Histology Study Guide 2013

Study Guide
This guide is to be used in conjuncti on with, and as an adjunct to, the online syllabus
(sections are printed by you as you requi re them, or you can purchase a B&W version from
the bookstore, the online images, laboratory sessions and the TB! (team" based learni ng
#$%&$T'() laboratory sessions*
+',(-. &/(.+T'(0 (oger 1* Bick, 2h&, ##ed.d*
+',(-. +'"'(&/%$T'(0 !inda &alton, 3ealth .ducation 'fficer
!$B !.$&.(-0 (oger 1* Bick, &iane !*#* Bick 2h&, 4$3$, 5eri -mith
2h&, and &iana .dmondson, 2h&
!.+T,(.(-0 &iane Bick, (oger Bick, #arylee 5ott, 5eri -mith,
1udianne 5ellaway, #argaret ,thman & &iane
.dmondson*
&.2$(T#.%T +3$/(#$%0 (obert !* 3unter 1r*, #&, 2h&
GOALS, AIMS AND OBJECTIVES
#-6 3istology introduces the medical student to a large vocabul ary of basic science terms*
This course contai ns the basis of cell biology, tissue microstructure and function, and the
microanatomy of the organ systems, taught in a functional way* That is, we don7 t ask
8what cell is this9: we are more likel y to ask 8what cell is this and what does it
1 | P a g e
produce;do;synthesi<e;control9:
This course is offered early in the year to provi de you with knowledge that helps bridge the
gap between a number of the basic sciences, as well as serving to introduce structures and
concepts that are studied in depth in physiology, pharmacol ogy and pathology* Wherever
possible, the clinical significance and applicati on to subsequent courses is stressed via the
TB! (MANDATORY) laboratory sessions and the clinical correlates that follow the post" lab
sessions* .mployi ng these clinical =e>cursions7 has been shown to help students in +linical
$pplications (part of /+#, improve student" student interacti ons, improve grades ((eally?
and give you a head start for 2roblem Based !earning in your second year*
When you have finished this course you will be able to describe how cells and e>tracel l ular
components of the human body are composed and arranged to form tissues and organs*
)ou will be able to recogni<e the microscopic structure of many of the cells and tissues
using the light microscope and in electron micrographs* $n abili ty to relate this knowl edge
and understandi ng to gene functi on and protei n synthesis, as well as to cellular functi ons,
interacti ons and the roles of e>tracel l ul ar structures, should be achieved* )ou will astound
people in the future with your depth of knowledge*
Th S!lla"u#
The full syllabus is availabl e on Blackboard and on the histology web page, so you can print
appropriate sections as needed* .ach section comes with correspondi ng lab notes* )ou can
purchase a hardcopy of the syllabus from the bookstore if you so wish* @lance through the
objecti ves and key words prior to the lecture and laboratory session and you will have a
quick idea of where the lecturer is headed as the lecture progresses* The material in the
syllabus is followed, for the most part, in each lecture B,T, the lecturer mi ght insert
somethi ng of interest during the presentati on from another source* B a$a% that
&u#tion# fo% th 'a( co( f%o( th #!lla"u#, th lctu%#, th )o#tla"
###ion#, th TBL ###ion#, %*i$# AND th t$o (+) %&ui%, t't"oo-# (Ga%tn%
an, .iatt, an, /lin an, Mc/n0i )%1 t#t)2
Lctu%#
!ectures are usually presented in lecture theater A*BBC* +hanges will be noted on
Blackboard, $hich !ou #houl, chc- ,ail!2 The lectures last DE" EB minutes*
'ccasional l y a subject requi res two (A lectures and therefore there is a second lecture
shortl y after the first* !ectures are followed by the !aboratory -ession and then the 2ost"
!ab*
La"o%ato%! S##ion#
!abs are held in one of the four teaching laboratori es (see floor plan* .ach lab has a lab
leader who is a member of the 2athology faculty* @et to recogni<e this person* .ach 3AIR
of students will be assigned a locker, a microscope and a slide set* The lab leaders will also
have slides availabl e on the teaching microscopes to review the subject matter with you
and to answer any of your questions* 'ccasionall y there will be a demonstrati on slide that
is %'T in your slide set* &uring lab sessions is T3. best chance to =corner7 a facul ty
