EL Z

OCALO EN

ALGEBRAS DE LIE
NO DEGENERADAS
Barranquilla, 15-19 julio 2013
1
FIRST SESSION
2
Rings and associative systems
R ring or associative algebra over (ring of scalars)
R associative algebra over if
- -module
- (xy)z = x(yz) , x, y, z R
R ring R ass. algebra over Z
Examples:
(Mat
n
(), ) (End(V ), )
Historically: (Wedderburn, Artin, Herstein, Jacobson, Kaplan-
sky...)
-nite dimensional simple
-one-sided primitive (Jacobsons density thm)
-one-sided Artinian simple (Wedderburn-Artin thm)
-prime with socle
-one-sided Noetherian (Goldie thm.)
-with polynomial identities PI (Kaplansky thm)
-rings of quotients (Posner-Rowen thm), etc.
3
(R
+
, R

) associative pair over if

- product R
+
R

R
+
R
+
- product R

R
+
R

- associative (xyz)tu = x(yzt)u = xy(ztu),

x, z, u R

, y, t R

, =
Example:
(Mat
nm
(), Mat
mn
())
R associative triple system over if
- triple product R R R R
- associative (xyz)tu = x(yzt)u = xy(ztu)
Example:
Mat
nm
() with product AB
t
C
Extension of the classical theory to pairs and triple systems
4
Lie algebras
L Lie algebra if x, y, z L (1/2 )
(i) [x, x] = 0,
(ii) [x, [y, z]] = [[x, y], z] + [y, [x, z]](Jacobi).
(i) [x, y] = [y, x] (anticonmutative)
(ii) ad
x
is a derivation (ad
x
y := [x, y])
Examples:
(1) R associative ring, L = R
()
with product
[x, y] := xy yx . (Birko-Witt thm.)
(2) Mat
n
(C) with zero trace. (type A)
(3) R with involution , L = Skew(R, ).
(4) Algebras of types B, C, D (transpose/simplectic involution)
(5) Exceptional Lie algebras E
6
, E
7
, E
8
, G
2
, F
4
.
Goal: Classication of Lie algebras.
-Finite dimension: 19th. century (Killing, Cartan)
-Innite dimension: ??
5
Finite dimension case:
Late 1800s
-Over alg. closed elds of char 0 (C).
-Some conditions on L (semisimple, simple...)
-Existence of a Cartan subalg. and root systems .
-Associate a diagram to any root system.
-Classication of the diagrams:
type A
n
, B
n
, C
n
, D
n
and excepcional.
-Associate an example to each type:
-special: Skew(R, ),
-excepcional: multiplication tables.
Generalizations
-Over any eld. (late 1900)
(real algebras, prime characteristics...)
-New examples of exceptional types.
(Tits magic square, exceptional Jordan algebras)
-Relations with Lie groups, etc.
6
Innite dimension:
The root system theory does not work.
(even if L is good and F = C we cannot associate in
general a root system to L)
Generalizations of the nite dimensional theory:
-Generalized root systems,
-Locally nite split algebras,
-Kac-Moody Lie algebras,
-Extended ane Lie algebras (EALAs),
-3-graded algebras with root systems,
-Finitary Lie algebras, etc.
Other methods:
-Lie algebras covered by grids (Neher),
-Lie algebras with nite Z-gradings (Zelmanov), etc.
Our idea:
-Use Jordan theory
. .
(any dimension)
and transfer it to Lie algebras.
-Connection: Tits-Kantor-Koecher construction
7
Jordan algebras
(1934) J Jordan algebra if
- vector space over R with ( )
2
and x y
- x y = y x
- Jordan identity (x
2
y) x = x
2
(y x)
axioms of hermitian matrices
(Hermitian matrices quantum mechanics observables)
Examples:
- Mat
n
(R) with product x y = xy +yx
- R
(+)
symmetrization of an associative algebra
- J(Q) = R1 V with quadratic form Q : V R
and product x y = Q(x, y)1 Cliord algebra
- H
n
(R), H
n
(C), H
n
(Q), H
n
(O)
Especial J R
(+)
/ exceptional H
3
(O)
Theorem (1934): J n. dim. J direct sum of
simple pieces of type
H
n
(R), H
n
(C), H
n
(Q), H
n
(O), J(Q)
(the only exceptional is H
3
(O))
8
Jordan algebras
-Physicists leave the study of Jordan algebras.
-Algebraist (Albert, Jacobson...) get interested.
(Jordan algebras with niteness conditions)
-Inner ideals quadratic operator U
x
y
U
x
y = xyx when considered in R
(+)
-Denition of unital quadratic Jordan algebras
(JA1) U
1
= id
(JA2) U
x
y, x, z = x, y, U
x
z
(JA3) U
U
x
y
= U
x
U
y
U
x
(+ extension of the axioms to nonunital)
-The Russian revolution E. Zelmanov (1980)
(structure theory of innite dimensional JA)
(dichotomy: exceptional / i-especial) + classication
9
Jordan pairs and triple systems
-Introduced by Meyberg
(related to 3-graded Lie algebras)
V = (V
+
, V

