UNIVERSITY OF THE EAST MANILA

COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING

NEE 312
EXPERIMENT NO. 1
VOLTAGE, CURRENT, OHMS LAW

MA. KARYL NIA C. VIZCONDE

I. PRESENTATION:

__________________________

II. ACCURACY:

20110155812

III. CONTENT :

JULY 12, 2013

JULY 26, 2013
ENGR. RAPHAEL R. RAMAJO

II. Introduction

When beginning to explore the world of electricity and electronics, it is vital

to start by understanding the basics of voltage, current, and resistance. These
are the three basic building blocks required to manipulate and utilize electricity.
At first, these concepts can be difficult to understand because we cannot see
them. One cannot see with the naked eye the energy flowing through a wire or
the voltage of a battery sitting on a table. Even the lightning in the sky, while
visible, is not truly the energy exchange happening from the clouds to the earth,
but a reaction in the air to the energy passing through it.

In order to detect this energy transfer, we use the lab-volt resistive

computer-based module system to visualize what is happening with the charge in
a system. Fear not, however, this experiment will give us the basic understanding
of voltage, current, and resistance and how the three relate to each other.

So, when we talk about these values, were really describing the
movement of charge, and thus, the behavior of electrons. A circuit is a closed
loop that allows charge to move from one place to another. Components in the
circuit allow us to control this charge and use it to do work. The circuit with the
higher resistance will allow less charge to flow, meaning the circuit with higher
resistance has less current flowing through it.

Voltage is electric potential energy per unit charge, measured in joules per
coulomb. It is often referred to as "electric potential", which then must be
distinguished from electric potential energy by noting that the "potential" is a "perunit-charge" quantity. Like mechanical potential energy, the zero of potential can
be chosen at any point, so the difference in voltage is the quantity which is
physically meaningful. Specifying a voltage measurement requires explicit or
implicit specification of the points across which the voltage is measured. When
using a voltmeter to measure potential difference, one electrical lead of the
voltmeter must be connected to the first point, one to the second point.

An electric current is a flow of electric charge. Electric charge flows when

there is voltage present across a conductor.The SI unit for measuring an electric
current is the ampere, which is the flow of electric charges through a surface at
the rate of one coulomb per second. Electric current can be measured using an
ammeter. Electric currents cause many effects, notably heating, but also induce
magnetic fields, which are widely used for motors, inductors and generators.

Ohm's law states that the current through a conductor between two points
is directly proportional to the potential difference across the two points. More
specifically, Ohm's law states that the resistance is constant, independent of the
current. The law was named after the German physicist Georg Ohm, who
described measurements of applied voltage and current through simple electrical
circuits containing various lengths of wire.

III. Experiment Sheets

IV. Data/Graphs/Illustrations
1) Resistance of one pair of voltage input terminals (E1, E2, E3):
R=
2.) Resistance of one pair of current input terminals (I1, I2, I3):
R=
3.) Yes, the voltmeter input have a much higher resistance than the current input.
It is because, a voltmeter that draws too much current would cause a voltage
drop to appear 'across' the cell's internal resistance so that the less voltage is
available at the terminals where it is being measured. Therefore, the best
voltmeters are those that take as little current as possible in order to make a
measurement and these are the high resistance or high impedance voltmeters
types.
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7

E1 (V)
14.8
29.5
45.1
60.56
75.55
90.03
104.53
121.2

E2 (V)
0.13
0.14
0.14
0.13
0.14
0.14
0.13
0.14

E3 (V)
0.16
0.16
0.16
0.15
0.16
0.15
0.15
0.15

I1 (A)
0.09
0.18
0.27
0.36
0.45
0.54
0.62
0.72

I2 (A)
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0

I3 (A)
0.01
0.01
0.01
0.01
0.01
0.01
0.01
0.01

14.) Yes. The source current varies linearly in direct proportion to the source
voltage. The current doubles, triples, etc., when the voltage doubles,
triples, etc.
15.) Yes. The ratio E/I is approximately equal to the value of the resistor used
in the circuit.
16.) Yes. The ratio E/R is approximately equal to the current I recorded in the
table for a voltage of V.
E
=A
R

Line Voltage
V
120
220
240

R1

200
733
800

Table 1-1. Resistor R1 and Current Is

18.) The product IxR is equal to the value of E.

