
other formulas or functions. The Excel date serial number varies according to setting of 1900 or 1904 date
system in Tools > Options > Calculation.
Start_date The first date as an acceptable date in inverted commas or as a serial number
Time_text A text string enclosed in quotation marks that represents a time in any one of the Excel time formats
Unit "y" = years; "m" = months; "d" = days; "md" = days ignoring months and years; "ym" = years and months; "yd"
= years and days
Year The year number as one to four digits

& Time Functions
Syntax
=DATE(year,month,day)
=DATEDIF(start_date,end_date,unit)
=DATEVALUE(date_text)
=DAY(serial_number)
=DAYS360(start_date,end_date,method)
=EDATE(start_date,months)
=EOMONTH(start_date,months)
=HOUR(serial_number)
=MINUTE(serial_number)
=MONTH(serial_number)
=NETWORKDAYS(start_date,end_date,holidays)
=NOW()
=SECOND(serial_number)
=TIME(hour,minute,second)
=TIMEVALUE(time_text)
=TODAY()
=WEEKDAY(serial_number,return_type)
=WEEKNUM(serial_num,return_type)
=WORKDAY(start_date,days,holidays)
=YEAR(serial_number)
=YEARFRAC(start_date,end_date,basis)
n Excel built in function. It doesn't appear in the listings in the function wizard
files for Excel 2000.
me Function Arguments
se: 0 or omitted = US(NASD) 30/360

360
an 30/360
rks that is in a date text form acceptable to Excel. Note that acceptable date
el settings.
of the month. If day is greater than the number of days in the month specified,
ear arguments appropriately and day represents the balance after this
nonholiday days before or after start_date. A positive value for days yields a
ds a past date
date in inverted commas or as a serial number
e dates to exclude from the working calendar. The list can be either a range
r an array constant of the serial numbers that represent the dates
senting the hour. Any value greater than 23 will be divided by 24 and the
hour value
30/360 method; TRUE = European 30/360 method
senting the minute. Any value greater than 59 will be converted to hours and
h of the year. If month is greater than 12, month adds that number of months
cified
after start_date
pe of return value: 1 (or omitted) 1 = Sunday; 2 = 1 = Monday; 3 = 0 =
hich day the week begins; 1 (or omitted) = starts Sunday nums 1 to 7; 2 =
senting the second. Any value greater than 59 will be converted to hours,
es should be entered by using the DATE function, or as results of other
er. Dates should be entered by using the DATE function, or as results of

Excel date serial number varies according to setting of 1900 or 1904 date
culation.
on marks that represents a time in any one of the Excel time formats
days; "md" = days ignoring months and years; "ym" = years and months; "yd"
digits
Engineering Functions

BESSELI Analysis ToolPak Returns the Bessel function evaluated for
purely imaginary arguments
BESSELJ Analysis ToolPak Returns the Bessel function represented by

Jn(x)
BESSELK Analysis ToolPak Returns the modified Bessel function

represented by Kn(x)
BESSELY Analysis ToolPak Returns the Bessel / Weber / Neumann

function Yn(x)
BIN2DEC Analysis ToolPak Converts binary number to decimal
BIN2HEX Analysis ToolPak Converts binary number to hexadecimal
BIN2OCT Analysis ToolPak Converts binary number to octal
COMPLEX Analysis ToolPak Converts real and imaginary coefficients into

complex numbers of the form x + yi or x + yj
depending upon suffix
CONVERT Analysis ToolPak Converts a number from one measurement

system to another
DEC2BIN Analysis ToolPak Converts a decimal number to binary
DEC2HEX Analysis ToolPak Converts a decimal number to hexadecimal
DEC2OCT Analysis ToolPak Converts a decimal number to octal
DELTA Analysis ToolPak Test whether two values are equal
ERF Analysis ToolPak Returns the error function integrated between

lower_limit and upper_limit
ERFC Analysis ToolPak Returns the complementary ERF function

integrated between x and infinity
GESTEP Analysis ToolPak Tests whether a number is greater than a

threshold value
HEX2BIN Analysis ToolPak Converts a hexadecimal to a binary
HEX2DEC Analysis ToolPak Converts a hexadecimal to a decimal
HEX2OCT Analysis ToolPak Converts a hexadecimal to an octal
IMABS Analysis ToolPak Returns the absolute value (modulus) of a

complex number provided in the text format "x
+ yi" or "x + yj"
IMAGINARY Analysis ToolPak Returns the imaginary coefficient of a complex

+ yj"
IMARGUMENT Analysis ToolPak Returns the argument theta - an angle

expressed in radians
IMCONJUGATE Analysis ToolPak Returns the complex conjugate of a complex
+ yj"
IMCOS Analysis ToolPak Returns the cosine of a complex number
"x + yj"
IMDIV Analysis ToolPak Returns the quotient of two complex numbers

IMEXP Analysis ToolPak Returns the exponential of a complex number

IMLN Analysis ToolPak Returns the natural logarithm of a complex

+ yj"
IMLOG10 Analysis ToolPak Returns the base-10 logarithm of a complex

+ yj"
IMLOG2 Analysis ToolPak Returns the base-2 logarithm of a complex

+ yj"
IMPOWER Analysis ToolPak Returns a complex number provided in the text

format "x + yi" or "x + yj" raised to an integer
number
IMPRODUCT Analysis ToolPak Returns the product of 2 - 29 complex numbers

IMREAL Analysis ToolPak Returns the real coefficient of a complex

+ yj"
IMSIN Analysis ToolPak Returns the sine of a complex number

"x + yj"
IMSQRT Analysis ToolPak Returns the square root of a complex number

IMSUB Analysis ToolPak Returns the difference of two complex

numbers provided in the text format "x + yi" or
"x + yj"
IMSUM Analysis ToolPak Returns the sum of 2 - 29 complex numbers

OCT2BIN Analysis ToolPak Converts an octal number to binary
OCT2DEC Analysis ToolPak Converts an octal number to decimal
OCT2HEX Analysis ToolPak Converts an octal number to hexadecimal
Engineering Function Arguments
From_unit(1) A unit of measurement
From_unit(2) Weight & Mass: "g" = gram; "sg" = slug; "lbm" = pound (avoirdupois); "u" = Atomic mass; "ozm" = ounces
(avoirdupois)
Distance: "m" = meter; "mi" = Statute Mile; "Nmi" = Nautical mile; "in" = inch; "ft" = foot; "yd" = yard;
"ang" = Angstrom; "pica" = pica (1/72in)
Time: "yr" = year; "day" = day; "hr" = hour; "mn" = minute; "sec" = second
Pressure: "pa" = Pascal; "atm" = atmosphere; "mmHg" = mm of mercury
Force: "N" = Newton; "dyn" = dyne; "lbf" = pound force
Energy: "J" = Joule; "e" = erg; "c" Thermodynamic calorie; "cal" = IT calorie; "eV" = electron volt;
"HPh" = horsepower-hour; "Wh" = Watt-hour; "flb" = foot-pound; "BTU" = BTU
Power: "HP" = horsepower; "W" = Watt
Magnetism: "T" = Tesler; "ga" = Gauss
Temperature: "C" = degrees Celsius; "F" = degrees Fahrenheit; "K" = Kelvin
Liquid Measure: "tsp" = teaspoon; "tbs" = tablespoon; "oz" = fluid ounce; "cup" = cup;
"pt" = US Pint; "UK_pt" = UK pint; "qt" = quart; "gal" = gallon; "l" = liter
From_unit(3) Prefix Abbreviations for metric: "E" = 1E+18 = exa; "P" = 1E+15 = peta; "T" 1E+12 = tera; "G" = 1E+09 =
giga; "M" = 1E+06 = mega; "k" = 1E+03 = kilo; "h" = 1E+02 = hecto; "e" = 1E+01 = dekao; "d" = 1E-01 = deci;
"c"=1E-02 = centi; "m" = 1E-03 = milli; "u" = 1E-06 = micro; "n" = 1E-09 = nano; "p" = 1E-12 = pico; "f" = 1E-
15 = femto; "a" = 1E-18 = atto
I_num Imaginary coeffient of the complex number
Inumber A complex number
Inumber1 First complex number
Inumber2 Second complex number
Inumber2,… The second of 1-29 complex numbers
Lower_limit The lower bound for integrating ERF
N The order of the function
Number A number or expression that evaluates to a number
Number1 The first number
Number2 The second number
Number2,… Second of up to 30 numbers. You can also use a single array or a reference to an array instead of arguments
separated by commas
Places The number of characters to use. If places is omitted, Excel uses the minimum number of characters
necessary
Real_num The real coefficient of the complex number
Step The threshold value. If you omit a value for step, GESTEP uses zero
Suffix The suffix for the imaginary component of the complex number. If omitted, suffix is assumed to be "i"
To_unit(1) A unit of measurement

To_unit(2) Weight & Mass: "g" = gram; "sg" = slug; "lbm" = pound (avoirdupois); "u" = Atomic mass; "ozm" = ounces
(avoirdupois)
To_unit(3) Prefix Abbreviations for metric: "E" = 1E+18 = exa; "P" = 1E+15 = peta; "T" 1E+12 = tera; "G" = 1E+09 =
15 = femto; "a" = 1E-18 = atto
Upper_limit The upper bound for integrating ERF. If omitted, ERF integrates between zero and lower_limit
X The value at which to evaluate the function

eering Functions
Syntax
=BESSELI(x,n)
=BESSELJ(x,n)
=BESSELK(x,n)
=BESSELY(x,n)
=BIN2DEC(Number)
=BIN2HEX(Number,Places)
=BIN2OCT(Number,Places)
=COMPLEX(real_num,i_num,suffix)
=CONVERT(number,from_unit,to_unit)
=DEC2BIN(Number)
=DEC2HEX(Number)
=DEC2OCT(Number)
=DELTA(number1,number2)
=ERF(lower_limit,upper_limit)
=ERFC(x)
=GESTEP(number,step)
=HEX2BIN(Number,Places)
=HEX2DEC(Number)
=HEX2OCT(Number,Places)
=IMABS(inumber)
=IMAGINARY(inumber)
=IMARGUMENT(inumber)
=IMCONJUGATE(inumber)
=IMCOS(inumber)
=IMDIV(inumber1,inumber2)
=IMEXP(inumber)
=IMLN(inumber)
=IMLOG10(inumber)
=IMLOG2(inumber)
=IMPOWER(inumber,number)
=IMPRODUCT(inumber1,inumber2,...)
=IMREAL(inumber)
=IMSIN(inumber)
=IMSQRT(inumber)
=IMSUB(inumber1,inumber2)
=IMSUM(inumber1,inumber2,...)
=OCT2BIN(number,places)
=OCT2DEC(number)
=OCT2HEX(number,places)
g Function Arguments
" = slug; "lbm" = pound (avoirdupois); "u" = Atomic mass; "ozm" = ounces
atute Mile; "Nmi" = Nautical mile; "in" = inch; "ft" = foot; "yd" = yard;
(1/72in)
hr" = hour; "mn" = minute; "sec" = second
= atmosphere; "mmHg" = mm of mercury
ne; "lbf" = pound force
c" Thermodynamic calorie; "cal" = IT calorie; "eV" = electron volt;
= Watt-hour; "flb" = foot-pound; "BTU" = BTU
= Watt
Gauss
lsius; "F" = degrees Fahrenheit; "K" = Kelvin
on; "tbs" = tablespoon; "oz" = fluid ounce; "cup" = cup;
t; "qt" = quart; "gal" = gallon; "l" = liter
c: "E" = 1E+18 = exa; "P" = 1E+15 = peta; "T" 1E+12 = tera; "G" = 1E+09 =
1E+03 = kilo; "h" = 1E+02 = hecto; "e" = 1E+01 = dekao; "d" = 1E-01 = deci;
= milli; "u" = 1E-06 = micro; "n" = 1E-09 = nano; "p" = 1E-12 = pico; "f" = 1E-
ex number
mbers
ERF
aluates to a number
u can also use a single array or a reference to an array instead of arguments
e. If places is omitted, Excel uses the minimum number of characters
ex number
a value for step, GESTEP uses zero
ponent of the complex number. If omitted, suffix is assumed to be "i"

(1/72in)
= Watt
Gauss
ERF. If omitted, ERF integrates between zero and lower_limit
he function
External Functions