) Jordan pair with Q

+
, Q

Q
+
: V
+
Hom(V

, V
+
)
Q

: V

Hom(V
+
, V

), and axioms
(JP1) x, y, Q
x
z = Q
x
y, x, z
(JP2) Q
x
y, y, z = x, Q
y
x, z
(JP3) Q
Q
x
y
= Q
x
Q
y
Q
x
where x, y, z := (Q
x+z
Q
x
Q
z
)y,
(these axioms must hold for any scalar extension of )
Examples:
(R
+
, R

)
(+)
with products Q
x
y = xyx
L
1
L
0
L
1
, V = (L
1
, L
1
)
Jordan triple system
10
Regularity conditions
- simplicity
- semiprimeness
- nondegeneracy
- primeness
- strong primeness
(associative, Lie and Jordan versions)
Transference of properties through the TKK construction
11
SECOND SESSION
12
The Wedderburn-Artin theorem
R ring or associative algebra:
-R nite-dimensional, simple (Wedderburn)
-R left-Artinian (dcc on left ideals), simple (Artin)
R

= Mat
n
(), division algebra
-R left-Artinian, semiprime (no nilpotent ideals)
R

=

nite
Mat
n
i
(
i
)
Rmk: (i) Mat
n
()

= End(V )
. .
simple
, dim

V < .
(ii) dim

V = , End(V ) not simple.

(iii) dim

V = T(V ) simple.
(T(V ) nite rank maps)
13
Continuous operators
division -algebra,
X left vector space
|

, Y right vector space

|

g : X Y nondegenerate bilinear form

T = (X, Y, g) pair of dual vector spaces
a : X X continuous if a
#
with
g(ax, y) = g(x, a
#
y)
/
Y
(X) algebra of all continuous operators
T
Y
(X) nite rank continuous operators
T
Y
(X) /
Y
(X)
Rmk:
- R left-Artinian, simple
R

= T
Y
(X) = /
Y
(X), dim

X < , Y = X

- what if dim

X = ? who is R

= T(X)?
simple algebras with dcc on principal left-ideals
14
The socle in associative algebras
Definition:
Soc(R) :=

I [ I
min
left
R.
(rmk: R semiprime: left right)
Soc(R) is an ideal of R
Soc(R) hasdcc on principal left-ideals
Soc(R) direct sum of simple ideals
Prime ass. algebras with nonzero socle: [Herstein]
Theorem 1: R prime with minimal left-ideals
Soc(R)

= T
Y
(X), for some T = (X, Y, g)
and Soc(R) is simple. Moreover,
T
Y
(X) = Soc(R) R /
Y
(X)
Theorem 2: (R, ) prime with minimal left-ideals then
T = (X, Y, g) = (X, h), X self-dual over (, )
- h nonsingular hermitian/skew-hermitian inner-product
- adjoint involution of /(X)
15
The socle in Jordan pairs
Definition: Soc(V ) = (Soc(V
+
), Soc(V

