Properties of sulphuric acid

USES OF SULPHURIC ACID

1.To manufacture detergents
2.To manufacture synthetic fibres
3.To manufacture paint pigments
4.To manufacture pesticides
5. To remove metal oxides from metal surfaces before electroplating
6. As an electrolyte in lead-acid accumulators
7. The uses of sulphuric acid in school laboratories are:
a. As a strong acid
b. As a drying or dehydrating agent
c. As an oxidizing agent
d. As a sulphonating agent
e. As a catalyst
8.To manufacture fertilizers
a. Superphosphate
2H2SO4+ Ca3(PO4)2Ca(H2PO4)2+ 2CaSO4
sulphuric acid + tricalcium phosphate calcium dihydrogen phosphate
b.Ammonium sulphate
H2SO4+2NH3(NH4)2SO4
sulphuric acid + aqueous ammoniaammonium sulphate
c. Potassium sulphate
H2SO4+2NH 3 (NH4)2SO4
sulphuric acid + aqueous ammonia ammonium sulphate






Non-volatile acid
Oily liquid
Viscous colourless liquid
Dense
Highly corrosive
Soluble in water Diprotic acid
MANUFACTURE OF SULPHURIC ACID

1.Sulphuric acid is manufactured by the Contact process.
2.Sulphuric acid is produced from sulfur,oxygen and water via the contact process.
3.The Contact process involves three stages
STAGE1: Production Of Sulphur Dioxide From Sulphur
a. Burning of sulphur in dry air. S + O2 SO2
b. Burning of metal sulphide such as zinc sulphide in dry air. 2ZnS + 3O2 2SO2 + 2ZnO

STAGE2: Production Of Sulphur Trioxide From Sulphur Dioxide
T h e o p t i m u m u s e d a r e
a ) T e mp e r a t u r e : 4 5 0 - 5 0 0 C
b) Pr e s s ur e: 2- 3 at mos pher es
c) Cat al ys t : Vana di um( V) oxi de
2SO2+O2 2SO3

STAGE3:Conversion of trioxide to sulphuric acid
a)Sulphur trioxideis dissolved in concentrated sulphuric acid, H2SO4 to produce oleum, H2S2O7
H2SO4+ SO3 H2S2O7
b) Oleum is reacted with water to form concentrated H2SO4
H2S2O7 + H2O 2H2SO4

c) The two reactions in stage3 are equivalent to adding sulphur trioxide directly into water
SO3 +H2O H2SO4

The addition of sulphur trioxide directly into is not carried out because the reaction
isvar y vi gor ous ; a l ot of heat i s gi ven of f . As a r es ul t , al ar ge cl oud of
s ul phur i c aci dfumes is produced, which is corrosive and causes severe air pollution.


Outline Of Contact process


SULPHUR DIOXIDE AND ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION

1.Sulphur dioxide is one of the by-product of contact process. It is a colourless and poisonous gas
with a vary pungent smell.
2. Sulphur dioxide is an acidic which dissolves in water to form sulphurous acidic, H 2 SO 3 .In
the atmosphere, sulphur dioxide dissolve in water droplets to form sulphurous acidic.
SO2 + H2O H2SO3
3. Sulphuric acid andsulphurous acidare constituents of acid rain.
4. Acid rain can cause many effects such as:
i. Corrodes concrete buildings and metal structure
ii. Destroys trees and plants
iii. Decrease the pH of th soil and make it become acidic
iv. Acid rain flows into the rivers and increases the acidity of water and killaquatic living things.
5. Hence, we must reduce the sulphur dioxide from the atmosphere by:
i. Use low sulphur fuels to reduce the emission of sulphur dioxide in exhaustgases
ii. Remove sulphur dioxide from waste air by treating it with calciumcarbonated before it is
released



