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Haloperidol

1
Haloperidol
Haloperidol
Systematic (IUPAC) name
4-[4-(4-Chlorophenyl)-4-hydroxy-1-piperidyl]-1-(4-fluorophenyl)-butan-1-one
Clinical data
Trade names Haldol
AHFS/Drugs.com
monograph
[1]
MedlinePlus
a682180
[2]
Pregnancy cat. C (AU) C (US)
Legal status Prescription Only (S4) (AU) -only (CA) POM (UK) -only (US)
Routes Oral, IM, IV, depot (as decanoate ester)
Pharmacokinetic data
Bioavailability 60-70% (Oral)
Protein binding ~90%
Metabolism Liver-mediated
Half-life 14-26 hours (IV), 20.7 hours (IM), 14-37 hours (oral)
Excretion Biliary (hence in faeces) and in urine
Identifiers
CAS number
52-86-8
[3]

ATC code
N05AD01
[4]
PubChem
CID 3559
[5]
IUPHAR ligand
86
[6]
DrugBank
DB00502
[7]
ChemSpider
3438
[8]

UNII
J6292F8L3D
[9]

KEGG
D00136
[10]

ChEBI
CHEBI:5613
[11]

Haloperidol
2
ChEMBL
CHEMBL54
[12]

Chemical data
Formula C
21
H
23
ClFNO
2
Mol. mass 375.9 g/mol
(what is this?) (verify)
[13]
Haloperidol /hlopridl/ (INN, BAN, USAN, AAN; most common brand names: Haldol, Serenace) is an
antipsychotic medication used in the treatment of schizophrenia, acute psychosis, mania, delirium, tics in Tourette
syndrome, choreas, nausea and vomiting in palliative care, intractable hiccups, agitation and severe anxiety.
Haloperidol is a butyrophenone derivative and functions as an inverse agonist of dopamine. It is classified as a
typical antipsychotic and has pharmacological effects similar to the phenothiazines.
A long-acting decanoate ester of haloperidol is used as an injection given every four weeks to people with
schizophrenia or related illnesses who have poor adherence to medication regimens (most commonly due to them
forgetting to take their medication, or due to poor insight into their illness) and suffer frequent relapses of illness, or
to overcome the drawbacks inherent to its orally administered counterpart.
It is on the World Health Organization's List of Essential Medicines, a list of the most important medication needed
in a basic health system.
Medical uses
Haloperidol is used in the control of the symptoms of:
Schizophrenia
Acute psychosis, such as drug-induced psychosis caused by LSD, psilocybin, amphetamines, ketamine, and
phencyclidine, and psychosis associated with high fever or metabolic disease
Hyperactivity, aggression
Hyperactive delirium (to control the agitation component of delirium)
Otherwise uncontrollable, severe behavioral disorders in children and adolescents
Agitation and confusion associated with cerebral sclerosis
Adjunctive treatment of alcohol and opioid withdrawal
Treatment of severe nausea and emesis in postoperative and palliative care, especially for palliating adverse
effects of radiation therapy and chemotherapy in oncology
Treatment of neurological disorders, such as tic disorders, Tourette syndrome, and chorea
Therapeutic trial in personality disorders, such as borderline personality disorder
Treatment of intractable hiccups
Also used in aquaculture to block dopamine receptors to enable GnrHA function for ovulation use in spawning
fish
Alcohol-induced psychosis
Haloperidol was considered indispensable for treating psychiatric emergency situations, although the newer atypical
drugs have gained greater role in a number of situations as outlined in a series of consensus reviews published
between 2001 and 2005. It is enrolled in the World Health Organization list of Essential Medicines.
A multiple-year study suggested this drug and other neuroleptic antipsychotic drugs commonly given to Alzheimer's
patients with mild behavioural problems often make their condition worse that its withdrawal was even beneficial for
some cognitive and functional measures.
Haloperidol
3
Pregnancy and lactation
Data from animal experiments indicate haloperidol is not teratogenic, but is embryotoxic in high doses. In humans,
no controlled studies exist. Unconfirmed studies in pregnant women revealed possible damage to the fetus, although
most of the women were exposed to multiple drugs during pregnancy. In addition, there have been reports that
neonates exposed to antipsychotic drugs are at risk for extrapyramidal and/or withdrawal symptoms following
delivery such as agitation, hypertonia, hypotonia, tremor, somnolence, respiratory distress, and feeding disorder.
