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1 MALAYSIAN PERSPECTIVE
1.1 GENERAL.................................................................................................................... 1-1
1.2 GEOGRAPHY............................................................................................................... 1-1
1.2.1 Socio-Economics and Politics ........................................................................... 1-1
1.2.2 Landform and Water Resource ........................................................................ 1-1
1.2.3 Climate.......................................................................................................... 1-1
1.2.+ Urbanisation .................................................................................................. 1-3
1.3 CURRENT DEvELOPNENT !SSUES AND DRA!NAGE PRACT!CE......................................... 1-3
1.3.1 Development Consequences and Needs ........................................................... 1-3
1.3.3 Local Problems............................................................................................... 1-5
1.+ NEW D!RECT!ON ........................................................................................................ 1-6
1.+.1 Catchment Nanagement ................................................................................. 1-6
1.+.2 Stormwater Resources.................................................................................... 1-7
1.+.3 !nitial Efforts.................................................................................................. 1-7
Nalaysian Perspective
Urban Stormwater Nanagement Nanual 1-1
1.1 GENERAL
Nalaysia is part of the South East Asian community. !t
occupies a total area of approximately 330,000 sq. km and
is divided by the South China Sea into West Nalaysia (the
Peninsula) and East Nalaysia (Sabah and Sarawak), about
1000 km apart. Being located between longitudes 1
o
- 7
o
North and latitudes 100
o
- 120
o
East, Nalaysia is influenced
by the equatorial environment and is well outside volcanic,
tornado, and severe drought belts. Strategically, the
country is located central to various international air and
sea transport and communication routes.
Nalaysia is moving towards achieving a developed nation
status by the year 2020. This is evidenced by its rapid
socio-economic growth in the last two decades. Urban and
industrial areas have grown in many parts of the country,
especially in the West Coast of the Peninsula. The
pressures have caused significant consequences to the
environment, such as hydrological and ecological changes.
Nalaysia, like many other developing tropical countries, is
striding to upgrade the social well-being of its urban
citizens by alleviating ever-increasing flash food, water and
pollution problems. The particular issues being focused
upon are stormwater management (SWN) and drainage
practices.
1.2 GEOGRAPHY
1.2.1 Socio-Economics and Politics
Nalaysia is formed by 13 states varying in size from
2++ sq. km. (Federal Territory Kuala Lumpur) to
12+,++9 sq. km. (Sarawak). With a present estimated total
of 21 million people, the Nalaysian population is becoming
more concentrated into cities, towns, and industrial zones
(over 50), with the highest figure in Kuala Lumpur at
1.+ million. Kuala Lumpur started as a village in 1860,
became capital of the United Nalay States in 1896, and
was turned into the capital of Nalaysia in 1963. !t was
subsequently upgraded to a city status in 197+ and now
stands as the most urbanised and populated zone in
Nalaysia with a projected population of 1.85 and 2.+
million in 2020 and 2050, respectively (EPU, 2000).
The increase in the total population is not only from births
within the country but also from immigrants across its
borders. From the viewpoint of urban stormwater
managementfwater resources, this situation means that
planning for the future in Nalaysia must envisage a
continued increase in population growth in urban areas.
!nternal migration grows annually. Nigration takes place
from rural areas to established urban centres and industrial
zones where there are good infrastructural facilities. Nost
urban areas are normally found on alluvium plain and
coastalfestuarine zones. !n the year 2020, the Nalaysian
population is expected to escalate to 30 million and, with
further urban and industrial growth, cities and towns may
reach 55-60 of the total population. Urban citizens,
while making their daily life more prosperous, will
increasingly be subject to environmental consequences.
1.2.2 Landform and Water Resource
Nalaysia is generally formed by highland, floodplain, and
coastal zones (Figure 1.Errorl Reference source not
found.). !n the Peninsula, the Banjaran Titiwangsa
stretched from north to south, divides the West Coast and
East Coast states, while in Sarawak the Banjaran Kapuas
Hulu and Banjaran !ran border !ndonesia. All of these
ranges are governed by virgin forest.
Nost rivers in the Peninsula are short and steep, especially
along the West Coast. Sg. Pahang (330 km) is the longest
in the Peninsula, while Sg. Rajang in Sarawak (563 km) is
the longest in Nalaysia.
Open water bodies comprise man-made lakes such as dam
reservoirs and ex-mining ponds (mostly found in the Klang
and Kinta Basins), and natural lakes such as Tasek Bera
and Chini in Pahang. These water sources are used for
power generation, flood control, water supply, recreation,
aquaculture, and tourism.
Nost cities and large towns in the Peninsula are located
over limestone and granite with a thin surface alluvium.
These include Kuala Lumpur, Seremban, !poh, and
Penang. Kota Bharu, Kuala Terengganu, Kuantan, Johor
Bahru, and Alor Setar are resting on coastal alluvium.
Similarly, in Sarawak and Sabah, most primary urban
towns such as Kuching, Sibu, Niri, and Kota Kinabalu are
situated on coastal alluvium. Kota Bharu is known to have
the largest groundwater aquifers in Nalaysia.
Limestone and granite rock associated with the Banjaran
Titiwangsa and Tanah Tinggi Terengganu dominate the
inland area of the Peninsula while the majority of Sarawak
and Sabah are geologically underlained by limestone.
1.2.3 Climate
Nalaysia is warm and humid throughout the year, as
characterised by the equatorial climate. !t has an average
annual rainfall of more than 2500 mm with monthly
variations for selected cities and towns, as shown in
Figure 1.Errorl Reference source not found.. The
West Coast of the Peninsula is subject to localised and
convective storms generated by the inter monsoon
seasonsfSumatra wind system in the months of AprilfNay
and OctoberfNovember. The highest monthly rainfalls in
Kuala Lumpur are recorded in April and October. Storms
mainly occur in the late afternoon and early evening.
!ntense short duration rainfall has frequently caused flash
floods in many localities in the Klang valley.
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Nalaysian Perspective
Urban Stormwater Nanagement Nanual 1-3
The South-West Nonsoon (normally from Nay to
September) produces less rain in the West Coast of the
Peninsula whilst the North-East Nonsoon, from November
to Narch, carries longer and heavier rains to the East Coast
of the Peninsula, North Sabah, and inland Sarawak
(Figure 1.Errorl Reference source not found.). !n the
Peninsula the wettest area is Taiping in Perak whilst the
driest is Kuala Pilah in Negeri Sembilan (Figure 1.Errorl
Reference source not found.). Average daily
temperatures range from a minimum of 25
C to a
maximum of 33