Shear and Moment Diagrams

Moment is obtained by summing moments

about the end of the segment.
Shear is obtained by summing forces
perpendicular to the beams axis up to
the end of the segment.
Note:
The sign conventions are opposite when the summing processes are carried out with opposite direction.
Plots of shear force and bending moment as a function of positions
External load acts upward on the beam
Internal shear force causes a clockwise
rotation of the beam segment on which it acts
Internal moment causes compression in
the top surface of the beam segment on
which it acts. smile beam
Example 6-1 (Ex 6.3)
Draw the shear and moment diagrams for the beam shown in figure.
Chapter 6 Bending
Chapter 6 Bending Page 1
Example 6-2 (Ex 6.4)
Draw the shear and moment diagrams for the beam shown in figures.
Graphical Method for Constructing Shear and Moment Diagram
For cases where a beam is subjected to several different loadings, equations that describe V and M as a
function of x can be tedious to determine. Here we introduce a simple way to do this a method based
on two differential relations: one between distributed load and shear and the other between shear and
moment.
Regions of distributed load
The figure shows a beam with arbitrary loading:
a distributed load,
a concentrated load
a moment
Consider distributed load first and the region selected contains no concentrated load and moment

Shear and Moment Diagrams
Chapter 6 Bending Page 2
Dividing the two equations by and let

Regions of concentrated force and moment

Shear and Moment Diagrams
Chapter 6 Bending Page 3
Example 6-3 (Ex 6.5)
Draw the sear and moment diagrams for the beam shown in Figure.
Example 6-4 (Ex 6.9)
Draw the shear and moment diagram for the overhang beam as shown in figure.
Use statics to solve the reaction forces and moments 1.
Draw F.B.D of an arbitrary cross-section 2.
Use statics to solve the internal forces, shear force and bending moments as a function of location x. 3.
Plot the shear and moment diagram 4.
Summary for beam analysis
Example
Chapter 6 Bending Page 4
The longitudinal axis x, which lies within the neutral surface, does not
experience any change in length.
1.
All cross sections of the beam remain plane and perpendicular to the
longitudinal axis.
2.
Any deformation of the cross section within its own plane, will be
neglected.
3.
The z axis, lying in the plane of the cross section and about which the
cross section rotates, is called the neutral axis.
Assumptions:
The longitudinal lines become curved
The transverse lines remain straight, but undergo a rotation
The bottom portion of the bar is stretched
The top portion of the bar is compressed
There must be a surface in which longitudinal fibers of material
remain un-change in length, called neutral surface

Observations:
Deformation
The longitudinal normal strain at along direction (according to definition)
s
s s
s
A
A A
=
A
'
lim
0
c
u A = A = A s x
u A = A ) ( ' y s
u
u u
c
u
y y
=
A
A A
=
A
) (
lim
0
Bending Deformation of a Straight Member
Chapter 6 Bending Page 5
The maximum longitudinal normal strain
Deformation of cross section (although we
neglect it)

Flexure / Bending Formula

Location of neutral axis force balance
Bending Deformation and Flexure/Bending Formula
Chapter 6 Bending Page 6
Stress in the beam
The resultant internal moment M must be equal to the moment produced by the stress distribution
about the neutral axis
Similarity between torsion and flexure formula
I
Mc
=
max
o
I
My
= o
Flexure formula
J
Tc
=
max
t
J
T
t =
Torsion formula }
=
A
dA y I
2
}
=
A
dA J
2

Moment of inertia
Polar moment of inertia
Rectangular cross-section
h
b
z
y
Circular cross-section
c
radius
Flexure/Bending Formula
Chapter 6 Bending Page 7
Example 6-5 (Ex 6.11)
A beam has a rectangular cross section and is subjected to the stress distribution
as shown in figure. Determine the internal moment at the section caused by the
stress distribution (a) using the flexure formula (b) by finding the resultant of the
stress distribution using basic principles.
Examples
Chapter 6 Bending Page 8
Centroid of an Area (to find the location of neutral axial for homogeneous material)
Composite Areas
Moment of inertia for an Area
( )
}
=
A
dA y I
2
Polar moment of inertia
Parallel-axis theorem for an Area

Geometric Properties of an Area*

Chapter 6 Bending Page 9
Unsymmetric Bending
Stress distribution acting over the entire cross-sectional area
to have a zero force resultant

The resultant moment about the y axis to be zero

the resultant moment about z axis to be M
}

=
=
A
x R
dA
F F
o 0

}

=
=
A
y y R
dA z
M M
o 0
) (
}

=
=
A
Z z R
dA y M
M M
o
) (
Moment arbitrarily applied
The moment needs to be first resolved into components directed along the principle axes
Stress Calculation
Bending of Beams
Chapter 6 Bending Page 10
Orientation of the neutral axis
Example 6-6 (Ex 6.15)
The rectangular cross section shown in figure is subjected to a bending moment of .
Determine the normal stress developed at each corner of the section, and specify the orientation of the
neutral axis.
Example
Chapter 6 Bending Page 11
- Shift of neutral axis
- Transformed section method
- Concrete can sustain only compressive loading, and it is very susceptible to cracking in tension.
- Location of neutral axis - Transformed section method

Reinforced Concrete Beams
Composite Beams
Bending of Beams*
Chapter 6 Bending Page 12
Stress concentration occurs at the minimum cross-sectional area

Stress Concentration
Chapter 6 Bending Page 13