Following accepted general principles, haloperidol should be given during pregnancy only if the benefit to the
mother clearly outweighs the potential fetal risk.
Haloperidol, when given to lactating women, is found in significant amounts in their milk. Breastfed children
sometimes show extrapyramidal symptoms. If the use of haloperidol during lactation seems indicated, the benefit for
the mother should clearly outweigh the risk for the child, or breastfeeding should be stopped.Wikipedia:Citation
needed
Other considerations
Skeletal formula of haloperidol decanoate: The
decanoate group is highlighted in blue.
During long-term treatment of chronic psychiatric disorders, the daily
dose should be reduced to the lowest level needed for maintenance of
remission. Sometimes, it may be indicated to terminate haloperidol
treatment gradually. In addition, during long-term use, routine
monitoring including measurement of BMI, blood pressure, fasting
blood sugar, and lipids, is recommended due to the risk of side-effects.
Other forms of therapy (psychotherapy, occupational
therapy/ergotherapy, or social rehabilitation) should be instituted
properly.Wikipedia:Citation needed PET imaging studies have
suggested low doses are preferable. Clinical response was associated
with at least 65% occupancy of D2 receptors, while greater than 72%
was likely to cause hyperprolactinaemia and over 78% associated with
extrapyramidal side effects. Doses of haloperidol greater than 5mg
increased the risk of side effects without improving efficacy. Patients
responded with doses under even 2mg in first episode psychosis. For maintenance treatment of schizophrenia, an
international consensus conference recommended a reduction dosage by about 20% every 6 months until a minimal
maintenance dose is established.
Depot forms are also available; these are injected deeply IM at regular intervals. The depot forms are not suitable
for initial treatment, but are suitable for patients who have demonstrated inconsistency with oral
dosages.Wikipedia:Citation needed
The decanoate ester of haloperidol (haloperidol decanoate, trade names Haldol decanoate, Halomonth, Neoperidole)
has a much longer duration of action, so is often used in people known to be noncompliant with oral medication. A
dose is given by intramuscular injection once every two to four weeks.
[14]
The IUPAC name of haloperidol
decanoate is 4-(4-chlorophenyl)-1-1[4-(4-fluorophenyl)-4-oxobutyl]-4 piperidinyl decanoate.
Topical formulations of haloperidol should not be used as treatment for nausea because research does not indicate
that this therapy is more effective than alternatives.
[15]
Haloperidol
4
Adverse effects
Sources for the following lists of adverse effects
[16][17][18][19]
Common (>1% incidence)
Extrapyramidal side effects such as: (as haloperidol is a high potency typical antipsychotic it tends to produce
significant extrapyramidal side effects. According to a recent meta-analysis of the comparative efficacy and
tolerability of 15 antipsychotic drugs it was the most prone of the 15 for causing extrapyramidal side effects.)
- Dystonia
- Muscle rigidity
- Akathisia
- Parkinsonism
Hypotension
Anticholinergic side effects such as: (Note: these adverse effects are less common than with lower potency typical
antipsychotics)
- Constipation
- Dry mouth
- Blurred vision
Somnolence (which is not a particularly prominent side effect, as is supported by the results of the
aforementioned meta-analysis.)
Unknown frequency
Prolonged QT interval
Orthostatic hypotension
Increased respiratory rate
Anaemia
Visual disturbances
Headache
Rare (<1% incidence)
Jaundice
Hepatitis
Cholestasis
Acute hepatic failure
Liver function test abnormal
Hypoglycaemia
Hyperglycaemia
Hyponatraemia
Anaphylactic reaction
Hypersensitivity
Agranulocytosis
Neutropaenia
Leukopaenia
Thrombocytopaenia
Pancytopaenia
Psychotic disorder
Agitation
Confusional state
Haloperidol
5
Depression
Insomnia
Seizure
Torsades de pointes
Ventricular fibrillation
Ventricular tachycardia
Extrasystoles
Bronchospasm
Laryngospasm
Laryngeal oedema
Dyspnoea
Nausea
Vomiting
Leukocytoclastic vasculitis
Dermatitis exfoliative
Urticaria
Photosensitivity reaction
Rash
Pruritis
Hyperhidrosis
Urinary retention
Priapism
Gynaecomastia
Sudden death
Face oedema
Oedema
Hypothermia
Hyperthermia
Injection site abscess
Anorexia
Pulmonary embolism
Tardive dyskinesia
Cataracts
Retinopathy
Neuroleptic malignant syndrome
Haloperidol has been shown to dramatically increase dopamine activity, up to 98%, in test subjects after two weeks
on a "moderate to high" dose compared to chronic schizophrenics. In another study, a live survey of a patient showed
the person has 90% more dopamine receptors, of the D2 subtype, than before treatment with haloperidol. The
long-term effect of this is unknown, but the first study concludes this upregulation is positively associated with
severe dyskinesias (more upregulation, more dyskinesia).
