Holderbank Management & Consulting, 2000 Page 23

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Chapter 7
Kiln Dust
Page 236 Holderbank Management & Consulting, 2000
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Materials Technology ! "iln #ust

Holderbank Management & Consulting, 2000 Page 23$

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#is osal o% &astes %rom Cement Production
'( INTRODUCTION 237
2. REGULATORY ASECTS O! DU"ING SOLID #ASTE "ATERIALS 23$
2.1 )*iss TVA +, 23-
2.2 .(P(/(0s TC1P 1eaching Test 242
2.3 .uro2ean #3 38 405 D24 1eaching Test 243
3. DISOSAL O! General
CEMENT PLANT WASTES 243
%. DISOSAL O! KILN DUSTs 2%&
4(' #iscarded #ust, its Potential and Drawbacks
4.2
Methods o% n!Plant #is2osal o% 5ntreated "iln #ust
246
248
4.2.1
/ddition o% #ust to Cement 248
4.2.2
6eturning to "iln a%ter 7ranulation or Com2action 249
4(3
Methods %or n!Plant 5se o% "iln #ust a%ter 6emo8al o% /lkalis 252
4.3.1 6emo8al by )im2le 1eaching 252
4.3.2
6emo8al by Passama9uoddy Technology 6eco8ery )crubber 255
%.3.3 Re'()al *+
/u:iliary "iln or by ;uller ;luidi<ed =ed 6eactor
4(4
6e2orted Plant .:ternal 5ses o% "iln #ust
256
2,-
4(4(' /s ;ertili<er 2,-
4(4(2 /s 6a* Material %or /rti%icial (NV!r"# )oil 260
4(4(3 /s /s2halt ;iller 262
,. Disp(sal (- .+pass Dust 2&3
,./ In lant Use 2&3
&. DISOSAL O! RE!RACTORIES 2&,
&./ .a012r(un3 2&,
&.2
Materials n8ol8ed and their Chemical Com2ositions 2&,
&.2./ "aterials In)(l)e3 2&,
6(2(2 Chemical Com2osition 2&&
6(3
6egulatory /s2ects > Manu%acturers )a%ety #ata Sheets 2&7
6(4 n!2lant ret ractories dis2osal 2&7
6 4 ' Plant ?/@ 26A
6(4(2 Plant ?=@ 26A
7. Re0+0lin2 (- spent 0e'ent 1iln re-ra0t(ries 2&$
Page 236 Holderbank Management & Consulting, 2000
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-( /22endi:es (2A0
-(' /22endi: a 2A0
-(2 /22endi: lb 2A'
-(3 /22endi: c 2A2
-(4 /22endi: lb 2A3
Holderbank Management & Consulting, 2000 Page 23A

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'( 3T6B#5CTB3
&hereas natural 2rocesses generally occur in cycles, in *hich the *aste 2roducts created
do not harm the bios2here, the same cannot be said %or human acti8ities at today0s high
2o2ulation densities( The cement industry is no e:ce2tion in that it generates *astes *hose
2ro2erties range %rom being an unsightly nuisance to being de%initely to:ic( Table ' lists
these 2rinci2al solid, li9uid and gaseous *astes( &hereas the gaseous *astes go into the
atmos2here and ra2idly lose their identity by dilution, the same is not true %or solid ty2es(
The latter remain in 2ossession o% the 2lant, *hich has the res2onsibility %or their sa%e
dis2osal
Table '$ &astes generated in Cement Plants
)olid &astes
C
o8erburden, earth
C
kiln dust, by2ass dust
C
mill dust
C
sul2hur absorbent
C
reDect 2roduction
C
used retractories
C
cleaning dust
C
scra2 iron
C
rubber *astes Etyres, beltsF
C
test 2risms > cubes
1i9uid &astes
C
rain*ater > *ash *ater
C
se*age *ater
C
oils > greases > emulsions
C
laboratory chemicals
C
sol8ents
7aseous &astes
C
C02, 3B6,
)B2, Hydrocarbons, etc(
n the 2resent article the main em2hasis *ill be 2laced on the management o% the large
tonnage *astes namely re%ractory tear out and the 8arious ty2es o% kiln dusts( 3o mention
*ill be gi8en to that *aste generated in the largest 9uantities, namely CB2 emissions, o%
*hich the cement industry is a signi%icant but not the maDor contributor(
Page 23- Holderbank Management & Consulting, 2000