CALL Built In Calls a procedure in a dynamic link library or
code resource
EUROCONVERT Add-in Converts a number to or from Euros to or from

a member currency or converts between one
euro member currency to another using the
Euro as an intermediary (triangulation)
GETPIVOTDATA Built In Returns data stored in a pivot table
REGISTER.ID Built In Returns the register ID of the specified

dynamic link library (DLL) or code resource
that has been previously registered
SQL.REQUEST ODBC Connects with an external data source, and

runs a query from a worksheet.
SQL.REQUEST then returns the result as an
array
External Function Arguments
Argument1,… The arguments to be passed to the procedure
Col_names_logical Indicates whether column names are returned as the first row of the results. TRUE if the column names to be
returned as the first row of the results. FALSE if column names not wanted. If column_names_logical is
omitted, SQL.REQUEST does not return column names
Connection_string Supplies information, such as the data source name, user ID, and passwords, required by the driver being
used to connect to a data source and must follow the driver's format
Data_field The name, enclosed in quotation marks, for the data field that contains the data
Driver_prompt Specifies when the driver dialog box is displayed and which options are available
Field1, Item1 One of up to 14 pairs of field names and item names that describe the data
Field2, Item2,… Second of up to 14 pairs of field names and item names that describe the data
File_text The name of the file that contains the code resource in Microsoft Excel for the Macintosh
Item1 One of up to 14 pairs of field names and item names that describe the data
Item2,… Second of up to 14 pairs of field names and item names that describe the data
Module_text Quoted text specifying the name of the dynamic link library (DLL) that contains the procedure in Microsoft
Excel for Windows
Output_ref A cell reference where you want the completed connection string placed
Pivot_table A reference to any cell, range of cells, or named range of cells in a PivotTable report
Procedure Text specifying the name of the function in the DLL. You can also use the ordinal value of the function from
the EXPORTS statement in the module-definition file (.DEF).
Query_text The SQL statement that you want to execute on the data source
Register_id The value returned by a previously executed REGISTER or REGISTER.ID function
Resource The name of the code resource in Microsoft Excel for the Macintosh. You can also use the resource ID
number. The resource ID number must not be in the form of text
Source A three-letter string, or reference to a cell containing the string, corresponding to the ISO code for the source
currency:
Belgium - franc - BEF Luxembourg - franc - LUF Germany - deutche mark - DEM
Spain - peseta - ESP France - franc - FRF Ireland - pound - IEP Italy - lira - ITL
Netherlands - guilder - NLG Austria - schilling - ATS Portugal - escudo - PTE
Finland - markka -FIM Euro member states - euro - EUR
Others may be added later:
Denmark - krone - DKK Greece - drachma - GRD Sweden - krona - SEK
UK - pound sterling - GBP
Target A three-letter string, or reference to a cell containing the string, corresponding to the ISO code for the source
currency
Type_text (CALL function) Text specifying the data type of the return value and the data types of all arguments to the DLL or code
resource
ernal Functions
Syntax
=CALL(register_id,argument1,...) With Register.id
=CALL(module_text,procedure,type_text,
argument1,...) Excel for Windows
=CALL(file_text,resource,type_text,
argument1,...) Excel for Macintosh
=EUROCONVERT(number,source,target,
full_precision,triangulation_precision)
=GETPIVOTDATA(data_field,pivot_table,field1,item1,
field2,item2,...)
=REGISTER.ID(module_text,procedure,type_text)
=SQL.REQUEST(connection_string,output_ref,
driver_prompt,query_text,col_names_logical)
Function Arguments
he procedure
s are returned as the first row of the results. TRUE if the column names to be
esults. FALSE if column names not wanted. If column_names_logical is
ot return column names
e data source name, user ID, and passwords, required by the driver being
e and must follow the driver's format
n marks, for the data field that contains the data
box is displayed and which options are available
mes and item names that describe the data
names and item names that describe the data
s the code resource in Microsoft Excel for the Macintosh
of the dynamic link library (DLL) that contains the procedure in Microsoft
aluates to a number
the completed connection string placed

cells, or named range of cells in a PivotTable report
function in the DLL. You can also use the ordinal value of the function from
module-definition file (.DEF).
nt to execute on the data source
sly executed REGISTER or REGISTER.ID function
n Microsoft Excel for the Macintosh. You can also use the resource ID
er must not be in the form of text
e to a cell containing the string, corresponding to the ISO code for the source
bourg - franc - LUF Germany - deutche mark - DEM

- franc - FRF Ireland - pound - IEP Italy - lira - ITL
ustria - schilling - ATS Portugal - escudo - PTE
member states - euro - EUR
ce - drachma - GRD Sweden - krona - SEK

he return value and the data types of all arguments to the DLL or code
Financial Functions

ACCRINT Analysis ToolPak Returns the accrued interest for a security that
pays periodic interest
ACCRINTM Analysis ToolPak Returns the accrued interest for a security that
pays interest at maturity
AMORDEGRC Analysis ToolPak Returns the depreciation for each accounting

AMORLINC Analysis ToolPak Returns the depreciation for each accounting

COUPDAYBS Analysis ToolPak Returns the number of days from the beginning
of the coupon period to the settlement date
basis
COUPDAYS Analysis ToolPak Returns the number of days in the coupon

period that contains the settlent date using the
COUPDAYSNC Analysis ToolPak Returns the number of days from the

settlement date to the next coupon date using
COUPNCD Analysis ToolPak Returns the next coupon date after the
day counting basis
COUPNUM Analysis ToolPak Returns the number of coupons payable

between the settlement date and maturity date
basis
COUPPCD Analysis ToolPak Returns the previous coupon date before the
day counting basis
CUMIPMT Analysis ToolPak Returns the cumulative interest paid between

two periods
CUMPRINC Analysis ToolPak Returns the cumulative principal paid on a loan

between two periods
DB Built In Returns the depreciation of an asset for a

specified period, using the fixed declining
balance method
DDB Built In Returns the deoreciation of an asset for a

specified period, using the double-declining
balance method of some other method that is
specified
DISC Analysis ToolPak Returns the discount rate for a security using
DOLLARDE Analysis ToolPak Converts a dollar price (expressed as a
fraction) into a dollar price expressed as a
decimal number
DOLLARFR Analysis ToolPak Converts a dollar price (expressed as a

decimal number) into a dollar price expressed
as a fraction
DURATION Analysis ToolPak Returns the Macauley duration of a security

with periodic interest payments using the
EFFECT Analysis ToolPak Returns the effective annual interest rate of a

given nominal rate with its compounding
frequency
FV Built In Returns the future value of an investment
FVSCHEDULE Analysis ToolPak Returns the future value of an initial principal

after applying a series of compound interest
rates
INTRATE Analysis ToolPak Returns the interest rate for a fully invested
counting basis
IPMT Built In Returns the amount of the interest element in a

IRR Built In Returns the internal rate of return for a series

of cash flows
ISPMT Built In Returns the interest associated with a specific

loan payment
MDURATION Analysis ToolPak Returns the Macauley modified duration for a

security with an assumed par value of $100
basis
MIRR Built In Returns the modified internal rate of return

based on different finance and reinvestment
rates for negative and positive cash flows
NOMINAL Analysis ToolPak Returns the nominal rate equivalent to a given

annual effective with a given compounding
frequency for the nominal rate
NPER Built In Returns the number of periods for an

investment
NPV Built In Returns the net present value of an investment

based upon a series of periodic cash flows and
a discount rate where the first cash flow is
received at the end of the first period
ODDFPRICE Analysis ToolPak Returns the price per $100 face value of a
security with an odd first period using the
ODDFYIELD Analysis ToolPak Returns the yield of a security with an odd first
counting basis
ODDLPRICE Analysis ToolPak Returns the price per $100 face value of a
security with an odd last period using the
ODDLYIELD Analysis ToolPak Returns the yield of a security with an odd last
counting basis
PMT Built In Returns the periodic payment for an annuity
PPMT Built In Returns the amount of principal element in a

PRICE Analysis ToolPak Returns the price per $100 face value of a
security that pays periodic interest using the
PRICEDISC Analysis ToolPak Returns the price per $100 face value of a
discounted security using the specified or
PRICEMAT Analysis ToolPak Returns the price per $100 face value of a
security that pays interest at maturity using the
PV Built In Returns the present value of an investment
RATE Built In Returns the interest rate per period of an

annuity
RECEIVED Analysis ToolPak Returns the amount received at maturity for a

fully invested security using the specified or
SLN Built In Returns the straight-line depreciation of an

asset for one period.
SYD Built In Returns the sum of years' digits depreciation of

an asset for a specified period
TBILLEQ Analysis ToolPak Returns the bond-equivalent yield for a

treasury bill
TBILLPRICE Analysis ToolPak Returns the price per $100 face value for a
Treasury bill
TBILLYIELD Analysis ToolPak Returns the yield for a treasury bill
VDB Built In Returns the depreciation of an asset for a

specified or partial period using a variable
declining balance method
XIRR Analysis ToolPak Returns the annual effective interest rate for a
schedule of cash flows received at specified
dates
XNPV Analysis ToolPak Returns the net present value for a schedule of
cash flows received at specified dates
YIELD Analysis ToolPak Returns the yield on a security that pays
periodic interest using the specified or default
day counting basis
YIELDDISC Analysis ToolPak Returns the annual yield for a discounted

counting basis.
YIELDMAT Analysis ToolPak Returns the annual yield of a security that pays
interest at maturity using the specified or
Financial Function Arguments
Basis Year basis to be used: 0 or omitted 360 (NASD); 1 = Actual; 2 = 365; 3 = 360 (European)
(For Securities Functions)
Cost Cost of the asset
Coupon The security's annual coupon rate
Date_purchased Date of purchase of the asset. Entered as an acceptable date in quotation marks or as a serial number or
function returning a date serial number
Dates A schedule of payment dates that corresponds to the cash flow payments. The first payment date indicates
the beginning of the schedule of payments. All other dates must be later than this date, but they may occur in
any order
Decimal_dollar A decimal number
Discount The security's discount rate
Effect_rate The effective interest rate
End_period Last period number
Factor The rate at which the balance declines. If factor is omitted, it is assumed to be 2 (the double-declining
balance method)
Finance_rate The interest rate you pay on the money used in the cash flows
First_coupon The security's first coupon date
First_Interest A security's first interest date entered as an acceptable date in quotation marks or as a serial number or
First_period Date of the end of the first period. Entered as an acceptable date in quotation marks or as a serial number or
Fraction The integer to use in the denominator of the fraction
Fractional_dollar A number expressed as a fraction
Frequency The number of coupon payments per year for a security.
FV Future Value
Guess A number that you guess is close to the result of IRR
Investment The amount invested in the security
Issue A security's issue date entered as an acceptable date in quotation marks or as a serial number or function
returning a date serial number
Last_interest The security's last coupon date
Life The number of periods over which the asset is being depreciated (sometimes called the useful life of the
asset)
Maturity The security's maturity date
Month (For DB function) The number of months in the first year. If month is omitted, it is assumed to be 12
No_switch A logical value specifying whether to switch to straight-line depreciation when depreciation is greater than the
declining balance calculation.If TRUE, Excel does not switch to straight-line depreciation even when the
depreciation is greater than the declining balance calculation. FALSE or omitted, Excel switches to straight-
line depreciation when depreciation is greater than the declining balance calculation
Nominal_rate The nominal interest rate
Nper The number of periods
Npery The number of compounding periods per year
Par A security's par value. (Default = $1,000)
Period The number of the accounting period
Pmt The payment made each period
Pr The security's price per $100 face value
Principal The present value
PV The Present Value
Rate The interest rate per period

(For amortization functions)
Rate The rate of depreciation

(For Depreciation Functions)
Rate The discount rate

(For NPV and XNPV)
Rate A security's annual coupon rate

Redemption The security's redemption value per $100 face value
Reinvest_rate The interest rate you receive on the cash flows as you reinvest them
Salvage Salvage value at the end of the life of the asset