Some research studies have suggested effects of haloperidol on brain tissue. In a 2005 placebo-compared study of six
macaques receiving haloperidol for up to 27 months, a significant brain volume change of about 10% and weight
decreases were detected. In later studies (2008) of the stored samples, the previously reported changes were
attributed primarily to astrocyte and oligodendrocyte loss, with the neuron loss at about 5%, which was not
statistically significant. A study in 2011 of rats given haloperidol in doses comparable to clinical use for eight weeks
found a reduction in brain cortex volume of 1012%.
Haloperidol
6
In other studies, the use of potent antipsychotics has been associated with cognitive decline and permanent brain
damage.
Psychosis and general morbidity
Several studies have explored the possibility that psychosis and/or its pharmacological treatment with anti-psychotics
such as haloperidol may enhance patients' risk of developing cancers, particularly breast cancer among women,
tobacco-related cancers among men, and obesity-related cancers, as well as many other non-psychiatric disorders,
among them metabolic, cardiovascular, and respiratory, some or all of which may be due to decreased access to
healthcare and treatment and behaviors associated with maladjusted behavior, such as smoking, alcoholism, drug
abuse, and eating disorders, rather than to specific pharmacological side effects. A link between atypical
anti-psychotics, such as risperidone and quetiapine, and pituitary tumor growth has been generally reported.
Contraindications
Pre-existing coma, acute strokeWikipedia:Citation needed
Severe intoxication with alcohol or other central depressant drugsWikipedia:Citation needed
Known allergy against haloperidol or other butyrophenones or other drug ingredientsWikipedia:Citation needed
Known heart disease, when combined will tend towards cardiac arrestWikipedia:Citation needed
Special cautions
Pre-existing Parkinson's disease or dementia with Lewy bodies
Patients at special risk for the development of QT prolongation (hypokalemia, concomitant use of other drugs
causing QT prolongation)Wikipedia:Citation needed
Compromised liver function (as haloperidol is metabolized and eliminated mainly by the liver)Wikipedia:Citation
needed
In patients with hyperthyreosis, the action of haloperidol is intensified and side effects are more
likely.Wikipedia:Citation needed
IV injections: risk of hypotension or orthostatic collapseWikipedia:Citation needed
Patients with a history of leukopenia: a complete blood count should be monitored frequently during the first few
months of therapy and discontinuation of the drug should be considered at the first sign of a clinically significant
decline in white blood cells.
Elderly patients with dementia-related psychosis: analysis of 17 trials showed the risk of death in this group of
patients was 1.6 to 1.7 times that of placebo-treated patients. Most of the causes of death were either
cardiovascular or infectious in nature. It is not clear to what extent this observation is attributed to antipsychotic
drugs rather than the characteristics of the patients. The drug bears a boxed warning about this risk.
Interactions
Wikipedia:Citation needed
Other central depressants (alcohol, tranquilizers, narcotics): actions and side effects of these drugs (sedation,
respiratory depression) are increased. In particular, the doses of concomitantly used opioids for chronic pain can
be reduced by 50%.
Methyldopa: increased risk of extrapyramidal side effects and other unwanted central effects
Levodopa: decreased action of levodopa
Tricyclic antidepressants: metabolism and elimination of tricyclics significantly decreased, increased toxicity
noted (anticholinergic and cardiovascular side effects, lowering of seizure threshold)
lithium: rare cases of the following symptoms have been noted: encephalopathy, early and late extrapyramidal
side effects, other neurologic symptoms, and coma.