Materials Technology ! "iln #ust
2. REGULATORY ASECTS O! DU"ING SOLID #ASTE "ATERIALS
n the 2ast most manu%acturing and 2rocessing industries sim2ly dum2ed their *aste
materials, eu2hemistically calling them ?land%ill@( They did this because it made economic
sense and an a*areness o% the accom2anying burden to the en8ironment e:isted in only
rare cases, i% at all(
Today the situation has changed( .n8ironmental a*areness is only all too 2resent and those
harmlessly dum2ed *astes o% yester year are no* becoming the 2otential en8ironmental
time!bombs o% today and tomorro*( Many a cement 2lant is going to be con%ronted *ith a
bill %or cleaning u2 its dum2ed materials, costs *hich *ill certainly be a multi2le o% the sum
originally ?sa8ed@( 3o cement com2any in a de8elo2ed country is today going to be allo*ed
to *ind u2 its o2erations until it has made certain that all the materials it dum2ed during its
o2erational li%etime are in a %orm *hich 2oses no threat to the en8ironment(
)ome e:am2les o% the regulations a22licable to the dum2ing o% materials *ill no* be gi8en(
2./ S4iss TG/+,
The )*iss &/ regulation o% #ecember '++0 is a ty2ical e:am2le a22licable to the dum2ing
o% all ty2es o% material( t de%ines three categories o% dum2ing o2erations, namely o% the
Hinert material@, ?residual material@ and o% the ?reactor@ ty2es( #etails o% the re9uirements
%or end storage in inert and residual dum2s are gi8en in Tables 2, 3 and 4( The use o%
reactor
dum2s is 2resently reser8ed %or slag %rom rubbish incinerating 2lants and %or se*age sludge
EI6, J H20F, inert>building *aste materials, etc( *hen no ca2acity is a8ailable in inert or
residual material dum2s( #um2s %or highly to:ic materials do not e:ist and such materials
ha8e to be eliminated by other means(
Holderbank Management & Consulting, 2000 Page 23+
Materials Technology ! "iln #ust
Ta*le 25 S4iss Du'pin2 Re2ulati(ns (TVA1 6678
C('p(siti(nal Re9uire'ents
)tone like Material EJF
H20!soluble substances EJF
Brganic material EJ CF
K +,
0,, ,
,
Pb E22mF
Cd E22mF
Cu E22mF
3i E22mF
Hg E22mF
Ln D22mD
,00
'0
,00
,00
2
'000
1i2o( org( Cl com2ods( E22mF
7as %ormation *ith H20
6eaction *ith sel%, H20,air
3eutral, Ca2acity EMol>kgF
'0
none
none
'
The %ollo*ing building material can be included in an inert substance de2osit$
concrete, tiles, asbestos cement, class masonry and road construction *astes(
Materials Technology
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"iln #ust
/s 0(00' 0('0
=a 0(,0 ,(00
Pb
0('0
'(00
Cd 0(0' 0('0
Cr!ll 0(0, 2(00
Cr!G 0(0' 0('0
Co 0(0, 0(0,
Cu 0(20 0(0,
0(20 2(00
Hg 0(00, 0(0'
Ln 0(,0 ,(00
)n 0(20 2(00
Materials *hich may be de2osited in inert substance dum2s can either be unreacti8e
substances as de%ined in the mentioned tables or ?building *astes@ such as concrete, tiles,
asbestos cement 2roducts, glass and masonry>road construction *astes( Materials such as
metal, 2a2er, *ood, and te:tiles must be remo8ed %rom ?building *astes@ as much as is
economically 2ractical(
/s can be seen in the Tables 4 to 6 there are limits set do*n on the chemical com2osition
Eto:ic metals, organic substancesF o% the materials themsel8es and on their leaching
beha8iour in t*o elutriation tests( n the %irst test CB2 is bubbled through the solution to
kee2 the 2H 8alue lo* and thus ensure that the to:ic cations are brought into solution and
not 2reci2itated( n the second elutriation test, in *hich the anions and organic substances
2resent are determined, distilled *ater *ithout CB2 is em2loyed(
Materials Technology ! "iln #ust
T not s2eci%ied not s2eci%ied
Cyanide 0(0' 0('0
;luoride '(00 '0(00
3itrite
0('0
'(00
)ul2hite 0('0 '(00
)ul2hide 0(0' 0('0
Phos2hate '(00 '0(00
#MCN 20(00 ,0(00
HC0s 0(,0 ,(00
1BC
N
0(0' 0(0,
Cl)oN 0(0' 0('0
2H Galue 6!'2 6!'2
#CC$ dissol8ed organic carbon
H7$ hydrocarbons
1BC$ ly2o2hilic organic chlorine com2ounds
Cl )ol$ chlorinated sol8ents
/s a result o% these regulations the %ollo*ing restrictions 2re8ent Ein )*it<erlandF the
dum2ing o% *aste materials such as kiln dust and re%ractories$
C
H20 soluble substances I 0(, :; res2 I ,(0 J e:ceeded due to 2resence o% soluble
alkali chlorides and sul2hates
C
total Pb and Ln le8els o8er ,00 22m due to use o% alternati8e %uels and ra* material
com2onents
C
soluble Pb and Ln limits e:ceeded due to use o% alternati8e %uels and ra* material
com2onents(
C
soluble Cr limit e:ceeded in the case o% s2ent magnesia!chrome re%ractories
Cd '
Cr ,
Cu
CrHg 0(2
3i A0
Pb ,
)e '
)b '
T A
Ln
Materials Technology ! "iln #ust
2.2 E..A.<s TCL Lea0hin2 Test
n the 5)/ the dis2osal o% kiln dust and o% s2ent kiln re%ractories is mainly by dum2ing the
re%ractories, o%ten in 2lant e:ternal sites( This dis2osal is regulated by the 6esources
Conser8ation and 6eco8ery /ct E6C6/F and hence the class o% dum2 to *hich they can be
sent, is decided by their beha8iour according to the To:icity Concentration 1eaching
Procedure ETC1PF test( #etails o% the latter and the limits de%ined %or the 8arious elements in
the leachate are gi8en in Table ,(
C
/s can be seen the elements de%ined are E*ith one e:ce2tionF trace to:ic elements and as
such only 2resent in natural ra* materials and in ne*, unused re% ractories in trace
9uantities, i% at all( Trace 9uantities can, ho*e8er, be 2icked u2 during their 2resence in the
kiln( The main o:ides %rom *hich kiln re%ractories are 2roduced i(e( )iC2, /'203, CaB, MgB
and the trace o:ides ;e203, "20, 3a20 etc( are not sti2ulated and are any*ay the same
o:ides as %ound in PC clinker(
The one e:ce2tion is Cr *hich, as Cr203, is a maDor o:ide com2onent o% magnesia
chrome re% ractories, *ith some re%ractories containing u2 to almost '-
J(
/lthough it is
*holly 2resent as insoluble Cr203 in the ne*, unused bricks this is 2artially con8erted to a
soluble alkali sul2hate chromate during kiln o2erations and there%ore contains soluble
Cr( Bn the basis o% tests carried out at HMC Cor2orate )er8ices u2 to 0(4 J o% soluble
Cr has been determined in s2ent magnesia chrome bricks *hich originally contained 'A
J Cr203(
)2ent magnesia!chrome bricks are there%ore not likely to 2ass the TC1P test %or dis2osal in
a munici2al garbage dum2 and hence *ill ha8e to be treated be%ore such a dis2osal *ith
ensuing costs( / change to re% ractories o% the chrome!ore %ree magnesia!s2inel or
doloma ty2es a8oids this dis2osal 2roblem com2letely(
Holderbank Management & Consulting, 2000 Page 24
2.3 Eur( ean DIN 3$%7, D2% Lea0hin Test
/ccording to this regulation the %ollo*ing concentrations o% Cr6 dictate the dis2osal o% all
*astes, but es2ecially those containing chromite ore Emagnesia chrome bricksF as %ollo*s$
C
I0('mg>$ in household garbage dum2
C
K
0(' mg> I0(, mg>$ in to:ic material dum2
C
K0(, mg>$ s2ecial treatment or must be dum2ed underground
3. DISOSAL O! GENERAL CE"ENT LANT #ASTES
B% the general *astes generated in cement 2lants e:am2les o% their management at the
6ekingen and Ciminas 2lants are listed in Tables 6 and A( &hereas the 2rocedures %or
dealing *ith *astes are already established in de8elo2ed countries, 2lants in de8elo2ing
countries in8ariably ha8e to set u2 their o*n in%rastructure( t is im2ortant that clearly marked
collection centres are located near to the 2laces the *astes are generated and that their use
is 2romoted(
Page 244 Holderbank Management & Consulting, 2000
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#(r1sh(p
;errous 4t )ca2 metal
3on!%errous 2t )ca2 metal
6a s 7arba e incinerator
Waste Wood
lant
;errous 40t )cra2 metal
3on!%errous 3t )cra2 metal
Masonry 60t Mi: bed
Pa2er, styro2or 0(,t 7arbage incinerator
&ater Mi: bed
'0 Mi: bed Tear out
,00 Ga Mid bed Gara2e
Tyres 0(,t )iggenthal
Bil > /ir %ilters ,0 kg )iggenthal
&aste Bil '000' &aste oil dealer
1aboratory
1i9uid *aste '0' )2ecial collection
)olid *aste '0' )2ecial collection
6adioacti8e source )u her
=ari(us
7lass 1ocal collection
1i ht
Re-ra0t(ries
Cuttings tubes '00
) ecial Collectio
Page 24, Holderbank Management & Consulting, 2000
Ta*le 75 #aste t( *e Disp(se3 at Ci'inas lant
/sbestos com2onents
Cement e: s2illage0s
Clinical *astes
7lass
1am s
6ags I cloths
6e%ractories Cr containin
&astes %rom charcoal
)a: e: sand blastin
/skarel oil
Clothes > shoes > helmets
Concrete cubes
;ibre glass
;ilter elements
ron e: slag
Metal I electrical scra2
Bils > greases
Pa2er e: o%%ice
Plastics
6e%ractories
6ubber > car batteries
Internal use
Crushed, added to ra* mill
6eturned ro 2rocess
ncinerated in containers
Crushed, added to ra* mill
/dded to ra* mill
ncinerated in containers
Crushed, added to ra* mill
/dded to ra* mill 8ia clay
/dded to ra* mill
.:ternal use
ncinerated e:ternally
)old %or recycling
7i8en to 2ersonnel
)old %or recycling
Pressed and sold
)old to %oundries
)old %or recycling
)old %or recycling
)old %or recycling
)old %or recycling
)old %or reuse
)old %or rec din
t is the dis2osal o% the larger 9uantities o% cement 2lant s2eci%ic *astes kiln dust Eu2 to
3000BBB t2a at one 7rou2 2lantF and s2ent re%ractories Eu2 -00 tons at some 7rou2 2lantsF
that must recei8e the greatest attention( &hereas re%ractories are consumable items and it
is understandable that there *ill be remnants to be dis2osed o%, this is not the case *ith kiln
dusts( n %act most 7rou2 2lants do not ha8e to discard dust and those actually doing so are
%orced to do so %or se8eral reasons$
C
2roduction in *et kilns o% lo*EerF alkali cements %rom ra* materials *hich do not ha8e
su%%iciently lo* alkali le8els to 2roduce such cements *ithout the discarding o% dust
C
use o% a by2ass in dry 2rocess kilns *hen the ra* materials ha8e a too high Cl content
C
to 2re8ent the %ormation o% rings in *et 2rocess kilns caused by a molar e:cess o% )B3
o8er alkalis(
Most o% the dust discarded in the 7rou2 is generated at *et 2lants in the 5)/ and Canada
%or the 2roduction o% lo* alkali cements and thus in countries *hose standard
s2eci%ications still do not allo* the incor2oration o% kiln dust into cement(
Materials Technology
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4( DISOSAL O! KILN DUSTS
%./ Dis0ar3e3 Dust its (tential an3 Dra4*a01s
The total 9uantity o% dust discarded annually in the ?Holderbank@ 7rou2 amounts to some
'(- mio( t2a, *ith the 9uantity 2er 2lant ranging %rom <ero Emost casesF to o8er 2000BBB t2a
at a %e* 3( /merican 2lants( n these latter cases the kiln %eed I clinker %actor can be as high
as '(+' *hich means ha8ing to 2rocess e:cessi8e 9uantities o% kiln %eed and a %aster
de2letion o% the reser8es(
The chemical com2osition o% the discarded kiln and by2ass dust 8aries *ith kiln ty2e as
*ell as %rom %rom 2lant to 2lant( #etails main o:ide com2osition o% kiln dust discarded at
7rou2 Plants is gi8en in Table -, *ith details o% the hea8y metal le8els in /merican kiln
dusts being listed in Table +(
1(oO
3'(3!3A(+ 34(,
4(3!'3(3 -(+ ,(2!2-(6 ',(6 3(-!33(- 22(6 2'(-!2A(0 24(4
)i02
+(0!'6(- '3(' '3('!'6(4 '4(4 4(+!2'(0 '4(0 3(,!'-(3 '3(3 A(6!''(3 +,
/'203
2(2!6(6 4(' 3(0!4(, 3(A '('!+(0 3(A '(4!6(+ 3(+ '(6!3(' 2(+
;e203
'(2!3(3 2(2 '(2!2(, '(A 0(4!3(A '(, 0(6!4(3 '(+ '('!'(A '(4
CaB 3-(6!4,(A 42(2 44(4!60(- ,2(3 '4(+!,2(A
36('
'0(6!,3(- 4'(A 3'(A!4+(6 40(2
MgB 0(A0!2(4 '(4 0(-0!2(A '(A 0(4!2(6 '(0 0(3!4(, '(3 '(3!'(3 '(3
)B3
0(04!2(4 0(A, 2(6!4(- 3(6 '(3!32(2 '2'(' 0(6-!36(A 6(3 6(0!'4(- '0(4
"20
0(3,!2(A '(0A 4('!'2(6 -(- 3(4!3,(2 '3(2 0(A+!3-(' 6(0 0(--!',(- -(3
3a20 0(0A!0(30 0('A 0('A!'(6 0(62 0('-!2(6 '(' 0('2!'4(' '(3 0(0A!'(3 0(6+
Cl
0(04!0(6- 0(2, 2(3!A(' 4(2 0('0!2(0 0(-' 0(0A!'0(- '(3 0(--!'(3
0(6+
;ree lime 0(00!0(,4 0('2 2(6!3'(' 4(2 0(A'!A(A 6(32 0!'A(+
6(33
'(3!-(- ,('
Page 24A Holderbank Management & Consulting, 2000
Materials Technology
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)elenium 0(62 3M 2(23 6 2(6- 2-('4 30A(00 ,4 3M
Thallium 0(0' '(0- 2(6- 32 '(40 43(24 AA6(00 -+ 2J
Cadmium 0(03 0(34 '('2 42 0(' '0(3 ,+(6 -' 3J
1ead ' '2 A, -2 34
434 A3+0 +, 3J
/ntimony 0(A 3M 4(0 2 0(3 3M 3(4 + 3M
)il8er 6(A, +(20 '+(+0 +3 4(- '0(,3 40(A0 +2 -AJ
/rsenic 5 19 71 54 2 18 159 50 106%
Nickel 10 31 129 85 1 22 60 65 141%
Barium 91 280 1402 94 35 172 767 95 163%
Berrylium 0.32 1.13 305
+3 0.13 0.65 3(,4 +4 174%
Chromium 2, A6 422 +4 - 4' 2+3 +, '-,J
6e%ractory
N(tes5
'F .:clude non!detectable 8alues
2F 3M indicates a8erage not meaningful because o% large number o% non!detectable 8alues
3F 3o( indicates number o% detected 8alues
"iln dusts, although discarded by a %e* 2lants can, in s2eci%ic cases, 2ossess
characteristics that make them o% interest to other uses( The most im2ortant 2ro2erties are$
C
lo* 2rice
C
the 8ery %ine 2article si<e > high absor2ti8e ca2acity
C
neutralising 2ro2erties due to the 2resence o% CaCB3 and %ree CaB
C
enhanced le8els o% "20 and )B3
C
content o% hydraulically acti8e com2onents
These 2ro2erties ha8e lead to 2ro2osals being made %or using cement kiln dust in the
%ollo*ing a22lications$
C
absorber material
C
%iller com2onent in cement and as2halt
C
neutrali<ating agent
C
%ertili<er>agricultural lime
C
stabilisation o% mud %rom oil drilling
C
substitute %or lime in
C
se*age sludge de*atering
C
*aste stabili<ation
C
e:haust gas scrubbing
Materials Technology ! "iln #ust
C
glass manu%acture
C
rearing cattle
C
2roduction o% soil re2lacement
C
2roduction o% lo* grade binder
C
ascat litter
Here it must be em2hatically stated that only in e:ce2tional cases has cement kiln dust
actually been used %or any o% the abo8e a22lications in large ciuanties and o8er many years(
3o uni8ersally acce2table uses ha8e yet been located %or kiln dusts outside o% the cement
2lant and their dis2osal 2roblem has 8et to be sol8ed(
%.2 "eth(3s attn>lant Dis (sal (- Untreate3 Kiln Dust
%.2./ /ddition o% #ust to Cement
The most cost!e%%ecti8e method o% using kiln dust is by incor2orating it into cement( This
2ractice *as allo*ed early on in a %e* national standard s2eci%ications in .uro2ean
countries, *hich in '+-+ resulted in A 7rou2 2lants em2loying kiln dust in this manner( The
9uantity in8ol8ed at single 2lants 8aried %rom a minimum o% 0(4 *t(J to a ma:imum 8alue o%
-(, *t(J o% the BPC 2roduced, *ith a total o% 'A00BBB t being used in this *ay( n
7ermany kiln dust could also be added to blast %urnace slag cements, *here the addition
resulted in im2ro8ed early strength characteristics(
This use o% kiln dust has since been incor2orated into the .uro2ean cement standard E.3G
'+A!'F *hich, as seen in Table '0,allo*s the addition o% to , J o% ?minor additional
constituents@ *hich may include kiln dust( /s can be seen this addition is allo*ed in all
cement classes(
''>/ $7>/77 S?@?C?.?L?D?! P &>27
5>= &,>76 S?@>i>C?.?L>i>DA! B2/ >3,
IllCA 3,!64 3,!6, ! ! ! ! ! 7>,
IllC. 27>3% &7>$7 ! ! ! ! ! 7>,
IllCC ,>/6 $/>6, ! ! ! 7>,
I=
60!+0 0!40