AMMONIA AND ITS SALT

The chemical properties of ammonia gas:
a)Ammonia gas dissolves in water to form a weak alkali.
NH3+ H2O NH4+ OH
b)The presence of hydroxide icon causes the aqueous solution to become alkaline.
Thusaqueous ammonia solution:
i.Turns red litmus paper blue.
ii.Reacts with acid to form only salt and waterin neutralization reaction.
NH3+ HCI NH4CI
2NH3+ H2SO4 (NH4)2SO4
iii.Reacts with solution of metallic cations to produce precipitates.
Fe+ 2OH Fe (OH)2

USE OF AMMONIA
1. To make fertilizers
a.Ammonium phosphate
reaction of ammonia with phosphoric acid produces ammonium phosphates
NH3 + H3PO NH4H2PO4
2NH3+ H3PO(NH4)2HPO4
b. Ammonium nitrate
ammonia is neutralised by nitric acid,ammonium nitrate is formed
NH3+ HNO3NH4NO3
c. Ammonium sulphate
ammonia is neutralised by sulphuric acid
2NH3 + H2SO4 (NH4)2SO4
2. Urea
At a temperature of 200C and a high pressure of 200 atm, ammonia reacts with carbon dioxide
to produce urea.
2NH3 + CO2 CO (NH2)2 + H2O
3. a raw material for the manufacture of nitric acid in the Ostwad process.
4. Liquid ammonia used as cooling agent
5. as an alkali to prevent the coagulation of latex

Haber Process
Ammonia is commercially produced by the Haber Process. This is a flow chart to show the stages
in the manufacture of ammonia, starting with the raw materials.




















ALLOY

Pure Metals Atom Arrangement

Pure metal is soft and not very strong. Atoms of pure metals have similar sizes and shapes and
arearranged closely but there is still space between the atoms. These spaces allow the atoms
to slide along one another easily when force is applied. This property causes pure metal to
be ductile, that is, ability to be stretched into a wire.
When knocked or hammered, the metal atoms slide along one another to fill the
spaces between them. This property makes pure metal to be malleable, that is, can
be shaped into various shapes.


WHAT ARE ALLOYS

1. An alloy is a mixture of two or more elements with a certain fixed composition in which the
major component is a metal.
2. Pure metals are normally soft and easily oxidised.This is the reason why monuments or
statues are made of bronze(an alloy) and not copper(a pure metal).
3. Alloy are stronger,harder,resistant to corrosion,have a better finish and lustrous
4. purposes of making alloys
a. Increase the strength b. Improving the resistance to corrosion c. Enhancing the appearance
EXAMPLES
9% Iron + 1% Carbon = Steel
74% Iron + 18% Chromium + 8% Carbon = Stainless Steel
90% Copper + 10% Tin = Bronze
70% Copper + 30% Zinc = Brass
75% Copper + 25% Nickel = Copper Nickel
97% Tin +2% Copper + 1% Antimony = Pewter
93% Aluminium + 3% Copper + 3% Magnesium + 1% Manganese = Duralumin
THE FORMATION OF ALLOY






SYNTHETIC POLYMER

POLYMER
Polymers are long chains of molecules made from combination of many small molecules called
monomers. Polymerisation is a process of combining monomers to form a long chain of
molecules.
Examples of natural polymers and their monomers
NATURAL POLYMER MONOMER
Rubber Isoprene
Cellulose Glucose
Starch Glucose
Protein Amino acid
Fat Fatty acid and glycerol
Nucleic acid Nucleotides


SYNTHETIC POLYMER
Synthetic polymers are often referred to as "plastics", such as the well-known polyethylene and
nylon .

Properties of Synthetic Polymers
Synthetic polymers are not biodegradable .The careless disposal of items made from synthetic
polymers such as plastic causes environmental pollution. The effects of burning and careless
disposal of items made from synthetic polymers on the environments are as follow;
(a) Burning of synthetic polymers
Releases pollutants that endanger health such as smoke, gasses that are smelly, poisonous and
corrosive such a as sulphur dioxide, pollutants that cause acid rain and the green house effect.

