1

Elimination of Intersymbol Interference,

Nyquist pulses,
Raised Cosine transfer function and
shaping pulse
2011-2012
Reference (baseband) system
Bit
Gen.
H
c
(f)=1
h
c
(t)=(t)
h
T
(t)
Mapper
shaping
filter
x(t)=x
i
h
T
(t-iT
s
)
h
eq
(t) : equivalent transfer function of the
transmitter-channel-receiver blocks
x
i
(t-iT
s
)
ideal
channel
h
R
(t)
receive
filter
z(t)=x
i
h
eq
(t-iT
s
)
) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( t h t h t h t h t h t h
R T R c T eq
= =
t
k
=t
0
+kT
s
T
s
: symbol period
sampler
s
k
=z(t
k
)=x
i
h
eq
(t
k
-iT
s
)
s
k
with ideal channel
2
Received signal sample (no noise)
) ( ) ( ) ( ) (
0 0 0 s s eq
k i
i
i eq k s s eq
i
i k k
iT kT t h x t h x iT kT t h x t z s + + = + = =

+

=
+
=
n k-i nT t h x t h x
s eq
n
n
i eq k
= + + =

+

=
with ) ( ) (
0
0
0
(undesired)
InterSymbol
Interference (ISI)
useful
(desired)
term

=
= +
=
0 for 0
0 for
) (
that so ) ( chose must we have order to in
0
n
n A
nT t h
t h Ax s
s eq
eq k k
Nyquist condition for ISI removal
(expressed in the time domain)
obtaining , 0 e convenienc for select we
0
= t

=
=
0 for 0
0 for
) (
n
n A
nT h
s eq

=
= +
0 for 0
0 for
) (
0
n
n A
nT t h
s eq
3
Nyquist condition for ISI removal
(expressed in the frequency domain)
have we domain frequency the In
) ( ) ( ) 0 ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) (
obtaining ) ( ) ( calculate We
t A t h iT t nT h nT t t h
nT t t h
eq
n
s s eq
n
s eq
n
s eq

= = =

+
=
+
=
+
=
A
T
i
f H
T T
i
f
T
f H
i s
eq
s i s s
eq
=

+
=
+
=
1 1
) (
s
i s
eq
AT
T
i
f H =

+
=
have must we i.e.
Nyquist condition for ISI removal
s
i s
eq
AT
T
i
f H =

+
=

=
=
0 for 0
0 for
) (
n
n A
nT h
s eq
These two conditions are completely equivalent
No ISI
No ISI
time
frequency
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Nyquist spectra
(a) If H
eq
(f) is non zero outside the
Nyquist interval, many classes of
responses satisfy the Nyquist
criterion (Nyquist spectra)
(b) If Heq(f) is limited to an interval
smaller than Nyquists, it is
impossible to eliminate ISI from the
received samples
(c) If Heq(f) is exactly band limited in
the Nyquist interval, it is constrained
to be a brickwall ideal low-pass
filter (practically not feasible)
The Raised Cosine filter has a Nyquist
spectrum
Raised cosine transfer function
The so called raised cosine waveform is an overall
Nyquist pulse with Fourier transform:
The filters transfer functions are generally selected as
is the roll-off
is the apportioning
(or splitting) coefficient
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Effect of the roll-off parameter (freq. domain)
In the frequency
domain the roll-off
controls the system
bandwidth
1
1/2
R(f)
=0
=0.25
=0.5
=1
Effect of the roll-off parameter (time domain)
In the time domain
the roll-off
controls the eye
amplitude (related
to the maximum
instantaneous
power)
=0.5 =1
=0.5
=0
=0.25
=1
r(t)
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Topics to discuss
Effect of the and parameters on the
waveform behavior, both in time and
frequency
Typical trade offs on the previous
parameters
Raised Cosine as a Nyquist spectrum
Raised Cosine filters implementation
(typically FIR)