! ! ! 7>/7 7>,
=CA
40!64 /$>37 /$>37
!
! ! ! 7>,
=C. 27>36 37>,7 37>,7 ! ! !
! 7>,
'F Galues in the table re%er to cement nucleus, e:cluding calcium sul2hate and additi8es
2F Minor additional constituents may be %iller or may be one or more o% the main constituents
unless inclueded as main constituents
3F Portion o% silica dust is limited to '0J in ty2es ll>/ and ll>=
4F Portio o% %iller is limited to '0J in ty2es ll>/ and ll>=
;or those countries in *hich the local standard s2eci%ications do not allo* the addition o%
modest additions o% kiln dust as in .3G '+A!', cement com2anies should, by acti8e
2artici2ation in standards committees, attem2t to bring about the necessary changes in the
national standard(
Holderbank Management & Consulting, 2000 Page 24+
Materials Technology ! "iln #ust
4(2(2 6eturning to "iln a%ter 7ranulation or Com2action
.ssentially this method 2re2ares kiln dust %or re!entry into the kiln by sim2ly increasing the
2article si<e, either by granulation E'!2 mmF or by bri9uetting it into long thin rods(
/s %ar as is kno*n the granulation method only %ound one 2ractical a22lication, on kiln - at
Bbourg, but *as not needed %or the larger kilns 6 and '0 as the introduction o% standard
s2eci%ications, *hich allo*ed the addition o% dust to cement, made its use irre8elant( The
layout o% the kiln - granulator E)chugiF is sho*n in ;igures ' and 2(
Page 2,0 Holderbank Management & Consulting, 2000
Materials Technology
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;igure '$ 7ranulater %or 2roduction o% %ine granulated 2o*der E' !2 mmF
D$%VE
MBTB6
PB&#.6 i31.T
&
I.
$'TATA(LE
M%)E$ (LADES
(
C
1. Q
t
!$$
(!((
*$AN+LATED
P$'D+CT
Holderbank Management & Consulting, 2000
Page 2,'
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;igure 2$ #ust circuit, )lurry circuit, Mi:ture and com2ressed air circuit
0
3
Q(
D7
(A
,
!
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5 S-r5, .a3k
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3637 S,c"32ar8 !3;,c."rs
=5>39
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%3;,c."rs
Materials Technology
-
"iln #ust
/s can be seen, the granulator consists o% a 8ertical cylinder in *hich a concentric sha%t is
2laced, rotating at a s2eed bet*een '0BBB and 30BBB r2m( /ttached to the sha%t are se8eral
grou2s o% kni8es *hose angle to the sha%t is continuously 8ariable( To 2re8ent the granules
sticking 2ermanently to the cylinder *all the latter is lined *ith a de%ormable neo2rene liner
*hich can be de%ormed %rom the outside by using 2neumatically 2o*ered rollers, so causing
any de2osits to %all o%%( "iln dust and a binding li9uid are introduced into the granulator,
*hich by the action o% the rotating kni8es are %ormed into small granules, a residence time o%
0(, to ' sec( being su%%icient %or granules o% 0(, mm to '(,mm, ma:( 2 mm in diameter(
Ty2ically %or a granulator o% '0 t>h ca2acity only se8eral kg o% dust are 2resent in the
granulator at any one time, thus re9uiring an accurate and reliable dosage o% both kiln dust
and binder( 3ormally the kiln dust is itsel% sticky enough so that *ater alone can be used as
granulating %luid(
/t the Bbourg 2lant the use o% e9ual 9uantities o% dust and slurry allo*ed the *hole o% the
dust 2roduced in kiln - to be granulated and %ed back to the kiln( The return o% the dust in
this *ay allo*ed the *ater content o% the slurry %ed to the kiln to be reduced by some 2 to 3
J and increased the 9uantity o% the dust generated about 2 to 4
%.
To 2re8ent the
granules %rom sticking *hen being %ed into the kiln 8ia the '2 m tube, they *ere held in
sus2ension in
a carrier gas stream( The 8elocity o% the gas sus2ension *as about + to '0 m>s and the
e:tra 9uantity o% air introduced some 2
%.
The tube *as held about 40 cm abo8e the le8el
o% the slurry on *hich %loated a com2act bed o% granules, o% *hich about +A J *ere
ca2tured
by the slurry( The granulator *as shut do*n *hen kiln - *ent out o% 2roduction(
4(3 Methods %or n!Plant 5se o% "iln #ust a-ter Re'()al (- Al1alis
4(3(' 6emo8al by )im2le 1eaching
/n early method E'+63F %or the treatment o% *et kiln dust, so as to allo* its return to kiln, is
the leaching system de8elo2ed and used at Holnam0s #undee 2lant in the 5)/( /s %ar as is
kno*n this is the only leaching 2lant o% this ty2e in o2eration( Here some 3,0 t2d dust are
collected daily %rom both o% the 2lant0s 1 H,00 t2d *et kilns( =e%ore the installation o% the bag
%ilter in the '++00s, the coarser dust taken %rom the smoke chamber and the %irst t*o
com2artments o% the electro%ilter *as returned to the kiln by insu%%lation at a rate o% about '0
t2h through the burner 2i2e( The remaining %ine dust *ith higher le8els o% 8olatiles E%rom
chambers 3 and 4F *as 2rocessed in the leaching 2lant, Esee ;ig( 3F in *hich o8er A0 J o%
the alkalis *ere remo8ed using 9uarry *ater( This leaching 2lant is still o2erating today but
the electro %ilter has since been re2laced by a bag ty2e(
Holderbank Management & Consulting, 2000
Page 2,3
Materials Technology !
"iln Dust
!i2ure 35
Dust Lea0hin2 S+ste'
RA# SLURRY
LEACEED #5)T
)1566R
DUST
CH/M=.6
.((.CT6B)T/TC
KLN
#5)T BACK TB ?%LN
Q
LO# ALCALI DUST>S#RRY
DUST
BIN
TB DRAIN
1./CH37 E27
TANK
DUST C #ATER
MDC
Materials Technology
!
"iln #ust
The kiln dust is slurried batch!*ise in a mi:ing basin using a *ater to dust ratio o% +$' and
then %ed to the leaching tank %rom *hich the thickened slurry containing some ,0 J *ater is
then returned to the %eed end o% the kiln( The use o% the leaching 2lant dro2s the "20 8alue
o% the clinker %rom '(' to 0(, J and the )B3 %rom '(0 to 0(4
:.
/n im2ortant %actor %or the continuing o2eration o% the leaching 2lant is ensuring that the
e%%luent com2lies *ith the *ater 2ollution regulations( n the situation at #undee the *aste
*ater dis2osal 2roblem *as t*o!%old, namely the high 2H 8alue o% the leaching 2lant
e%%luent and the high H2) le8els o% the 9uarry see2age *ater( The t*o 2roblems *ere
reduced to
one by using the 9uarry *ater %or the leaching o2erations(
The e%%luent %rom the leaching 2lant has initially a 2H 8alue o% '2(, and contains ), )B4, ",
3a and Ca ions( t is neutrali<ed by using steel mill *aste 2ickling acid and %errous sul2hate
2roducing Ca)B4 and ;eEBHF2, *ith the H2) being con8erted into insoluble sul%ides( This
treated e%%luent is then discharged into a system o% three lagoons in the mined!out 9uarry
*here the solids settle out and the *ater is then aerated and clari%ied( Part o% this treated
*ater is used %or clay sli2 2re2aration, the rest being discharged into the ri8er under state
regulations( /s can be seen in Table lithe o2erating 2ermit o% '+63 does not mention
limits %or the hea8y to:ic metals( =ecause o% their lo* solubility at high 2H 8alues the
concentration o% the hea8y to:ic metals in the e%%luent *ill be any*ay lo*(
'( But%all 00'
;lo*
Total sus2ended solids
Total dissol8ed solids
Bil and grease
;ecal coli%orm bacteria
Total ron!Potassium
Hydrogen sul%ide
2H
2( But%all 00'
;lo*
Total sus2ended solids
Total dissol8ed solids
Bil and grease
Tem2erature
2H
' A0,00 m3>d
20 ! 30 22m
,0BBB
!
60BBB 22m
3o 8isible %ilm
200 > '00 rn>
0(' 22m
6(,
> 6.,
40,00 m3>d
3o 8isible %ilm
6(, ! +(,
#aily
#aily
>
24 hr( com2(
#aily
>
24 hr( com2(
#aily 8isual obs(
&eekly grab
Monthly 24 hr( com2(
&eekly grab(
=ihourly grab
#aily
Monthly grab
Monthly grab
&eekly 8isual obs(
&eekly regarding
Monthly grab
Holderbank Management & Consulting, 2000
Page 2,,
,,
Materials Technology '' !
"iln Dust
4(3(2
6emo8al b
Passama uodd
Technolo 6eco8e
)crubber
This is essentially a modern de8elo2ment o% the 2re8iously described leaching system and
%irst *ent into o2eration in '++0 at the Thomaston 2lant in the 5)/( n s2ite o% *orld!*ide
sales e%%orts this technology has only been installed at the abo8e mentioned 2lant(
The layout o% the e9ui2ment is sho*n in ;ig( 4( /n im2ro8ement o8er the #undee leaching
2lant is that there is no discharge o% alkali salt e%%luent into the *ater*ays, these being
con8erted into solid alkali sul2hate>chloride to be sold as %ertili<er, 2lus distilled *ater( The
system also includes a scrubbing system *hich remo8es +0 J o% the
)B2 %rom the kiln
e:haust gases as *ell as reducing 2articulate
emissions( t %urther allo*s the re2rocessing
o% already dum2ed kiln dust(
!i2ure %5 La+(ut o% the
Passama9uocicDy )crubber
Scrubbed eFhaust (ut
H$(
(
('S((
A
C?D !3
"iln eFhaust
D (
(C !(
J((
T
?!/3 6,,2 "-
=

