Unit 1 (((No extra info providedeverything according to syl. Copy!!

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ROLE OF AN ARCHI TECT
When we think of an architect, we think of the person who is the ultimate designer of a building, and
in a way this is true. But most often, a very collaborative process leads to a finished structure. Its the
architect who develops the overall concept and design of a building, and who monitors the execution
in order to make sure it complies with the original vision. But its the engineer who analyzes the
design and determines its functional feasibility.
In addition to designing the building's appearance, an architect must be conscious of how
different structural materials are used, and how they will affect the overall building, as well as having
an understanding of and involvement with heating and cooling systems, ventilation, electrical, and
plumbing systems - although the construction details for these are worked out by structural, civil,
environmental, and mechanical engineers. Architects often oversee interior design and furnishings, as
well as landscaping. Moreover, they are ultimately responsible for ensuring that the building complies
with all zoning laws, building codes, fire regulations, and other ordinances.
A simplistic view of the role is that architects create architectures, and their responsibilities
encompass all that is involved in doing so. This would include articulating the architectural vision,
conceptualizing and experimenting with alternative architectural approaches, creating models and
component and interface specification documents, and validating the architecture against
requirements and assumptions. However, any experienced architect knows that the role involves not
just these technical activities, but others that are more political and strategic in nature on the one
hand, and more like those of a consultant, on the other.

These activities drive the competencies that the architect needs to be successful. We present a
competency framework that helps architects assess areas for their own personal development, and
managers in identifying who is a good fit for the architect role.

As an architect, you need a thorough knowledge of your organizations products, relevant
technologies and development processes. But even in the technical area, your key activities are
different than those of developers.
Activities include articulating the architecture vision, conceptualizing and experimenting with
alternative architectural approaches, creating models and component and interface specification
documents, validating the architecture against requirements and assumptions, preparing documents
and explaining the architecture to sponsors and stakeholders.
Individually, young architects must improve their
understanding of the profession in order to work well inside of it and to help the public understand it.
They must learn from their own experience and from that of older architects.


If the public better understood what architects are required and wish to do, then the architects role in
improving society can be improved. The public would be able to support architects better in that role
and allow themselves to be educated by architects on what can be done to improve the built
environment.
ARCHI TECTURE PROFESSI ON AS COMPARED TO OTHER PROFESSI ONS
Architecture is the art and science of designing buildings and other physical structures.
Architecture is about the making of places where people spend their lives. Architects are not just
concerned with the exterior and interior design of a building, but the environment as a whole.
Architecture is mostly about human beings living in a better way than before. Social sciences and
psychology is as important as nanotechnology in sustainable materials
Overall job opportunities in engineering are expected to be good, but will vary by specialty. A
bachelors degree is required for most entry-level jobs. Starting salaries are significantly higher than
those of college graduates in other fields. Continuing education is critical for engineers wishing to
enhance their value to employers as technology evolves.
Engineers apply the principles of science and mathematics to develop economical solutions to
technical problems. Their work is the link between perceived social needs and commercial
applications.
Engineers consider many factors when developing a new product. For example, in developing
an industrial robot, engineers precisely specify the functional requirements; design and test the
robots components; integrate the components to produce the final design; and evaluate the designs
overall effectiveness, cost, reliability, and safety. This process applies to the development of many
different products, such as chemicals, computers, gas turbines, helicopters, and toys.
Engineers use computers extensively to produce and analyze designs; to simulate and test how a
machine, structure, or system operates; and to generate specifications for parts. Many engineers also
use computers to monitor product quality and control process efficiency. The field of
nanotechnology, which involves the creation of high-performance materials and components by
integrating atoms and molecules, also is introducing entirely new principles to the design process.

DI FFERENCE BETWEEN PROFESSI ON AND BUSI NESS

Business:
It involves an activity relating to purchase and sale of goods with an objective of earning profit.
It does not necessitate specialized study of knowledge.
The primary objective of the business is maximization of profit.
It involves huge amount of capital.
The entire process of business involves risks.

Profession:
It involves rendering of specialized services for a reward called a fee.
Profession necessitates specialized study, training and knowledge.
It involves element of service in exchange of an economic reward.
It involves less amount of capital.
Though risk is there in profession, it is negligible.

Following are the main difference between business and profession.