Haloperidol
7
Guanethidine: antihypertensive action antagonized
Epinephrine: action antagonized, paradoxical decrease in blood pressure may result
Amphetamine and methylphenidate: counteracts increased action of norepinephrine and dopamine in patients with
narcolepsy or ADD/ADHD
Amiodarone: Q-Tc interval prolongation (potentially dangerous change in heart rhythm).
Other drugs metabolized by the CYP3A4 enzyme system: inducers such as carbamazepine, phenobarbital, and
rifampicin decrease plasma levels and inhibitors such as quinidine, buspirone, and fluoxetine increase plasma
levels
Neurotoxic metabolites
Haloperidol has been shown to metabolize in rat and human hepatocytes via CYP-3A4 to the neurotoxic pyridinium
metabolites 4-(4-chlorophenyl)-1-(4-fluorophenyl)-4-oxobutylpyridinium(HPP+)and
4-(4-chlorophenyl)-1-(4-fluorophenyl)-4-hydroxybutylpyridinium (RHPP+). HPP+ and RHPP+ are lipophilic and
have elimination half lives of 67.3 hrs and 63.3 hrs, respectively. HPP+ is a structural analog of the more widely
known Parkinsons producing neurotoxin MPP+ and its precursor MPTP. Unlike MPP+, HPP+ is not dependent on
MAO-B for metabolism to toxic species and does not require functional dopamine transporter protein for
intracellular uptake.
Microdialysis studies were performed in the striatum, substantia nigra and cortex of conscious rats to compare the
neurotoxic potential of 1-methyl-4-phenylpyridinium (MPP+) and HPP+ to dopaminergic and serotonergic neurons.
HPP+ was a less potent neurotoxin than MPP+ to dopaminergic neurons and displayed equipotent serotonergic
neurotoxicity. Impairment of cortico-striatal mitochondrial complex I is pathognomic of MPP+ neurotoxicity and
Parkinson's cellular dysfunction. HPP+ is more potent than MPP+ at inhibiting murine mitochondrial complex I with
an IC50 of 12mMol for HPP+ and 160mMol for MPP+. Prolonged, high dose (2 & 5mg\kg) administration of
haloperidol in a murine model elevates striatal nitric oxide, TNF-a, and caspase-3.
HPP+ and RHPP+ have been found in the brains of patients taking Haldol at autopsy. A short term 6 week trial
failed to find statistically significant correlation between HPP+, RHPP+ and extrapyramidal symptoms. A long term
retrospective study found a significant positive correlation between levels of HPP+ and severity of tardive
dyskinesia.
Overdose
Experimental evidence from animal studies indicates the doses needed for acute poisoning are quite high in relation
to therapeutic doses. Overdoses with depot injections are uncommon, because only certified personnel are legally
permitted to administer them to patients.Wikipedia:Citation needed
Symptoms
Symptoms are usually due to exaggerated side effects. Most often encountered are:
Severe extrapyramidal side effects with muscle rigidity and tremors, akathisia, etc.Wikipedia:Citation needed
HypotensionWikipedia:Citation needed or hypertensionWikipedia:Citation needed
SedationWikipedia:Citation needed
Anticholinergic side effects (dry mouth, constipation, paralytic ileus, difficulties in urinating, decreased
perspiration)Wikipedia:Citation needed
Coma in severe cases,Wikipedia:Citation needed accompanied by respiratory depression and massive
hypotension,Wikipedia:Citation needed shockWikipedia:Citation needed
Rarely, serious ventricular arrhythmia (torsades de pointes), with or without prolonged
QT-timeWikipedia:Citation needed
Epileptic seizuresWikipedia:Citation needed
Haloperidol
8
Treatment
Treatment is merely symptomatic and involves intensive care with stabilization of vital functions. In early detected
cases of oral overdose, induction of emesis, gastric lavage, and the use of activated charcoal can all be tried.
Epinephrine is avoided for treatment of hypotension and shock, because its action might be reversed. In the case of a
severe overdose, antidotes such as bromocryptine or ropinirole may be used to treat the extrapyramidal effects
caused by haloperidol, acting as dopamine receptor agonists.Wikipedia:Citation needed ECG and vital signs should
be monitored especially for QT prolongation and severe arrhythmias should be treated with anti-arrhythmic
measures.
Prognosis
In general, the prognosis of overdose is good, and lasting damage is not known, provided the patient has survived the
initial phase. An overdose of haloperidol can be fatal.