D!s.!//,2 *ster
! S
Otassiu' sulEte (ut
Materials Technology
!
"iln #ust
n the Passama9uoddy system kiln dust is mi:ed *ith *ater to %orm slurry Dust like at the
#undee leaching 2lant( Cooled kiln e:haust gas is bubbled through a slurry bed*hich reacts
*ith lime and gy2sum to %orm limestone and so a8oids setting 2roblems( /t the same time
the )B2 anc Cl in the kiln e:haust gas con8erts the alkalis in the slurry into soluble sul2hates
and chlorides( The alkaline leachate is then %ed to the crystalli<er, *hich, using *aste heat
%rom the recu2erator and reduced 2ressure, turns it into the desired 2roducts, namely alkali
salts Emainly "2)04F %or sale as %ertiliser and distilled *ater( t *as also said that the
scrubber *ould be able to remo8e dio:ins and %urans and con8ert the hea8y to:ic metals
into insoluble carbonates(
The reasons %or the non!2reli%eration o% this system are belie8ed to be that the costs *ere
8ery high, in the order o% 30 mb 5)# %or a 3000 t2d kiln, and that a re8enue %rom the sale
o% alkali sul2hate %ertili<er and o% distilled *ater *as ne8er demonstrated(
4(3(3 6emo8al by /u:iliary "iln or by ;uller ;luidised =ed 6eactor
n 8ery recent times Holnam lnc(,*orking *ith ;uller ha8e carried out initial small, 2ilot scale
trials to e8aluate the 2ossibility o% 2roducing lo* alkali clinker E3a20 e98t I 0(60JF %rom
kiln dust using the ;uller0s ;luid =ed C"# 6eco8ery Process( #iscarded dust %rom Holnam0s
Clarks8ille 2lant, both %resh and land%illed, *as used %or the test *hich demonstrated an
alkali 8olatilisation rate I 6, J utilising a ma:imum 2ermissible %luid bed o2erating
tem2erature o% '3'00C and o:idising conditions( The use, ho*e8er, o% a mildly reducing
reactor atmos2here E0(- J to ' J CBF increased the alkali 8olatilisation rates toK +0 J
utilising a slightly lo*er %luid bed tem2erature o% '300!'30,
GC.
#etails o% the ;uller reactor
are 2resented in ;ig( ,(
Holderbank Management & Consulting, 2000 Page 2,A
Materials Technology
!
"iln #ust
!i2ure ,5 /$H !lui3 .e3 CKD Re0()er+ S+ste'
'(0( ;/3
C "%O
T4
IE
/00$,(
;..# II ! !
!H
I
31B&.6
!
Li<
i6
0
!L I!GGLLGALR
! RG AST & AS
! !
9.AI!ALAL
ILLLLJKOULi
!LLESSUTE LA
I ERLOCLIS &.711T
LU "ASS!I.CT#RATE
V*L.+MET$LC RATE
GAS SA"LING
SAELPL.A
ANALYSIs
TLU.LIIASL
;rom the results o% the trials it can be said that$
C
a clinker *ith 0(33 J %ree 7aB *as obtained a%ter a 3 hr retention time
C
the %luid bed system has a lo* rate o% %ines generation
C
this %ine dust, *ith ty2ical com2osition ,'(,J 'E20, '(33J 3a20, 33(2+J )B3 and
''(32J Cl, might be suitable as %ertiliser
C
the TC1P hea8y metals in the dust a22ears to meet the limits o% the 6C6/ leaching test(
/t one 2lant no* being built in .gy2t, Polysius ha8e %oreseen the use o% an au:iliary rotary
kiln to concentrate the by2ass dust 2rior to its dis2osal or %urther use(
Materials Technology
!
"iln #ust
4(4 6e orted Plant .:ternal 5ses o% Kiln #ust
4(4(' /s ;ertili<er
The %eatures o% kiln dust *hich make it 2otentially use%ul as a %ertili<er are its
2otassium content, its lime content and its acid neutrali<ing ca2acity(
&hen com2ared to 2otassium!lime %ertili<ers 2roduced by the %ertili<er industry, the
disad8antages o% kiln dust include its 8ariable chemical com2osition, its lo*er "20 content,
its high %ineness and associated noduli<ing 2roblems(
n general a 2otassium %ertili<er should %ul%ill the %ollo*ing re9uirements *hich may di%%er
some*hat %rom country to country$
C
should be in nodule %orm
C
only slight 8ariations in chemical com2osition
C
should ha8e a minimum content o% soluble "20 and CaB En 7ermany the "20 content
o% 2otassium %ertili<ers should be bet*een 40 to 60 J %or the chloride ty2es and bet*een
2, to ,0 J %or sul2hate %ormulationsF
C
%or some cro2s a lo* Cl content is re9uired
1ime %ertili<ers should ha8e a 7aB content o% bet*een 40 to +0 J de2ending on *hether
they consist o% calcium carbonate, burnt lime or hydrated lime(
Bnly t*o 2lants *ere kno*n in the 2ast to success%ully market their kiln dust( These *ere
the .3C 2lant at Maastricht and /lsen!=reitenburg0s lt<ehoe 2lant, *hich sold their dusts as
%ertili<ers under the ?".3CC/@ and ?/lsen@ brand names( 3one o% these 2lants today sells
kiln dust as %ertili<erU the lt<ehoe 2lant *as closed in the early '+-00s and at .3C the kiln
dust is being legally added to the cement(
&ith regard to their chemical com2ositions the dusts %rom these 2lants had 9uite di%%erent
characteristics as sho*n in TabOe '2( The %ertili<er %rom /lsen *as o% the 2otassium ty2e,
that %rom .3C o% the lime!2otassium ty2e, and as can be seen these com2ositions are
ty2ical o% the dusts %rom many *et and semi!*et 2lants(
CB2 '- 2!6
)iC2 '- 2!6
/l203 3 0(,
! '(,
;e203 3 02!0(+
CaB 46 ,!',
MgB 0(' ! 0(3
)B3 , 32!3+
"20 , 32!42
3a2B
Cl
!
!
2!3
'
Holderbank Management & Consutting, 2000
Page 3
4
Materials Technology !
"iln #ust
;or the success%ul marketing o% kiln dust a 8ery large in2ut may not be re9uired( .3C %or
instance did
not
market directly under their o*n name but did so through a se2arate
com2any ha8ing a long e:2erience in the business o% 2ro8iding %armers *ith %ertili<ers(
They *ere able to claim on the basis o% cro2 tests that barley, turni2s, 2otatoes and sugar
beet 2roduced the same yields as *hen con8entional lime or 2otassium sul2hate %ertili<ers
*ere em2loyed( t *as e8en claimed that sugar beet contained u2 to 30 J more sugar
*hen
?".3CC/@ *as used( .3C claimed that the CaB to
"20 ratio o% +$' and the 2resence o%
calcium silicates made their 2roduct es2ecially 8aluable as a %ertili<er(
n the case o% ?/lse,,@ the com2any did its o*n marketing, an e:am2le o% the
2romotional literature being sho*n Ein 7ermanF in ;igures 6 and A(
!i2ure &5
r('(ti(nal Literature -(r IAlsenH !ertiliLer
%4r
Kali3Mn2er IieiJ3t
;;Alsen</ Kali-ilterstau* 2ranuliert.
Oeiiii 3arnit holen )ie
niehr aus
lireiii =oen(
Mit diesen Dahihilel ciabe,, er<ieieri
Si0
hVchste,, 7e*in,,
Nl.OI.IO.;%IP#%i N'4s((us((((yC dish(
"(
n2e
0034... III. #h;Ie.77/tS IfIS4flI(4I0hhi 2(,0
Q
300
740 ( S...o.ot,Qo.S(. 4(00! 3.77
7%7;/.%%;; WI.,.., &(l(,, 4('2'
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A(00
44(( 4,t,.0 W,.,I0Ih0,0,Jfl E4',(4(( ,00
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-00
0(,((( I0I.IQ.,4.,. ,00
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7eballie Mra%t
Q
tiirlliren .(3eit.
0leis*eiosie #ioTOng
Q
GorraisdW%lglsng
!
..Ji* (!((
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Q
TB 4,Th( "dt(,(l4ub !
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27>27QR.
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6$ 27%
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32 N
CX,(l(,so, 2$.2
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Materials Technology ! "iln #ust
Gorteile des
granulierten "ali%ilterstaubs
groBe )treuleistung dutch "reisei
N
stret,er
,,/lsen@ "ali%ihterstaub in harten
V,r5/,!c4s0,rs-c4,3
&ie *ichtig die richilge
#ungemitlel*ehi E5r c2u!
>
gleichma%lige Gerleliung ohne Gertuste
N
dutch Gerstauben oder Ger*ehen(
)io22eldungiing
Q
GorralsdWngung
N
l0BJlge /usnui<ulig
N
male .rnleertrYge Egibe
*elsen irnmer*leder Ger
glelchs8ersuche( S/isen
"aii%iiterstaub steilt sich
2Z
diesets harten Gersuchen
und er<ieil 5ber<eugersde
bnisse(
>
CC4 ( iJJJl. ('
('0(
o2timale #5ngitng mit einern hoch
Hier der =e*eis der 1and*irtscha%tlichen N
*erilgen( neuen "alld5nger$
/lsen "aiilillerslaub graruliert
#ie Wber<eugenden =estandteile
"aliumsut%at Egaranlierler Mindeslgehait
30 J lE,BF
,(, Q
A(,J "ak ECa 0F
'(,Q 2(,
.1.
3elrium E3aF
"eHumsullat mt besonders gcinstigem
N
.inltuit cut 7odenslrukiur und Plian<en
8ertr!gichkei1
iCaik als *ert8olier 3ebenbestandlell
N
so*ie *ert8olle )2urenelemenle
N
Blese =estandleile garantieren enhallende #dnge*lrkung 5ber ems
=pr.irh0.
iin3 !nrrhi;np0int"t
%/3493r3.4s
Mr "orn! und )troherirag
lange )2anne des P%ian<en*achstume(
33$ N &;2/2 CC(
1
2&.& 2%.7
6$ JD.> 67
33+ 3P 3, alp -(7l2'(9taub All.;
3/.7 2&.$
27% 111
&as lmmer )te enbeuen P
mit "allllilerslaub granutlert ernien )ic .doigi?$
I C((
. (
(
(!CCC
!!!((H!(
4(4(2 /s 6a* Material %or /rti%icial E3!GiroF )oil
/n interesting use o% kiln dust, 2resently 2ractised in the 5)/ is in the 2roduction o% arti%icial
soil( The kiln dust and by2ass dust %rom a %e* 5) 2lants is being sold to a s2ecialist
com2any ! 3!G6B
! *hich mi:es the dust *ith 2artially dried se*age sludge to 2roduce an
arti%icial soil, marketed as 3!G6B )B1( The kiln dust, es2ecially by2ass dust, beha8es as
lime and *hen mi:ed *ith the dried sludge, causes an increase in tem2erature *hich kills
most 2athogens and greatly reduces the sludge odour, all this ha22ening *ithin only A days(
The 2roduction o% this arti%icial soil is a22ro8ed by the .P/ as a P;6P EProcess to ;urther
6educe PathogensF treatment( 5ses to *hich 3!G6B soil is 2ut include$
C
daily land%ill co8er material
C
land and mining reclamation
C
land reminerali<ation
C
high*ay embankment construction
C
landsca2ing and tur% material
C
agricultural lime>soil conditioner
Holderbank Management & Consulting, 2000 Page ,
#etails %rom 3!G6B0s 2romotional literature are sho*n in ;ig( - and the com2osition o% the
dust in Table '3(
Ta*le /35 Che'i0al C('p(siti(n (- =
Si72 /7.,,
/'203 4(-A
;e203 '(-4
CaB 6'(4'
MgB 0(A2
)03 4(23
3a20 0(,'
"20 '(,3
Ti02 0(3+
1Bl 6(+A
"aF. Li'it pp' pp'
/s ,(0 0(003
=a '00(0 2(44
Cd '(0 0(0,
Cr ,(0 0(2'
Pb ,(0 0(,,
Hg 0(2 I0(00'
)e '(0 0(006
"aF. Li'it 2 m pp'
,(0 0(004
=a '00(0 '(A
Cd '(0 0(0,
Cr ,(0 0(2,
Pb ,(0 0(6
Hg 0(2 0(003
)e '(0 0(002
/ ,(0 0(04
J((
(
o
a2e & Holderbank Management & Consulting, 2000
Materials Technology ! "iln #ust
;igure -$ Promotional 1iterature %or ?3!Giro )oil@
A
:,.4"2 s"
sim2le(
,'n,s*(o2(un Sn, cr'( [3'(ssi
((d,e k,&ar(an 0.
,tC
!
>'(0
91.5
DAE
1( /
H
re ,,usn ,dm9,n,ree(bre
Q
5
%
I
( , S( C(E
TiQ
U.. (H((
I:
(
I.
i
3(
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4
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>
i,arrreVbbeiNred
C 3Gcs)(4 aP(re,r,lrere,
I
H
I
>
((h,((((((0
Cl d(e9re:n,.0n9SIai
3Giro ,o4' 2rocess coruseirs sludge
to soil ii sesen thrys*hhour sludge odors(
Lii isa U.S EA. R
EProcess
to ;urther Petiuce ParirogensF a22rosesi 2rocess(
C1h4%lC)(la(
!
QH
H(,,
3 Gkr0ri0;PPrangg,,es
JIri3
greater margin cr' ag,y 7reet
smears NAV%3s s cared nalkmalh
pIn
Through ii r', sim2le( ileesre2 2rocess, a '(untin2 pr(*le'
becomes
an inesirausilbie
res(ur0e.
The bene%its are clear(
Bdor leduclion
lust on ante r2eobc basis
Polhogen \lii