1. Minimum qualification
No qualification is required to start a business.
A minimum technical or academic qualification is needed to join a profession.

2. Capital
An adequate amount of capital is required to run the business efficiently.
Real capital is the competency and specialized knowledge of the profession.

3. Objective
The main objective of the business is to earn profits.
Service first, profit second is the main objective of the profession.

4. Risk
There is an element of risk in the business.
In profession, there is minimum risk.

5. Secrecy
The secrecy in the business transactions is not necessary.
A professional must maintain the secrecy of dealings with his clients.

6. Code of Conduct
There is no specific code of conduct for the business.
There is a code of conduct for every profession for regulating their dealings.

7. Specialization
A businessman need not to have a specialized knowledge for starting a business
A professional must have a specialized knowledge in the profession which he wants to join.


8. Advertisement
Generally, the goods are advertised in business to increase sales.
Advertisement is prohibited in all the professions according to their code of conduct.

9. Criteria of Efficiency
Profits in business is the only criteria of efficiency.
Quality of service rendered is the basis of measuring the efficiency.

10. Transferability
One can easily transfer his interest in business to other. For example father can transfer his
business to his son.
Profession involves the specialized knowledge which can not be transferred to any other person.

ARCHI TECT'S REGI STRATI ON
In each State and Territory is a legal requirement that any person using the title 'architect' or
offering services to the public as an architect, must be registered with the Architects' Board in that
jurisdiction.
Each State and Territory has its own Architects' Board. Generally, the following three steps outline
the requirements for registration as an architect in a State or Territory :
Step 1 of the process
You should have a qualification in architecture from school of architecture and would like to find out
about the accreditation status of your qualification,. You should have a qualification in architecture
from an overseas school of architecture and would like to find out about assessment of your
qualification,
Step 2 of the process
After you have satisfied the academic requirements set out in step one, you will be required to
undertake a period of practical experience, followed by the Architectural Practice Examination
(APE).
Step 3 of the Process
Having completed the requirements of steps one and two, you must apply for registration to the
Architects' Board in the State or Territory in which you wish to practice, pay the fees determined by
the Board and provide all information as required by the Board.
Read about IIA how much ever u can orels u can even skip ;-):-P:-D (((BEST THE ALL!!!)))
THE I NDI AN I NSTI TUTE OF ARCHI TECTS
History
The history of The Indian Institute of Architects is one of absorbing interest. Unfolding the
scenes throughout the years, it speaks in its manifold aspects, of the struggles and influence of
architectural education from one solitary centre throughout India, of the rebirth and youth of a
profession which the Country had almost forgotten, of a struggle for existence and the need to
have the meaning and value of Architecture and architectural service understood and attempts
and experiments towards a new stage in the architecture of the country. In the Renaissance or
reawakening of India, the Institute has its due place in the sphere of Architecture.
Its history is also one of men with vision and ideals, men who had at heart, the welfare of
architecture and the profession and who with such a goal, helped to lay and build up the
foundations of an architectural future fraught with the finest possibilities conceivable.
THE ARCHITECTURAL STUDENT'S ASSOCIATION (1917-22)
On May - 12th, 1917, the first historic meeting was held in Mr. Foster King's bungalow, set in
the sylvan surroundings of the School of Art compound. It was here, according to a tablet on the
building, that the famous Rudyard Kipling was born on the 30th December 1865. One may well
imagine what the scene must have been then, for some of the beautiful surroundings of trees and
greenery are fortunately still preserved in the very heart of a great industrial and commercial
city. In such a setting of beauty and peace, the child that was to grow up into the Indian Institute
of Architects, was also born.
At the first meeting held, the members present decided to form themselves into an association of
the past students of Architecture of Sir J.J. School of Art and it was decided to christen the infant
"The Architectural Students Association". Late Mr. George Wittet, the then Consulting Architect
to the Government of Bombay, was unanimously elected as the first "President" of the
Association.
THE BOMBAY ARCHITECTURAL ASSOCIATION (1922-29)
The activities of the Association showed, steady progress and after Professor Cable's term of
office, Mr. Batley was elected President in 1921, and it was about this time, that members began
to seriously consider an improvement in status of the Association. The word "Students" seemed
inapt for a body that had now practising Architects within its fold and at a special General
Meeting held on the 15th June 1922, the changes in the Constitution and Bye-Laws, were
unanimously approved and in the 3rd ordinary meeting of the members on 3rd August 1922, Mr.
Batley, President, announced the formal inauguration of the rechristened Association.
AFFILIATION TO THE ROYAL INSTITUTE OF BRITISH ARCHITECTS (1925)
As for back as the beginning in 1922, there had been tentative visions of affiliation with that
powerful and Empire-Wide architectural body, The Royal Institute of British Architects. On a
requisition made by 15 members, a special General Meeting was called on 20th November 1924
in which Prof. Claude Bately moved the resolution of getting the final examination of RIBA to
be held in India. The alliance was formally confirmed at a Special General Meeting held in the
School of Architecture on the 14th May 1925. The first examination could be held only in 1930.
The five year Diploma Course inaugurated in 1923, was recognised for exemption from the
intermediate examination. This step allied the Association with the most powerful body of
Architects.
THE INDIAN INSTITUTE OF ARCHITECTS (1929)
Affiliation with R.I.B.A. in 1925 led to consideration of further changes in the existing