member to ask questions* %o question is tri vi al* !ab sessions finish when you have finished*
That is, if you are confident that you can achieve all the 'bjecti ves listed for that topic you
can leave* /f you need more ti me, then return to the lab after 2ost"!ab and a faculty
member will be available to assist you*
TBL S##ion#
Three TB! sessions are held, one in each block* These sessions are MANDATORY
ATTENDANCE 4 .ach session will require you to answer questions regardi ng an atypical
tissue slide (that is provi ded to you at the appropriate time in lab, and returned to your lab
MSI Histology and Cell Biology 2 Fall Semester 2013
leader* 4or each session a ma>i mum of E points is awarded to each member of the group,
groups being based on bench seating* -tudents #,-T sign the honor pledge attached to
each session answer sheet* /f you fail to attend you will receive a score of F.(' for that
session and subsequent TB! sessions* This means, if you miss the first session (W/T3',T
$% .G+,-.& $B-.%+. you get F.(' for sessions A and H as well* /f a student is found to
have signed an honor pledge on behalf of an absent student, he;she will receive a score of
F.(' for each of the TB! sessions, and the action will be reported to -tudent $ffairs* The E
points (ma> for each TB! session is part of your block and final e>ams, wri tten score*
3o#t1 La"#
4ollowing each laboratory session is a brief 2ost"!ab review back in the lecture theater*
These are 2ower 2oint presentati ons consisti ng of appro>i matel y 6A" AB perti nent images,
which are discussed* This is a great ti me to ask questions* The 2ost"labs usuall y last AB" HB
minutes at most* 2ost !abs are placed on Blackboard and the 3istology web page
immedi atel y after the session for you to study and to help with your revision* $t the end of
each 2ost !ab session a short clinical co%%lati on will be discussed* Questions from
these correl ations might appear on the exams!
5ui00#
-hort qui<<es are availabl e on Blackboard and the histology web page
(http0;;www*ut h*t mc*edu;pat hol ogy;histol ogy;i nde>*ht ml and the 3istology page on the
&2$!# websi te (http0;;www*uth*t mc*edu;pathol ogy; * Iui<<es are shown in the form of the
e>ams to give you some famil iari t y with what is to come* There are also qui<<es via links
that are provi ded*
R*i$#
$t the end of each block of study (There are three H blocks in 3istology, there is an e>am*
2rior to the e>am there is a comprehensi ve (eview -ession in the lecture theater consisting
of EB" 6BB slides with appropriate questions, informati on and discussion* These (eview
-essions are posted on Blackboard and the &2$!# site to help in your revision* (eview
sessions are NOT video" taped*
E'a(#
.>ams consist of two (+) )a%t# , and all e>ams are held in the lecture theaters* 3a%t 6 is
the writt en portion, consisting of fifty five (EE (ul ti)l choic &u#tion# * 'ne (6 point
is awarded for each correct answer* %inety (JB minutes is allotted for this porti on of each
e>am* 3a%t + is the practical porti on and consists of twenty (AB ) (ul ti)l choic #li,
&u#tion# of tissues and cells presented as 2ower 2oints* .ach correct answer is worth two
(A points* Two (A minutes is allotted for each question* There will be a 6E minute break
between 2art 6 and 2art A* -hould you compl ete the written e>am before JB minutes have
elapsed, you will be permi t ted to leave* Remember, NO ONE is allowed to leae the
exam site with their answer sheet at !N" #$%E& #his action will result in a score
of 'ERO for the student & The remai ni ng E points of each block grade will be from the
MANDATORY ATTENDANCE T.$# B$-.& learni ng e>ercise, one;each block* Teams will
be formed from students on indi vi dual benches*
.al th E,ucation Offic
!ocated in #-B A*6AB, down the hall (south of labs A*6AJ and A*6H6* 3ere you will find the
course co"coordi nator #s* !inda &alton* -he is the one that has all the informati on
regardi ng test /& numbers, locker numbers, e>am dates;ti mes, etc, etc* /f you have a
problem, go to 3.' first* )ou may also email her at !inda*$*&altonKuth*t mc*edu
Oth% i()o%tant info%(ati on
