LOCAL MULTIPOINT

DISTRIBUTION SERVICES
CS 708 Seminar

NITHYA RANJIT (Roll No. 05091)

B. Tech. Computer Science & Engineering

College of Engineering Kottarakkara

Kollam 691 531
Ph: +91.474.2453300
http://www.cek.ihrd.ac.in
cekottarakkara@ihrd.ac.in
 Certificate

This is to certify that this report titled LOCAL MULTIPOINT DIS-

TRIBUTION SERVICES(LMDS) is a bonafide record of the CS 708
Seminar work done by Ms NITHYA RANJIT, Reg No.10264044, Sev-
enth Semester B. Tech. Computer Science & Engineering student, under our
guidance and supervision, in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the
award of the degree, B. Tech. Computer Science and Engineering of Cochin
University of Science & Technology.

October 16, 2008

Guide Coordinator & Dept. Head

Miss Rekha Mol Mr Ahammed Siraj K K

Lecturer Asst. Professor
Dept. of Computer Science & Engg. Dept. of Computer Science & Engg.
 Acknowledgments

I express my whole hearted thanks to our respected Principal Dr Jacob

Thomas, Mr.Ahammed Siraj sir , Head of the Department, for providing
me with the guidance and facilities for the seminar. I wish to express my
sincere thanks to Renjith sir, lecturer in Computer Science Department,
for his timely advises during the course period of my seminar. I would also
express my deep gratitude to my guide Miss Rekha for providing valuable
help support necessary for my seminar. I thank all faculty members of
College of Engineering Kottarakara for their cooperation in completing my
seminar. My sincere thanks to all those well wishers and friends who have
helped me during the course of the seminar work and have made it a great
success. Above all I thank the Almighty Lord, the foundation of all wisdom
for guiding me step by step throughout my seminar.
NITHYA RANJIT
 Abstract
The Local Multipoint Distribution Services (LMDS) is a newly
developed technology in broadband wireless point to point commu-
nication system operating above 20 GHz. To determine the range
of WMAN different technologies are used, there are FSO, LMDS,
MMDS, and 802.16 (WiMAX).LMDS technology and its most re-
cent advances will be described in detail in this seminar. This fixed
broadband technology can be used to provide real time multimedia
file transfer and high speed internet access. LMDS can be deployed
in high density nodes in a network and with use of multifed reflected
ray in central station antennas. The antenna height and directivity
are used in the classification of statistical channel models for Local
Multipoint Distribution Service (LMDS). When directional antennas
are used and the antennas are sufficiently high providing a line-of-
sight (LOS) propagation path between the transmitter and receiver,
the statistics of the radio channel can be described by the log normal.
The channel statistics fits the Rican distribution, if omni-directional
antennas are used. The detailed descriptions of directivity of antennas
the direction of arrival signals and limits the number of propagation
paths will be done when omni-directional antennas are used and at
least one of the antennas is slower than the surrounding obstacles,
and hence an LOS propagation path is absent, the radio channel is
described by the statistics of the Raleigh distribution. The above-
mentioned channel models can be used to evaluate the performance
of LMDS systems. The term Local indicates that signals ranges over
a limit. Multipoint indicates a broadcast signal from subscribers. Dis-
tributed defines a wide range of data that can be transmitted, data
ranging from any where from voice, video to internet and voice traf-
fic. Located in 28 GHz and 31 GHz bands Broadband radio service
designed to provide two way transmission of voice, high speed data
and video Low powered transmitters broadcast voice, data and video
signals in metropolitan areas The most recent advances in service that
provides a highly efficient local access of service is achieved with the
multifed printed reflected ray with three simultaneous shaped beams
for LMDS Station Antennae. The LMDS systems, its architecture,
principle of operation, its potentials areas of applications and latest
advancements in the LMDS systems will be discussed.