Schedule An array of interest rates to apply
Settlement A security's settlement date, which is the date after the issue date when the security is traded to the buyer.
Entered as an acceptable date in quotation marks or as a serial number or function returning a date serial
number
Start_period First period number
Type (Amortization functions) 0 = Payment in arrears; 1 = payment in advance
Value1 A numeric value
Value2,… Second of 1 to n possible values (n=30 for AVERAGEA; n=29 for CHOOSE, NPV)
Values (IRR and MIRR) An array or a reference to cells that contain numbers for which you want to calculate the internal rate of
return. Values must contain at least one positive value and one negative value to calculate the internal rate of
return. If an array or reference argument contains text, logical values, or empty cells, those values are
ignored.
Values (XIRR and XNPV) A series of cash flows that corresponds to a schedule of payments in dates. The first payment is optional and
corresponds to a cost or payment that occurs at the beginning of the investment. If the first value is a cost or
payment, it must be a negative value. All succeeding payments are discounted based on a 365-day year. The
series of values must contain at least one positive value and one negative value
Yld The security's annual yield

ncial Functions
Syntax
=ACCRINT(Issue,First_Interest,Settlement,Rate,
Par,Frequency,Basis)
=ACCRINTM(Issue,Settlement,Rate,Par,Basis)
=AMORDEGRC(Cost,Date_purchased,First_period,
=AMORLINC(Cost,Date_purchased,First_period,
=COUPDAYBS(settlement,maturity,
frequency,basis)
=COUPDAYS(settlement,maturity,
frequency,basis)
=COUPDAYSNC(settlement,maturity,
frequency,basis)
=COUPNCD(settlement,maturity,frequency,basis)
=COUPNUM(settlement,maturity,frequency,basis)
=COUPPCD(settlement,maturity,frequency,basis)
=CUMIPMT(rate,nper,pv,start_period,end_period,
type)
=CUMPRINC(rate,nper,pv,start_period,end_period,
type)
=DB(cost,salvage,life,period,month)
=DDB(cost,salvage,life,period,factor)
=DISC(settlement,maturity,pr,redemption,basis)
=DOLLARDE(fractional_dollar,fraction)
=DOLLARFR(decimal_dollar,fraction)
=DURATION(settlement,maturity,coupon,yld,
frequency,basis)
=EFFECT(nominal_rate,npery)
=FV(rate,nper,pmt,pv,type)
=FVSCHEDULE(principal,schedule)
=INTRATE(settlement,maturity,investment,
redemption,basis)
=IPMT(rate,per,nper,pv,fv,type)
=IRR(values,guess)
=ISPMT(rate,per,nper,pv)
=MDURATION(settlement,maturity,coupon,yld,
frequency,basis)
=MIRR(values,finance_rate,reinvest_rate)
=NOMINAL(effect_rate,npery)
=NPER(rate, pmt, pv, fv, type)
=NPV(rate,value1,value2, ...)
=ODDFPRICE(settlement,maturity,issue,
first_coupon,rate,yld,redemption,
frequency,basis)
=ODDFYIELD(settlement,maturity,issue,
first_coupon,rate,pr,redemption,
frequency,basis)
=ODDLPRICE(settlement,maturity,last_interest,
rate,yld,redemption,frequency,basis)
=ODDLYIELD(settlement,maturity,last_interest,
rate,pr,redemption,frequency,basis)
=PMT(rate,nper,pv,fv,type)
=PPMT(rate,per,nper,pv,fv,type)
=PRICE(settlement,maturity,rate,yld,redemption,
frequency,basis)
=PRICEDISC(settlement,maturity,discount,
redemption,basis)
=PRICEMAT(settlement,maturity,issue,rate,
yld,basis)
=PV(rate,nper,pmt,fv,type)
=RATE(nper,pmt,pv,fv,type,guess)
=RECEIVED(settlement,maturity,investment,
discount,basis)
=SLN(cost,salvage,life)
=SYD(cost,salvage,life,per)
=TBILLEQ(settlement,maturity,discount)
=TBILLPRICE(settlement,maturity,discount)
=TBILLYIELD(settlement,maturity,pr)
=VDB(cost,salvage,life,start_period,end_period,
factor,no_switch)
=XIRR(values,dates,guess)
=XNPV(rate,values,dates)
=YIELD(settlement,maturity,rate,pr,redemption,
frequency,basis)
=YIELDDISC(settlement,maturity,pr,redemption,
basis)
=YIELDMAT(settlement,maturity,issue,rate,pr,
basis)
Function Arguments
ed 360 (NASD); 1 = Actual; 2 = 365; 3 = 360 (European)
ntered as an acceptable date in quotation marks or as a serial number or

umber
at corresponds to the cash flow payments. The first payment date indicates
payments. All other dates must be later than this date, but they may occur in
eclines. If factor is omitted, it is assumed to be 2 (the double-declining
money used in the cash flows
ered as an acceptable date in quotation marks or as a serial number or

umber
d. Entered as an acceptable date in quotation marks or as a serial number or

umber
nator of the fraction
s per year for a security.

e to the result of IRR
urity
s an acceptable date in quotation marks or as a serial number or function
ch the asset is being depreciated (sometimes called the useful life of the
t year. If month is omitted, it is assumed to be 12
er to switch to straight-line depreciation when depreciation is greater than the

TRUE, Excel does not switch to straight-line depreciation even when the
declining balance calculation. FALSE or omitted, Excel switches to straight-
ion is greater than the declining balance calculation
riods per year
$1,000)
eriod
e value
per $100 face value
the cash flows as you reinvest them
ife of the asset

y
ch is the date after the issue date when the security is traded to the buyer.
n quotation marks or as a serial number or function returning a date serial
ment in advance
(n=30 for AVERAGEA; n=29 for CHOOSE, NPV)
hat contain numbers for which you want to calculate the internal rate of
ast one positive value and one negative value to calculate the internal rate of
rgument contains text, logical values, or empty cells, those values are
sponds to a schedule of payments in dates. The first payment is optional and

nt that occurs at the beginning of the investment. If the first value is a cost or
alue. All succeeding payments are discounted based on a 365-day year. The
least one positive value and one negative value
Information Functions

CELL Built In Returns information about the formatting ,
location or contents of the cell or upper left cell
of the reference
COUNTBLANK* Built In Counts the number of blank cells in the range
ERROR.TYPE Built In Returns a number corresponding to an Excel

error type
INFO Built In Returns information about the current

operating environment
ISBLANK Built In Returns TRUE if the value is blank
ISERR Built In Returns TRUE if the value is any error value

except #N/A
ISERROR Built In Returns TRUE if the value is any error value
ISEVEN Analysis ToolPak Returns TRUE if the number is even
ISLOGICAL Built In Returns TRUE if the value is a logical value
ISNA Built In Returns TRUE if the value is the #N/A error

value
ISNONTEXT Built In Returns TRUE if the value is not text
ISNUMBER Built In Returns TRUE if the value is a number
ISODD Analysis ToolPak Returns TRUE if the number is odd
ISREF Built In Returns TRUE if the value is a reference
ISTEXT Built In Returns TRUE if the value is text
N Built In Returns a value converted to a number
NA Built In Returns the error value #N/A
TYPE Built In Returns the type of value (1 for value is a

number; 2 for value is text; 4 for value is logical
value; 16 for value is error value; 64 for value
is array)
Notes: * See also COUNT, COUNTA and FREQUENCY (Statistical) and COUNTIF (Maths) and DCOUNT and DCOUNTA (Database)
Information Function Arguments
Error_val The error value whose identifying number you want:
1 = #Null!; 2 = #Div/0!; 3 = #Value!; 4 = #Ref!; 5 = #Name?;
6 = #N/A
Info_type A text value that specifies what type of cell information you want:
"Address" = first cell in reference
"Col" = First column number in reference
"Color" Returns 1 for negative colored, 0 otherwise
"Contents" = Value of upper left cell in reference
"Format" = Text value corresponding to number format
"Prentheses" = Returns 1 for parenthese for positive or all values, 0 otherwise
"Prefix" = Text value corresponding to label prefix
"Protect" = returns 0 if unlucked, 1 if locked
"Row" = First row number in reference
"Type" = Text value for type of data; b for blank, l for label, v for value
"Width" = Column width rounded to nearest integer
Reference Reference to a cell or range of cells and can refer to multiple areas. If you want to specify several references
as a single argument, then you must include extra sets of parentheses so that Microsoft Excel will not
interpret the comma as a field separator
Type_text (INFO function) Text that specifies what type of information you want returned:
"directory" = Path of current directory of folder;
"memavail" = Amount of currently available memory in bytes;
"memused" = Amount of memory being used for data;
"numfile" = number of active worksheets in open workbooks;
"origin" = cell reference of top leftmost cell visible in window, based on current scrolling position;
"osversion" = current operating system version, as text;
"recalc" = current recalculation mode;
"release" = version of Excel;
"system" = name of the operating environment (Mac or pcdos);
"totmem" = total memory available
Value A value or an expression that evaluates to a value:

mation Functions
Syntax
=CELL(info_type,reference)
=COUNTBLANK(range)
=ERROR.TYPE(error_val)
=INFO(type_text)
=ISBLANK(Value)
=ISERR(Value)
=ISERROR(Value)
=ISEVEN(Number)
=ISLOGICAL(Value)
=ISNA(Value)
=ISNONTEXT(Value)
=ISNUMBER(Value)
=ISODD(Number)
=ISREF(Value)
=ISTEXT(Value)
=N(Value)
=NA()
=TYPE(Value)
Statistical) and COUNTIF (Maths) and DCOUNT and DCOUNTA (Database)
n Function Arguments
g number you want:

ue!; 4 = #Ref!; 5 = #Name?;
ype of cell information you want:
e
eference
olored, 0 otherwise
cell in reference
ding to number format
enthese for positive or all values, 0 otherwise
ing to label prefix
1 if locked
erence
ata; b for blank, l for label, v for value
to nearest integer
aluates to a number
ells and can refer to multiple areas. If you want to specify several references
must include extra sets of parentheses so that Microsoft Excel will not
eparator
nformation you want returned:

ctory of folder;
y available memory in bytes;
y being used for data;
ksheets in open workbooks;
tmost cell visible in window, based on current scrolling position;
system version, as text;
mode;
g environment (Mac or pcdos);

ble
aluates to a value:
Logical Functions

AND Built In Returns TRUE if all its arguments are TRUE
FALSE Built In Returns the logical value FALSE
IF Built In Returns one value specified condition

evaluates to TRUE and another value if it
evaluates to FALSE
NOT Built In Reverses the logic of its argument
OR Built In ReturnsTRUE if any argument is TRUE
TRUE Built In Returns the logical value TRUE
Logical Function Arguments
Logical A value or expression that can be evaluated to TRUE or FALSE
Logical_test Any value or expression that can be evaluated to TRUE or FALSE
Logical1 Condition to be tested. Argument must evaluate to a logical value or be arrays or references that contain
logical values
Logical2,… Second of up to 30 conditions you want to test that can be either TRUE or FALSE
Value_if_false The value that is returned if logical_test is FALSE
Value_if_true The value that is returned if logical_test is TRUE

gical Functions
Syntax
=AND(Logical1,Logical2,…)
=FALSE()
=IF(logical_test,value_if_true,value_if_false)
=NOT(Logical)
=OR(logical1,logical2,...)
=TRUE()
Function Arguments
e evaluated to TRUE or FALSE
n be evaluated to TRUE or FALSE
t must evaluate to a logical value or be arrays or references that contain
ou want to test that can be either TRUE or FALSE
cal_test is FALSE
cal_test is TRUE
Lookup & Reference Functions

ADDRESS Built In Creates a cell address as text based on given
row and column rumbers
AREAS Built In Returns the number of areas in a reference
CHOOSE Built In Uses a specified index number to select one

from up to 29 specified values
COLUMN Built In Returns the column number of the cell or a

specified reference
COLUMNS Built In Returns the number of columns in an array or

reference
HLOOKUP Built In Looks in the top row of a table or array and

returns the value of the indicated cell
HYPERLINK Built In Creates a shortcut that opens a document on

your hard drive, a server or the internet
INDEX Built In Alternative forms. Array form returns a value or

array of values. Reference form returns a
reference.
INDIRECT Built In Returns a reference indicated by a value

provided as text
LOOKUP Built In Alternative forms. Vector form looks up values

in a one row or column range and returns a
value in a second one row or column range.
Array form looks in the first row or column of
an array for the specified value and returns a
value from the same position in the last row or
column of the array
MATCH Built In Returns the relative position of an item in an

array that matches a specified value in a
specified order
OFFSET Built In Returns a reference to a range that is a

specified number of rows and columns from a
cell or range of cells
ROW Built In Returns the row number of a reference
ROWS Built In Returns the number of rows in a reference
RTD Built In Retrieves real-time data from a program that

supports COM automation
TRANSPOSE Built In Transposes vertical or horizontal arrays.