3 G,,,,, h //.///;
(in,tsliuu,u,
Is.;; .///
C*crl,(el,i sa rigrrl
lIaars.3
P
!H
! 2ar,0
*ei C(pil(t C(st
3A h,
3G%tcl0%tca2lalc,srss*eairacsloiielnsssr
>
oll(er systems and (r2ecauonalcr:ls
Q
)13 lle2r,s,es, ;,sm, ihe n,n,,e
!( ...@ 6. %
nrrrrd Hrlilishalge( tire 3!Ges
C
are cmn2eddse (4th them(
5
! !
>
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5
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Q
4(4(3 /s /s2halt ;iller
Bnly one 2lant in the ?Holderbank@ 7rou2 has, as %ar as is kno*n, been able to sell some
o% its kiln dust Ea22ro:( 200 t>aF %or use as a %iller in as2halt, this amounting to only '0 J o%
the a22ro:( 20BBB t o% dust sold each year(
Bn the basis o% laboratory trials it *as ascertained that only the dust %rom the %irst chamber
o% the electro%ilter *as 2romising as a %iller, the other dusts ha8ing the %ollo*ing dra*backs$
C
smoke chamber$
C
chambers 2, 4 and 4$
too coarse
too lo* density
too high solubility
Chamber ' dust could be mi:ed *ith a normal %iller EGaul:F and used in the 2re2aration o%
as2halt according to the #utch ?L*acke@ class( The 2roduction o% ?Leer L*acke@ and
?Middlesoort@ classes *as not 2ossible( The 2ro2ortion o% natural %iller that could be
re2laced *ith chamber ' dust in the ?L*acke@ grade is about ,0 !. The 2er%ormance o% the
8arious 2ro2ortions o% %iller and chamber ' dust are gi8en in Table '4(
Holderbank Management & Consulting, 2000 Page A
Ta*le /%5 C('paris(n (- er-(r'an0e (- Di--erent r(p(rti(ns (- !iller an3 Kiln
Dust as !iller C('p(nent in Asphalt
'mm 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0(0+mm 0!', 0!', 0!', ,!'0 ,!'0 ,!'0 ,!'0 ,!'0 ,!'0
0(63mm ,!2, ,!2, ,!2, '3! '+ '4(,!20(0 '4(,!20(0 '4(,!20(0 '4(,!20(0 '4(,!20(0
22arent density 0(, ! 0(- 0(,! 0(6 0(43 0(4, 0(43 0(46 0(4-
in toluene
Porosity