i
Contents
1 INTRODUCTION 1

2 LMDS OVERVIEW 2

3 FIXED WIRELESS TECHNOLOGY 4

4 METHODS OF FIXED WIRELESS COMMUNICA-

TIONS 5

5 LMDS THE TECHNOLOGY FOR FIXED WIRE-

LESS LANs 7

6 THE PRINCIPLE OF OPERATION 8

7 LMDS NETWORK ARCHITECTURE 9

7.1 SYSTEM EQUIPMENT SEGMENTS . . . . . . . . . 9
7.2 ARCHITECTURAL OPTIONS . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10

8 WIRELESS LINKS AND ACCESS OPTIONS 11

8.1 MODULATION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13

9 MICROWAVE PROPAGATION IN LMDS SYSTEMS 14

10 NETWORK-NODE EQUIPMENT 15

11 RADIO FREQUENCY EQUIPMENT 16

12 LMDS CENTRAL STATION ANTENNAS 17

13 ANTENNA DESIGN 19

14 APPLICATIONS OF LMDS 20

15 NETWORK INTERFACE EQUIPMENT 21

16 NETWORK MANAGEMENT 21

17 CONCLUSION 23

REFERENCES 24

ii
1 INTRODUCTION
Local Multipoint Distribution Services LMDS is a broadband wireless
access networking solution. This is a cellular access technique for high
speed voice, data, Internet and video services in the 25-Ghz and higher
spectrum. Higher bandwidth positions this technology to provide a
whole range of services including Internet data, TV, music and mul-
timedia services.LMDS is a viable alternative to wired solutions for
various small businesses. It is a cost effective business model, espe-
cially if rapid deployment in urban areas is required or low-population
density areas should be covered with broadband connectivity. Net-
work operators are facing the broadband requirement challenge by
improving the existing technologies. LMDS are now being introduced
throughout the world. The LMDS services provide many advantages
of ease of operation and deployment, flexibility in on demand capacity
allocation, and potential support for a broad spectrum of applications,
allowing for future development. A major task remaining is the estab-
lishment and verification of methods of coverage over shielded areas.
The availability of repeaters and reflectors for increased coverage is
introduced, which significantly improve coverage. Major applications
are TV, Internet, and business-oriented, thus combining professional
and entertainment use. The LMDS systems, its architecture, principle
of operation, its potentials areas of applications and latest advance-
ments in the LMDS systems will be discussed.

1
2 LMDS OVERVIEW
LMDS is a broadband wireless point-to-multipoint communication
system operating above 20 GHz (depending on the country licens-
ing) that can be used to provide digital two- way voice, data, Internet
and video services.

Figure 1: LMDS SYSTEM

2
 The acronym LMDS is derived from the following:
L (local)denotes that propagation characteristics of signals in this
frequency range limit the potential coverage area of a single cell site;
ongoing field trials conducted in metropolitan centers place the range
of an LMDS transmitter at up to 5 miles.
M (multipoint)indicates that signals are transmitted in a point-
to-multipoint or broadcast method; the wireless return path, from
subscriber to the base station, is a point-to-point transmission
D (distribution)refers to the distribution of signals, which may
consist of simultaneous voice, data, Internet, and video traffic.
S (service)implies the subscriber nature of the relationship between
the operator and the customer; the services offered through an LMDS
Network is entirely dependent on the operator’s choice of business.

3
3 FIXED WIRELESS TECHNOLOGY
Until about 1996, the only economical way to connect LAN’s was
through a wired infrastructure. In the last three years several new
wireless LAN infrastructures are being proposed and built. Wireless
local loop is a new wireless option and comes under the Fixed wireless
as opposed to mobile. Fixed here, refers to fixed location. It means
though the data transmission is wireless, the stations are fixed. They
give a very high speed communication. Dense modulation schemes are
required and higher signal to noise ratio is required in a fixed wireless
scheme.