Pharmacology
Haloperidol, 10mg oral tablet
Haloperidol is a typical butyrophenone type antipsychotic that exhibits
high affinity dopamine D2 receptor antagonism and slow receptor
dissociation kinetics. The drug binds preferentially to D2 and Alpha 1
receptors at low dose (ED50 = 0.13 and 0.42 mg/kg, respectively), and
5-HT2 receptors at a higher dose (ED50 = 2.6 mg/kg). Given that
antagonism of D2 receptors is more beneficial on the positive
symptoms of schizophrenia and 5-HT2 receptors on the negative
symptoms, this characteristic underlies haloperidol's greater effect on
delusions, hallucinations and other manifestations of psychosis.
Haloperidol's negligible affinity for histamine H1 receptors and
muscarinic M1 acetylcholine receptors yields an antipsychotic with a lower incidence of sedation, weight gain, and
orthostatic hypotension though having higher rates of treatment emergent extrapyramidal symptoms.
Haloperidol acts on the following receptors: (Ki)
Dopamine D1 (Silent antagonist) Unknown efficiency Wikipedia:Citation needed
Dopamine D5 (Silent antagonist) Unknown efficiencyWikipedia:Citation needed
Dopamine D2 (inverse agonist) 1.55nM
Dopamine D3 (Inverse agonist) 0.74nM
Dopamine D4 (inverse agonist) 5-9nM
Sigma 1(Irreversible inactivation by HPP+): 3nM
Sigma 2 agonist: 54nM
5HT1A receptor agonist: 1927nM
5HT2A (Silent antagonist) 53nM
5HT2C (Silent antagonist) 10,000nM
5HT6 (Silent antagonist) 3666nM
5HT7 (Irreversible silent antagonist) 377.2nM
Histamine H1 (Silent antagonist) 1800nM
Muscarinic M1 (Silent antagonist) 10,000nM
Alpha Adrenergic 1a (Silent antagonist) 12nM
Haloperidol
9
Alpha Adrenergic 2a (Silent antagonist) 1130nM
Alpha Adrenergic 2b (Silent antagonist) 480nM
Alpha Adrenergic 2c (Silent antagonist) 550nM
NR1\NR2B Subunit containing NMDA receptor antagonist (Ifenprodil site): IC50 2,000 nM
Pharmacokinetics
Oral
The bioavailability of oral haloperidol ranges from 60-70%. However, there is a wide variance in reported mean
Tmax and T1/2 in different studies, ranging from 1.7 to 6.1 hours and 14.5 to 36.7 hours respectively.
Intramuscular injections
The drug is well and rapidly absorbed with a high bioavailability when injected intramuscularly. The Tmax is 20
minutes in healthy individuals and 33.8 minutes in patients with schizophrenia. The mean T1/2 is 20.7 hours. The
decanoate injectable formulation is for intramuscular administration only and is not intended to be used
intravenously. The plasma concentrations of haloperidol decanoate reach a peak at about six days after the injection,
falling thereafter, with an approximate half-life of three weeks.
Intravenous injections
The bioavailability is 100% in intravenous (IV) injection, and the very rapid onset of action is seen within seconds.
The T1/2 is 14.1 to 26.2 hours. The apparent volume of distribution is between 9.5 to 21.7 L/kg. The duration of
action is four to six hours. If haloperidol is given as a slow IV infusion, the onset of action is slowed, and the
duration of action is prolonged.Wikipedia:Citation needed
Haloperidol for injection
Therapeutic concentrations
Plasma levels of four to 25 micrograms per liter are required for
therapeutic action. The determination of plasma levels can be used to
calculate dose adjustments and to check compliance, particularly in
long-term patients. Plasma levels in excess of the therapeutic range
may lead to a higher incidence of side effects or even pose the risk of
haloperidol intoxication.Wikipedia:Citation needed
The concentration of haloperidol in brain tissue is about 20-fold higher compared to blood levels. It is slowly
eliminated from brain tissue, which may explain the slow disappearance of side effects when the medication is
stopped.
Haloperidol
10
Distribution and metabolism
Haloperidol is heavily protein bound in human plasma, with a free fraction of only 7.5 to 11.6%. It is also
extensively metabolized in the liver with only about 1% of the administered dose excreted unchanged in the urine.