)), where
Soc(V

) :=

I [ I
min
inn
V

I [ I
triv
inn
V

.
-I V
+
inner ideal (I
inn
V ) if Q
I
V

I
-I
min
inn
V
+
(usual denition)
-I
triv
inn
V
+
if Q
I
V = 0 do not exist if nondegenerate
Examples of inner ideals: x V ,
- [x] = Q
x
V
inn
V is called principal inner ideal
- (x) = x + [x]
innV
smallest inner ideal with x
- Rmk: (x) = [x] x regular von Neumann
- Rmk: I
min
inn
V i I = [x] x I
Proposition: [Loos]
Soc(V ) is an ideal of V . Moreover, if V nondegenerate
- Soc(V ) has dcc on principal inner ideals
- Soc(V ) direct sum of simple ideals
16
Str. prime JPs with nonzero socle
(based on the classication of prime ass. pairs with nonzero socle)
Theorem: [Zelmanov, McCrimmon, DAmour, Fdez-Lopez, Tocon]
V str. prime Jordan pair with Soc(V ) ,= 0
- V simple exceptional , n. dim[
centroid
- V simple of Cliord type
- V related to pairs of continuous operators
Soc(V ) = T(T, T

)
(+)
V /(T, T

)
(+)
- V related to antisymmetric/symmetric continuous
operators
Soc(V ) = Alt(T(T), #) V Skew(/(T), #)
(T self dual over a eld, # adjoint involution)
Soc(V ) = H(T(T), #) V H(/(T), #)
(T self dual over (, ), # adjoint involution)
17
Goal:
Give a notion of socle for nondegenerate Lie algebras.
(L nondegenerate: ad
2
x
= 0 x = 0)
What conditions should such socle satisfy?
(i) Dened as the sum of minimal inner ideals.
(ii) Must be an ideal of L
(iii) Direct sum of simple components.
(iv) Related to associative and Jordan socles.
(v) Must give information about L.
(vi) Classical Lie algebras = their socles.
In general, we work over:
- rings of scalars with
1
2
,
1
3
and
1
5
,
- sometimes, elds F of char ,= 2, 3, 5, 7,
- even, alg. closed elds of char 0.
18
The socle of a Lie algebra
Our work (2002-2009) can be found in:
[1] A. Fern

andez L

opez, E. Garc

a, M. G

omez
Lozano. 3-graded Lie Algebras with Jor-
dan niteness conditions, Comm. Algebra 32
(2004), 3807-3824.
[2] A. Fern

andez L

opez, E. Garc

a, M. G

omez
Lozano. The Jordan socle and nitary Lie
algebras, J. Algebra 280 (2004), 635-654.
[3] A. Fern

andez L

opez, E. Garc

a, M. G

omez
Lozano. Inner ideals of nitary Lie alge-
bras, Proc. Amer. Math. Soc. 137 (2009), 1-9.
[4] A. Fern

andez L

opez, C. Draper Fontanals,

E. Garc

a, M. G

omez Lozano. The socle of

a nondegenerate Lie algebra, J. Algebra 319
(2008), 2372-2394 .
19
Our Approaches:
First Approach [1]: L = L
1
L
0
L
1
3-graded.
The 3-graded socle Soc

(L)
It satises (i)-(iv)
It depends on the 3-grading
Second Approach [2]: L with 3-graded ideals.
The Jordan socle JSoc(L)
It satises (i)-(iv)
It is 3-graded
When L has an eective 3-grading, JSoc(L) = Soc

(L)
Third Approach [3]: the general case.
The socle Soc(L)
It satises (i)-(vi)
JSoc(L)
. .
(3-graded components)
Soc(L)
20
The socle of a 3-graded Lie algebra
L = L
1
L
0
L
1
3-graded:
[L
i
, L
j
] L
i+j
, L
i+j
= 0 if i +j ,= 0, 1.
= (
1
,
0
,
1
) projections onto L
1
, L
0
, L
1
,
(L, ) denotes L with this particular 3-grading.