4
4 METHODS OF FIXED WIRELESS
COMMUNICATIONS
In order to achieve fixed wireless communication, various physical me-
dia equipment can be used ranging from infrared, microwave to radio
wave. A major problem with using Infrared signal is that they can be
obstructed by physical objects, thus there should be an unobstructed
path between the communicating equipment, which is not always pos-
sible. Microwave systems operate at less than 500 milli watts power.
For the fixed service, Broadband wireless access systems are of partic-
ular interest. Few reasons for this are, they are very quick to install,
and are economical and cost effective. And also interconnection of
the base station to fixed PSTN is possible and easy. For using the
broadband signal there are various issues that need discussion, one
important issue being the spectrum that can be used. The Different
Omni Directional High Speed Access Broadband
The Federal Communications Commission (FCC) has started a
host of omni directional high speed access networks. They are
The 38 GHz band:
This band is primarily licensed to Winstar and Advanced RadioT-
elecommunications [1](ARTT). Winstar uses ATM based equipment
and provides POTS and high speed data. From the cost point of
view, starting with point to point links and then as the network size
increases, switching to omni directional cell site is advisable. But then,
If for a particular network the shifting overhead is more, its better to
start with omni directional networks.
The 28 GHz or the LMDS Band:
This 28 GHz band was regulated in 1998 with only a few major
companies participating. This is called LMDS band as LMDS operates
in this band in the United States (It could be different for different
countries for example, in Europe, it is the 40GHz band) This has got
different blocks of bandwidth. A high degree of ”cellularization” is
required with this band. Cell size is about 2 miles in radius. Various
new proposals have been made about this which will be discussed in
detail.
The DEMS band:
This band was originally allocated at 18 GHz with 100MHz band-
width. The only operator in this band is Telegent Corporation. They
convinced FCC to allocate it to 24GHz with a 400 MHz allocation.
Telegent is deploying a wireless ATM

5
 The MMDS band:
The FCC allocated about 200 MHz of spectrum at 2.1 and 2.5-2.7
GHz frequency for television transmission. In 1995 and 1998 FCC
allowed for digital transmission with CDMA (Code Division Multi-
ple Access), QPSK(Phase Shift Keying), VSB (Vestigial Side Band)
and QAM(Quadrature amplitude Modulation) modulation schemes.
Companies such as Speed Choice and Wave path.

6
5 LMDS THE TECHNOLOGY FOR
FIXED WIRELESS LANs
A cost effective technology that has no hassles of physical connections
and can do two way wireless microwave transmission of mixed video,
audio and data. LAN cost effective technology that has no hassles of
physical connections and can do two way wireless microwave trans-
mission of mixed video, audio and data. LMDS the 28GHz band in
America (Europe uses the 40GHz for LMDS), is the one that is being
used for wireless LAN. Basically it is a wireless service that trans-
mits fixed broadband microwave signals in the 28 GHz band of the
spectrum within small cells roughly 2 to 3 miles in diameter. Point-
to-point fixed wireless networks have been commonly deployed to offer
high-speed dedicated links between high-density nodes in a network.
More recent advances in a point-to-multipoint technology offer ser-
vice providers a method of providing high-capacity local access that
is less capital-intensive than a wireline solution, faster to deploy than
wireline, and able to offer a combination of applications. Moreover,
as a large part of a wireless network’s cost is not incurred until the
customer premises equipment (CPE) is installed, the network service
operator can time capital expenditures to coincide with the signing of
new customers. LMDS technology provides an effective last-mile solu-
tion for the incumbent service provider and can be used by competitive
service providers to deliver services directly to end users. Benefits can
be summarized as follows: Lower entry and deployment costs. Ease
and speed of deployment (systems can be deployed rapidly with min-
imal disruption to the community and the environment) Fast realiza-
tion of revenue (as a result of rapid deployment) Demand-based build
out (scalable architecture employing open industry standards ensur-
ing services and coverage areas can be easily expanded as customer
demand warrants) Cost shift from fixed to variable components (with
traditional wireline systems, most of the capital investment is in the
infrastructure, while with LMDS a greater percentage of the invest-
ment is shifted to CPE, which means an operator spends money only
when a revenue-paying customer signs on)

7
6 THE PRINCIPLE OF OPERATION
BASIC PRINCIPLES LMDS are combined high-capacity radio-based
communications and broadcast systems with interactivity operated at
millimeter frequencies. Early systems, however, were mainly used for
analog TV distribution, and it all started with combined transport of
data representing TV programs, data, and communication. The pos-
sibility of implementing a full-service broadband access network by
rebuilding a broadcast network into an interactive network by func-
tionally adding a communications channel for the return was a reality
that coincided almost perfectly with the growth of the Internet and
data services.
Broadband interactivity arrived with digitalization. Interactive
LMDS has a point-to-multi-point downlink and a point-to-point up-
link, as shown.