Entered as an array formula in same number
of cells as array.
VLOOKUP Built In Locates a specified value in the leftmost

column of a specified table, and returns the
value in the same row from a specified column
in the table
Lookup & Reference Function Arguments
A1 A logical value that specifies the A1 (TRUE) or R1C1 (FALSE) reference style
Abs_num The type of reference to return:

1 = Absolute; 2 = Abs Row / Rel Col; 3 = Rel Row / Abs Col; 4 = Relative
Area_num Selects a range in reference from which to return the intersection of row_num and column_num
Array An array or array formula, or a reference to a range of cells
Col_index_num The column number in table_array from which the matching value must be returned
Cols The number of columns, to the left (-) or right (+), that you want the upper-left cell of the result to refer to
Column_num Column number
Friendly_name The jump text or numeric value that is displayed in the cell
Height The height, in number of rows, that you want the returned reference to be. Height must be a positive number
Index_num Specifies which value argument is selected. Index_num must be a number between 1 and 29, or a formula or
reference to a cell containing a number between 1 and 29
Link_location The path and file name to the document to be opened as text
Lookup_array A contiguous range of cells containing possible lookup values. Lookup_array must be an array or an array
reference
Lookup_value The value to be found
Lookup_vector A range that contains only one row or one column. The values in lookup_vector can be text, numbers, or
logical values
Match_type The number -1, 0, or 1. Match_type specifies how Microsoft Excel matches lookup_value with values in
lookup_array:
1 = (default) largest value less than or equal to look_up value; 0 = first value to exactly equal lookup value
-1 = smallest value greater than or equal to look_value
ProgID The name of the ProgID of a registered COM automation add-in that has been installed on the local
computer. Enclose the name in quotation marks
Range_lookup A logical value that specifies whether you want to find an exact match or an approximate match. If TRUE =
approximate match is returned FALSE = Exact
Ref_text Refers to another workbook (an external reference),
Result_vector A range that contains only one row or column. It must be the same size as lookup_vector
Row_index_num The row number in table_array from which the matching value will be returned
Row_num Row number
Rows The number of rows, up (-) or down (+), that you want the upper-left cell to refer to
Server Name of the server where the add-in should be run. If there is no server, and the program is run locally, leave
the argument blank. Otherwise, enter quotation marks ("") around the server name
Sheet_text Text specifying the name of the worksheet to be used as the external reference. If sheet_text is omitted, no
sheet name is used
Table_array A table of information in which data is looked up
Topic1 First of up to 28 parameters that together represent a unique piece of real-time data
Topic2,… Second of up to 28 parameters that together represent a unique piece of real-time data
Width The width, in number of columns, that you want the returned reference to be. Width must be a positive
number
Reference Functions
Syntax
=ADDRESS(Row_num,Column_num,Abs_num,
A1,Sheet_text)
=AREAS(reference)
=CHOOSE(index_num,value1,value2,...)
=COLUMN(reference)
=COLUMNS(array)
=HLOOKUP(lookup_value,table_array,
row_index_num,range_lookup)
=HYPERLINK(link_location,friendly_name)
=INDEX(array,row_num,column_num)
=INDEX(reference,row_num,column_num,
area_num)
=INDIRECT(ref_text,a1)
=LOOKUP(lookup_value,lookup_vector,
result_vector)
=LOOKUP(lookup_value,array)
=MATCH(lookup_value,lookup_array,
match_type)
=OFFSET(reference,rows,cols,height,width)
=ROW(reference)
=ROWS(array)
=RTD(ProgID,server,topic1,[topic2],...)
=TRANSPOSE(array)
=VLOOKUP(lookup_value,table_array,
col_index_num,range_lookup)
rence Function Arguments
A1 (TRUE) or R1C1 (FALSE) reference style
Col; 3 = Rel Row / Abs Col; 4 = Relative
m which to return the intersection of row_num and column_num
eference to a range of cells
ay from which the matching value must be returned
eft (-) or right (+), that you want the upper-left cell of the result to refer to
hat is displayed in the cell
hat you want the returned reference to be. Height must be a positive number
is selected. Index_num must be a number between 1 and 29, or a formula or

number between 1 and 29
cument to be opened as text
aining possible lookup values. Lookup_array must be an array or an array
ow or one column. The values in lookup_vector can be text, numbers, or
ype specifies how Microsoft Excel matches lookup_value with values in
han or equal to look_up value; 0 = first value to exactly equal lookup value
or equal to look_value
istered COM automation add-in that has been installed on the local
quotation marks
ether you want to find an exact match or an approximate match. If TRUE =

ALSE = Exact
external reference),
eparator
ow or column. It must be the same size as lookup_vector
rom which the matching value will be returned

wn (+), that you want the upper-left cell to refer to
dd-in should be run. If there is no server, and the program is run locally, leave
enter quotation marks ("") around the server name
worksheet to be used as the external reference. If sheet_text is omitted, no
ata is looked up
together represent a unique piece of real-time data
hat together represent a unique piece of real-time data
s, that you want the returned reference to be. Width must be a positive
Maths Functions

ABS Built In Returns the absolute value of a number
ACOS Built In Returns in radians the arccosine of a number
ACOSH Built In Returns the inverse hyperbolic cosine of a

number
ASIN Built In Returns in radians the arcsine of a number
ASINH Built In Returns the inverse hyperbolic sine of a

number
ATAN Built In Returns in radians the arctangent of a number
ATAN2 Built In Returns in radians the arctangent from x and y

coordinates
ATANH Built In Returns the inverse hyperbolic tangent of a

number
CEILING Built In Rounds a number (away from zero) to the

significance
COMBIN++ Built In Returns the number of combinations for a

given number of objects
COS Built In Returns the cosine of a given angle given in

radians
COSH Built In Returns the hyperbolic cosine of a number
COUNTIF* Built In Counts the number of cells that meet the

criteria specified in the argument
DEGREES Built In Converts radians to degrees
EVEN Built In Rounds a number away from zero to the

nearest even integer
EXP Built In Returns e (=2.71828182845904) raised to the

power of a given number
FACT Built In Returns the factorial of a number
FACTDOUBLE Analysis ToolPak Returns the double factorial of a number
FLOOR Built In Rounds a number down towards 0 to the

significance
GCD Analysis ToolPak Returns the greatest common divisor of 2 - 29

integers
INT Built In Rounds a number away from 0 to the nearest

integer
LCM Analysis ToolPak Returns the least common multiple of 1 - 29

integers
LN Built In Returns the natural logarithm (base e =

2.71828182845904) of a number
LOG Built In Returns the logarithm of a number to a

specified base
LOG10 Built In Returns the base-10 logarithm of a number
MDETERM Built In Returns the matrix determinant of an array
MINVERSE Built In Returns the matrix inverse of an array
MMULT Built In Returns the matrix product of two arrays
MOD** Built In Returns the remainder from division with the

result having the same sign as the divisor
MROUND Analysis ToolPak Returns a number rounded to the desired

multiple. Midway points are rounded away
from 0
MULTINOMIAL Analysis ToolPak Returns the ratio of the factorial of a sum of

values to the product of factorials
ODD Built In Rounds a number away from 0 to the nearest

odd integer
PI Built In Returns the number 3.14159265358979, the

mathematical constant pi, accurate to 15 digits
POWER Built In Returns the result of a number raised to a

power
PRODUCT Built In Multiplies together 1 - 30 numbers
QUOTIENT Analysis ToolPak Returns the integer portion of a division
RADIANS Built In Converts degrees to radians
RAND Built In Returns an evenly distributed random number

greater than or equal to 0 and less than 1
RANDBETWEEN Analysis ToolPak Returns a random number between (and

inclusive of) two specified numbers
ROMAN Built In Converts an arabic number to Roman, as text
ROUND Built In Rounds a number to a specified number of

digits to the left (-) or right (+) of the decimal
point. The midway digit 5 is rounded away from
0.
ROUNDDOWN Built In Rounds a number down towards 0 to a

specified number of digits to the left (-) or right
(+) of the decimal point
ROUNDUP Built In Round a number up away from 0 to a specified

number of digits to the left (-) or right (+) of the
decimal point
SERIESSUM Analysis ToolPak Returns the sum of a power series expansion
SIGN Built In Returns 1 for positve numbers, 0 if the number

is 0 and, -1 if the number is negative
SIN Built In Returns the sine of a given angle given in

radians
SINH Built In Returns the hyperbolic sine of a given number
SQRT Built In Returns a positive square root
SQRTPI Analysis ToolPak Returns the square root of a number multiplied

by pi
SUBTOTAL Built In Returns the sutotal in a list or database
SUM Built In Adds its arguments
SUMIF Built In Add the cells specified by a given criteria
SUMPRODUCT Built In Returns the sum of the products of

corresponding array components
SUMSQ Built In Returns the sum of the squares of 1 - 30

numbers
SUMX2MY2 Built In Returns the sum of the difference of squares of

SUMX2PY2 Built In Returns the sum of the sum of squares of

SUMXMY2 Built In Returns the sum of squares of differences of

corresponding values in two array
TAN Built In Returns the tangent of a given angle given in

radians
TANH Built In Returns the hyperbolic tangent of a number
TRUNC Built In Truncates a number to an integer or to

specified precision by removing the fractional
part of the number. (Serves to round down
towards 0)
Notes: * See also COUNT, COUNTA and FREQUENCY (Statistical) and COUNTBLANK (Information) and DCOUNT and DCOUNTA
(Database)
** The Excel MOD function uses a different definition of MOD to that used by VBA Mod function insofar as negative numbers are
concerned.
++
See also PERMUT function (Statistical)
Maths Function Arguments
Angle The angle in radians
Array_x The first array or range of values
Array_y The second array or range of values
Array1 (SUMPRODUCT) A cell range of values (up to 30 with SUMPRODUCT)

Array2 (SUMPRODUCT) A second cell range of values (up to 30 with SUMPRODUCT)
Array3,… A third cell range of values (up to 30 with SUMPRODUCT)
Base The base of the logarithm. If base is omitted, it is assumed to be 10
Bottom The smallest integer to be returned
Coefficients A set of coefficients by which each successive power of x is multiplied. The number of values in coefficients
determines the number of terms in the power series
Denominator The divisor
Divisor The number by which you want to divide number
Form A number specifying the type of roman numeral you want; 0 (Default) = Classic; 1-4 Progressively simplified;
TRUE = Classic; FALSE = Most Simplified
Function_num The number 1 to 11 that specifies which function to use in calculating subtotals within a list: 1 = AVERAGE; 2
= COUNT; 3 = COUNTA; 4 = MAX; 5 = MIN; 6 = PRODUCT; 7 = STDEV; 8 = STDEVP; 9 = SUM; 10 = VAR;
11 = VARP
M The step by which to increase n for each term in the series
Multiple The multiple to which you want to round number
Num_digits Specifies the number of digits to which you want to round number: 0 = Integer; -numbers = to left of decimal;
+numbers = to right of decimal
Number_chosen The number of items
separated by commas
Numerator The dividend
Power The exponent to which the base number is raised
Range A range
Ref1 First of up to 29 ranges or references for which you want the subtotal
Ref2,… Second of up to 29 ranges or references for which you want the subtotal
Significance The multiple to which you want to round
Sum_range The actual cells to sum
Top The largest integer to be returned

X_num The x-coordinate of the point
Y_num The y-coordinate of the point

ths Functions
Syntax
=ABS(Number)
=ACOS(Number)
=ACOSH(Number)
=ASIN(Number)
=ASINH(Number)
=ATAN(Number)
=ATAN2(x_num,y_num)
=ATANH(Number)
=CEILING(number,significance)
=COMBIN(number,number_chosen)
=COS(Number)
=COSH(Number)
=COUNTIF(range,criteria)
=DEGREES(angle)
=EVEN(Number)
=EXP(Number)
=FACT(Number)
=FACTDOUBLE(number)
=FLOOR(number,significance)
=GCD(number1,number2, ...)
=INT(Number)
=LCM(number1,number2, ...)
=LN(Number)
=LOG(Number,base)
=LOG10(Number)
=MDETERM(array)
=MINVERSE(array)
=MMULT(array1,array2)
=MOD(number,divisor)
=MROUND(number,multiple)
=MULTINOMIAL(number1,number2, ...)
=ODD(number)
=PI()
=POWER(number,power)
=PRODUCT(number1,number2, ...)
=QUOTIENT(numerator,denominator)
=RADIANS(angle)
=RAND()
=RANDBETWEEN(bottom,top)
=ROMAN(number,form)
=ROUND(number,num_digits)
=ROUNDDOWN(number,num_digits)
=ROUNDUP(number,num_digits)
=SERIESSUM(x,n,m,coefficients)
=SIGN(number)
=SIN(number)
=SINH(number)
=SQRT(number)
=SQRTPI(number)
=SUBTOTAL(function_num,ref1,ref2,...)
=SUM(number1,number2, ...)
=SUMIF(range,criteria,sum_range)
=SUMPRODUCT(array1,array2,array3, ...)
=SUMSQ(number1,number2, ...)
=SUMX2MY2(array_x,array_y)
=SUMX2PY2(array_x,array_y)
=SUMXMY2(array_x,array_y)
=TAN(number)
=TANH(number)
=TRUNC(number,num_digits)
Statistical) and COUNTBLANK (Information) and DCOUNT and DCOUNTA
n of MOD to that used by VBA Mod function insofar as negative numbers are
unction Arguments
lues
with SUMPRODUCT)
p to 30 with SUMPRODUCT)
o 30 with SUMPRODUCT)
e is omitted, it is assumed to be 10
ed
ch successive power of x is multiplied. The number of values in coefficients

in the power series
o divide number
roman numeral you want; 0 (Default) = Classic; 1-4 Progressively simplified;

Simplified
s which function to use in calculating subtotals within a list: 1 = AVERAGE; 2