30 ! ,0 K 2+ K 36

K 30 ! 46(,

46(0 43(A 43(+ 3+(,

)ensiti8eto I'0 I'0 I'0 I'0 I'0 0 0 0 0 0
ater
)*elling I3 I3 I3 I3 0(3, ! '(0 3(0 2(- 2(A 2(A 2(,
1(B(l E',0]CF I'(, I'(, I'(, 0(' !0(2' I0(, I0(, I0(,

I0(, I0(,
)olubilityin I'0 I'0 I'0 0(3-!'(+0 '2(, ''(6 +(6 -(, A('
ater
=itumen
E7etalF 2- ! 30

40! ,0 ,4! 60 32 !3A ,-

,6

D ,0
O
44
,( DISOSAL O! .YASS DUST
,./ In lant Use
=ecause the original 2ur2ose o% a by2ass is to reduce the le8els o% Cl or alkalis in the kiln
system, it is Dust not 2ossible to return the dust so e:tracted to the kiln( /t one 7rou2 2lant
EHo8erF some '6 t2d o% by2ass dust Eat times u2 to 30 t2dF is generated, e9ui8alent to some
40400 tla( The com2osition o% the dust is gi8en in Tables ', and '6( /s can be seen the
enrichment in Pb, Cd and Hg is high, the 8alue %or Pb being higher *hen tyres are being
added as secondary %uel at the kiln inlet( /lthough it *as 2ossible in the 2ast to dum2
by2ass dust in the 9uarry, this is no longer the case and so uses ha8e had to be %ound %or
this material(
ignition loss 3,(- 0(3 6(,
)iC2 '3(, 2'(A '2(,
/l203 3(6 6(' 2(2
;e203 '(3 2(0 2(,
CaC 43(2 66(, 3'(0
MgB 0(6 '(' 0(4
)B3 0(6 '(0 ''(0 '-(3
3a20 0(3 0(3 2(6 -(6
"20 0(6 0(+ '-(4 30('
Cl 0(06 0(00A ''(, '+'(6
=e '(0 '(6 '(6
Pb 2'(0 +4A(0 4,0N 4,(0 2'
N
Cd '(0 46(0 46(0
Cr '6(0 +0(0 ,(6
2(0 ''(0 ,(,
Cu ,(0 2-(0 ,(6
Mo 2(0 6(0 3(0
'2(0 3-(0 3(2
Hg 0(0, 2(0 40(0
)e 2(0 ,6(0 2-(0
T 4(0 2A(0 A(0
G 4'(0 -0(0 2(0
Page - Holderbank Management & Consulting, 2000
Materials Technology ! "iln #ust
Ta*le /&5 .+pass 3ust 0he'i0al 0('p(siti(n
!
N*ithout burning tyres
)e8eral 2lant internal uses ha8e been %ound %or the by2ass dust including$
C
addition at ra* material 2re2aration
C
%eeding to the ra* meal
C
addition to BPC and slag cements as allo*ed by .3G '+A!'
The by2ass dust is added to the ra* meal only *hen the Cl content in the kiln %eed %alls to
0(04J to 0(0,
:
and su%%icient dust is added to gi8e a constant le8el o% 0(0-
:
Cl( This
ensures a smooth by2ass o2eration( &hen added to cement the 9uantities are limited by
the re9uirement that the ma:imum C content should be less than 0(' J, and is in tact held
constant at 0(0,
J( The 9uantity o% dust added on a cement basis 8aries bet*een 0(- and
2(2,(J( The ma:imum 9uantity o% by2ass dust that can be used *ithin the 2lant by this
method amounts to some 20400 tla( /s an instantaneous recycling is not al*ays 2ossible,
some dust must be tem2orary stored until it can be used as 2re8iously described( Bther
2lant internal 2otential uses *hich ha8e been e8aluated but did not lead to success *ere in
the 2roduction o%$
C
lo* 9uality hydraulic binders
C
s2ecial binding agents %or salt mining
Holderbank Management & Consulting, 2000 Page +
&. DISOSAL O! RE!RACTORIES
&./ .a012r(un3
Prior to the '+-00s the dis2osal o% s2ent re%ractories in8ariably in8ol8ed dum2ing the broken
out material in the 9uarry( Thus only monetary as2ects *ere taken into consideration and
any 2otential burden on the en8ironment *as ignored( The introduction o% strict dum2ing
regulations has also altered this 2ractice but in some countries an e9ually undesirable
situation no* e:ists( There, the same re%ractory materials *hich are continuously being *orn
do*n inside the kiln during normal o2erations cannot be dis2osed o% by slo* addition to the
ra* materials a%ter their remo8al(
&hat 9uantities o% s2ent re% ractories ha8e to be dis2osed o%[ ;or say an a8erage *et kiln,
*ith a total consum2tion o% A,0 g>t basic re%ractories and 4,0 g>t o% acidic materials this *ill
mean that about '+0 g>t o% basic and ''0 g>t o% acidic re% ractories, i(e( 300 g>t in total
actually ha8e to be dis2osed o%( This re2resents only some 0(03 J o% the annual clinker
2roduction E0(0'+ J on a ra* material basisF( /ssuming the s2ent re% ractories are dis2osed
o% o8er a 2eriod o% ' month this *ould mean the incor2oration o% 0(23 J s2ent re% ractories
into the ra* materials( This 9uantity is 8ery small and is less than the 9uantity o% most
*aste materials %rom other industries being dis2osed o% in cement industry kilns(
HMC I C) is o% the o2inion that the 2lants o% the ?Holderbank@ 7rou2 should aim at being
able to dis2ose o% all their s2ent re%ractories by incor2oration into the ra* materials(
&.2 "aterials In)(l)e3 an3 their Che'i0al C(rn (siti(ns
6(2(' Materials n8ol8ed
n the *idest sense the *aste materials associated *ith cement kiln re%ractories must also be
include the 2acking materials in *hich they are deli8ered( This includes *ooden 2allets,
2a2er and 2lastic 2acking, steel and 2lastic drums etc( )uch materials are dis2osed o% *ithin
the %rame*ork o% a 2lant0s general re%use conce2t Esee Cha2t( 2F and *ill not be %urther
considered(
The s2ent re%ractory materials %all mainly into the %ollo*ing categories$
C
basic bricks o% the magnesia and doloma ty2es
C
high alumina bricks
C
%ireclay and light*eight insulating bricks
C
dense re%ractory concrete
C
insulating boards
C
steel 2lates, steel anchors
Most is in the %orm o% bricks(
!
!
Page '0 Holderbank Management & Consulting, 2000
6(2(2 Chemical Com2osition
The chemical com2ositions o% ty2ical cement kiln re% ractories as su22lied are gi8en in Table
'A( Here it can be seen that, a2art %rom the ele8ated MgB and Cr203 contents o% some
ty2es, their com2ositions are similar to the o:ide com2onents used in clinker manu%acture(
#uring their o2erational li%etime the original chemical com2osition changes due to 8arious
reactions *hich include$
C
reaction *ith non 8olatile 7aB and )i02 %rom kiln charge
C
reaction *ith CB2 and )B2 kiln atmos2here Edoloma ty2esF
C
reaction *ith *ith alkalis and sul2hates to %orm Cr& com2ounds Emagnesia chrome
ty2esF
C
2ick u2 o% alkalis, sul2hates and chlorides into o2en 2ores
Ta*le /75 T+pi0al Ce'i0al C'p(siti(n (- =ari(us Classes (- Re-ra0t(ries
JUnuse38
;e2B3 0(,A 4(+ '(6 0(-- '(- 2(6
CaB 0(+' '(2 0('3 ,- 0(32 '3(+
MgB -A A'(, 0(23 3A(6 0('' '(,
)B3 0(0' 0(0' 0(02 0(0' 0('4
"20 0(02 0(02 0(32 0(02 '(' 0(+4
3a20 I0(0' I0(0' 0(02 0(0' 0('2 3(A
TiC2 0(04 0('' 3(' 0(02 '(, '(3
Cr203 0(', '2(3
Mn203 0(0' 0(0- 0(0' 0(0- 0(02 0(0,
P20, 0(0A 0(04 2(- 0(02 0(', 0(0,
Cl I0(0' I0(0' I0(0'
I0(0' I0(0' I0(0'
6(3 6e ulato /s ects I
"anu-a0turers Sa-et Data Sheets
&ithin the .uro2ean 5nion and the 5)/ 8arious regulations are no* in o2eration *hich
regulate the dis2osal o% s2ent kiln re%ractories( #etails ha8e already been gi8en in Cha2t( 2(
B% im2ortance to cement 2lant re%ractories s2ecialists is the sa%ety data sheets that most
.uro2ean re%ractory manu%acturers are no* beginning to dra* u2( /n e:am2le o% such a
sa%ety sheet, issued to com2ly *ith .5 7uideline +'>',,>.7, is gi8en in /22endi: ( /s can
be seen in 2age 3 o% this guideline, comments are made regarding the dis2osal o% the
re%ractory materials Ecut 2ieces and breakoutF and also o% the 2acking materials(
These guidelines are %or consumers in general and do not take into account the cement
kilns ca2ability o% dis2osing o% its *orn re% ractories( 3ormally mention is made to the
2resence o% Cr(
6(4 n!