Figure 2: Operation of LMDS

Operation of LMDS in an area will normally require a cluster of

cells with separate base sta-tions for co-located transmitter/receiver
sites. One of the base stations sites serve as coordination center the
franchise area and connect the LMDS cells to external networks.Intercell
networking may be implemented using fiber or short hop radio relay
connections. Co-location with mobile base stations allows for infras-
tructure sharing. Operation in the millimeter range imposes some re-
strictions. Precipitation effects lead to severe attenuation and limit the

8
reliable rangeof operation to 35 km depending on the climatic zone and
the frequency of operation. Line of sight(LOS) is also required. Full
coverage will however not be possible, and numbers quoted arenor-
mally in the 4070 percent range. Improved coverage is thus required
and may be obtained in different ways. The numbers quoted refer
to single cells. By introducing some overlapping between cells it may
be possible to obtain coverage in shielded areas in one cell from the
neighboring cell transmission site. Use of repeaters and reflectors are
other possibilities. Thus different site dependent ways of operation
will solve the coverage problem. The most severe restriction may be
the attenuation caused by transmission through vegetation.Buildings
completely shielded by vegetation need an elevated rooftop antenna or
some broadband connection to an unshielded site. Propagation issues
are by now well understood and are not considered a serious obstacle
for reliable operation of millimeter systems of cellular architecture.

9
7 LMDS NETWORK ARCHITECTURE
Various network architectures are possible within LMDS system de-
sign. The majority of system operators will be using point-to-multipoint
wireless access designs, although point-to-point systems and TV dis-
tribution systems can be provided within the LMDS system. It is
expected that the LMDS services will be a combination of voice,
video, and data. Therefore, both asynchronous transfers mode (ATM)
and Internet protocol (IP) transport methodologies are practical when
viewed within the larger telecommunications infrastructure system of
a nation. The LMDS network architecture consists of primarily four
parts: 1)Network operations center(NOC) 2)Fiber-based infrastruc-
ture 3)Base station 4)Customer Premise Equipment(CPE)

7.1 SYSTEM EQUIPMENT SEGMENTS

The Network Operation Center NOC contains the Network Manage-
ment System (NMS) equipment that manages large regions of the
customer network. Multiple NOCs can be interconnected. The fiber-
based infrastructure typically consists of synchronous optical network
(SONET) optical carrier (OC)12, OC3, and DS3 links; Central-office
(CO) equipment; ATM and IP switching systems; and interconnec-
tions with the Internet and public switched telephone networks (PSTNs).
The base station is where the conversion from fibered infrastruc-
ture to wireless infrastructure occurs. Base-station equipment includes
the network interface for functionalities which may not be present in
different designs include local switching. If local switching is present,
customers connected to the base station can communicate with one an-
other without entering the fiber infrastructure. This function implies
that billing, channel access management, registration, and authenti-
cation occur locally within the base station.
The alternative base-station architecture simply provides connec-
tion to the fiber infrastructure. This forces all traffic to terminate in
ATM switches or CO equipment somewhere in the fiber infrastructure.
In this scenario, if two customers connected to the same base station
wish to communicate with each other, they do so at a centralized lo-
cation. Billing, authentication, registration, and traffic-management
functions are performed centrally.
The customer-premises configurations vary widely from vendor to
vendor. Primarily, all configurations will include outdoor-mounted

10
microwave equipment and indoor digital equipment providing modu-
lation, demodulation, control, and customer-premises interface func-
tionality. The CPE may attach to the network using time-division
multiple access (TDMA), frequency-division multiple access (FDMA),
or code-division multiple access (CDMA) methodologies. The cus-
tomer premises interfaces will run the full range from digital signal,
level zero (DS0),plain old telephone service (POTS), 10BaseT, un-
structured DS1, structured DS1, frame relay, ATM25, serial ATM
over T1, DS3, OC3, and OC1.
The customer premises locations will range from large enterprises
(e.g., office buildings, hospitals, campuses), in which the microwave
equipment is shared between many users, to mall locations and resi-
dences will be connected. Obviously, different customer-premises lo-
cations require different equipment configurations and different price
points.