+ourse &irector L (oger 1* Bick, 2h&, ##.d, #B-* #edical -chool bldg*, second floor, (m
A*AMM, N6H" EBB" EDBCO (oger*1*BickKuth*t mc*edu , &epart ment of 2athology
Stu,nt Affai%# , +ounseling, .ducational help, etcO
http 0;;med*uth*t mc*edu;admi ni strati on;studPaffai rs;inde>*ht ml
RE57IRED TE8T BOO/S 9 You $ill n, th# an, M7ST ha* th( 4
@artner and 3iatt L +olor $tlas of 3istology with +&, !ippincott, Williams and Wilkins
@artner !2, 3iatt 1! and -trum, 1# " B(- -eries, C
th
.dition, !ippincott, Williams and Wilkins
Oth% Rco((n,, t't#
QQ1unquei ra and +arneiro L Basic 3istology te>t and atlas, #c@raw" 3ill
QQ(oss and 2awlina L 3/-T'!'@) " $ T.GT $%& $T!$-, !ippincott Williams and Wilkins
+ormack L .ssential 3istology, !ippincott Williams and Wilkins
-tevens and !owe L 3uman 3istology, .lsevier" #osby
Wheater7s /nteracti ve 3istology L +&, +hurchil l !ivingstone
Study Resources for Self test& Remember, syllabus, lectures, labs, post labs and
re(uired texts come first
7T1 .ou#ton .i#tolo:! ;" 3a: htt)<= = )at hol o:!2 ut h2 t (c2 ,u= hi#tolo:!=
,4 +ollege of #edicine 3istology Tutorial http0;;medi nf o*ufl*edu;year6;histo;
R/(T,$! -!/&.B'G htt)<= = $$$2 )at h2 ui o$a2 ,u= *i %t ual#li,"o'=
Blue 3istology http0;;www*l ab*anhb*uwa*edu*au;mb6DB;addons; mcqqui <*ht m
Risual3istology*+om http0;;www*visual histol ogy*com;RisualP3istol ogyP$tlas;
-T,&) 'B1.+T/R.-
/* /%T('&,+T/'% (#.T3'&-
6* !ist the methods used to visuali<e the arrangement and composi tion of cells
and tissues and state some of the general princi pl es of tissue fi>ation,
staini ng, locali<ati on and e>ami nati on, which permi t accurate interpretati on*
A* &escribe the meani ng of commonl y used terms in histologic methods, such
as histochemistry, cytochemistry, immunochemi stry, in situ hybri di<ati on,
radioautography, etc*
//* T3. +.!!
6* &escribe the structure and function of cytopl asm, cell membrane,
cytoskeleton and of the organel les withi n the cell*
A* &escribe the structure and function of the cell nucleus and e>plai n
chromosome structure and the roles of &%$ and (%$ in protei n synthesis*
H* !ist the phases of cell division and e>plai n the stages of the cell cycle for
both mitosis and meiosis*
///* .2/T3.!/,# $%& @!$%&-
6* -tate the general characteristi cs and functions of a generic epithel ial tissue*
A* !ist the common types of epithel i um classificati ons and e>plai n how the
structure is related to their functi ons*
H* ,nderstand the general classification of glands accordi ng to structure and
functi on and give a general statement of the manner in which the glandul ar
epitheli al cells carry out their functi ons*
/R* @.%.($! +'%%.+T/R. T/--,.
6* &escribe the general arrangement and functions of connecti ve tissue using
the terms0 ground substance, e>tracell ul ar matri >, fibers and cells*
A* !ist the types of connecti ve tissue and give e>ampl es of a specific location of
each type in the human body
R* +$(T/!$@. and $&/2'-. T/--,.
6* &escribe the microscopic structure of cartilage and disti nguish the three
main types as to e>tracell ul ar matri > differences, structural properti es and
locations in the human body*
A* !ist the cells of cartil age, give the composi ti on of cartilage matri >, list its
unique properti es and describe how cartil age is capable
of growi ng*
H* /dentif y the differences in structure, composi ti on and function of brown v
white adipose*
R/ B'%. $%& B'%. 4'(#$T/'%
6* &escribe the histologi c structure and function of bone includi ng cells and the
bone matri >*
A* &escribe bone in terms of the different types using the terms pri mary,
secondary, mature, immat ure, spongy, compact and woven*
H* &istinguish between intramembranous and endochondral ossificati on and
describe the general features of bone growth and remodel i ng*
D* !ist the four types of joints and give the main features of synovi al joints*
R// (.-2/($T'() -)-T.#
6* %ame the structures that conduct the air to the alveoli of the lungs and
describe the surface epithel i um with its cilia and goblet cells*
A* &escribe the alveoli and the lung capillari es and how molecules are
e>changed between the blood and air*
R/// %.(R. T/--,.
