ABSTRACT This report shos charging nature o! "i!!erent cellphone chargers ith "i!!erent cellphones# Here e too$ into case, chargers !rom No$ia, Samsung, Apple, Icube an" to Local chargers# This report pro%i"es an i"ea ho the charging current %aries hen a cellphone is charge" ith "i!!erent chargers# It also gi%es an i"ea o! &SB base" charging # TABLE OF CONTENTS 1.INTRODUCTION 2.THEORY 2.1 Linear regulate !"#er $u!!l% 2.2 S#it&'e ("e P"#er Su!!l% )S(PS* 2.+ C",!ari$"n -et#een S(PS an Linear $u!!l% 2.. USB +.E/PERI(ENTAL SETUP ..RESULTS ..1 C'arging S"n% /!eria S -% 0ari"u$ ,"-ile &'arger$ ..2 C'arging "1 Sa,$ung DUOS GT B2212 3N"4ia N5+ an I&u-e -% 0ari"u$ ,"-ile &'arger$ ..+ 6"ltage at i11erent !in$ "1 a USB &'arger ... C'arging Cell!'"ne u$ing a Hu- 2.Su,,ar%
1 .INTRODUCTION Most cellphone chargers are not really chargers, they are only a power adaptor that provide a power source for the charging circuitry which is almost always contained within the mobile phone. They are notoriously diverse, having a wide variety of DC connector-styles and voltages, most of which are not compatible with other manufacturers' phones or even different models of phones from a single manufacturer. Cellphone chargers are nothing but AC to DC converters. They tae an input of !!" volt AC and give an output voltage around #$olt DC. %enerally the output voltage of the chargers is in the range of # to #.# $olts DC. &ut some local mae chargers give an output voltage beyond this level. As a user who is not bothered much about these technical details 'ust connects the phone and checs whether the cellphone is getting charged or not. &ut in reality a cellphone which is e(posed to conditions which are beyond the permissible limits might actually reduce the life of cellphone. )o we performed a an e(periment on different cellphone chargers from different brands lie Apple ,*oia, )amsung, )ony , icube and two local mae chargers. +e also charged a cellphone through the ,)& port of the -aptop.
2. THEORY .hones have rechargeable batteries inside which need to be charged with a DC voltage /slightly higher than the battery voltage0. )imple phone chargers provide this DC voltage. Most of the chargers wor as follows. These accept AC power supply which gets down converted to smaller AC voltage through a transformer and is followed an AC-DC convertor /rectifier0. After that there is a filter circuit that cleans the voltage before giving out on the charger pins. This voltage is used for charging the phone. Depending on mode of operation there are two types of power supply units they are 1. -inear regulated power supply !. )M.) /switched mode power supply0
!.1 -inear regulated power supply
2ig A. &loc diagram of -inear 3egulated power supply 4n case of linear regulated power supply the AC voltage is first stepped down, then this voltage is rectified and then filtered using a capacitor. The output of this capacitor goes to linear type power supply circuit. -inear regulators employ a $oltage regulator which further employs a pass element serving as a variable resistor which forms a voltage divider with the load. The pass element can be a transistor placed in between the unregulated dc voltage and the desired regulated dc output.
!.! )witched Mode .ower )upply /)M.)0
2ig & )witched Mode .ower )upply )chematic -ie a linear power supply, the switched mode power supply too converts the available unregulated ac or dc input voltage to a regulated dc output voltage. 5owever in case of )M.) with input supply drawn from the ac mains, the input voltage is first rectified and filtered using a capacitor. Then it is converted into an AC voltage by an inverter. This AC voltage is applied to a high fre6uency transformer the output of the transformer is again rectified and filtered. A switch is used to control the inverter. A switch can be a M7)28T. The switch is operated for finite 7* and 722 time by some control method. The ratio of the 7* time to the /7* 97220time is called duty cycle. &y controlling the 7* time we can achieve a re6uired voltage which can be then filtered using 4nductor and Capacitors to get the regulated output.
!.: Comparison between )M.) and -inear supply 4n case of linear regulator circuit the e(cess voltage from the unregulated dc input supply drops across a series element /and hence there is power loss in proportion to this voltage drop0 whereas in switched mode circuit the unregulated portion of the voltage is removed by modulating the switch duty ratio. The switching losses in modern switches /lie; M7)28Ts0 are much less compared to the loss in the linear element. -inear power supplies though they are buly they provide a much clean DC compared to )M.) circuits. )M.) circuits are sub'ected to 8M4 since they operate on high fre6uencies so proper care must be taen while designing them on .C&. -inear supplies are used in the system with tight constraints on power supply.