1
6
= (L) := (L
1
, L
1
) Jordan pair.
(L, ) nondegenerate = (L) nondegenerate.
Soc((L)) (L) the socle of the Jordan pair:
_
_
_
Soc((L)) = (Soc(
1
(L)), Soc(
1
(L)))
Soc((L)) = V

, simple ideals of (L)

Soc((L)) =

e
V
2
(e), e division idempotents.
Definition: If (L, ) is nondegenerate,
Soc

(L) := Subalg
L
(Soc((L))) L (ii).
21
The socle of a 3-graded Lie algebra
Results (i)-(iii), (v): If (L, ) is nondegenerate,
- Soc

(L)is an ideal of L.
- Soc

(L) =

TKK(V

), where V

are the simple

components of (L).
- Soc

(L) =

e
L(e), the sum taken over all Jordan
pair division idempotents e = (e
+
, e

) (L),
L(e) = V
2
(e
+
) [V
2
(e
+
), V
2
(e

)] V
2
(e

).
(L(e)
3g
inn
L in Zelmanovs sense)
Structure Theorem (iv) :
(L, ) nondegenerate and prime with Soc

(L) ,= 0

TKK(V

= Soc

(L) L Der(Soc

(L)).
(simple) (3-graded)
Question: Does the socle depend on the 3-grading?
Answer: Yes.
22
The socle of a 3-graded Lie algebra
Example: V , W Jordan pairs such that V = Soc(V ),
W = Soc(W), L := TKK(V ) TKK(W).
(L, ) = V
+
([V
+
, V

] + TKK(W)) V

,
(L,

) = W
+
([W
+
, W

] + TKK(V )) W

,
(L,

) = TKK(V W).
Then Soc

(L) = TKK(V ), Soc

(L) = TKK(W), and

Soc

(L) = L.
Remark:

gives a big socle.

What is good about

?
- There are no nonzero ideals in

0
(L) (eective).
Theorem: (L, ) nondegenerate with eective grading,
(I,

) 3-graded ideal of L. Then,

Soc

(I) Soc

(L).
In particular, Soc

(L) does not depend on eective

gradings.
23
The Jordan socle
Definition: L nondegenerate,
JSoc(L) :=

(I,)
Soc

(I),
where I is any 3-graded ideal of L, with grading .
Results: (i)-(iii)
- JSoc(L) is an ideal of L.
- JSoc(L) =

TKK(V

), where the V

are simple
Jordan pairs with socle.
- JSoc(L) = TKK(V ), for a nondegenerate Jordan
pair V = Soc(V ).
- JSoc(L) is the biggest 3-graded ideal of L that
coincides with its socle.
- (L, ) nondegenerate with eective =
= Soc

(L) = JSoc(L).
24
The Jordan socle
Structure Theorem (iv): Equivalent:
(i) L nondegenerate with essential JSoc(L)
(ii) ad(TKK(V )) L Der(TKK(V )), for some non-
degenerate Jordan pair V = Soc(V ).
(iii) ad(TKK(V

)))L

Der(TKK(V

)), for simple

Jordan pairs V

= Soc(V

).
Moreover,
L strongly prime JSoc(L) simple V simple.
Der(TKK(V )) is the largest strongly prime 3-graded
Lie algebra with Jordan socle ad(TKK(V )).
Description of TKK(V ) and of Der(TKK(V )), for a sim-
ple Jordan pair V with minimal inner ideals.
Fin. dim. grids [Neher] Inn. dim. nitary Lie algebras
Remark: G
2
is simple and does not have a 3-grading:
JSoc(G
2
) = 0 !!! not (vi)
(same happens with F
4
and E
8
)
25
The general case
Setting: a ring of scalars with
1
2
,
1
3
,
1
5
.
Definitions:
- Inner ideal: B

L with [B, [B, L]] B.

