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Figure 1: World Map of Kppen-Geiger climate classication updated with mean monthly CRU TS 2.1 temperature and VASClimO v1.1
precipitation data for the period 1951 to 2000 on a regular 0.5 degree latitude/longitude grid.
eschweizerbartxxx
262 M. Kottek et al.: World Map of the Kppen-Geiger climate classication updated Meteorol. Z., 15, 2006
Table 2: Key to calculate the third letter temperature classication (h) and (k) for the arid climates (B) and (a) to (d) for the warm temperate
and snow climates (C) and (D). Note that for type (b), warm summer, a threshold temperature value of +10
C has to occur for at least four
months. The criteria are explained in the text.
Type Description Criterion
h Hot steppe / desert T
ann
+18
C
k Cold steppe /desert T
ann
<+18
C
a Hot summer T
max
+22
C
b Warm summer not (a) and at least 4 T
mon
+10
C
c Cool summer and cold winter not (b) and T
min
>38
C
d extremely continental like (c) but T
min
38
C
Since various different, sometimes just slightly mod-
ied, versions of Kppens climate classication have
been published, the calculation scheme for the Kppen-
Geiger classes as applied here will now be briey de-
scribed (for more details see, e.g., section 13.4.2 of
HANTEL, 1989; KRAUS, 2004). This guarantees the
reproducibility of the digital data set presented here.
The key to the main climates, characterized by the rst
two letters of the classication, is described in Tab. 1.
The annual mean near-surface (2 m) temperature is de-
noted by T
ann
and the monthly mean temperatures of the
warmest and coldest months by T
max
and T
min
, respec-
tively. P
ann
is the accumulated annual precipitation and
P
min
is the precipitation of the driest month. Additionally
P
smin
, P
smax
, P
wmin
and P
wmax
are dened as the lowest
and highest monthly precipitation values for the summer
and winter half-years on the hemisphere considered. All
temperatures are given in
C, monthly precipitations in
mm/month and P
ann
in mm/year.
In addition to these temperature and precipitation
values a dryness threshold P
th
in mm is introduced for
the arid climates (B), which depends on {T
ann
}, the ab-
solute measure of the annual mean temperature in
C,
and on the annual cycle of precipitation:
P
th
=
2{T
ann
} if at least 2/3 of the annual
precipitation occurs in winter,
2{T
ann
}+28 if at least 2/3 of the annual
precipitation occurs in summer,
2{T
ann
}+14 otherwise.
(2.1)
The scheme how to determine the additional temper-
ature conditions (third letter) for the arid climates (B) as
well as for the warm temperate and snow climates (C)
and (D), respectively, is given in Tab. 2, where T
mon
de-
notes the mean monthly temperature in
C.
3 Results
Combining the three letters depicted in Tab. 1 and Tab.
2 leads to at most 34 possible different climate classes.
Three of these classes cannot occur by denition since
a warm temperate climate (C) needs a temperature of
the coldest month T
min
above 3
C while a third let-
ter climate (d), extremely continental, needs a temper-
ature of the coldest month below 38
C. Therefore
(Csd), (Cwd) and (Cfd) cannot be realised and 31 cli-
mate classes remain. Kppen and Geiger recognised that
not all of the remaining types occur in a large areal
amount and therefore not all of these types may be of
climatological importance.
Fig. 1 shows a world map of the Kppen-Geiger cli-
mate classication updated with mean monthly CRU
TS 2.1 temperature and VASClimO v1.1 precipitation
data for the period 1951 to 2000 on a regular 0.5 de-
gree latitude/longitude grid. All 31 climate classes are
illustrated with different colours although one of these
classes (Dsd) does never occur in this map and some
others (Cfc, Csc, Cwc, Dsa, Dsb and Dsc) occur only
in very small areas. Having neither temperature nor pre-
cipitation data available for Antarctica this region has
been set manually to the polar frost climate (EF) by
the use of a 0.5