7.2 ARCHITECTURAL OPTIONS

LMDS system operators offer different services and have different
legacy systems, financial partners, and business strategies. As a re-
sult, the system architecture used will differ between all system opera-
tors. The most common architectural type uses co-sited, base-station
equipment. The indoor digital equipment connects to the network in-
frastructure, and the outdoor microwave equipment mounted on the
rooftop is housed at the same location.
Typically, the radio frequency (RF) planning for these networks
uses multiple sectors microwave systems, in which transmit- and receive-
sector antennas provide service over a 90-, 45-, 30-, 22.5-, or 15-degree
beam width. The idealized circular coverage area around the cell site
is divided into 4, 8, 12, 16, or 24 sectors.
Alternative architectures include connecting the base-station in-
door unit to multiple remote microwave transmission and reception
systems with analog fiber interconnection between the indoor data
unit (IDU) and outdoor data unit (ODU). This approach consolidates
the digital equipment, providing increased redundancy, reduced ser-
vicing costs, and increased sharing of digital resources over a larger
area. The difficulties are typically the lack of analog fiber resources
and remote microwave transmission and reception equipment deploy-
ment issues. By using remote microwave equipment, there may be a
reduced sectorization requirement at each remote location.

11
Figure 3: Co-Sited Base Station

12
Figure 4: Analog Fiber Architecture

13
8 WIRELESS LINKS AND ACCESS
OPTIONS
Wireless system designs are built around three primary access method-
ologies: TDMA, FDMA, and CDMA. These access methods apply to
the connection from the customer-premises site to the base station,
referred to as the uplink. Currently, most system operators and stan-
dards activities address the TDMA and FDMA approaches.
In the downlink, from base station to customer premises, most
companies supply time division multiplexed (TDM) streams either
to a specific user site (point-to-point connectivity) or multiple user
sites (a point-to-multipoint system design). FDMA scheme in which
multiple customer sites share the downstream connection.

14
 Figure 5: FDMA Access

TDMA scheme in which multiple customer sites share both the

downstream and upstream channel.
With FDMA and TDMA access links, whether downstream or up-
stream, there are a number of factors that affect their efficiency and
usage. For FDMA links, the customer premises site is allocated band-
width which is either constant over time or which slowly varies over
time. For TDMA links, the customer premises is allocated bandwidth
designed to respond to data bursts from the customer site. These two
access methods will probably provide the majority of access links for
LMDS systems over the next few years. The choice between these
access links is directly related to the system operator business case,
service strategy, and target market.

15
 Figure 6: TDMA Access

8.1 MODULATION
Modulation methods for broadband wireless LMDS systems are gen-
erally separated into phase shift keying (PSK) and amplitude mod-
ulation (AM)approaches. The modulation options for TDMA and
FDMA access methods are almost the same. The TDMA link mod-
ulation methods typically do not include the 64quadrature amplitude
modulation (QAM), although this might become available in the fu-
ture.

16
9 MICROWAVE PROPAGATION IN
LMDS SYSTEMS
An area of continuing research for LMDS systems relates to microwave
propagation behavior. The LMDS systems at 28 GHz are most sus-
ceptible to rain effects causing a reduction in the signal level. The
Comite Consultatif International des Radiocommunications (CCIR)
has rainfall attenuation estimation procedures; however, there is lim-
ited data and experience in small cell point-to-multipoint systems.
Rainfall causes depolarization of the signals, leading to decreased sig-
nal level and decreased interference isolation between adjacent sectors
and adjacent cell sites. Additional propagation issues relating to fo-
liage also need further study.