- Abelian inner ideal: B

L with [B, [B, L]] B

and [B, B] = 0 (Benkart). Notation: B
ab
inn
L.
- If ad
3
e
= 0, [e, [e, L]] is a principal abelian inner
ideal.
- (e, f) L L Lie pair idempotent:
ad
3
e
= 0 = ad
3
f
, [[e, f], e] = 2e, [[f, e], f] = 2f.
Lemma: L non degenerate, I
inn
L,
I minimal
_
[I, I] = 0 (abelian )
I L inner-simple.
I
min
inn
L abelian e I, ad
3
e
= 0, I = ad
2
e
L.
Proposition: [Seligman]
If 0 ,= e L, ad
3
e
= 0, e ad
2
e
(L). Then, h [e, L]
with [h, e] = 2e, there exists f L with h = [e, f] and
(e, f) Lie pair idempotent.
26
The general case
Proposition: [Jacobson, Benkart / Jacobson-Morosov]
(e, f) Lie pair idempotent. Then:
h = [e, f] is ad-diagonalizable and
L = L
2
L
1
L
0
L
1
L
2
for L
k
the k-eigenspaces of L, k = 0, 1, 2.
L
2
= [e, [e, L]]
inn
L, and L
2
= [f, [f, L]]
inn
L.
L
2

min
inn
L L
2

min
inn
L (L
2
, L
2
) Jordan di-
vision pair.
Theorem 1: L simple and nondegenerate with B
min
inn
L.
Then
L =

, B

min
inn
L.
All the abelian
min
inn
are conjugated by elementary auto-
morphisms: < exp(ad
e
) >.
Theorem 2: L nondegenerate,
B
min
inn
L id
L
(B) simple as Lie algebra
27
The general case
Properties of the socle:
Soc(L) : =

B [ B
min
inn
L =

simple ideals
=

id
L
(abelian)
. .
5-graded

inner-simple
. .
no nite Z-graded
.
It is an ideal of L.
If I L then Soc(I) = Soc(L) I.
Soc(L) has dcc on principal abel. inn ideals.
Examples:
[, ]/[, ] Z() inner-simple.
L nondeg., nite-dimensional Soc(L) ,= 0.
L simple nite-dimensional over R
_
compact
abelian
L classical L = Soc(L).
28
Graded algebras and the socle
L = L
n
. . . L
0
. . . L
n
(2n + 1)-graded ,
V = (L
n
, L
n
) (nondegenerate pair):
Soc(L) V

= Soc(V

), =
Result:
JSoc(L) = 3-graded components of Soc(L),
Soc(L) =
5-grad comp.
..
3-grad
. .
JSoc(L)
5-grad inner-simple
(L, ) 3-graded, eective
Soc

(L) = JSoc(L) = Soc(L).

29
THIRD SESSION
30
Finitary Lie algebras
charF = 0
L nitary if L T(X), X vector space over F
Theorem: [Baranov]
L nitary, central simple, dim
F
L = ,
(a) L

= [T
Y
(X), T
Y
(X)] = fsl(X)
for a dual pair (X, Y, g) over ,
with dim

X = , dim
F
< , or
(b) L

= [Skew(T(X), ), Skew(T(X), )],

for (X, h) inner-product vector space,
dim

X = , dim
F
< , and
(b.1) h antihermitian(in some cases fsp(X, h))
(b.2) h symmetric, L

= fo(X, h) .
Result:
L nitary, central simple
_
L nondegenerate
Soc(L) = L.
31
Finitary Lie algebras
Remark: L nitary, central simple, dimL = ,
almost always with abelian min. inner ideals.
Exception:
_
L = fo(X) (inner simple)
(X, h) with no isotropic vector.
Abelian inner ideals of finitary Lie algebras:
L = [T
Y
(X), T
Y
(X)] = fsl(X):
I
ab
inn
L I = W

V
V X, W Y , g(X, Y ) = 0
w

v(x) := g(x, w)v ( rank one operator)

I = W

V principal dimV = dimW <

I = W

V
min
inn
L dimV = dimW = 1
L = [Skew(T(X), ), Skew(T(X), )]:
if a I
ab
inn
L with a
2
,= 0
L = fo(X, h) , h symmetric , = F
I = [x, H

] (principal inner ideal)

