dr. eng. math. Dan D.

MICU
Head of Numerical Methods Research Laboratory
Electrotechnics Department, Electrical Engineering
E-mail: Dan.Micu@et.utcluj.ro
Technical University of Cluj-Napoca
Course 1-2
The Theory of Electromagnetic Field

Magnetostatic fields
Part I
Electrotechnics
2013 - 2014
Welcome
to Electromagnetics
http://www.mst.edu/~pringle
Objectives

To introduce the principles and applications of electromagnetic
field theory
To understand and apply the laws governing electric and
magnetic field
To be aware of some practical applications of electromagnetic
field computation
INTRODUCTION
Statics and Dynamics in Electromagnetism
Stationary charges electrostatic fields
(charges have zero velocity and zero acceleration)
Steady currents magnetostatic fields
(charges have non- zero velocity and zero acceleration)
Time-varying currents electromagnetic field
(charges have non-zero velocity and non-zero acceleration)
A field is a spatial distribution of a quantity; it can be either scalar or vector
When an event in one place has an effect on something at a different location, we
talk about the events as being connected by a field
In general, the fundamental vector field quantities in electromagnetics are vector
functions of both position (in 3D space) and time
E D
0
c =
Magnetostatic fields
The origin of magnetism lies in moving electric charges
Moving (or rotating) charges generate magnetic fields
An electric current generates a magnetic field
A magnetic field will exert a force on a moving charge
A magnetic field will exert a force on a conductor that carries a current
I. Magnetic Fields (B, H)
Current loop Coil or solenoid
II.1. Amperes law
II. Laws of magnetostatics
Amperes circuit law states that the line integral of the tangential
component of H around a closed path is the same as the net current
enclosed by the path. In other words the circulation the magnetic field H
equals the net enclosed currents.
C
H ds i =
}
Amperes circuit law is similar to Gausss law (for electrostatics fields) and it
is easily applied to determine H when the current distribution is symmetrical. It
should be noted that the above equation always holds whether the current
distribution is symmetrical or not but we can only use the equation to
determine H when symmetrical current distribution exists.
Amperes law is a special case of Biot-Savarts law.
Electric field
Magnetic field
Irotational Field Rotational Field
Symmetries for Amperes Law
Wire,
long
Plane,
extending
Solenoid,
long
Toroide,
along core line
Current density direction
Magnetic field line direction
II.1.1 Magnetic field computation using
Amperes law
Application 1. Compute the magnetic
field, with Ampere law, produced in
vacuum by a conductor supplied by a
current i.
Application2.
Amperes law used for the
computation of H-field from a
cylindrical conductor (radius a)
J
Use Ampere-curves (radius r):
C
H ds
d A
Demonstration 1 on the blackboard
Note: until now we have considered that the surface S is immobile.
In the most general case of media in movement (surface has a relative speed towards
the media), the Ampere's law in integral/differential form must be completed as:
( )
2
, /
c
= +
c
+ +
v
v rot D v
D
rot H J A m
t
From the physical point of view, the correction current appears due to the displacement, with the
speed v (towards the surface S
C
), of bodies charged with charges (having the volume density of
the charge ) and the Roentgen current appears due to the displacement with the speed v of
polarized bodies (having volumetric density of the polarized charge ).

v
II.2. Magnetic circuit law. Amperes generalised law
Demonstration 2 on the blackboard
( )
= + + +
}
D C R
C S
H ds i i i i
Ampere's integral form
Ampere's differential form
In the most general case, a magnetic field can be produced by:
conduction currents
displacement currents
convection currents
Roentgen currents
The magnetic flux through an open surface S is given by:
| |
, + = =
}}
S
B d A Weber Wb
In an electrostatic field, the flux passing thought a closed surface is the same as
the charge enclosed. Thus it is possible to have isolated electric charges, which
also reveals that electric flux lines are not necessarily closed.
Unlike electric flux lines, magnetic flux lines always close upon themselves.
This is due to the fact that it is not possible to have isolated magnetic poles (or
magnetic charges). Thus, the total flux though a closed surface in a magnetic field
must be zero:
0
E
=
}}
B d A
This equation is referred to as the law of conservation of magnetic flux or
Gausss law for magnetostatic fields.
II.3. Magnetic flux law
Magnetic flux law -integral form
Demonstration 3 on the blackboard
By applying the divergence theorem (Gauss-Ostrogradsky):
0
E
E
= =
}} }}}
V
B d A divB dv
0 = divB
The magnetostatic fields have no sources or
sinks (solenoidal field).
This equation suggests that magnetic field lines
are always continuous.
Closed surface
Differential form of the law
( )
12
2 1 2 1
0 s
n n
div B n B B B B = = =
Boundary conditions
So far we have:
v
divE