Figure 7: Microwave Propagation in LMDS Systems

The primary propagation issue in lower-frequency bands is multi-

path fading. At the LMDS frequencies, multipath fading should not
be an important effect. First, LMDS frequencies are much more line-
of-sight (LOS)dependent, which means that shadowing and diffraction
do not occur as often at lower frequencies. Second, cellular and per-
sonal communications service (PCS) systems typically have customer-

17
premises locations within six feet of the ground, whereas LMDS sys-
tems have customer antennas located high on rooftops. The height of
the customer-premises antenna plays a large role in reducing multipath
effects. Third, the LMDS antennas are highly directional (pointing to
a single cell site), whereas the cellular and PCS antennas have either
omnidirectional or loosely sectorized characteristics. Using directional
antennas reduces multipath effects. Fourth, in cellular and PCS sys-
tems the customer antenna may be moving, whereas LMDS antennas
are fixed on a rooftop. Once an antenna becomes fixed, installers
can choose better case locations on the rooftop, leading to improved
performance.
Considering these factors, the cell coverage distance will vary de-
pending on the rainfall statistics in the particular area. Foliage height
in relation to commercial and residential building heights also needs
to be examined to determine the percentage of building rooftops that
can be illuminated from any particular base- station antenna sector.

18
10 NETWORK-NODE EQUIPMENT
The Network-Node Equipment (NNE) provides the basic network gate-
way for connecting wireline network traffic to the LMDS bandwidth
.The NNE is equivalent to the base-station digital equipment. The
network-node products provide processing, multiplexing, demultiplex-
ing, compression, error detection, encoding, decoding, routing, modu-
lation, and demodulation. The NNE may also provide ATM switching.

Figure 8: Network-Node Equipment

The following functions may be performed at the network node:

Digital Signal Compression
The conversion of analog television signals to highly compressed
digital signals for distribution by the microwave system.
Wire line/Wireless Protocol Interfaces
Depending on an operator’s service offerings, NNE may be config-
ured to extend video, IP, and voice services over LMDS bandwidth.

19
(ATM is emerging as a likely standard for the delivery of voice, data,
Internet, and video services over LMDS.)
Modulation and Demodulation
Signals from the voice, video, and data multiplexing system are
modulated before wireless transmission occurs. Similarly, traffic from
the microwave receiver is demodulated before wire line transmission.
Modulation
A digital modulator accepts a digital stream and provides a 4QAM,
16QAM, or 64QAM intermediate frequency (IF) signal for delivery
over the LMDS bandwidth. The modulator performs all the functions
required to modulate digital video, voice, and data to a standard IF
for input to the wireless transmitters.
Demodulation
A QAM demodulator contains two separately addressable demod-
ulator channels, each capable of accepting 4QAM, 16QAM, 64QAM
signals at symbol rates between 1 Mbps and 10 Mbps. TDMA systems
may use differential QPSK modulation.

20
11 RADIO FREQUENCY EQUIP-
MENT
Network Node
LMDS network node RF equipment includes transmitters and re-
ceivers as well as transceivers and the antennas they feed. If there is
one carrier per transmitter,the system is said to be channelized. If
there are multiple carriers per transmitter,the system is said to be
broadband.
Transmitters
Individually modulated signals are combined and applied to the
broadband transmitter. Within the transmitter, the very-high-frequency
(VHF) signals are converted up to the desired carrier frequency, ampli-
fied, and applied to the antenna for transmission. Separate transmit-
ters, receivers, and antennas can be used in each direction to minimize
the near-end crosstalk effects between transmit and receive signals.
Receivers
A separate broadband receiver receives the entire band at carrier
frequency and converts the signals to the VHF band. The VHF signals
are then applied to coaxial or fiber cable for distribution to the NNE.
Transceivers
Combined transmitter and receiver functions can be provided in a
single broadband transceiver.
Antenna Systems
Antennas are chosen based on the desired coverage of potential sub-
scribers, taking into consideration the terrain, interfering objects, an-
tenna azimuth pattern, antenna elevation pattern, and antenna gain.
Customer-Premises Site
Transceiver
For two-way data network applications, a transceiver is used to
provide a return path for LMDS services. The antenna may be an
integral part of the transceiver.The transceiver may be broadband or
channelized.
Customer Antenna Systems
Typical technology choices available include microstrip design, parabolic
and grid-parabolic reflectors, and horn designs. The selection is an en-
gineering decision based on the customer’s location. As well, vendors
will have various levels of integration with specific antenna technolo-
gies.