AX; 5 = MIN; 6 = PRODUCT; 7 = STDEV; 8 = STDEVP; 9 = SUM; 10 = VAR;
for each term in the series
o round number
which you want to round number: 0 = Integer; -numbers = to left of decimal;
aluates to a number
number is raised
nces for which you want the subtotal
erences for which you want the subtotal
o round
d
he function
Statistical Functions

AVEDEV Built In Returns the average of the absolute deviations
of data points from their mean
AVERAGE Built In Returns the average (arithmetic mean) of up to

30 numeric arguments
AVERAGEA Built In Returns the average (arithmetic mean) of its

arguments and includes evaluation of text and
logical arguments
BETADIST Built In Returns the cumulative beta probability density

function
BETAINV Built In Returns the inverse of the cumulative beta

probability density function
BINOMDIST Built In Returns the individual term binomial

distribution probability
CHIDIST Built In Returns the one-tailed probability of the chi-

squared distribution
CHIINV Built In Returns the inverse of the one-tailed

probability of the chi-squared distribution
CHITEST Built In Returns the value from the chi-squared (γ2)

distribution for the statistic and the appropriate
degrees of freedom
CONFIDENCE Built In Returns the confidence interval for a

population mean
CORREL Built In Returns the correlation coefficient between two

arrays of data
COUNT* Built In Counts the number of cells that contain

numbers and also numbers within the list of
arguments
COUNTA* Built In Counts the number of non-empty cells and the

values within the list of arguments
COVAR Built In Returns covariance; the average of the

products of deviations for each data point pair
CRITBINOM Built In Returns the smallest value for which the

cumulative binomial distribution is less than or
equal to a criterion value
DEVSQ Built In Returns the sum of the squares of the

deviations from the sample mean
EXPONDIST Built In Returns the exponential distribution
FDIST Built In Returns the F probability distribution
FINV Built In Returns the inverse of the F probability

distribution
FISHER Built In Returns the Fisher transformation at x

FISHERINV Built In Returns the inverse of the Fisher
transformation
FORECAST Built In Calculates a predicted value of y for a given x

value based on known values for x and y
FREQUENCY* Built In Counts how often values occur within given

ranges of values and returns those counts as a
vertical array of numbers
FTEST Built In Returns the result of an F-test; the one-tailed

probability that the variances in array1 and
array2 are not significantly different
GAMMADIST Built In Returns the gamma distribution
GAMMAINV Built In Returns the inverse of the gamma distribution
GAMMALN Built In Returns the natural logarithm of the gamma

function Γ(x).
GEOMEAN Built In Returns the geometric mean of an array or

range of positive data
GROWTH Built In Calculates predicted exponential growth and

returns the y-values for a series of specified
new x-values by using known x-values and y-
values
HARMEAN Built In Returns the harmonic mean of a data set by

calculating the reciprocal of the arithmetic
mean of reciprocals
HYPGEOMDIST Built In Returns the hypergeometric distribution by

calculating the probability of a given number of
sample successes, given the sample size,
population successes, and population size
INTERCEPT Built In Calculates from given x and y values the point

at which a line will intersect the y-axis
KURT Built In Returns the kurtosis of a data set; a measure

that compares the relative peakedness or
flatness of a distribution compared with the
normal distribution
LARGE Built In Returns the kth largest value in a data set
LINEST Built In Entered as an array formula, LINEST returns

an array that describes a line of best fit by
using the least squares method
LOGEST Built In Entered as an array formula, LOGEST

calculates an exponential curve that fits known
data and returns an array of values that
describes that curve
LOGINV Built In Returns the inverse of the lognormal
cumulative distribution function of x, where
ln(x) is normally distributed with given
probability, mean, and standard deviation
LOGNORMDIST Built In Returns the cumulative lognormal distribution

of x, where ln(x) is normally distributed with
known mean and standard deviation
MAX Built In Returns the maximum value in a list of

MAXA Built In Returns the maximum value in a list of

MEDIAN Built In Returns the median of the given numbers
MIN Built In Returns the minimum value in a list of

MINA Built In Returns the minimum value in a list of

MODE Built In Returns the most common value in a data set
NEGBINOMDIST Built In Returns the negative binomial distribution; the

probability that there will be number_f failures
before the number_s-th success, when the
constant probability of a success is
probability_s
NORMDIST Built In Returns the cumulative distribution function or

probability mass function for the value x with
specified mean and standard deviation
NORMINV Built In Returns the inverse of the normal cumulative

distribution for the specified probability, mean,
and standard deviation
NORMSDIST Built In Returns the standard normal cumulative

distribution function. The distribution has a
mean of 0 and a standard deviation of 1
NORMSINV Built In Returns the inverse of the standard normal

cumulative distribution
PEARSON Built In Returns the Pearson product moment

correlation coefficient
PERCENTILE Built In Returns the kth percentile of values in a range
PERCENTRANK Built In Returns the percentage rank of a value in a

data set
PERMUT** Built In Returns the number of permutations for a

given number of objects that can be selected
from a number of objects without replacement
POISSON Built In Returns the Poisson distribution

PROB Built In Returns either the probability that values in a
range are between two limits or if upper_limit
is not specified, the probability that values in
x_range are equal to lower_limit
QUARTILE Built In Returns the quartile of a data set
RANK Built In Returns the rank of a number in a list of

numbers
RSQ Built In Returns the square of the Pearson product

moment correlation coefficient through data
points in known_y's and known_x's
SKEW Built In Returns the skewness of a distribution
SLOPE Built In Returns the slope (vertical distance / horizontal

distance) of the linear regression line through
data points in known_y's and known_x's
SMALL Built In Returns the kth smallest value in a data set
STANDARDIZE Built In Returns a normalized value from a distribution

with known mean and standard_dev
STDEV Built In Estimates standard distribution based on a

sample ignoring text and logical values
STDEVA Built In Estimates standard deviation based on a

sample including text and logical values
STDEVP Built In Calculates standard distribution based on the

entire population ignoring text and logical
values
STDEVPA Built In Calculates standard deviation based on the
entire population including text and logical
values
STEYX Built In Returns the standard error of the predicted y-
value for each x in the regression
TDIST Built In Returns the probability for the Student t-

distribution where a numeric value (x) is a
calculated value of t for which the probability is
to be computed
TINV Built In Returns the t-value of the Student's t-

distribution based on given probability and
degrees of freedom
TREND Built In Entered as an array formula, TREND fits a

straight line using the least squares method to
arrays of known_y's and known_x's and
returns the y-values along that line for the
array of specified new_x's
TRIMMEAN Built In Calculates the mean by excluding a specified

percentage of data points from the top and
bottom tails of a data set
TTEST Built In Returns the probability associated with a

student's t-test
VAR Built In Estimates variance based on a sample
ignoring logical values and text
VARA Built In Estimates variance based on a sample

including text and logical values
VARP Built In Calculates variance based on the entire

population ignoring text and logical values
VARPA Built In Calculates variance based on the entire

population including text and logical values
WEIBULL Built In Returns the Weibull distribution
ZTEST Built In Returns the two-tailed P-value of a z-test
Notes: * See also COUNTIF (Maths) and COUNTBLANK (Information) and DCOUNT and DCOUNTA (Database)
** See also COMBIN function (Maths)
Statistical Function Arguments
A An optional lower bound to the interval of x
Actual_range The range of data that contains observations to test against expected values
Alpha A parameter of a distribution
Array1 (PEARSON function) A set of independent values
Array2 (PEARSON function) A set of dependent values
B An optional lower bound to the interval of y
Beta A parameter of a distribution
Bins_array An array of or reference to intervals into which you want to group the values
Const A logical value specifying whether to force the constant b to equal 1:

TRUE or omitted, b is calculated normally; FALSE, b is set equal to 1 and the m-values are adjusted so that y
= m^x
Cumulative A logical value that determines the form of the function
Data_array An array of or reference to a set of values
Degrees_freedom The number of degrees of freedom

Degrees_freedom1 The numerator degrees of freedom
Degrees_freedom2 The denominator degrees of freedom
Expected_range The range of data that contains the ratio of the product of row totals and column totals to the grand total
K Is the position in the array or cell range of data to return
Known_x's The independent array or range of data
Known_y's The dependent array or range of data
Lambda The parameter value
Mean The arithmetic mean
Mean (LOGNORMDIST and The mean of ln(x).

LOGINV)
New_x's new x-values for which you want GROWTH to return corresponding y-values
Number_population The population size
Number_s The number of successes in trials
Number_sample The size of the sample
separated by commas
Order A number specifying how to rank number; 0 or omitted = descending; non-zero = ascending
Percent The fractional number of data points to exclude from the calculation
Population_s The number of successes in the population
Prob_range A set of probabilities associated with values in x_range
Probability A probability associated with the distribution
Probability_s The probability of success on each trial
Quart Indicates which value to return: 0 = minimum value; 1 = 1st Quartile (25th Percentile); 2 = 2nd Quartile; 3 =
3rd Quartile; 4 = Maximum value
Range A range
Ref An array of, or a reference to, a list of numbers
Sample_s The number of successes in the sample
Sigma The population (known) standard deviation. If omitted, the sample standard deviation is used
Size The sample size
Standard_dev The population standard deviation for the data range
Standard_dev (LOGNORMDIST and The standard deviation of ln(x).

LOGINV)
Stats A logical value specifying whether to return additional regression statistics TRUE returns additional statistics
Tails Specifies the number of distribution tails to return. If tails = 1, TDIST returns the one-tailed distribution. If tails
= 2, TDIST returns the two-tailed distribution
Trials The number of independent trials
Type (TTEST function) The kind of t-Test to perform; 1 = Paired; 2 = Two-sample equal variance (homoscedastic); 3 = Two-sample
unequal variance (heteroscedastic)
X_range The range of numeric values of x with which there are associated probabilities
Z The value for which you want the distribution

stical Functions
Syntax
=AVEDEV(Number1,Number2,…)
=AVERAGE(Number1,Number2,…)
=AVERAGEA(Value1,Value2,…)
=BETADIST(x,alpha,beta,A,B)
=BETAINV(probability,alpha,beta,A,B)
=BINOMDIST(number_s,trials,probability_s,
cumulative)
=CHIDIST(x,degrees_freedom)
=CHIINV(probability,degrees_freedom)
=CHITEST(actual_range,expected_range)
=CONFIDENCE(alpha,standard_dev,size)
=CORREL(array1,array2)
=COUNT(value1,value2, ...)
=COUNTA(value1,value2, ...)
=COVAR(array1,array2)
=CRITBINOM(trials,probability_s,alpha)
=DEVSQ(number1,number2,...)
=EXPONDIST(x,lambda,cumulative)
=FDIST(x,degrees_freedom1,
degrees_freedom2)
=FINV(probability,degrees_freedom1,
degrees_freedom2)
=FISHER(x)
=FISHERINV(y)
=FORECAST(x,known_y's,known_x's)
=FREQUENCY(data_array,bins_array)
=FTEST(array1,array2)
=GAMMADIST(x,alpha,beta,cumulative)
=GAMMAINV(probability,alpha,beta)
=GAMMALN(x)
=GEOMEAN(number1,number2, ...)
=GROWTH(known_y's,known_x's,new_x's,const)
=HARMEAN(number1,number2, ...)
=HYPGEOMDIST(sample_s,number_sample,
population_s,number_population)
=INTERCEPT(known_y's,known_x's)
=KURT(number1,number2, ...)
=LARGE(array,k)
=LINEST(known_y's,known_x's,const,stats)
=LOGEST(known_y's,known_x's,const,stats)
=LOGINV(probability,mean,standard_dev)
=LOGNORMDIST(x,mean,standard_dev)
=MAX(number1,number2,...)
=MAXA(value1,value2,...)
=MEDIAN(number1,number2, ...)
=MIN(number1,number2,...)
=MINA(value1,value2,...)
=MODE(number1,number2,...)
=NEGBINOMDIST(number_f,number_s,
probability_s)
=NORMDIST(x,mean,standard_dev,cumulative)
=NORMINV(probability,mean,standard_dev)
=NORMSDIST(z)
=NORMSINV(probability)
=PEARSON(array1,array2)
=PERCENTILE(array,k)
=PERCENTRANK(array,x,significance)
=PERMUT(number,number_chosen)
=POISSON(x,mean,cumulative)
=PROB(x_range,prob_range,lower_limit,
upper_limit)
=QUARTILE(array,quart)
=RANK(number,ref,order)
=RSQ(known_y's,known_x's)
=SKEW(number1,number2,...)
=SLOPE(known_y's,known_x's)
=SMALL(array,k)
=STANDARDIZE(x,mean,standard_dev)
=STDEV(number1,number2,...)
=STDEVA(value1,value2,...)
=STDEVP(number1,number2,...)
=STDEVPA(value1,value2,...)
=STEYX(known_y's,known_x's)
=TDIST(x,degrees_freedom,tails)
=TINV(probability,degrees_freedom)
=TREND(known_y's,known_x's,new_x's,const)
=TRIMMEAN(array,percent)
=TTEST(array1,array2,tails,type)
=VAR(number1,number2,...)
=VARA(value1,value2,...)
=VARP(number1,number2,...)
=VARPA(value1,value2,...)
=WEIBULL(x,alpha,beta,cumulative)
=ZTEST(array,x,sigma)
Information) and DCOUNT and DCOUNTA (Database)
Function Arguments
nterval of x
observations to test against expected values
nterval of y
als into which you want to group the values
er to force the constant b to equal 1:

normally; FALSE, b is set equal to 1 and the m-values are adjusted so that y
he form of the function
of values
om
om
edom
he ratio of the product of row totals and column totals to the grand total
range of data to return
of data
data
ERF
GROWTH to return corresponding y-values
k number; 0 or omitted = descending; non-zero = ascending
oints to exclude from the calculation
population
with values in x_range
distribution
ch trial
0 = minimum value; 1 = 1st Quartile (25th Percentile); 2 = 2nd Quartile; 3 =

e
ist of numbers
sample
d deviation. If omitted, the sample standard deviation is used
o round
on for the data range
er to return additional regression statistics TRUE returns additional statistics
ion tails to return. If tails = 1, TDIST returns the one-tailed distribution. If tails
d distribution
= Paired; 2 = Two-sample equal variance (homoscedastic); 3 = Two-sample

tic)
he function
x with which there are associated probabilities
e distribution
Text Functions
ASC Built In Changes full-width (double-byte) English
half-width (single-byte) characters
BAHTTEXT Built In Converts a number to Thai text and adds a

suffix of "Baht"
CHAR Built In Returns the ANSI character set (Microsoft) or
Macintosh character set (Macintosh) specified
by the code number
CLEAN Built In Removes all nonprintable characters from text
CODE Built In Returns a numeric code for the first character

in a text string
CONCATENATE Built In Joins several text items into one text item
DOLLAR Built In Converts a number to text, using currency

format
EXACT Built In Checks to see whether two text values are
identical
FIND Built In Finds one text value within another (case
sensitive)
FINDB Built In Finds one text value within another (case
sensitive) based on the number of bytes each
character uses.
FIXED Built In Formats a number as text with a fixed number
of decimals
JIS Built In Changes half-width (single-byte) English
full-width (double-byte) characters.
LEFT Built In Returns the left most characters from a text

value
LEFTB Built In Returns the first character or characters in a

specify.
LEN Built In Returns the number of characters in a text

string
LENB Built In Returns the number of bytes used to represent

the characters in a text string
LOWER Built In Converts text to lowercase
MID Built In Returns a specific number of characters from a

string starting at a specified position
MIDB Built In Returns a specific number of characters from a

text string, starting at the position you specify,
based on the number of bytes specified
PHONETIC Built In Extracts the phonetic (furigana) characters

from a text string
PROPER Built In Capitalizes the first letter in each word of a text

value
REPLACE Built In Replaces characters within text
REPLACEB Built In Replaces part of a text string, based on the

number of bytes you specify, with a different
text string.
REPT Built In Repeats text a given number of times
RIGHT Built In Returns the rightmost characters from a text

value
RIGHTB Built In Returns the last character or characters in a

specify
SEARCH Built In Finds one text value within another (not case
sensitive) and returns the number of the
starting position
SEARCHB Built In Finds one text string (find_text) within another

text string (within_text), and returns the
number of the starting position of find_text. The
result is based on the number of bytes each
character uses, beginning with start_num
SUBSTITUTE Built In Substitutes new text for old text in a text string
T Built In Converts its arguments to text
TEXT Built In Formats a number and converts it to text
TRIM Built In Removes all spaces from text except single

spaces between words
UPPER Built In Converts text to uppercase
VALUE Built In Converts a text argument to a number
YEN Built In Converts a number to text, using the ¥ (yen)

currency format, with the number rounded to a
specified place
Text Function Arguments
Decimals The number of digits to the right of the decimal point. If decimals is negative, number is rounded to the left of
the decimal point. If you omit decimals, it is assumed to be 2
Find_text The text you want to find
Format_text A number format in text form from in the Category box on the Number tab in the Format Cells dialog box
Instance_num Specifies which occurrence of old_text you want to replace with new_text. If you specify instance_num, only
that instance of old_text is replaced. Otherwise, every occurrence of old_text in text is changed to new_text
New_text The text that will replace characters in old_text
No_commas A logical value that, if TRUE, prevents FIXED from including commas in the returned text
Num_bytes The number of bytes you want to extract
Num_chars The number of characters you want to extract
Number_times A positive number specifying the number of times to repeat text
Old_text Text in which you want to replace some characters
Start_num The character at which to start the search
Text Text or a reference to a cell that contains the text you want to change
Text1 First item of text
Text2 Second item of text
Text2,… Second of up to 30 items of text
Value A value or an expression that evaluates to a value
Within_text The text containing the text you want to find

ext Functions
Syntax
=ASC(Text)
=BAHTTEXT(number)
=CHAR(Number)
=CLEAN(text)
=CODE(text)
=CONCATENATE (text1,text2,...)
=DOLLAR(number,decimals)
=EXACT(text1,text2)
=FIND(find_text,within_text,start_num)
=FINDB(find_text,within_text,start_num)
=FIXED(number,decimals,no_commas)
=JIS(text)
=LEFT(text,num_chars)
=LEFTB(text,num_bytes)
=LEN(text)
=LENB(text)
=LOWER(text)
=MID(text,start_num,num_chars)
=MIDB(text,start_num,num_bytes)
=PHONETIC(reference)
=PROPER(text)
=REPLACE(old_text,start_num,num_chars,
new_text)
=REPLACEB(old_text,start_num,num_bytes,
new_text)
=REPT(text,number_times)
=RIGHT(text,num_chars)
=RIGHTB(text,num_bytes)
=SEARCH(find_text,within_text,start_num)
=SEARCHB(find_text,within_text,start_num)
=SUBSTITUTE(text,old_text,new_text,
instance_num)
=T(value)
=TEXT(value,format_text)
=TRIM(text)
=UPPER(text)
=VALUE(text)
=YEN(number,decimals)
unction Arguments
of the decimal point. If decimals is negative, number is rounded to the left of

cimals, it is assumed to be 2
m in the Category box on the Number tab in the Format Cells dialog box
d_text you want to replace with new_text. If you specify instance_num, only
ced. Otherwise, every occurrence of old_text in text is changed to new_text
ers in old_text
events FIXED from including commas in the returned text
o extract
ant to extract
aluates to a number
number of times to repeat text
e some characters
eparator
he search
contains the text you want to change
aluates to a value
want to find
COMPLETE LIST OF FUNCTION ARGUMENTS
A An optional lower bound to the interval of x
A1 A logical value that specifies the A1 (TRUE) or R1C1 (FALSE) reference style
Abs_num The type of reference to return:

1 = Absolute; 2 = Abs Row / Rel Col; 3 = Rel Row / Abs Col; 4 = Relative
Actual_range The range of data that contains observations to test against expected values
Alpha A parameter of a distribution
Angle The angle in radians
Area_num Selects a range in reference from which to return the intersection of row_num and column_num
Argument1,… The arguments to be passed to the procedure
Array_x The first array or range of values
Array_y The second array or range of values
Array1 (PEARSON function) A set of independent values
Array1 (SUMPRODUCT) A cell range of values (up to 30 with SUMPRODUCT)
Array2 (PEARSON function) A set of dependent values
Array2 (SUMPRODUCT) A second cell range of values (up to 30 with SUMPRODUCT)
Array3,… A third cell range of values (up to 30 with SUMPRODUCT)
B An optional lower bound to the interval of y
Base The base of the logarithm. If base is omitted, it is assumed to be 10
Basis The type of day count basis to use: 0 or omitted = US(NASD) 30/360
(For Securities Functions) 1 = Actual / Actual; 2 = Actual / 360; 3 = Actual / 365; 4 = European 30/360
Basis The type of day count basis to use:

(For YEARFRAC) 0 or omitted = US(NASD) 30/360; 1 = Actual / Actual; 2 = Actual / 360;
3 = Actual / 365; 4 = European 30/360
Basis(For Depreciation Functions) Year basis to be used:

0 or omitted 360 (NASD); 1 = Actual; 2 = 365; 3 = 360 (European)
Beta A parameter of a distribution
Bins_array An array of or reference to intervals into which you want to group the values
Bottom The smallest integer to be returned

Coefficients A set of coefficients by which each successive power of x is multiplied. The number of values in coefficients
determines the number of terms in the power series
Col_index_num The column number in table_array from which the matching value must be returned
Col_names_logical Indicates whether column names are returned as the first row of the results. TRUE if the column names to be
returned as the first row of the results. FALSE if column names not wanted. If column_names_logical is
omitted, SQL.REQUEST does not return column names
Cols The number of columns, to the left (-) or right (+), that you want the upper-left cell of the result to refer to
Column_num Column number
Connection_string Supplies information, such as the data source name, user ID, and passwords, required by the driver being
used to connect to a data source and must follow the driver's format
Const A logical value specifying whether to force the constant b to equal 1:

TRUE or omitted, b is calculated normally
FALSE, b is set equal to 1 and the m-values are adjusted so that y = m^x
Cost Cost of the asset
Coupon The security's annual coupon rate
Cumulative A logical value that determines the form of the function
Data_array An array of or reference to a set of values
Data_field The name, enclosed in quotation marks, for the data field that contains the data
Database The range of cells that makes up the list or database
Date_purchased Date of purchase of the asset. Entered as an acceptable date in quotation marks or as a serial number or
Date_text A date enclosed in quotation marks that is in a date text form acceptable to Excel. Note that acceptable date
forms vary with system and Excel settings.
Dates A schedule of payment dates that corresponds to the cash flow payments. The first payment date indicates
the beginning of the schedule of payments. All other dates must be later than this date, but they may occur in
any order
Day A number representing the day of the month. If day is greater than the number of days in the month specified,
day aggregates the month and year arguments appropriately and day represents the balance after this
aggregation
Days The number of nonweekend and nonholiday days before or after start_date. A positive value for days yields a
future date; a negative value yields a past date
Decimal_Dollar A decimal number
Decimals The number of digits to the right of the decimal point. If decimals is negative, number is rounded to the left of
the decimal point. If you omit decimals, it is assumed to be 2
Degrees_freedom The number of degrees of freedom
Degrees_freedom1 The numerator degrees of freedom
Degrees_freedom2 The denominator degrees of freedom
Denominator The divisor

Discount The security's discount rate
Divisor The number by which you want to divide number
Driver_prompt Specifies when the driver dialog box is displayed and which options are available
Effect_rate The effective interest rate
End_Date The last date as an acceptable date in inverted commas or as a serial number
End_Period Last period number
Error_val The error value whose identifying number you want:

1 = #Null!; 2 = #Div/0!; 3 = #Value!; 4 = #Ref!; 5 = #Name?; 6 = #N/A
Expected_range The range of data that contains the ratio of the product of row totals and column totals to the grand total
Factor The rate at which the balance declines. If factor is omitted, it is assumed to be 2 (the double-declining
balance method)
Field Indicates which column is used in the function as text in inverted commas or as number of field
Field1, Item1 One of up to 14 pairs of field names and item names that describe the data
Field2, Item2,… Second of up to 14 pairs of field names and item names that describe the data
File_text The name of the file that contains the code resource in Microsoft Excel for the Macintosh
Finance_rate The interest rate you pay on the money used in the cash flows
Find_Text The text you want to find
First_coupon The security's first coupon date
First_Interest A security's first interest date entered as an acceptable date in quotation marks or as a serial number or
First_Period Date of the end of the first period. Entered as an acceptable date in quotation marks or as a serial number or
Form A number specifying the type of roman numeral you want; 0 (Default) = Classic; 1-4 Progressively simplified;
TRUE = Classic; FALSE = Most Simplified
Format_text A number format in text form from in the Category box on the Number tab in the Format Cells dialog box
Fraction The integer to use in the denominator of the fraction
Fractional_Dollar A number expressed as a fraction
Frequency The number of coupon payments per year for a security.
Friendly_name The jump text or numeric value that is displayed in the cell
From_unit(1) A unit of measurement:

From_unit(2) Weight & Mass: "g" = gram; "sg" = slug; "lbm" = pound (avoirdupois); "u" = Atomic mass; "ozm" = ounces
(avoirdupois)
From_unit(3) Prefix Abbreviations for metric: "E" = 1E+18 = exa; "P" = 1E+15 = peta; "T" 1E+12 = tera; "G" = 1E+09 =
15 = femto; "a" = 1E-18 = atto
Full_precision A logical value; FALSE = currency specific rounding rules, TRUE = full precision
Function_num The number 1 to 11 that specifies which function to use in calculating subtotals within a list:
1 = AVERAGE; 2 = COUNT; 3 = COUNTA; 4 = MAX; 5 = MIN; 6 = PRODUCT; 7 = STDEV; 8 = STDEVP; 9
= SUM; 10 = VAR; 11 = VARP
FV Future Value
Guess A number that you guess is close to the result of IRR
Height The height, in number of rows, that you want the returned reference to be. Height must be a positive number
Holidays An optional range of one or more dates to exclude from the working calendar. The list can be either a range
of cells that contains the dates or an array constant of the serial numbers that represent the dates
Hour A number from 0 to 32767 representing the hour. Any value greater than 23 will be divided by 24 and the
remainder will be treated as the hour value
I_num Imaginary coefficient of the complex number
I_number A complex number
Index_num Specifies which value argument is selected. Index_num must be a number between 1 and 29, or a formula or
reference to a cell containing a number between 1 and 29
Info_type A text value that specifies what type of cell information you want:
"Address" = first cell in reference
"Col" = First column number in reference
"Color" Returns 1 for negative colored, 0 otherwise
"Contents" = Value of upper left cell in reference
"Format" = Text value corresponding to number format
"Prentheses" = Returns 1 for parenthese for positive or all values, 0 otherwise
"Prefix" = Text value corresponding to label prefix
"Protect" = returns 0 if unlucked, 1 if locked
"Row" = First row number in reference
"Type" = Text value for type of data; b for blank, l for label, v for value
"Width" = Column width rounded to nearest integer
Instance_num Specifies which occurrence of old_text you want to replace with new_text. If you specify instance_num, only
that instance of old_text is replaced. Otherwise, every occurrence of old_text in text is changed to new_text
Inumber A complex number
INumber1 First Complex number
INumber2 Second Complex
INumber2… The second of 1-29 complex numbers
Investment The amount invested in the security
Issue A security's issue date entered as an acceptable date in quotation marks or as a serial number or function
returning a date serial number
Item1 One of up to 14 pairs of field names and item names that describe the data
Item2,… Second of up to 14 pairs of field names and item names that describe the data
K Is the position in the array or cell range of data to return
Known_x's The independent array or range of data
Known_y's The dependent array or range of data
Lambda The parameter value
Last_interest The security's last coupon date
Life The number of periods over which the asset is being depreciated (sometimes called the useful life of the
asset)
Link_location The path and file name to the document to be opened as text
Logical A value or expression that can be evaluated to TRUE or FALSE
Logical_test Any value or expression that can be evaluated to TRUE or FALSE
Logical1 Condition to be tested. Argument must evaluate to a logical value or be arrays or references that contain
logical values
Logical2,… Second of up to 30 conditions you want to test that can be either TRUE or FALSE
Lookup_array A contiguous range of cells containing possible lookup values. Lookup_array must be an array or an array
reference
Lookup_value The value to be found
Lookup_vector A range that contains only one row or one column. The values in lookup_vector can be text, numbers, or
logical values
M The step by which to increase n for each term in the series
Match_type The number -1, 0, or 1. Match_type specifies how Microsoft Excel matches lookup_value with values in
lookup_array:
1 = (default) largest value less than or equal to look_up value
Maturity The
0 security's
= first maturity
value to exactlydate
equal lookup value
-1 = smallest value greater than or equal to look_value
Mean The arithmetic mean
Mean (LOGNORMDIST and The mean of ln(x).
LOGINV)
Method FALSE or omitted = US (NASD) 30/360 method; TRUE = European 30/360 method
Minute A number from 0 to 32767 representing the minute. Any value greater than 59 will be converted to hours and
minutes
Module_text Quoted text specifying the name of the dynamic link library (DLL) that contains the procedure in Microsoft
Excel for Windows
Month (For DATE function) A number representing the month of the year. If month is greater than 12, month adds that number of months
to the first month in the year specified
Months The number of months before or after start_date
Multiple The multiple to which you want to round number
New_text The text that will replace characters in old_text
New_x's new x-values for which you want GROWTH to return corresponding y-values
No_commas A logical value that, if TRUE, prevents FIXED from including commas in the returned text
No_switch A logical value specifying whether to switch to straight-line depreciation when depreciation is greater than the
declining balance calculation.If TRUE, Excel does not switch to straight-line depreciation even when the
depreciation is greater than the declining balance calculation. FALSE or omitted, Excel switches to straight-
line depreciation when depreciation is greater than the declining balance calculation
Nominal_rate The nominal interest rate
Nper The number of periods
Npery The number of compounding periods per year
Num_bytes The number of bytes you want to extract
Num_chars The number of characters you want to extract
Num_digits Specifies the number of digits to which you want to round number: 0 = Integer; -numbers = to left of decimal;
+numbers = to right of decimal
Number_f The number of failures
Number_population The population size
Number_s The number of successes in trials

Number_sample The size of the sample
Number_times A positive number specifying the number of times to repeat text
Number2 The second number
separated by commas
Numerator The dividend
Old_text Text in which you want to replace some characters
Order A number specifying how to rank number; 0 or omitted = descending; non-zero = ascending
Output_ref A cell reference where you want the completed connection string placed
Par A security's par value. (Default = $1,000)
Per The period for which you want to find the interest
Percent The fractional number of data points to exclude from the calculation
Period The number of the accounting period
Pivot_table A reference to any cell, range of cells, or named range of cells in a PivotTable report
Places The number of characters to use. If places is omitted, Excel uses the minimum number of characters
necessary
Pmt The payment made each period
Population_s The number of successes in the population
Power The exponent to which the base number is raised
Pr The security's price per $100 face value
Principal The present value
Prob_range A set of probabilities associated with values in x_range
Probability A probability associated with the distribution
Probability_s The probability of success on each trial
Procedure Text specifying the name of the function in the DLL. You can also use the ordinal value of the function from
the EXPORTS statement in the module-definition file (.DEF).
ProgID The name of the ProgID of a registered COM automation add-in that has been installed on the local
computer. Enclose the name in quotation marks
PV The Present Value
Quart Indicates which value to return: 0 = minimum value; 1 = 1st Quartile (25th Percentile); 2 = 2nd Quartile; 3 =
3rd Quartile; 4 = Maximum value
Query_text The SQL statement that you want to execute on the data source
Range A range
Range_lookup A logical value that specifies whether you want to find an exact match or an approximate match. If TRUE =
approximate match is returned FALSE = Exact
Rate The interest rate per period

(For amortization functions)
Rate The rate of depreciation

(For Depreciation Functions)
Rate The discount rate

(For NPV and XNPV)
Rate A security's annual coupon rate

Real_num The real coefficient of the complex number
Redemption The security's redemption value per $100 face value
Ref An array of, or a reference to, a list of numbers
Ref_text Refers to another workbook (an external reference),
Ref1 First of up to 29 ranges or references for which you want the subtotal
Ref2,… Second of up to 29 ranges or references for which you want the subtotal
Register_id The value returned by a previously executed REGISTER or REGISTER.ID function
Reinjvest_rate The interest rate you receive on the cash flows as you reinvest them
Resource The name of the code resource in Microsoft Excel for the Macintosh. You can also use the resource ID
number. The resource ID number must not be in the form of text
Result_vector A range that contains only one row or column. It must be the same size as lookup_vector
Return_type A number that determines the type of return value: 1 (or omitted) 1 = Sunday; 2 = 1 = Monday; 3 = 0 =
(WEEKDAY only) Monday
Return_type A number that determines on which day the week begins; 1 (or omitted) = starts Sunday nums 1 to 7; 2 =
(WEEKNUM only) starts Monday nums 1 to 7
Row_index_num The row number in table_array from which the matching value will be returned
Row_num Row number
Rows The number of rows, up (-) or down (+), that you want the upper-left cell to refer to
Salvage Salvage value at the end of the life of the asset
Sample_s The number of successes in the sample
Schedule An array of interest rates to apply

Second A number from 0 to 32767 representing the second. Any value greater than 59 will be converted to hours,
minutes, and seconds
Serial_num An Excel date / time serial number. Dates should be entered by using the DATE function, or as results of
other formulas or functions. The Excel date serial number varies according to setting of 1900 or 1904 date
system in Tools > Options > Calculation.
Serial_Number A date / time serial number. Dates should be entered by using the DATE function, or as results of other
formulas or functions
Server Name of the server where the add-in should be run. If there is no server, and the program is run locally, leave
the argument blank. Otherwise, enter quotation marks ("") around the server name
Settlement A security's settlement date, which is the date after the issue date when the security is traded to the buyer.
Entered as an acceptable date in quotation marks or as a serial number or function returning a date serial
number
Sheet_text Text specifying the name of the worksheet to be used as the external reference. If sheet_text is omitted, no
sheet name is used
Sigma The population (known) standard deviation. If omitted, the sample standard deviation is used
Size The sample size
Source A three-letter string, or reference to a cell containing the string, corresponding to the ISO code for the source
currency
Standard_dev The population standard deviation for the data range
Standard_dev (LOGNORMDIST and The standard deviation of ln(x).

LOGINV)
Start_date The first date as an acceptable date in inverted commas or as a serial number
Start_num The character at which to start the search
Start_Period First period number
Stats A logical value specifying whether to return additional regression statistics TRUE returns additional statistics
Step The threshold value. If you omit a value for step, GESTEP uses zero
Suffix The suffix for the imaginary component of the complex number. If omitted, suffix is assumed to be "i"
Sum_range The actual cells to sum
Table_array A table of information in which data is looked up
Tails Specifies the number of distribution tails to return. If tails = 1, TDIST returns the one-tailed distribution. If tails
= 2, TDIST returns the two-tailed distribution
Target A three-letter string, or reference to a cell containing the string, corresponding to the ISO code for the source
currency
Text Text or a reference to a cell that contains the text you want to change
Text1 First item of text
Text2 Second item of text
Text2,… Second of up to 30 items of text
Time_text A text string enclosed in quotation marks that represents a time in any one of the Excel time formats
To_unit(1) A unit of measurement
To_unit(2) Weight & Mass: "g" = gram; "sg" = slug; "lbm" = pound (avoirdupois); "u" = Atomic mass; "ozm" = ounces
(avoirdupois)
To_unit(3) Prefix Abbreviations for metric: "E" = 1E+18 = exa; "P" = 1E+15 = peta; "T" 1E+12 = tera; "G" = 1E+09 =
15 = femto; "a" = 1E-18 = atto
Top The largest integer to be returned
Topic1 First of up to 28 parameters that together represent a unique piece of real-time data
Topic2,… Second of up to 28 parameters that together represent a unique piece of real-time data
Trials The number of independent trials
Triangulation_precision An integer equal to or greater than 3 that specifies the number of significant digits to be used for the
intermediate euro value when converting between two euro member currencies
Type (Amortization functions) 0 = Payment in arrears; 1 = payment in advance
Type (TTEST function) The kind of t-Test to perform; 1 = Paired; 2 = Two-sample equal variance (homoscedastic); 3 = Two-sample
unequal variance (heteroscedastic)
Type_text (CALL function) Text specifying the data type of the return value and the data types of all arguments to the DLL or code
resource
Type_text (INFO function) Text that specifies what type of information you want returned:
"directory" = Path of current directory of folder;
"memavail" = Amount of currently available memory in bytes;
"memused" = Amount of memory being used for data;
"numfile" = number of active worksheets in open workbooks;
"origin" = cell reference of top leftmost cell visible in window, based on current scrolling position;
"osversion" = current operating system version, as text;
"recalc" = current recalculation mode;
"release" = version of Excel;
"system" = name of the operating environment (Mac or pcdos);
"totmem" = total memory available
Unit "y" = years; "m" = months; "d" = days; "md" = days ignoring months and years; "ym" = years and months; "yd"
= years and days
Value A value or an expression that evaluates to a value
Value_If_False The value that is returned if logical_test is FALSE
Value_If_True The value that is returned if logical_test is TRUE
Values An array or a reference to cells that contain numbers
Values (IRR and MIRR) An array or a reference to cells that contain numbers for which you want to calculate the internal rate of
return. Values must contain at least one positive value and one negative value to calculate the internal rate of
return. If an array or reference argument contains text, logical values, or empty cells, those values are
ignored.
Values (XIRR and XNPV) A series of cash flows that corresponds to a schedule of payments in dates. The first payment is optional and
corresponds to a cost or payment that occurs at the beginning of the investment. If the first value is a cost or
payment, it must be a negative value. All succeeding payments are discounted based on a 365-day year. The
series of values must contain at least one positive value and one negative value
Width The width, in number of columns, that you want the returned reference to be. Width must be a positive
number
Within_Text The text containing the text you want to find
x_Num The x-coordinate of the point
X_range The range of numeric values of x with which there are associated probabilities
y_Num The y-coordinate of the point
Year The year number as one to four digits
Yld The security's annual yield
Z The value for which you want the distribution