Constitution and Bye-Laws. One of the first was that members of the R.I.B.A. in the Bombay
Presidency and throughout India were now coming into the fold of the Association. It was on
2nd September 1929 that the new body was re-organised in Bombay and officially registered
as "THE INDIAN INSTITUTE OF ARCHITECTS". Its chief objects, among others, as
stated in the Memorandum of Association were;
"To continue the work of the Bombay Architectural Association founded as the Architectural
Student's Association in 1917" and
"To encourage the study of Architecture, to elevate the standard of Architectural Practice and by
mutual support, to promote the interests of Architects throughout India".
The Institute began its activities in the room of the Sohrab F. Bharoocha Architectural Library,
7-10, Elphinston Circle, Bombay and this therefore was the first permanent headquarters for the
various activities of the Institute. Later, as things improved, the Institute and Library moved into
the new and more convenient quarters which it at present occupies at Prospect Chambers
Annexe, Hornby Road, now Dr. Dadabhai Naoroji Road, Mumbai - 400 001.
In 1929, the membership was 158. Today it has crossed the 12000 mark.
Legal Status of the Institute
The Indian Institute of Architects is registered under the Societies Registration Act XXI of 1860
as a voluntary organisation of Architects. The only other organisation at the national level is the
Council of Architecture established under the Architects Act 1972 with the statutory duty of
Registration.
COUNCI L OF ARCHI TECTURE (COA)
The Council of Architecture (COA) has been constituted by the Government of India under the
provisions of the Architects Act, 1972, enacted by the Parliament of India, which came into force on
1st September, 1972. The Act provides for registration of Architects, standards of education,
recognized qualifications and standards of practice to be complied with by the practicing architects.
The Council of Architecture is charged with the responsibility to regulate the education and practice
of profession throughout India besides maintaining the register of architects. For this purpose, the
Government of India has framed Rules and Council of Architecture has framed Regulations as
provided for in the Architects Act, with the approval of Government of India.
Any person desirous of carrying on the profession of 'Architect' must have registered himself with
Council of Architecture. For the purpose of registration, one must possess the requisite qualification
as appended to the Architects Act, after having undergone the education in accordance with the
Council of Architecture (Minimum Standards of Architectural Education) Regulations, 1983.
The registration with Council of Architecture entitles a person to practice the profession of
architecture, provided he holds a Certificate of Registration with up-to-date renewals. The registration
also entitles a person to use the title and style of Architect. The title and style of architect can also be
used by a firm of architects, of which all partners are registered with COA. Limited Companies,
Private/Public Companies, societies and other juridical persons are not entitled to use the title and
style of architect nor are they entitled to practice the profession of architecture.
If any person falsely claims to be registered or misuses title and style of architect, such acts
tantamount to committing of a criminal offence, which is punishable under section 36 or 37 (2) of the
Architects Act, 1972.
The practice of profession of an architect is governed by the Architects (Professional Conduct)
Regulations, 1989 (as amended in 2003), which deals with professional ethics and etiquette,
conditions of engagement and scale of charges, architectural competition guidelines etc. Pursuant to
these Regulations, the Council of Architecture has framed guidelines governing the various aspects of
practice. An architect is required to observe professional conduct as stipulated in the Regulations of
1989 and any violation thereof shall constitute a professional misconduct, which will attract
disciplinary action as stipulated under section 30 of the Architects Act, 1972.
There are 280 institutions, which impart architectural education in India leading to recognized
qualifications. The standards of education being imparted in these institutions (constituent
colleges/departments of universities, deemed universities, affiliated colleges/schools, IITs, NITs and
autonomous institutions) is governed by Council of Architecture (Minimum Standards of
Architectural Education) Regulations, 1983, which set forth the requirement of eligibility for
admission, course duration, standards of staff & accommodation, course content, examination etc.
These standards as provided in the said Regulations are required to be maintained by the institutions.
The COA oversees the maintenance of the standards periodically by way of conducting inspections
through Committees of Experts. The COA is required to keep the Central Government informed of
the standards being maintained by the institutions and is empowered to make recommendations to the
Government of India with regard to recognition and de-recognition of a qualification.
OTHER ORGANI SATIONS
American Architectural Manufacturers Association AAMA is the source of performance
standards, product certification and educational programs for the fenestration industry.
American Design Drafting Association ADDA is exclusively for the professional designer drafter
in all disciplines including manufacturing, utilities, construction, engineering, government and
education.
American Institute of Architects AIA has represented the architectural profession with resources
and tools for over 135 years.
American Institute of Building Design AIBD is a nonprofit professional organization dedicated to
the development, recognition, and enhancement of the profession of building design.
American Memory Library of Congress: Built in America: Historic American Buildings
Survey/Historic American Engineering Record Query archives black and white photographs,
drawings and other data pertaining to historic structures.
American National Standards Institute ANSI serves as administrator and coordinator of the
United States private sector voluntary standardization system.
Architectural and Transportation Barriers Compliance Board serves the nation as the only
independent federal agency whose primary mission is accessibility for people with disabilities.