21
12 LMDS CENTRAL STATION AN-
TENNAS
Multifed Printed Reflectarray With Three Stimultaneous Shaped Beams
for LMDS Central Station Antenna.A two-layer reflectarray is pro-
posed as a central station antenna for a local multipoint distribution
system (LMDS) in the 24.526.5 GHz band. The antenna produces
three independent beams in an alternate linear polarization that are
shaped both in azimuth (sectored) and in elevation (squared cose-
cant). The design process is divided into several stages. First, the
positions of the three feeds are established as well as the antenna ge-
ometry to produce the three beams in the required directions. Second,
the phase distribution on the reflectarray surface, which produces the
required beam shaping, is synthesized. Third, the sizes of the printed
stacked patches are adjusted so that the phase-shift introduced by
them matches the synthesized phase distribution.

22
 Printed reflectarrays are very attractive solutions since they have
a number of advantages such as, low profile, mass and volume, they
are easy to manufacture and offer possibilities for beam shaping and
electronic beam control. A reflectarray consists of a planar array of
printed elements illuminated by a primary feed, typically a horn an-
tenna. Each element of the reflectarray introduces a phase-shift to
the impinging wave from the feed to produce a focused or contoured
beam. The applications for contoured beam reflectarrays are espe-
cially interesting since the manufacturing cost and process is the same
as for a focused beam.

23
Figure 9: Scheme Of The Proposed Multifed Reflectarray

24
13 ANTENNA DESIGN
A. Antenna Definition
A central station antenna for an LMDS application requires a
shaped beam, squared cosecant in elevation and sectored in azimuth,
see minimum and maximum requirements in figure for 30-degree sec-
tors with 5-degree tilt. The elevation masks are the same for all the
beams, whereas the azimuth coverage depends on the sector. The
three-dimensional masks are obtained through a combination of the
elevation and azimuth requirements for each beam.
B. Synthesis of the Radiation Pattern
Once the 3D masks of requirements and the antenna geometry are
dened, the phase of the reection coefcient of each reectarray element is
synthesized in order to fulll the required pattern for the central beam.

Figure 10: Radiation Pattern

C. Reflectaray Design and Manufacture

Once the phase required for the reection coefcient at each reec-
tarray element has been determined, the dimensions of the printed

25
patches have to be adjusted to match that phase. In this case, a
two-layer conguration, has been selected because it provides a good
bandwidth for moderate sized reectarray.

Figure 11: Multifed Printed Reflectaray

A breadboard of the designed antenna has been manufactured.

The two layers of printed arrays have been produced by achemical
etching process and the dimensions of the patches have been veried
with a prole projector. The layers have been glued by means of a
bonding lm layer in a curing cycle, according to the manufacturer
specications. Then, the reectarray is assembled with a support struc-
ture, which ensures the position of the feed-horn and the reectarray
panel.