The greatest proportion of the hepatic clearance is by glucuronidation, followed by reduction and CYP-mediated
oxidation, primarily by CYP3A4.
History
Haloperidol was discovered by Paul Janssen. It was developed in 1958 at the Belgian company Janssen
Pharmaceutica and submitted to the first of clinical trials in Belgium later that year.
Haloperidol was approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) on April 12, 1967; it was later
marketed in the U.S. and other countries under the brand name Haldol by McNeil Laboratories.Wikipedia:Citation
needed
Society and culture
Coincident with civil unrest in the United States in the 1960s and 1970s, schizophrenia was racialized to match the
behavior of angry/violent black men. Haldol was promoted as a way to pacify them, and was marketed to appeal to
feelings of racial unease. (cf. Metzl 2010. The Protest Psychosis)
See also: Punitive psychiatry in the Soviet Union
Soviet dissidents, including medical staff, have reported several times on the use of haloperidol in the Soviet Union
for punitive purposes or simply to break the prisoners' will. Notable dissidents who were administered haloperidol as
part of their court-ordered treatment were Sergei Kovalev and Leonid Plyushch. The accounts Plyushch gave in the
West, after he was allowed to leave the Soviet Union in 1976, were instrumental in triggering Western condemnation
of Soviet practices at the World Psychiatric Association's 1977 meeting. The use of haloperidol in the Soviet Union's
psychiatric system was prevalent because it was one of the few psychotropic drugs produced in quantity in the
USSR.
[20]
Haloperidol has been used for its sedating effects during the deportations of immigrants by the United States
Immigration and Customs Enforcement (ICE). During 2002-2008, federal immigration personnel used haloperidol to
sedate 356 deportees. By 2008, following court challenges over the practice, it was given to only three detainees.
Following lawsuits, U.S. officials changed the procedure so the drug is administered only by the recommendation of
medical personnel and under court order.
Brand names
Haloperidol is sold under the tradenames Aloperidin, Bioperidolo, Brotopon, Dozic, Duraperidol (Germany),
Einalon S, Eukystol, Haldol (common tradename in the US and UK), Halosten, Keselan, Linton, Peluces,
Serenace and Sigaperidol.Wikipedia:Citation needed
Veterinary use
Haloperidol is also used on many different kinds of animals. It appears to be particularly successful when given to
birds, e.g., a parrot that will otherwise continuously pluck its feathers out.
Haloperidol
11
References
[1] http:/ / www. drugs. com/ monograph/ haloperidol.html
[2] http:/ / www. nlm. nih.gov/ medlineplus/ druginfo/ meds/ a682180. html
[3] http:/ / www. nlm. nih.gov/ cgi/ mesh/ 2009/ MB_cgi?term=52-86-8& rn=1
[4] http:/ / www. whocc.no/ atc_ddd_index/ ?code=N05AD01
[5] http:/ / pubchem. ncbi. nlm.nih. gov/ summary/ summary. cgi?cid=3559
[6] http:/ / www. iuphar-db. org/ DATABASE/ LigandDisplayForward?ligandId=86
[7] http:/ / www. drugbank. ca/ drugs/ DB00502
[8] http:/ / www. chemspider.com/ Chemical-Structure.3438. html
[9] http:/ / fdasis.nlm. nih. gov/ srs/ srsdirect. jsp?regno=J6292F8L3D
[10] http:/ / www.kegg. jp/ entry/ D00136
[11] https:/ / www.ebi.ac. uk/ chebi/ searchId.do?chebiId=CHEBI:5613
[12] https:/ / www.ebi.ac. uk/ chembldb/ index.php/ compound/ inspect/ CHEMBL54
[13] http:/ / en. wikipedia. org/ w/ index. php?title=Special:ComparePages& rev1=464369120& page2=Haloperidol
[14] Goodman and Gilman's Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics, 10th edition (McGraw-Hill, 2001).
[15] [15] , which cites
[16] PRODUCT INFORMATION [Internet]. 2011 [cited 2013 Sep 29]. Available from: https:/ / www. ebs. tga. gov. au/ ebs/ picmi/
picmirepository. nsf/ pdf?OpenAgent& id=CP-2011-PI-03532-3
[17] HALDOL Injection FOR INTRAMUSCULAR INJECTION ONLY PRODUCT INFORMATION [Internet]. Janssen; 2011 [cited 2013
Sep 29]. Available from: https:/ / www. ebs.tga. gov.au/ ebs/ picmi/ picmirepository. nsf/ pdf?OpenAgent& id=CP-2009-PI-00998-3
[18] [18] Truven Health Analytics, Inc. DrugPoint System (Internet) [cited 2013 Sep 29]. Greenwood Village, CO: Thomsen Healthcare; 2013.