Architecture for Humanity is a registered nonprofit organization founded in 1999 to seek and
promote architectural and design solutions to global, social and humanitarian crises.
Association of Wall and Ceiling Industries International AWCI represents acoustics systems,
ceiling systems, drywall systems, exterior insulation and finishing systems, fireproofing, flooring
systems, insulation, and stucco contractors, suppliers and manufacturers and those in allied trades.
Construction Specifications Canada CSC is a multi-disciplinary, non-profit association dedicated
to the improvement of communication, contract documentation, and technical information in the
construction industry.
International Organization for Standardization IOS promotes the development of standardization
and related activities.
National Council of Architectural Registration Boards NCARB is a non-profit federation of 55
state and territory architectural registration boards in the United States.
National Institute of Building Sciences National CAD Standard NIBS is the building
community's connection to the authoritative national source of knowledge and advice on matters of
building regulation, science and technology.
National Institute of Standards and Technology NIST was established by Congress as an agency
of the U.S. Department of Commerce's Technology Administration, with a primary mission to
promote U.S. economic growth by working with industry to develop and apply technology,
measurements, and standards.
National Organization of Minority Architects NOMA has as its mission the building of a strong
national organization, strong chapters and strong members for the purpose of minimizing the effect
of racism in the profession.
Royal Architectural Institute of Canada RAIC established in 1907, RAIC is a voluntary national
association representing architects, faculty and graduates of Canadian Schools of Architecture.
Society of American Registered Architects SARA, founded in 1956, includes the participation of
all architects, regardless of their roles in the architectural community.
Texas Board of Architectural Examiners TBAE protects the public's life, health, safety, welfare,
and property by preventing the unauthorized practice of architecture, landscape architecture, and
interior design.
Texas Society of Architects TSA is a member association representing the members of the
American Institute of Architects in Texas. Founded in 1939, TSA is made up of 17 regional
chapters; the Society is headquartered in Austin.
The Charles Moore Foundation is dedicated to the advancement of architecture, guided by the
values and thinking central to Charles W. Moore's teaching, writing and practice.
Whole Building Design Guide WBDG The goal is to create a successful high-performance
building by applying the integrated design approach to a project during the planning and
programming phases.

