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Introduction
MA3220 Lecture 01
MA3220 Lecture 01
Historical Problems
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Introduction
Historical Problems
MA3220 Lecture 01
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Introduction
Historical Problems
MA3220 Lecture 01
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Introduction
Historical Problems
MA3220 Lecture 01
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Introduction
Historical Problems
MA3220 Lecture 01
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Introduction
Historical Problems
MA3220 Lecture 01
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Introduction
Historical Problems
MA3220 Lecture 01
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Introduction
Historical Problems
Tutorial
MA3220 Lecture 01
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Introduction
Historical Problems
Assessment
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Final Exam: Friday, 30-Nov-2012, Afternoon session
MA3220 Lecture 01
70%
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Introduction
Historical Problems
Assessment
Assessment
Final Exam: Friday, 30-Nov-2012, Afternoon session
70%
MA3220 Lecture 01
25%
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Introduction
Historical Problems
Assessment
Assessment
Final Exam: Friday, 30-Nov-2012, Afternoon session
70%
Tutorial:
25%
5%
MA3220 Lecture 01
Course Information
Introduction
Historical Problems
Assessment
MA3220 Lecture 01
Course Information
Introduction
Historical Problems
References
MA3220 Lecture 01
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Introduction
Historical Problems
References
MA3220 Lecture 01
Course Information
Introduction
Historical Problems
References
MA3220 Lecture 01
Course Information
Introduction
Historical Problems
References
MA3220 Lecture 01
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Introduction
Course Contents
MA3220 Lecture 01
Historical Problems
Course Information
Introduction
Course Contents
MA3220 Lecture 01
Historical Problems
Course Information
Introduction
Course Contents
MA3220 Lecture 01
Historical Problems
Course Information
Introduction
Course Contents
MA3220 Lecture 01
Historical Problems
Course Information
Introduction
Course Contents
MA3220 Lecture 01
Historical Problems
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Introduction
Historical Problems
ODE
MA3220 Lecture 01
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Introduction
Historical Problems
Newton
MA3220 Lecture 01
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Introduction
Historical Problems
Newton
MA3220 Lecture 01
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Introduction
Historical Problems
Newton
xzx + yzy = 2z
MA3220 Lecture 01
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Introduction
Historical Problems
Isochrone
James Bernoulli (1690 in Acta Eruditorum) solved the problem
of determining the isochrone:
To nd a curve in a vertical plane with the property that a heavy
point sliding without friction along this curve has constant
vertical component of its velocity.
O
y
1+
dx
dy
2
2
= V 2 (2gy + v0 ),
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Introduction
Historical Problems
Isochrone
By the Energy Conservation Law, the speed v(y) satises
2
v 2 = 2gy + v0 . Let be the angle between the tangent to the
curve and the vertical direction. Then the vertical component of
the speed is v cos = V . Eliminating v, we get
2
V 2 cos2 = 2gy + v0 .
Also tan =
dx
dy .
dx
dy
2
2
= V 2 (2gy + v0 ).
MA3220 Lecture 01
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Introduction
Historical Problems
Isochrone
Solution:
V2
x(y) =
3g
v2
2gy
+ 02 1
V2
V
3
2
+C
is a semi-cubical parabola.
O
MA3220 Lecture 01
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Introduction
Historical Problems
Brachistochrone
Johann Bernoulli (1696) posed and solved the problem of
Brachistochrone (quickest descent)
To nd the curve connecting 2 points A and B that do not lie on
a vertical line and possessing the property that a moving
particle slides down the curve from A to B in the shortest time.
A
B
y
MA3220 Lecture 01
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Introduction
Historical Problems
Brachistochrone
Snells Law
For light travel through 2 mediums in least possible time, we
must have
sin 2
sin 1
=
.
v1
v2
MA3220 Lecture 01
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Introduction
Historical Problems
Brachistochrone
a2 +x 2
v1
= 0
v1
T =
b 2 +(cx)2
.
v2
1
x
dT
dx
cx
sin 1
v1
a2 +x 2
sin 2
v2 .
MA3220 Lecture 01
v2
cx
.
b 2 +(cx)2
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Introduction
Historical Problems
Brachistochrone
For a continuous medium of decreasing density, we should also
have
sin
= constant.
v
MA3220 Lecture 01
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Introduction
Historical Problems
Brachistochrone
As
sin =
1
1 + y 2
and v =
we have y(1 + (y )2 ) = c.
Using the substitution tan(/2) =
c
2 (
2gy,
Brachistochrone
y
cy
1
2
, the solution is
c
2 (1
x=
sin ), y =
cos ), a cycloid - the locus of a
point on the circumference of a circle as it rolls along a straight
c
line. O
x
c
2
y
MA3220 Lecture 01
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Introduction
Historical Problems
d 2
= g sin ,
dt 2
d 2
For small , a 2 = g.
dt
a
m
g
t
a
MA3220 Lecture 01
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Using
have
Introduction
Historical Problems
d 2
d
= , and integrating the original equation, we
d
dt 2
dt
=
d
Hence, Period T = 2
a
g
a
1
.
2g cos cos
d
k 2 sin2 (/2)
MA3220 Lecture 01
, k = sin(/2),
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Introduction
Historical Problems
dy
(1695) The Bernoulli Equation:
+ P(x)y = Q(x)y n ,
dx
n = 0, 1, 2,
(Solved by the change of variable z = y 1n .)
(1712) The Riccati Equation: An extension of y = p(x) + q(x)y
is y = p(x) + q(x)y + r (x)y 2 .
(1829) The Abel Equation: An extension of Riccatis Equation is
y = p(x) + q(x)y + r (x)y 2 + s(x)y 3 .
(1728) L. Euler solved the Riccati equation by the substitution
y = y1 + 1/z, where y1 is a particular solution of the Riccati
equation.
Euler invented the method of variation of parameters which was
elevated by a general procedure by Lagrange in 1774.
MA3220 Lecture 01
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Introduction
Historical Problems
MA3220 Lecture 01
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Introduction
Historical Problems
Applications
MA3220 Lecture 01