Newton's Three Laws of Motion

Newton's First Law of Motion:

I. Every object in a state of uniform motion tends to remain in that state of motion
unless an external force is applied to it.
This we recognize as essentially Galileo's concept of inertia, and this is often termed
simply the "Law of Inertia".

Newton's Second Law of Motion:
II. The relationship between an object's mass m, its acceleration a, and the
applied force F is F =ma. Acceleration and force are vectors (as indicated by their
symbols being displayed in slant bold font); in this law the direction of the force
vector is the same as the direction of the acceleration vector.
This is the most powerful of Newton's three Laws, because it allows quantitative
calculations of dynamics: how do velocities change when forces are applied. Notice the
fundamental difference between Newton's 2nd Law and the dynamics of Aristotle:
according to Newton, a force causes only a change in velocity (an acceleration); it does not
maintain the velocity as Aristotle held.
This is sometimes summarized by saying that under Newton, F =ma, but under Aristotle F
=mv, where v is the velocity. Thus, according to Aristotle there is only a velocity if there is
a force, but according to Newton an object with a certain velocity maintains that velocity
unless a force acts on it to cause an acceleration (that is, a change in the velocity). As we
have noted earlier in conjunction with the discussion of Galileo, Aristotle's view seems to be
more in accord with common sense, but that is because of a failure to appreciate the role
played by frictional forces. Once account is taken of all forces acting in a given situation it
is the dynamics of Galileo and Newton, not of Aristotle, that are found to be in accord with
the observations.

Newton's Third Law of Motion:
III. For every action there is an equal and opposite reaction.
This law is exemplified by what happens if we step off a boat onto the bank of a lake:
as we move in the direction of the shore, the boat tends to move in the opposite
direction (leaving us facedown in the water, if we aren't careful!).


Isaac Newton
Sir Isaac Newton PRS MP (/njutn/; 25 December 1642 20 March 1727) was an English
physicist and mathematician (described in his own day as a "natural philosopher") who is
widely recognised as one of the most influential scientists of all time and as a key figure in
the scientific revolution. His book Philosophi Naturalis Principia Mathematica
("Mathematical Principles of Natural Philosophy"), first published in 1687, laid the
foundations for classical mechanics. Newton also made seminal contributions to optics and
shares credit with Gottfried Leibniz for the invention of calculus.
Newton's Principia formulated the laws of motion and universal gravitation, which
dominated scientists' view of the physical universe for the next three centuries. By deriving
Kepler's laws of planetary motion from his mathematical description of gravity, and then
using the same principles to account for the trajectories of comets, the tides, the precession
of the equinoxes, and other phenomena, Newton removed the last doubts about the validity
of the heliocentric model of the cosmos. This work also demonstrated that the motion of
objects on Earth and of celestial bodies could be described by the same principles. His
prediction that the Earth should be shaped as an oblate spheroid was later vindicated by
the measurements of Maupertuis, La Condamine, and others, which helped convince most
Continental European scientists of the superiority of Newtonian mechanics over the earlier
system of Descartes.
Newton also built the first practical reflecting telescope and developed a theory of colour based
on the observation that a prism decomposes white light into the many colours of the visible
spectrum. He formulated an empirical law of cooling, studied the speed of sound, and introduced
the notion of a Newtonian fluid. In addition to his work on calculus, as a mathematician Newton
contributed to the study of power series, generalised the binomial theorem to non-integer
exponents, and developed Newton's method for approximating the roots of a function.
Newton was a fellow of Trinity College and the second Lucasian Professor of Mathematics at the
University of Cambridge. He was a devout but unorthodox Christian and, unusually for a
member of the Cambridge faculty of the day, he refused to take holy orders in the Church of
England, perhaps because he privately rejected the doctrine of the Trinity. Beyond his work on
the mathematical sciences, Newton dedicated much of his time to the study of biblical
chronology and alchemy, but most of his work in those areas remained unpublished until long
after his death. In his later life, Newton became president of the Royal Society. He also served
the British government as Warden and Master of the Royal Mint.