(b) Careless disposal of synthetic polymers
Spoils the beauty of the environment.
Causes flash floods during heavy rainfall.
Endangers marine lifelike turtles that accidentally eat polymers such as plastics as food
Uses of some General Synthetic Polymers with their Names and Monomer Units are as Follows:-
Name(s) Monomer Uses
Polyethylene
low density (LDPE)
ethylene
CH2=CH2
Used in film wrap, plastic bags
Polyethylene
high density (HDPE)
ethylene
CH2=CH2
Used in electrical insulation
bottles, toys
Poly(vinyl chloride)
(PVC)
vinyl chloride
CH2=CHCl
Used in pipes, siding, flooring.etc.
Poly(vinylidene chloride)
(Saran A)
vinylidene chloride
CH2=CCl2
Used in seat covers, films etc.
Polystyrene
(PS)
styrene
CH2=CHC6H5
Used in toys, cabinets
packaging etc.
Polyacrylonitrile
(PAN, Orlon, Acrilan)
acrylonitrile
CH2=CHCN
Used in rugs, blankets
clothing etc.
Polytetrafluoroethylene
(PTFE, Teflon)
tetrafluoroethylene
CF2=CF2
Used in non-stick surfaces, electrical insulation
Poly(vinyl acetate)
(PVAc)
vinyl acetate
CH2=CHOCOCH3
Used in latex paints, adhesives etc.
cis-Polyisoprene
natural rubber
isoprene
CH2=CH-
C(CH3)=CH2
Requires vulcanization
for practical use and vulcanized rubber is used
in tyres etc.
Polychloroprene (cis +
trans)
(Neoprene)
chloroprene
CH2=CH-CCl=CH2
It is a synthetic rubber and is
oil resistant so used in mats etc.











GLASS AND CERAMICS
1. The main component of both glass and ceramic is silica or silicon dioxide, SiO 2 .
2. Both glass and ceramic have the same properties as follow
a) Hard and brittle
b) Inert to chemical reactions
c) Insulators or poor conductors of heat and electricity
d) Withstand compression but not stretching
e) Can be easily cleaned
f) Low cost of production
3. Differences between glass and cerement are
Glass Ceramics
Transparent
Recyclable
Not transparent
Not recyclable









CERAMICS

1. Ceramics are made from clay such as kaolin.Kaolin is rich in kaolinite(hydrated
aluminosilicate,Al2O3.2SiO2.2H2O)
2. Examples of ceramics are bricks,tile,mugs and clay pots.



COMPOSITE MATERIAL

1. Composite materials are produced from the combination of two or more different compounds
such as alloys, metals, glass, polymers and ceramic.
2. Some common composite materials are:
a. Reinforces concrete
b. Superconductor
c. Fibre optic
d. Fibre glass
e. Photochromic glass


Composite
Materials
Composition Properties Uses
Reinforcement
Concrete
Cement
Gravel
Sand
Water
Iron or Steel
Strong
High textile
strength
Cheap
- Construction
materials
Superconductor Niobium
Germanium
Zero resistance
Functions only
under extremely low
temperatures
- Transportation
-Telecommunications
- Astronomy industry
- Medical field
Fibre Glass Silica
Sodium carbonate
Calcium carbonate
Good insulator of
heat and electricity
- Protective apparel
for astronauts and
firefighters
Fibre Optics Glass
Copper
Aluminium
Enables
information to be
transmitted in light
form at light speed
- Electrical cables
- observe internal
organs without
surgery
Photochromic Glass Molten silica
Silver cloride
Dark in colour
when exposed to
light and bright when
in the dark
- Optical lenses
- Glass windows
Ceramic Glass Produced by
exposing glass that
contains certain
amounts of metal to
ultraviolet rays and
heating it at high
temperatures
- Cooking materials
- Rocket heads
Plastic strengthened
with glass fibres
Plastic
Glass
Very strong
Light
Easily formed
Withstands
corrosion
- Helmets
- Body of cars and
aeroplanes
- rods