AN ARCHI TECTS APPROACH TO WORKS:
The sketch is a window into the architects mind. As creative designers, architects are interested in
how other architects, particularly successful ones, think through the use of drawings to approach their
work. Historically designers have sought inspiration for their own work through an insight into the
minds and workings of people they often regard as geniuses. This collection of sketches aims to
provide this insight. Here for the first time, a wide range of world famous architects' sketches from
the Renaissance to the present day can be seen in a single volume. As creative designers themselves,
architects are interested in how other architects, particularly successful ones, think and draw and
approach their work. Historically designers have sought inspiration for their own work through an
insight into the minds and workings of people they often regard as geniuses.
In the course of their work, architects do a variety of things: of course they design, which means they
plan, they visualise, they relate, they select, they discard, they synthesise, they develop solutions.
They draw: From simple diagrams to show relationships between spaces or activities to complete
detailed working drawings showing every last detail and from which contractors and sub-contractors
will estimate the cost of the work and subsequently construct it.
Architects will also draw in order to explain the design to clients and to supervisory authorities and
will frequently prepare three-dimensional models. Sometimes they are rough study models for
massing and building organisation; sometimes very realistic models for client or public presentation.
They write: In addition to business correspondence and administrative paperwork, architects prepare
written documentation of their projects, present programmatic analysis, write material for reports and
presentations, produce articles for professional magazines and publications, and, of course, write up
specifications which, in company with the working drawings, define the building.
They speak: Architects make presentations to clients, discuss design programs and problems and
alternative solutions, appear before public bodies as experts and are frequently referring, explaining,
teaching and persuading. The ability to communicate clearly and effectively is essential.
They calculate: They must be able to prepare construction and office budgets; they must be able to
understand structural analysis, heat loads, electrical distribution and traffic flow.
They manage: Architects must manage their design projects from ideas to the complete
development/ design/ construction process. During the construction phase, architects carry out
contract administration, which includes general, review of the work in progress; they interpret
drawings and specifications, resolve job difficulties and monitor the progress of the work
WAYS OF GETTING WORK:
- By the client approaching the Architect knowing his reputation.
- Getting work by participating in the design competitions.
- By recommendations
- By publicity to certain extent.
- People approaching an Architect for the reputation he has in the market.
- By technical capabilities and financial bids.
- Depending on the past performance.
- The types of projects in hand.
TYPES OF WORKS TAKEN UP BY AN ARCHITECT:
STRUCTURAL DESIGN
The primary objective of Structural Design is to evolve a strong, durable and an efficient skeleton so
that the space which architecture encloses, and the form in which it expresses itself as interior content
and an exterior container, becomes an organic extension of one another. In other words, the architect's
contribution to structural design can effectively bring about qualitative change in the built-
environment to stimulate the advancement of society towards a higher order of civilization.
URBAN DESIGN
Urban Design is architecture of the cities, highly complex and gargantuan in scale. The primary aim
of urban design is to imbibe and maintain a sense of identity and harmony among buildings, open
spaces and other structures by means of a pleasant and memorable visual imagery throughout the
length and breadth of an urban setting. Accessibility at city-level and the movement at all levels must
be designed to operate smoothly. Volumetric relationships, harmonious spatial sequences, transition
from buildings to open spaces, streetscape and the services infrastructure must together invest a
townscape with an exclusive imageability.
LANDSCAPE ARCHITECTURE
Landscape Architecture deals with the analysis, planning, design, management, preservation and
rehabilitation of land and also determines the environmental impact. It is a science capable of
objective analysis and synthesis leading to an ecologically-sensitive design, which is self-sustainable.
It integrates from the very conception, the elements of architecture, urban design and civil
engineering for meaningful and practical solutions. It involves dealing with such sites as office
plazas/ public squares, highways, city parks/ national parks, housing developments, institutional
campuses, zoological and botanical parks.
INTERIOR ARCHITECTURE
In case of Interior Architecture, the primary objective is to generate a purposeful ambience such as
would stimulate the user's creative potential through multifarious activities. It must facilitate the
individual's sense of orientation, identification and eventual appropriation of architectural spaces, that
meld the interiors and exteriors into symbiotic relationships through varied experiences of scale,
volume, light and shade. The development of design is a very conscious act and it infuses life into
interiors subconsciously.
Apart from these Architects can and do perform a variety of design and construction related services.
However, not all architects or architectural firms provide the same services. You will want to spend