lant

re%


ra0t(ries 3is (sal
n many 7rou2 2lants, es2ecially in .uro2e, s2ent re% ractories are cost e%%ecti8ely and
sa%ely dis2osed o% 8ia the kiln, into *hich they are introduced at a controlled dosage rate by$
C
milling in the ra* mill or by
C
milling in the coal mill
n both cases the s2ent re%ractories %irst re9uire to be crushed and any steel 2lates, shims or
anchors remo8ed by a magnet Eor in some cases by handF be%ore grinding
The crushing 2rocess can be either carried out in$
C
e:isting 2lant crushers Era* materials or clinkerF or using
C
a mobile crusher %rom an e:ternal com2any Edis2osal 8ia coal millF
The route 8ia the coal mill is o% s2ecial im2ortance %or the case o% s2ent doloma re%
ractories in *et 2rocess 2lants as their inclusion into the ra* materials *ould ha8e an
ad8erse e%%ect on slurry 8iscosity and 2um2ability(
n the %ollo*ing e:am2les are gi8en o% se8eral methods o% in 2lant dis2osal(
6(4(' Plant ?/@
n this semi!*et 2rocess 2lant %itted *ith a %ilter 2ress, the s2ent bricks lea8e the kiln 8ia
the grate cooler and are crushed 8ia the clinker crusher( They are then trans2orted on a
band, *here a magnet remo8es any metal, to a small silo %rom *hich the crushed re%
ractories are *eighed into the ra* %eed at a slo* controlled rate( The *aste re%ractories are
thus ke2t *ithin the 2lant, re9uire no additional handling and are e%%ecti8ely out o% sight(
6(4(2 Plant ?=@
n this large *et 2rocess 2lant the s2ent re% ractories are remo8ed %rom the kiln 8ia a man
hole and are taken by truck to a co8ered storage( /t regular inter8als an e:ternal contractor
crushes the s2ent material *ith a mobile crusher and remo8es the steel 2resent( The
crushed re%ractories are %ed slo*ly into the coal mill and introduced into the kiln as an
additional ?%uel ash@( t is thus homogeneously distributed(
!i2ure 65 In>lant 3isp(sal (- #(rn Re-ra0t(ries
!00
1
Cr-s4,r
t
$4r3.@!F ',an,2B,
r
5i,hb,t
.1
Ih*It
!!!C((
$!
CC C