H = Fx Fy hyperbolic plane
[x, z] = x

z z

x, z H

[x, H

]
min
inn
no z H

with h(z, z) = 0
32
Finitary Lie algebras
Abelian inner ideals of finitary Lie algebras:
L = [Skew(T(X), ), Skew(T(X), )]:
if a
2
= 0 a I
ab
inn
L:
(1) I is a point space ad
2
x
L = Fx, x I:
L = fo(X, h) , h symmetric , = F
I = [u, S], u , S, h(S, S) = 0
[u, S]
min
inn
L S = Fw,
h(u, u) = h(u, w) = h(w, w) = 0
(2) I has the form [V, V ] for h(V, V ) = 0
[v
1
, v
2
] = v

1
v
2
v

2
v
1
[V, V ]
inn
L principal dimV <
[V, V ]
min
inn
L
_
dimV = 1 h antihermitian
dimV = 2 h symmetric
Corollary:
L nitary, central simple
_
L nondegenerate
Soc(L) = L.
33
Relations with associative algebras
Associative algebras: R, (R, ), K = Skew(R, ).
([R, R] , Z(R), Z(R) = 0 or dim
Z(R)
R > 16)
Lie algebras: L =
_
R

= [R, R]/[R, R] Z(R)

K

= [K, K]/[K, K] Z(R).

Question: Relation between Soc(R) and Soc(L)?
We study L with abelian minimal inner ideals.
Lemma:
(i) R simple R

simple and nondegenerate.

(ii) (R, ) simple, Z(R) = 0 or dim
Z(R)
R > 16
K

simple and nondegenerate.

Theorem 1: R simple,
R

with abelian minimal inner ideals

_
Soc(R) ,= 0
R ,= .
Theorem 2: (R, ) simple, Z(R) = 0 or dim
Z
R > 16,
K

with abelian minimal inner ideals

_
Soc(R) ,= 0
isotropic.
34
Simple algebras with abelian
minimal inner ideals
charF = 0 or p > 7
Structure Theorem (iv):
L simple, nondegenerate and I
min
inn
L abelian
(a) L simple exceptional of type G
2
, F
4
, E
6
, E
7
, E
8
with
ad-nilpotent elements. (dim < over the centroid)
(b) L

= R

, R simple, Soc(R) ,= 0, R ,= .
(c) L

= K

, (R, ) simple, Soc(R) ,= 0, isotropic,

Z(R) = 0 or dim
Z(R)
R > 16.
Sketch:
- L with abelian min. inn. ideals L 5-graded.
- Zelmanov-Smirnov: simple 5-graded Lie algebras.
- Case (a) (n. dim. over its centroid).
- Nonzero ass. socles ((b) and (c)).
- Converses of (b) and (c) by Thms. 1 and 2.
35
Lie algebras with essential socle
Structure Theorem : Equivalent:
(i) L nondegenerate with essential Soc(L)
(ii) ad(M) L Der(M), for some nondegenerate Lie
algebra M = Soc(M).
Moreover,
L strongly prime Soc(L) simple.
Der(M) is the largest strongly prime Lie algebra
with socle ad(M).
36
Finitary Lie algebras
Division Jordan algebras: associated to each
abelian minimal inner ideal we have a unital divi-
sion Jordan algebra DJA(L).
(unique up to isotopy)
Theorem: L central simple with abelian minimal
inner ideals. Then,
L nitary DJA(L) is PI.
Corollary: L simple, dimL = , F = F . Then,
L nitary
_
L nondegenerate
a L, [a, [a, L]] = Fa
37
Related works and
open questions
[1] A. Fern

andez L

opez, E. Garc

a, M. G

omez
Lozano, E. Neher. A Construction of Grad-
ings of Lie Algebras, Int. Math. Res. Notices
2007 Vol. 2007: article ID rnm051, 34 pages.
[2] A. Fern

andez L

opez, E. Garc

a, M. G

omez
Lozano. An Artinian theory for Lie alge-
bras, J. Algebra 319 (2008), 938-951.
[3] A. Fern

andez L

opez, E. Garc

a, M. G

omez
Lozano. Inner ideal structure of nearly Ar-
tinian Lie algebras, Proc. Amer. Math. Soc.
137 (2009), 1-9.
Open question: Dene a socle for Lie algebras in
general (remove nondegeneracy)
38