OF FUNCTION ARGUMENTS
nterval of x
A1 (TRUE) or R1C1 (FALSE) reference style
Col; 3 = Rel Row / Abs Col; 4 = Relative
observations to test against expected values
m which to return the intersection of row_num and column_num
he procedure
lues
with SUMPRODUCT)
p to 30 with SUMPRODUCT)
o 30 with SUMPRODUCT)
nterval of y
e is omitted, it is assumed to be 10
se: 0 or omitted = US(NASD) 30/360

360; 3 = Actual / 365; 4 = European 30/360
se:
0; 1 = Actual / Actual; 2 = Actual / 360;
0/360
tual; 2 = 365; 3 = 360 (European)
als into which you want to group the values
ed
ch successive power of x is multiplied. The number of values in coefficients
in the power series
ay from which the matching value must be returned
s are returned as the first row of the results. TRUE if the column names to be
esults. FALSE if column names not wanted. If column_names_logical is
ot return column names
eft (-) or right (+), that you want the upper-left cell of the result to refer to
e data source name, user ID, and passwords, required by the driver being
e and must follow the driver's format
er to force the constant b to equal 1:

normally
he m-values are adjusted so that y = m^x
he form of the function
of values
n marks, for the data field that contains the data
p the list or database
ntered as an acceptable date in quotation marks or as a serial number or

umber
rks that is in a date text form acceptable to Excel. Note that acceptable date
el settings.
at corresponds to the cash flow payments. The first payment date indicates
payments. All other dates must be later than this date, but they may occur in
of the month. If day is greater than the number of days in the month specified,
ear arguments appropriately and day represents the balance after this
nonholiday days before or after start_date. A positive value for days yields a
ds a past date
of the decimal point. If decimals is negative, number is rounded to the left of

cimals, it is assumed to be 2
om
om
edom
o divide number
box is displayed and which options are available
g number you want:

ue!; 4 = #Ref!; 5 = #Name?; 6 = #N/A
he ratio of the product of row totals and column totals to the grand total
eclines. If factor is omitted, it is assumed to be 2 (the double-declining
n the function as text in inverted commas or as number of field
s the code resource in Microsoft Excel for the Macintosh
money used in the cash flows
ered as an acceptable date in quotation marks or as a serial number or

umber
d. Entered as an acceptable date in quotation marks or as a serial number or

umber
roman numeral you want; 0 (Default) = Classic; 1-4 Progressively simplified;

Simplified
m in the Category box on the Number tab in the Format Cells dialog box
nator of the fraction
s per year for a security.
hat is displayed in the cell

(1/72in)
= Watt
Gauss
cy specific rounding rules, TRUE = full precision
s which function to use in calculating subtotals within a list:

COUNTA; 4 = MAX; 5 = MIN; 6 = PRODUCT; 7 = STDEV; 8 = STDEVP; 9
e to the result of IRR
hat you want the returned reference to be. Height must be a positive number
e dates to exclude from the working calendar. The list can be either a range
r an array constant of the serial numbers that represent the dates
senting the hour. Any value greater than 23 will be divided by 24 and the
hour value
plex number
is selected. Index_num must be a number between 1 and 29, or a formula or

number between 1 and 29
ype of cell information you want:

e
eference
olored, 0 otherwise
cell in reference
ding to number format
enthese for positive or all values, 0 otherwise
ing to label prefix
1 if locked
erence
ata; b for blank, l for label, v for value
to nearest integer
d_text you want to replace with new_text. If you specify instance_num, only
ced. Otherwise, every occurrence of old_text in text is changed to new_text
mbers
urity
s an acceptable date in quotation marks or as a serial number or function
range of data to return
of data
data
ch the asset is being depreciated (sometimes called the useful life of the
cument to be opened as text
e evaluated to TRUE or FALSE
n be evaluated to TRUE or FALSE
t must evaluate to a logical value or be arrays or references that contain
ou want to test that can be either TRUE or FALSE
aining possible lookup values. Lookup_array must be an array or an array
ow or one column. The values in lookup_vector can be text, numbers, or
ERF
for each term in the series
ype specifies how Microsoft Excel matches lookup_value with values in
han or equal to look_up value

okup value
or equal to look_value
30/360 method; TRUE = European 30/360 method
senting the minute. Any value greater than 59 will be converted to hours and
of the dynamic link library (DLL) that contains the procedure in Microsoft
h of the year. If month is greater than 12, month adds that number of months
cified
after start_date
o round number
ers in old_text
GROWTH to return corresponding y-values
events FIXED from including commas in the returned text
er to switch to straight-line depreciation when depreciation is greater than the

TRUE, Excel does not switch to straight-line depreciation even when the
declining balance calculation. FALSE or omitted, Excel switches to straight-
ion is greater than the declining balance calculation
riods per year
o extract
ant to extract
which you want to round number: 0 = Integer; -numbers = to left of decimal;
aluates to a number
s
number of times to repeat text
e some characters
k number; 0 or omitted = descending; non-zero = ascending
the completed connection string placed
$1,000)
o find the interest
oints to exclude from the calculation
eriod
cells, or named range of cells in a PivotTable report
e. If places is omitted, Excel uses the minimum number of characters
population
number is raised
e value
with values in x_range
distribution
ch trial
function in the DLL. You can also use the ordinal value of the function from
module-definition file (.DEF).
istered COM automation add-in that has been installed on the local
quotation marks
0 = minimum value; 1 = 1st Quartile (25th Percentile); 2 = 2nd Quartile; 3 =

e
nt to execute on the data source
ether you want to find an exact match or an approximate match. If TRUE =

ALSE = Exact
ex number
per $100 face value
ist of numbers
external reference),
nces for which you want the subtotal
erences for which you want the subtotal
eparator
sly executed REGISTER or REGISTER.ID function
the cash flows as you reinvest them
n Microsoft Excel for the Macintosh. You can also use the resource ID
er must not be in the form of text
ow or column. It must be the same size as lookup_vector
pe of return value: 1 (or omitted) 1 = Sunday; 2 = 1 = Monday; 3 = 0 =
hich day the week begins; 1 (or omitted) = starts Sunday nums 1 to 7; 2 =
rom which the matching value will be returned
wn (+), that you want the upper-left cell to refer to
ife of the asset
sample
y
senting the second. Any value greater than 59 will be converted to hours,
er. Dates should be entered by using the DATE function, or as results of

Excel date serial number varies according to setting of 1900 or 1904 date
culation.
es should be entered by using the DATE function, or as results of other
dd-in should be run. If there is no server, and the program is run locally, leave
enter quotation marks ("") around the server name
ch is the date after the issue date when the security is traded to the buyer.
n quotation marks or as a serial number or function returning a date serial
worksheet to be used as the external reference. If sheet_text is omitted, no
d deviation. If omitted, the sample standard deviation is used
o round

on for the data range
he search
er to return additional regression statistics TRUE returns additional statistics
a value for step, GESTEP uses zero
ponent of the complex number. If omitted, suffix is assumed to be "i"
ata is looked up
ion tails to return. If tails = 1, TDIST returns the one-tailed distribution. If tails
d distribution

contains the text you want to change
on marks that represents a time in any one of the Excel time formats
(1/72in)
= Watt
Gauss
together represent a unique piece of real-time data
hat together represent a unique piece of real-time data
an 3 that specifies the number of significant digits to be used for the

onverting between two euro member currencies
ment in advance
= Paired; 2 = Two-sample equal variance (homoscedastic); 3 = Two-sample

tic)
he return value and the data types of all arguments to the DLL or code
nformation you want returned:
ctory of folder;
y available memory in bytes;
y being used for data;
ksheets in open workbooks;
tmost cell visible in window, based on current scrolling position;
system version, as text;
mode;
g environment (Mac or pcdos);

ble
days; "md" = days ignoring months and years; "ym" = years and months; "yd"
aluates to a value
cal_test is FALSE
cal_test is TRUE
hat contain numbers
hat contain numbers for which you want to calculate the internal rate of
ast one positive value and one negative value to calculate the internal rate of
rgument contains text, logical values, or empty cells, those values are
sponds to a schedule of payments in dates. The first payment is optional and

nt that occurs at the beginning of the investment. If the first value is a cost or
alue. All succeeding payments are discounted based on a 365-day year. The
least one positive value and one negative value
s, that you want the returned reference to be. Width must be a positive
want to find
he function
x with which there are associated probabilities
digits
e distribution

Excel Functions

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Excel Functions

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EXCEL FUNCTIONS

Name Source Type Description

ACOS Built In Maths Returns in radians the arccosine of a number

ACOSH Built In Maths Returns the inverse hyperbolic cosine of a

ASC Built In Text Changes full-width (double-byte) English

ASIN Built In Maths Returns in radians the arcsine of a number

ASINH Built In Maths Returns the inverse hyperbolic sine of a

ATAN Built In Maths Returns in radians the arctangent of a number

ATAN2 Built In Maths Returns in radians the arctangent from x and y

ATANH Built In Maths Returns the inverse hyperbolic tangent of a

AVEDEV Built In Statistical Returns the average of the absolute deviations

AVERAGE Built In Statistical Returns the average (arithmetic mean) of up to

AVERAGEA Built In Statistical Returns the average (arithmetic mean) of its

BAHTTEXT Built In Text Converts a number to Thai text and adds a

BESSELJ Analysis ToolPak Engineering Returns the Bessel function represented by

BESSELK Analysis ToolPak Engineering Returns the modified Bessel function

BETADIST Built In Statistical Returns the cumulative beta probability density

BETAINV Built In Statistical Returns the inverse of the cumulative beta

BIN2DEC Analysis ToolPak Engineering Converts binary number to decimal

BIN2HEX Analysis ToolPak Engineering Converts binary number to hexadecimal

BIN2OCT Analysis ToolPak Engineering Converts binary number to octal

BINOMDIST Built In Statistical Returns the individual term binomial

CALL Built In External Calls a procedure in a dynamic link library or

CEILING Built In Maths Rounds a number (away from zero) to the

CELL Built In Information Returns information about the formatting ,

CHAR Built In Text Returns the ANSI character set (Microsoft) or

CHIDIST Built In Statistical Returns the one-tailed probability of the chi-

CHIINV Built In Statistical Returns the inverse of the one-tailed

CLEAN Built In Text Removes all nonprintable characters from text

COMBIN Built In Maths Returns the number of combinations for a

CONFIDENCE Built In Statistical Returns the confidence interval for a

CORREL Built In Statistical Returns the correlation coefficient between two

COS Built In Maths Returns the cosine of a given angle given in

COSH Built In Maths Returns the hyperbolic cosine of a number

COUNT Built In Statistical Counts the number of cells that contain

COUPNUM Analysis ToolPak Financial Returns the number of coupons payable

COVAR Built In Statistical Returns covariance; the average of the

DAVERAGE Built In Database Returns the average of selected list or

DB Built In Financial Returns the depreciation of an asset for a

DCOUNT Built In Database Counts the cells containing numbers from a

DCOUNTA Built In Database Counts non blank cells from a specified

DDB Built In Financial Returns the deoreciation of an asset for a

DEC2BIN Analysis ToolPak Engineering Converts a decimal number to binary

DEC2HEX Analysis ToolPak Engineering Converts a decimal number to hexadecimal

DEC2OCT Analysis ToolPak Engineering Converts a decimal number to octal

DEGREES Built In Maths Converts radians to degrees

DEVSQ Built In Statistical Returns the sum of the squares of the

DGET Built In Database Extracts from a specified database a single

DMAX Built In Database Extracts maximum number in a column of a list

DMIN Built In Database Extracts minimum number in a column of a list

DOLLAR Built In Text Converts a number to text, using currency

DOLLARDE Analysis ToolPak Financial Converts a dollar price (expressed as a

DOLLARFR Analysis ToolPak Financial Converts a dollar price (expressed as a

DPRODUCT Built In Database Multiplies the values in a particular field of

DSTDEVP Built In Database Calculates the standard deviation based on the

DSUM Built In Database Adds the numbers in the field column of

DURATION Analysis ToolPak Financial Returns the Macauley duration of a security

DVAR Built In Database Estimates the variance of a population based

DVARP Built In DataBase Calculates the variance of a population based

ERFC Analysis ToolPak Engineering Returns the complementary ERF function

ERROR.TYPE Built In Information Returns a number corresponding to an Excel

EUROCONVERT Add-in External Converts a number to or from Euros to or from

EVEN Built In Maths Rounds a number away from zero to the

EXP Built In Maths Returns e (=2.71828182845904) raised to the