c
=
0 rot E =
rot H J = 0 divB =
These equations are OK for static fields (time independent). When fields
vary as a function of time the equations require an additional term.
0 rot E =
gets a
t
B
c
c

gets a
D
t
c
c rot H J =
Electrostatic field Magnetostatic field
II.4. Electromagnetic induction law. Faraday law
Demonstration 5 on the blackboard
Faradays Experiments
Michael Faraday discovered induction in 1831.
Moving the magnet induces a current i.
Reversing the direction reverses the current.
Moving the loop induces a current.
The induced current is set up by an induced EMF.
N S
i
v
Changing the current in the right-hand coil induces a current in the left-
hand coil.
The induced current does not depend on the size of the current in the right-
hand coil.
The induced current depends on di/dt.
Faradays Experiments
i
di/dt
EMF
(right)
(left)
v =0
Moving the magnet changes the flux +

(1) motional EMF.
Changing the current changes the flux + (2) - transformer EMF.
Faraday: changing the flux induces an EMF (e).
The emf induced
around a loop
equals the rate of change
of the flux through that loop
Faradays law
1)
2)
Faradays Experiments
N S
i
v
i
di/dt
EMF
(right)
(left)
v =0
+
=
d
e
dt
The induced electromagnetic force (EMF) - e
emf
or simply (e), in any closed
conducting loop (circuit) is equal to the time rate of change of the magnetic
flux linkage of the loop.
I
| |
+
|
= =
|
\ .
}}
S
d d
e B d A
dt dt
Integral form of Faradays law
The negative sign shows that the induced emf (and currents) would act in
such a way that they would oppose the change of the flux creating it. This
law is also known as Lentz law of EMF induction.
If the circuit consists of N loops all of the same area and if + is the flux
through one loop, then the total induced emf is:
A +
= =
d d
e N
dt dt
Demonstration 6 on the blackboard
( )
B
rot E rot v B
t
c
= +
c
Differential form of Faradays law
The induced electromagnetic force (emf) around a circuit can be separated into
two terms:
Transformer emf component, due to the time-rate of change of the B-field




Motional emf component, due to the motion of the circuit:
Note: The induced electric field is non-conservative !!!! 0 rot E =
The electric field is conservative only in electrostatics regime !!!!
0 rot E =
B
rot E
t
c
=
c
transformer
S S
B
e E ds rot E d A d A
t
I I
I
c
= = =
c
} }} }}
E v B =
( )
motional
e E ds v B ds
I I
= =
} }
II.6. The relation law between B, H and M vectors
( )
0
= + +
t p
B H M M
The vector sum, between the magnetization vectors (both components) and the
magnetic field strength, multiplied with the permeability of the vacuum, is
equal, at any moment and point, with the magnetic flux density:
= B H
For materials with anisotropy and without permanent magnetization:
For materials without permanent magnetization:
( )
0
= +
t
B H M
For linear materials without permanent magnetization:
( ) ( )
( )
0 0 0
1 _ _ = + = + = + =
t m m
B H M H H H H
Typical examples of inductors are toroids, solenoids, coaxial transmission
lines, and parallel-wire transmission lines. The inductance of each of these
inductors can be determined by following a procedure similar to that taken
in determining the capacitance of a capacitor.
Self-inductance calculation
For a given inductor, we find the self-inductance L by taking the steps:

1. Choose a suitable coordinate system.
2. Let the inductor carry current I.
3. Determine B from Biot-Savarts law (or from Amperes law if symmetry
exists)
4. Calculate from
5. Finally find L from

+ =
}}
S
B d A
+
A +
= =
N
L
I I
III. Inductance computation
Neumanns formula may be obtained using the concept of magnetic vector potential.
We will consider two loops: C1 and C2.
C
1
C
2
ds
2
ds
1
i
1
r

1
1 1 1
1
4

t

=

}
C
N i ds
A
r
The magnetic vector potential A
1
created by loop 1 (of N
1
turns)
at observation point placed at distance r on the second loop is:
The flux due to this magnetic vector potential through loop 2 is given by:
2 2 1
1 2
1 1 1
12 1 2 2
1 1 1 2
4
4

t
| |

|
+ = = =
|

\ .