26
14 APPLICATIONS OF LMDS
LMDS is first of all a system of high flexibility, allowing for capacity
on demand. Changing the cell size through reduction of either cell
diameter or illumination angle increases total capacity.Its flexibility
with regard to high on-demand capacity in both directions makes it
well suited to home offices and teleteaching in the local domain. The
first major applications are TV,Internet, and business-oriented, thus
combining professional and entertainment use.In Europe LMDS was
considered a supplement alternative to cable TV and was actually
refred to as wireless cable.With digital television and the possibility
for convergence of TV,data,and communications opened up developed
of new broadband applicationsThe availability of broadband technol-
ogy will stimulate the growth of application s such as teleteaching to
telemedicine.
From Television to Interactive Television
The TV business has had strong growth, but the time spent by
individuals watching TV has not changed very much. Digital TV
represents new possibilities. The first step is the introduction and de-
velopment of interactive TV, adding new and interesting functionality.
More local TV programs will take advantage of LMDS. Interactive TV
will stimulate growth in e-commerce; and the more local part of it,
such as property trading, apartment renting, car buying and selling,
and many other transactions
Teleteaching
Education, and updating reeducation, is one of the major chal-
lenges in many countries today. Lack of educated and skilled teachers,
particularly in technology, is a common concern. The local focus of
LMDS makes it excellent for high-capacity connections to schools at
different levels, connecting a group of local schools as well as providing
connections to remote sites. Locally, it would then also be possible to
connect to homes and have lessons stored for the use of both pupils
and parents. Broadband access will offer possibilities in education
we have barely started to explore. The advantage of LMDS in this
connection is the flexibility in capacity allocation and the multicast
property of the downlink, allowing very efficient delivery for this type
of applications.

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15 NETWORK INTERFACE EQUIP-
MENT
At the customer-premises site, a network interface unit (NIU) provides
the gateway between the RF component and in-building appliances.
NIUs are manageable by the network management system provided in
the network-control center.These NIUs are available in scalable and
nonscalable forms depending on customer requirements.

Figure 12: NIU Network Implemention

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16 NETWORK MANAGEMENT
LMDS network management is designed to meet a network operator’s
business objectives by providing highly reliable network management
services. Network management requires the following:
Fault Management
This is necessary to identify, localize, and correct errors or faults
in the network. Each device within a wireless network should be mon-
itored for troubleshooting or performance. All LMDS devices collect
and report statistics pertaining to traffic throughput, boundary con-
dition violations, and management activities.
Configuration Management
This is necessary in order to provision, inventory, initialize, and
back-up network resources. The LMDS equipment should be auto-
discovered when new equipment is added to a node. This minimizes
the amount of provisioning needed to install or upgrade equipment.
Accounting Management
This is necessary to collect and process billing information. Each
manageable node in the wireless portion of the network should main-
tain a collection of statistics that can be accessed by a third-party
billing system as input. Users should be identified on a per-network
user basis.
Performance Management
This is necessary to collect, filter, and analyze network resource
statistics. There are a number of parameters that should be monitored
and configured on each network node, from T1 traffic throughput to
output power level. The management station should monitor these
parameters and adjust them to increase performance.
Security Management
All information transmitted through the wireless environment must
be encrypted between each node in the network. The security-management
function should automatically generate and coordinate the keys used
to encrypt and decrypt, as well as to authenticate users.

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17 CONCLUSION
Local Multipoint Distribution Services is a well suited fixed broad-
band wireless transmissions.LMDS is a technology for a time of grow-
ing demand.It offers ease of operations and deployement,flexibility in
in on demand capacity allocation and potential support for a broad
spectrum of applications. The LMDS system architecture and the
basic principles of operation used in providing the LMDS service is
described in this seminar.Latest advancements concerning the LMDS
Central Station Antenna is also explained.The several advantages of
this LMDS technology has led to it being most widely used broad-
band access methods.LMDS promises a wireless alternative to fiber
and coaxial cables, It has the potential to replace the existing wired
networks, it may prove to be the easiest way to deliver high speed
data and two way video service. Its capability of handling thousands
of voice channels with the existing bandwidth makes it a good con-
testant in the voice industry. With current industry trends, that are
tending to merge the telecommunication and the networking indus-
tries, LMDS seems to be a soultion that suits all their needs. For the
recent digital TV world, LMDS is a very good choice considering the
fact that LMDS was designed with Digital TV broadcast in mind.

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References
[1] Telenor RD Agne Nordbotten. Lmds systems and their applica-
tions. In IEEE Transactions, pages 150–162, June 2006.
[2] J. A.; Barba M.; Arrebola, M.; Encinar. Multifed printed re-
flectarray with three simultaneous shaped beams for lmds central
station antenna. Antennas and Propagation, IEEE Transactions
on, 56(6):1518–1527, JUNE 2008.

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