!.< ,)& ,niversal )erial &us /,)&0 is a hardware interface for connecting peripherals such as eyboards, mouse, 'oystic, storage device etc. ,)& .ower
2ig. C 2ig. D &efore using ,)& as a power source we must be aware of the color coding. The 2ig.C and 2ig. D shows the color coding of a typical ,)& A type connector. 4f you cut open a ,)& cable you will see # different wires.There is a shielding wire which sheilds the ,)& data from interfrence.Then there 3ed and &lac wires which form the $DD and %round respectively.Then there are +hite and %reen wires which form D- and D9 which are used for data communication. The ,)& bus can supply #$ DC regulated power /ma(imum #""mA0 to each port on pins 1 and < /3efer 2ig C0. The pins 1 and < are longer than the data pins to ensure that the power pins mate first and ne(t the Data pins. -ow power devices can then therefore be powered from ,)& there by eliminating the need of separate power supply such as Adaptors.
.+.E7!eri,ental Setu! Aim; To study the amount of charging current drawn for charging a cellphone by using chargers of different manufacturers Components used; 10 Chargers from different companies i.e. *oia, )amsung, 4 cube, Apple and two local mae chargers. !0 Cell phones i.e )amsung Duos ,)ony =peria ) ,*oia *>: ,4 cube. :0 Multimeters and clips. 6DD D8 D9 GND Description; Most of the cell phone chargers are based on the )M.) because of the advantage of the reduced si?e of the components. The schematic for the e(periment is as shown in the figure. Ammeter is connected in series with the cell phone to measure the charging current and voltmeter in parallel to observe the potential drop. The e(periment is repeated for each cellphone and the values of voltage and current are recorded each time. To start with we first tae a cellphone and note its current and voltage with all chargers. Then we perform the same for remaining cell phones. *e(t we perform the same e(periment using ,)& as the power source and finally with ,)& 5ub.The voltage and the current are measured with load.
2ig 8 )chematic used to perform the e(periment 3ating of different chargers C'arger na,e Out!ut &urrent Out!ut 6"ltage Inter1a&e N"4ia :#"mA #$ !mm DC connector Sa,$ung >""mA #$ Micro ,)& S"n% @""mA #$ ,)& Type A A!!le I!'"ne 1.#A #$ ,)& Type A A!!le I!a !A #$ ,)& Type A I&u-e #""mA #$ !mm DC connector L"&al &'arger81 :#"mA #$ !mm DC connector L"&al &'arger82 #""mA #$ ,)& Type A . Re$ult$ <.1 Charging S"n% /!eria S by various mobile chargers
Above are the pictures of the e(perimental setup of )ony =peria ) with different chargers.
S"n% /!eria S C'arger Na,e 6"ltage)6* Current),A* S"n% <.AA1 :>#.: A!!le I!'"ne <.>"! <!A A!!le I!a <.AB" <1".> Sa,$ung <.BB< @#@.@ La!t"! <.AB< <!".# I&u-e - A#!.< <.! Charging Sa,$ung DUOS GT B2212 3N"4ia N5+ an I&u-e by various mobile chargers
The pictures shown above are the voltages at the D- pin of the Apple 4phone charger, Apple 4pad charger, )ony charger respectively. 2rom the above e(periment we can see that there is a finite voltage in case of Apple chargers on data lines. +hereas there is no voltage on the data lines in case of )ony chargers that means data lines are floating. 4t can be observed that both in case of Apple 4phone/2ig .20 and 4pad /2ig. %0 chargers voltages at D- in both cases are different . Apple uses this combination of voltages to detect whether a valid device is connected to the charger. ... C'arging Cell!'"ne u$ing a Hu-
2rom the above activity we can infer that even with the presence of 5ub there is no considerable drop and we can use even hub for charging cellphones. 6"ltage Current),A* Hu- !"rt <.AB <#:.: 2 Su,,ar% The below chart e(plains the voltage and current from different cellphone chargers taen into account
+hen cellphones are connected to ,)& ports of -aptops, the ,)& port can support a charging current of nearly <#"mA without enumeration. 8ven with the hub case remains the same. +e observed that ma(imum charging current with +indows =p and +indows > operating system is #""mA without enumeration.