=

} } }
} }
C C C
C C
N i ds
A ds ds
r
N i ds ds
r
Course 7!
Mutual inductance computation
The mutual inductance between two circuits may be calculated by taking a similar
procedure OR applying Neumanns formula.
The total magnetic flux through loop 2 (of N
2
turns) is given by:
1 2
1 2 1 1 2
12 2 12
4

t

A = + =

} }
C C
N N i ds ds
N
r
The mutual inductance between the two loops computed using Neumanns
formula is given by:
1 2
12 1 2 1 2
12
1
4

t
A
= =

} }
C C
N N ds ds
L
i r
Note: if the two loops are orthogonal the mutual inductance between them is zero.
1
1
2
n
m i i
i
W i
=
=

The above relation gives us the expression of the energy stored in the
magnetic field of several electric circuits due to currents
Magnetic field density
2
1 1 1
2 2 2
e
m
W
w H H H B H
V
= = = =
1
2
m
w B H = In, general:
1
2
m e
V V
W w dv B H dv = =
}}} }}}
IV. Magnetostatic field energy

Magnetic field computation

Practical applications
Seek first to understand,
then to be understood
Calculating Electric and Magnetic Fields
Electric Field

in general: Coulombs Law


for high symmetry
configurations: Gauss Law
Magnetic Field

in general: Biot-Savart Law
(seminar)

for high symmetry
configurations: Amperes Law
(practical configurations)

A solenoid is made of many loops of wire, packed closely
together. Heres the magnetic field from a loop of wire:
Application 1
Magnetic Field of a Solenoid with Ampere law

Stack many loops to make a
solenoid:


B
I




l

0
N
B= I
Magnetic field of a solenoid of
length l , N loops, current I.
n=N/l (number of turns per unit
length).
0
B= n I
The magnetic field inside a long solenoid does not depend on the position
inside the solenoid (if end effects are neglected).
Demonstration on the blackboard
0
N
B = I
( )
( )
( )

| |
|
\ .
-7
400
T m
B = 4 10 2 A
A 0.1 m
B = 0.01 T
Example: a thin 10-cm long solenoid has a total of 400 turns of
wire and carries a current of 2 A. Calculate the magnetic field
inside near the center.
Demonstration on the blackboard
Application 2
Compute the magnetic field at a distance x, produced by
a massive conductor with a rectangular cross section
placed in a ferromagnetic material slot, and carrying the
constant current i (with constant density J).
Demonstration on the blackboard
Application 3 Coaxial cable magnetic field
Demonstration on the blackboard
t

=
8
int
l
L
dr l r dr A dV = = t 2
int
L W w H
m m

Application 4 In an inductor such as a coaxial or parallel-wire transmission line, the
inductance produced by the flux internal to the conductor is called the internal
inductance. Compute the formula of the internal inductance of a cylindrical conductor
(energy method)

Find the self inductance of a coil (toroid) with rectangular cross section (direct method).
L B H |
|
|
.
|

\
|

=
1
2
2
ln
2 r
r h n
L
t

Demonstration on the blackboard Application 5
A toroid* is just a solenoid hooked up to
itself.
The magnetic field inside a toroid is not subject to end effects, but is not
constant inside (because it depends on r).
Help! Too many similar starting equations!

0
I
B=
2 r
long straight wire

0
N I
B=
2a
center of N loops of radius a

0
N
B= I

0
B= n I
solenoid, length l, N turns
solenoid, n turns per unit length

0
N I
B=
2 r
toroid, N loops
How am I going to know which is which on the next exam?
use Amperes law (or note the lack of N)
probably not a starting equation
field inside a solenoid is constant
field inside a solenoid is constant
field inside a toroid depends on position (r)
Din colectia de Poze J aponia_
Noiembrie 2011
Demonstration on the blackboard Application 6
Find the mutual inductance between a long, straight wire (1) and a rectangular loop (2)
place at distance w.
) (
21 21 I
e L B H |
Find the induced electromotive force if the rectangular loop is moving with v velocity
parallel with the conductor and i(t) is a sinusoidal current
Application 7
Application 8