[19] [19] Joint Formulary Committee. British National Formulary (BNF) 65. Pharmaceutical Pr; 2013.
[20] The Children of Pavlov (http:/ / www.time. com/ time/ printout/ 0,8816,922041,00. html), TIME, Jun. 23, 1980
External links
Rx-List.com - Haloperidol (http:/ / www. rxlist. com/ cgi/ generic/ haloper. htm)
Medline plus - Haloperidol (http:/ / www. nlm. nih. gov/ medlineplus/ druginfo/ meds/ a682180. html)
Swiss scientific information on Haldol (http:/ / www. kompendium. ch/ MonographieTxt. aspx?lang=de&
MonType=fi)
"WHO Model List of Essential Medicines" (http:/ / www. who. int/ medicines/ publications/ essentialmedicines/
Updated_sixteenth_adult_list_en. pdf) (PDF) (16th list (updated) ed.). World Health Organization. March 2010.
Retrieved 2010-09-14.
U.S. National Library of Medicine: Drug Information Portal - Haloperidol (http:/ / druginfo. nlm. nih. gov/
drugportal/ dpdirect. jsp?name=Haloperidol)
Article Sources and Contributors
12
Article Sources and Contributors
Haloperidol Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=612446556 Contributors: 00AgentBond93, Acroterion, Agjchs, Alansohn, Alexander Jason, Alexrexpvt, Anastrophe, Andrew
Reynolds, Andrew73, Ansell, Anupmehra, Arcadian, Aufels, AyAn4m1, Ayecee, B, Beetstra, Benjah-bmm27, Bgwhite, Bk0, Blondesareeasy, Bluerasberry, Borko b, Brianski, Brownh2o, Bryan
Derksen, CMBJ, CaTigeReptile, Cacycle, Calibas, Captain108, Casforty, Casliber, Catgut, Cbequillard, Charles Matthews, Checkingfax, Chem-awb, ChemNerd, Chemgirl131, Chigejo, Chris
Capoccia, Citylover, Cmdrjameson, Colin, CopperKettle, Cornellrockey, Darkwind, David Hedlund, David Kernow, Davidruben, Dcirovic, Deli nk, Deorum, Deus911, Diberri, Diche, Doczilla,
DopaminericSystem, Dr CareBear, Draeco, Drphilharmonic, Dwaipayanc, Edgar181, Editor182, Edward, Eequor, ElBenevolente, Endtothemeans, Enix150, Expo512, Eykanal, Ffgggsd, Filip em,
Freerick, Froth, Fsk, Fuse809, Fuzzform, Fvasconcellos, Fyrael, Galanom, Galaxiaad, Garrondo, Gigemag76, Gingermint, Googie man, Ground Zero, Guaka, Hagenb, HalfShadow, HazyM,
Hbent, IceHorse, Ifnord, JMcFerran, James A. Stewart, Jasonreverie, Jeh, Jerry Story, Jersey emt, Jfdwolff, Jim1138, Jmda, Jmh649, JoeSmack, Jonas094, Jonesey95, Joshuarooney, Jxl064,
K3rm1t32, Khazar, Kristenq, Kwertii, LHcheM, Lan Di, LeadSongDog, LilHelpa, Linas, Linguina, Lizzy, Loopback007, Louisajb, MadSurgeon, Mahanga, Marciado, MastCell, Masterjamie,
Materialscientist, Mboverload, Mdwyer, Meodipt, Metalhead94, Michael Hardy, MichaSobkowski, Mild Bill Hiccup, Mk5384, Mogism, Moretto, MrADHD, Mykhal, N5iln, Nalgas,
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File:Haloperidol2DACS2.svg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Haloperidol2DACS2.svg License: Creative Commons Attribution-Sharealike 3.0 Contributors: Fuse809
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File:Haloperidol 10 MG Oral Tablet.jpg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Haloperidol_10_MG_Oral_Tablet.jpg License: Public Domain Contributors: Oaktree b,
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