iO S C>
> S!@
GG3G!
L,(,3og,tl )ioi 6olnOh EI;1tr(Ii.; dim2tngkWhl
ii
REd,to,sd,r
C"a/ M!//
1
ct
C1
S"k@.@"2
1"
6,nd2od,
1B&,Bd
.(h 1?W
;
KIVn1;;.l(;
7. RECYCLING O! SENT CE"ENT KILN RE!RACTORIES
The 2hiloso2hy o%$
C
a8oiding I reducing *aste,
C
recycling or do*n cycling it,
C
generating energy by its dis2osal and
C
%inally dis2osing o% the ?ultimate *aste@
is no* becoming established in many de8elo2ed countries( &hen a22lied to cement kiln
re%ractories all these 2ossibilities, *ith the e:ce2tion o% energy generation, are in 2rinci2le
thinkable(
5nder the motto, ?nothing *ill be recycled until it is economic@, the recycling o% s2ent cement
kiln re% ractories does not a22ear to o%%er much 2otential( The only materials that could in
theory be com2letely recycled are the small 8olumes o% cuttings %rom unused bricks bricks
and rest bricks *hich *ere ne8er installed( Bnce used re%ractories %rom cement kilns are
normally not suitable %or recycling(
&hen 8ie*ed %rom a 2urely %inancial 8ie*2oint lo* cost %irebricks *ill ne8er be *orth
recycling and only high cost 9ualities such as magnesia s2inel might ha8e some 2otential(
;rom a technical 8ie*2oint used cement kiln re%ractories are al*ays contaminated *ith a
host o% substances *hich substantially lo*er their melting tem2erature and so 2re8ent their
re!use in cement kilns( /t best recycling means use in a lo*er or non re%ractory conte:t
and certainly not in the cement industry(
;rom a 2ractical 2oint o% 8ie* com2ound materials such as monolithics *ill 2robably ne8er
be able to be recycled( The recycling o% dolomite 9ualities *ould necessitate the resintering
o% the material because o% deterioration o% the sinter due to hydration(
n Oa2an used magnesia chrome bricks %rom the cement and glass industries are classi%ied
as ha<ardous *astes and are returned to the su22lier( This magnesia chrome *aste is
recycled as gunning mi:es %or a22lication in =B; steel *orks(
Ho*e8er, e8en i% land%illing costs *ere to become astronomical the %act that the 2ossibility
remains Eor should remainF %or a cost e%%ecti8e dis2osal 8ia the clinkering 2rocess, means
that it is 8ery unlikely that cement industry re%ractories *ill e8er need to be recycled on a
regular basis(
/s %ar as the 2roduction o% cement is concerned the remnants o% kiln re%ractories cannot
be returned and recycled by the re%ractory manu%acturer( The techni9ues re9uired %or this
are not a8ailable and the 9uantities in8ol8ed are small( "iln re%ractories are and *ill stay
consumable items( Bnly in a %e* de8elo2ing countries are *orn kiln re%ractories used
outside o% the 2lant as aggregate %or the 2roduction o% lo* 9uality re%ractory concrete( This
%orm o% ?dis2osal@ could not be 2ractised in de8elo2ed countries(
Hoiderbank Management &
Consulting, 2000
Page '4
/.I C/)!3o( Chemical name Concect( S"#$ol -Ph!sos
'30+!4-4 "a2nesia
in J
,7>/77 n.1 n.1
/37$>3/>2 Chr('e ore 2(,
!
/7 n.1. n.1.
%
!irst /id Meaur
%./ 7eneral in%ormation$ n(ne
4.% inhalation$ Re'()e t( -resh air
%.3 )kin contact #ash 2entl+ 4ith s(ap
4.4 .yes$ !lush e+es *ith plent+ (- 4ater; seek medical 0are
4(, ingestion$
Drin1 plent+ (- 4ater; seek 'e3i0al 0are
4(6 n%ormation %or the #octor n(ne
S ;ire!l^ght%ng Measure(
,./ )uitable .:tingulehing Media,
n( restri0ti(ns. As 2er surr(un3in2 area.
,(2 .:tinguishing Media *hich must
,(3 )2ecial .:2osure "a#ards an<ing
%rom di( )ubstanc, (r Pre2aration
itsel%( Combusiton Products( 6esuttng
,.%
7ases$
)2ecial Protecti8e .9ui2ment %or
n(ne
;0*e%ighters$
n(t necessary
Materials Technology
! "iln #ust
-( / en3iFes
-(' / en3iF Ia
M/T.6/1 )/;.TR #/T/ )H..T
-(ll(4in2
+'>',,>..C
Code$ ,0(304('!0
)tate$ )e2t( 2,>+,
1ast re8ision$ )e2tember 2,>+,
2age$
' o% 4
ERILEKW $7C ERILEKW $3
I ldend%icatton ol the substancel2re2aratton and o% the com2anylundertaklng
ii su22aer RE!RATECENIK G'*E
'(2 /ddress$ D>37776 GXttin2en; Ru3(l->#in1el>Stral3e /
/.3 Tele2hone$ JGer'an+8
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&6%/ 7
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JGer'an+8 7,,/ &6%/ /7%
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'(6 in%ormation$ RYD>Depart'ent J7,,/ &6%/ 27$8
'(A .mergency Tele2hone 3o($
RYD>Depart'ent J7,,/ &6%/ 27$8
Com2osit%ondZn%ormat%on on thgredien
2./ Chemical Charactensation$ "a2nesia %&ro'e (ri%)
3 Ha<ard( ldentt%icattan
As supplie3 the pr(3u0t is n(t 3an2er(us. Durin2 han3lin2 J0uttin2; 2rin3in2; *reckingF
n(n>sili0e(us 3usts may *e fo!#&d Jsee als( 0hapter $.8. Un3er (Fi3isin2 al1aline
(peratin2 0(n3iti(ns the 0hr('iu'< 0('p(un3s may -(r' 'in(r a'(unts (- 0hr('iu'<
0('p(un3s. Chr('iu' 0('p(un3s are 1n(4n t( 0ause inVur+ t( the s1in an3 respirat(r+
tra0t 4hi0h 'a+
lead
t( cancer( Chr('iu' 0('p(un3s are 4ater
soluble
an3 may lead t(
a9uati0 t(Fi0it+.
not be used %oe )a%ety neasons$
n(ne
-(2 / endi: lb
M* I
Hl/1 )/;.TR #/T/ )H..T %ollo*ing 91D155DEEC C"2,B
)#(304('!0
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1ast
r,0!s!"3B
)e2tember 2,>+, -a.e,
2 o% 4
ERILEKW $7C ERILEKW $3
6 A%%idental
$,/,as, M,as-r,s
A)(i3
dry
s4eepin2. #et 'aterial; s4eep up an3 *a2. "ini'iLe 3ust 2enerati(n.
#
&a32/%35 and
St(ra2e
#.1 &a32/!35B
A s'all a'(unt (- 3ust 'a+ *e 2enerate3 3urin2 han3lin2.
72
S."ra5,B
St(re dry
an3 0((l a4a+ -r(' -ier0e heat that 'a+ cause
3a'a2e t( pa01a2in2 'aterial.
S E<9"s-r, C"3,"/a/P,rs"3a/ *ro%tion
8.1 E35!3,,335 :,as-r,sB
Ensure su--i0ient )entilati(n 3urin2 han3lin2.
8.2 S9,c!6!c C"3b"/ Para:,.,rsB
CASNr. S-bs.a3c, T/-e L!:!.
2eneral li'it -(r 3ust JZ , ri'8
0hr('iu'< 0('p(un3s
F
Ma<!:-: c"3c,3ba.!"3 a. w"2235 9/ac,
"AK/8
"AK/8
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7;/ '2Crn3
8.3 P,rs"3a/ Pr".,c.!0, EH-!9:,3.s
8.3.1 *,3,ra/ Pr".,c0, a32 &85!,3!c
M,as-r,sB
Keep a4a+ -r(' -((3. .e-(re *rea1s an3 at the en3 (- 4(r1
4ash the han3s.
8.3.2 $,s9!ra."r8 Pr".,c.!"3B
Appr()e3 3ust respirat(r re0(''en3e3
$.3.3 &a32 Pr".,cb"3B
7lo8es recommended
$.3.4 0/e Pr".,c.!"3B
Appr()e3 e+e pr(te0ti(n re0(''en3e3
$.3.5 Clot&in.,
)a%ety boots re0(''en3e3
9 P48s%ca/ a32 C4,:%ca/ Pr"9,r.!,s
9.1.1 A99,ara3c,
solid
9.1.2 Colour
2re+>*r(4n
9.1.3 '2"-r
n.a.
Va/-,D1/a35, +3!. T,s.!35 M,.4"2
g(ai
M,/.!35 P"!3.DM,/.!35 $a35,B
'+-0
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9.2.2 ("!/!35 P"!3.D("!/!35 1lan.e,
n.a.
9.3 P/as49"!3.
n.a.
9.4 1/a::ab!/!.8 2solid! 5asB
n(t -la''a*le
9.5 %53!.!"3 T,:9,ra.-r,B
n.a.
9.6 A-."6/a::ab!/!.8B
n.a.
9.# 03-losi4e Pr"9,r.r,sB
n(t eFpl(si)e
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n.a. V"/..I
9.9 Va9"-r Pr,ss-r,B a.
27G0 n.a. r3bar
9.10 (-/k 2,3s!.8B a.
27G0 2.67
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Holderbank Management & Consulting, 2000
Page '6
"aterials Te0hn(l(2+ II
! "iln #ust
$.3 A en3iF I0
"ATERIAL SA1ETK #/T/ )H..T %ollo*ing +'>',,>..C Code$ )#(304('!B
)tate$
)e2t( 2,>+,
1ast re8ision$ )e2tember 2,>+,
2age$
3 o% 4
ERILEKW $7C ERILEKW $3
9
P48s!ca/ a32 C4,:!ca/ Pr"9,r.!,s (C,3..#
+('2
9.13
2H!Galue in$
Parton Coe%%icient n!Bctanol/
at2B
ater
HC
appr(F. /7
na.
/"5 PB&
+('4 Giscosity$
n(a(
+(', )ol8ent )e2aration Test at HC n(a(
+('6 )ol8ent Content
n.a. *ei9ht(!J
+('A Bther #ata$
n(ne
'0 )tabdlty and 6eacti8ity
10.1 Conditions to oid$
"a2nesia 0(ntainin2 *ri01s 0an rea0t 4ith 4ater t( -(r'
h+3rates 4hi0h are n(n>haLar3(us; but destroy the bricks
mechanically( Minor amounts o% chromium@ may be %ormed
-r(' 0hr('iu' 0('p(un3s un3er (Fi3isin2 an3 al1aline
(peratin2 0(n3iti(ns.
'0(2 Materials te a8oid$
#ater
'0(3 Ha<ardous #ecom2osition Products$
n(ne
'0(4 ;urther #ata$
As supplie3 the pr(3u0t ist e)en un3er ele)ate3 te'peratures
sta*le.
%. T"<%c"/"5!ca/ %36"r:a.!"3
n(ne
'2 .cologcal n%ormation
'2(' Persistenc, and #egradability$
persistent.
'2(2 Mobility$
n(ne
'2(3 =loaccumuleti8e Potential$
n(ne
'2(4 ;urther .cological ln%omiatiens$
.e-(re un3erta1in2 the 4re01in2 (- used 'a2nesia>0hr('e
re%ractory linin2s; 0ust('er are a3)ise3 t( e)aluate an+
0han2es t( the pr(3u0t that 'a+ *e in3u0e3 *+ the
intr(3u0ti(n (- su*stan0es an3 (peratin2 0(n3iti(ns n(t
un3er the 0(ntr(l (- )en3(rs. The pr(3u0t in the supplie3 (r
unuse3 -(r' can *e 3isp(se3 as s(li3 n(n>haLar3(us 4aste
a00(r3in2 t( nati(nal Oa4s an3 su*Ve0t t( the a*sen0e (-
0hr('iu'H 0('p(un3s.
13 #s2osal Considerations
'3(' Paucu
.e-(re 3isp(sin2 eFa'ine that a'(unts (- 0hr('Iu'< an3
3isp(se the pr(3u0t a00(r3in2 t( the result (- this
eFa'inati(n.
13.2 Contamined Pacldng Material$
C('*ust (r 3isp(se
14 Trans2ort %36"r:a.!"3
Page 2A3
Holderbank Management & Consulting, 2000
-(4 / endi: lb
M/T.6/1 )/;.TR #/T/ )H..T %ollo*ing +'>',,>..C Code$
)#(304('!B
)tate$ )e2t( 2,>+,
1ast re8ision$ )e2tember 2,>+, 2age$ 3 o% 4
ERILEKW $7C ERILEKW $3
+ Physical and Chemical Pro2erties ECont(F
+('2 2H!Galuein$
at2B HC a22ro:( '0
log PB&
+'3
Parbtion Coe%%icient
n.a.
+('4 Giacosity$ at HC
n(a(
+(', )ol8ent)e2aration Test at HC
n(a(
+('6 )ol8ent Content
n.a. *eight(J
+('A Bther #ata$
n(ne
'0 )tabilty and 6eacti8ity
hydrates *hich are n(n>haLar3(us; but 3estr(+ the *ri01s
'e0hani0all+. "in(r a'(unts (- 0hr('iu' 'a+ *e %ormed
-r(' 0hr('iu'3< 0('p(un3s un3er (Fi3isin2 an3 al1aline
(peratin2 0(n3iti(ns.
'0(2 Materials ta a8oid$
#ater
'0(3 Ha<ardous #ecom2osition Products$
n(ne
'0(4 ;urther #ata$
As supplie3 the pr(3u0t ist e)en un3er ele)ate3 te'peratures
sta*le.
''
To:cologcal n%ormation
none
/2 .cologcal n%ormation
'L' Peralstenca and #egradability$
2ersistent(
'2(2 Mobilty$
n(ne
la3 =ioaccumulati8e Potantiat
n(ne
'L4 ;urther .cological n%omiations$
.e-(re un3erta1in2 the 4re01in2 (- used 'a2nesia>
0hr('e
re%ractory
linin2s; 0ust('er are ad8ised t(
e)aluate an+
0han2es t( the pr(3u0t that 'a+ *e
in3u0e3 *+ the intr(3u0ti(n (- su*stan0es an3 (peratin2
0(n3iti(ns n(t un3er the 0(ntr(l (- )en3(rs. The pr(3u0t in
the supplie3 (r unuse3 -(r' can *e dis2osed as solid n(n>
haLar3(us 4aste a00(r3in2 t( nati(nal la4s an3 su*Ve0t t(
the a*sen0e (-
0hr('iu'< 0('p(un3s.
'3
#s2osal Considerations
'3(' Product
.e-(re 3isp(sin2 eFa'ine that a'(unts (- 0hr('iu'< an3
3isp(se the pr(3u0t a00(r3in2 t( the result (- this
eFa'inati(n.
'3(2 Contarnined Pacldng Material$
C('*ust (r 3isp(se
/% Trans2ort n%ormation
Materials Technology !
"iln #ust
Page 2A4 Holderbank Management & Consulting, 2000