some time thinking about the services that you would want to use if you seek help from an architect.
Some of these services are as follows:
Design Work
The architect can draw plans and specifications, including structural, mechanical, electrical,
plumbing, interior space design (for both utility and visual impact), and special design considerations
(such as for the handicapped). The architect may also offer landscaping design services, or solutions
to the use of outside space (for example, design of entrance areas, how to maximize the use of shared
outside space, or the design of off-street parking and outside storage areas).
Contractor Selection
Most architects have worked with or are aware of a variety of different kinds of contractors. They can
identify candidate contractors according to such preferences as: the project budget, the type and size
of the project, the perceived compatibility of the personalities of the owner and contractor, and the
contractors interest in and availability to work on the project. The architect can also help you
interview contractors and participate or advise you in the process of obtaining bids or negotiating a
price for the project.
Permits
The architect can assist you in any required permits.
Construction Administration -Initially, this would involve working with the contractor to discuss
questions about the project, to make sure the contractor and architect are in agreement about the
design, specifications and other details before the project starts. At this time the contractor would
provide the owner with the necessary property/liability insurance for the job. Once the job starts, the
architect would begin receiving monthly materials and labor invoices from the contractor. The
architect would make regular visits to verify the materials and work being billed, monitor project
progress (including keeping the project on budget), and answer questions. After the architect verifies
each months invoices, they would be forwarded to the owner for payment. Throughout the project,
the architect would obtain applicable materials warranties and lien releases for materials and labor. At
the end of the project, the architect would develop a punch list of additional work or corrections that
need to be performed, and administer to other details necessary to close out the project.
TENDER DRAWINGS-New, repair and maintenance, restoration, demolition drawings are also
made by an Architect
CONDI TI ONS OF ENGAGEMENT BETWEEN ARCHI TECT AND CLI ENT:
The Council of Architecture has prescribed the Conditions of Engagement based on general practice
of the profession in India. These documents are applicable to all registered architects and such
architects who have specialized in areas such as Structural Design, Urban Design, City Planning,
Landscape Architecture, Interior Architecture and Architectural Conservation.
1. RESPONSIBILITIES OF THE ARCHITECT
-The work of an architect is to study his clients' needs, to advise, to prepare, direct and coordinate
design and to generally inspect the works and administer the building contract. The architect must
have the authority of his client before initiating any service or Work Stage.
2. CONSULTANTS
-On the recommendation of the architect, the client shall appoint and pay consulting engineers, other
consultants, or surveyors who shall be subject to the direction and control of the architect. the
architect's charges do not include charges for consulting engineers and/or other consultants.
3. COPYRIGHT
-The provisions of this Section shall apply without prejudice to the architect's lien on drawings and
Specifications against unpaid fees.
4. INSPECTION
-During his on-site inspection made in accordance with Clause 1.01.04 the Architect shall endeavor
to guard the client against defects and deficiencies in the work of the contractor, but shall not be
required to make exhaustive or continuous inspections to check the quality or quantity of the work.
5. DELAY AND CHANGES IN INSTRUCTIONS
-Extra work and expense caused in any Stage of the architect's services resulting from unreasonable
delay in receiving instructions, delays in building operations, changes in the client's instructions,
phased contracts, bankruptcy, liquidation or determination of the contractor or any other cause
beyond the control of the architect, shall be additionally charged on a time basis.
6. REMUNERATION
-The services normally provided by an architect in studying his client's needs, advising him,
preparing, directing and coordinating design and inspecting work executed under the building
contract as described
7. SPECIALIST SUB-CONTRACTORS AND SUPPLIERS
-The architect may recommend that specialist sub-contractors and suppliers should design and
execute any part of the work. He will be responsible for the direction and integration of their design,
and for general inspection of their work in accordance with Stage E of the Basic Services, but not for
the detailed design or performance of the work entrusted to them.
8. INTERREPTATION AND ARBITRATION
-Any question arising out of these Conditions may be referred in writing by the architect or client to
the TTIA for advice provided always that any difference or dispute between them is determined in
accordance with Clause 1.08.02.
COMMENCEMENT OF WORK:
- Marking with reference points.
- Soil investigation by the Geological survey( minimum prerequisite things before approvals)
- Footing and column layout with reference points.
- Inspection of the site. Every work on the site should be certified and approved by the
architect. Specifications, Quality, Alterations or deviations should be taken care of.
- Bill of Quantity and Quality should be done. Variation bills for different quantities should be
made. Measurement book is maintained at the site for billing.
THE ENNDdddddd !!!!!!