Is
A
0.6
0.3
0.3

20.) Re q =

E
=
I

21.) Req =
22.) Yes, the measured resistance is approximately equal to the
equivalent resistance.
Figure 1-5
https://learn.sparkfun.com/tutorials/voltage-current-resistance-and-ohms-law/voltage

V. Discussion

Initially, we checked the resistance of one pair of voltage input and one
pair of current input terminals on the DAI interface module. From these we
confirmed that the voltmeter input have a much higher resistance than the
current input. It is because, a voltmeter that draws too much current would cause
a voltage drop to appear 'across' the cell's internal resistance so that the less
voltage is available at the terminals where it is being measured. Therefore, the
best voltmeters are those that take as little current as possible in order to make a
measurement and these are the high resistance or high impedance voltmeters
types.

Carefully, we set up the PSU, DAI, and Resistive Load Modules and we
assured that the computer was connected to the DAI. Next, we arranged the
circuit as shown in our manual. Our instructor approved our set-up so we
proceeded with the next steps. Some of us gathered the data from the Metering
application on the computer. While, me with the other members adjusted the
knob to obtain a series of voltages. We captured the measurements on the Data
cable together with the linear graph result.

Based on the results that we noted, we formed our conclusions based

from our observations. We proved that the source current varies linearly in
direct proportion to the source voltage. The current doubles, triples, etc., when

the voltage doubles, triples, etc. Also, we concluded that the ratio E/I is
approximately equal to the value of the resistor used in the circuit. Additionally,
the ratio E/R is approximately equal to the current I recorded in the table for a
voltage of V. And last but not the least, the product IxR is equal to the value of E
and the measured resistance is approximately equal to the equivalent resistance

As we were almost through with our experiment, I related our outcomes

with the Ohms Law principle. The relationship between Voltage, Current and
Resistance forms the basis of Ohm's law which in a linear circuit states that if we
increase the voltage, the current goes up and if we increase the resistance, the
current goes down. Then we can see that current flow around a circuit is directly
proportional to voltage, ( V causes I ) but inversely proportional to resistance
as, ( R causes I ).

When we write Ohms law as V = I x R, it tells us that the voltage could be

calculated if the current and the resistance in a circuit are determined. Voltage is
directly proportional to the current as well as the resistance, so as long as either
one of them is steady, the voltage increases if one rises and reduces if one goes
down. The resistance seen in a circuit is generally determined with R = V / I.
When the current is kept constant, a rise in voltage will lead to an increase in
resistance. Lowering resistance occurs when electric current is increasing and
voltage is constant. To summarize, electrical circuits can be dissected in terms of
the relationship between its main elements - voltage, resistance and current.

VI. Conclusion

We used voltage and current measurements to demonstrate Ohms Law.

Ohm's law is the most important, basic law of electricity. It defines the
relationship between the three fundamental electrical quantities: current, voltage,
and resistance. We were able to determined unknown voltage, current, and
equivalent resistance values. Truly, we saw that Ohms Law can be used to
predict circuit values for voltage, current, and resistance. As an equation, this
serves as an algebraic recipe for calculating the current if the electric potential
difference and the resistance are known.

Yet while this equation serves as a powerful recipe for problem solving, it
is much more than that. This equation indicates the two variables that would
affect the amount of current in a circuit. The current in a circuit is directly
proportional to the electric potential difference impressed across its ends and
inversely proportional to the total resistance offered by the external circuit. And
an increase in the resistance of the load by a factor of two would cause the
current to decrease by a factor of two to one-half its original value.

VIII. Reference
http://www.physicsclassroom.com/Class/circuits/u9l3c.cfm
http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/electric/ohmlaw.html
http://www.allaboutcircuits.com/vol_1/chpt_2/1.html