6* &escribe the arrangement of nerve tissue into central nervous system and
peripheral nervous system*
A* &escribe the neuron using the terms0 perikaryon, dendri tes and a>ons*
H* !ist the types of neurogl i a and give their functi ons*
D* &escribe myeli nated and unmyel i nated nerve fibers and e>plai n the general
structure and events of nerve synapses*
E* &escribe the microscopic arrangement of gangli a and of white matter and
gray matter*
/G #,-+!. T/--,.
6* &escribe the microscopic arrangement of skeletal muscle and give a
descripti on of how the muscle fibers are structured for contracti on*
A* &escribe the main features of cardiac muscle and how it is unique*
H* &escribe the arrangement of smooth muscle fibers and give some of the
structural and functional characteristi cs*
G +$(&/'R$-+,!$( -)-T.#
6* @ive the microscopic structural characteristi cs of arteri es, veins, capillari es
and lymphati c vessels*
A* &escribe the general microscopic features of the heart*
G/ B!''& and 3.#$T'2'/.-/-
6* %ame the blood cells found in peripheral blood and describe the important
histologi cal features and functi ons of each*
A* @ive locations in the human body where hematopoi esis takes place and
describe the :n%al fatu%# of the formati on and maturati on of the blood
cells and platelets* 3ave a basic idea of the si<es and functi ons of the bone
marrow cellular components
G// T3. /##,%. (!)#23$T/+ -)-T.#
6* -tate the functi ons and microscopic structure of lymphati c tissues and
organs includi ng diffuse lymphati c tissue, lymphati c nodules, thymus, lymph
nodes, spleen and tonsils*
A* (ecogni<e the disti ncti ve microscopic features of the thymus, spleen, lymph
nodes and tonsils*
H* 5now the locations of the various cells types, reticul ar, B, T and macrophages
G/// T3. .%&'+(/%. -)-T.#
6* &escribe the origi n of the pitui tary gland and its relation to the
hypothal amus*
A* &escribe the way the neuroendocri ne system operates to control the various
organ systems*
H* %ame the hormones produced by the cells of the adenohypophysis and
describe their functions*
D* %ame the regions of the adrenal corte> and relate them to the hormones
produced*
E* &escribe the adrenal medul la, the hormones produced here and the action of
the hormones*
C* %ame the cells and hormones of the islets of !angerhans and describe the
functi ons of these hormones*
N* &escribe the thyroi d gland giving it general organi<ati on, cells, hormones
produced and functi on of the hormones*
M* &escribe the location, general structure and functi on of the parathyroi d
glands and the pineal gland*
G/R /%T.@,#.%T
6* &escribe the general structure of the integument includi ng epidermis, dermis
and hypodermi s*
A* &escribe the histologi c characteristics and functi ons of cells in the epidermis
and dermis*
H* Be able to describe the e>tracel l ul ar matri > of the dermis includi ng its
functi ons*
D* @ive a general descripti on of the microscopic structure of hair and hair
follicles, nails, sebaceous glands and sweat glands*
GR -2.+/$! -.%-.- ('ral, nasal, ear, eye
6* %ame the receptors for touch and propri ocepti on and disti ngui sh their
microscopic structure*
A* &escribe taste buds and name the locations of them in the human body*
H* &escribe the microscopic structure of the olfactory epithel i um*
D* &escribe the eye by nami ng its parts and disti nguishi ng the cornea, lens,
ciliary body, iris, sclera, reti na and optic nerve*
E* %ame the cell types of the reti na and give an overvi ew of how light is
translated into images to the brain*
C* Be able to describe the transmission and dissipation of sound waves*
N* 5now the sensory structures in the ear (+orti, utricle, saccule, semi" circular
canals, their cellular components and their functi on(s*
M* 5now the components of the outer, middl e and inner ear and associated
speciali<ed structures
J* ,nderstand bony v membranous labyri nt hs
GR/ &/@.-T/R. -)-T.# L includi ng !/R.(, @$!!B!$&&.(, 2$%+(.$- $%& -$!/R$()
@!$%&-
6* @ive a descripti on of the general plan of the microscopic structure of the
digesti ve tract*
A* &escribe the disti ncti ve features of the esophagus and stomach*
H* &escribe the microscopic structure of the small intesti ne and the unique
features of the duodenum, jejunum and ileum*
D* @ive the microscopic structural features of the large intesti ne and appendi >*
E* &escribe the 'oc%in pancreas by givi ng the arrangement of the secretory
cells and by listi ng en<ymes produced*
C* &escribe the histology of the liver and relate this to the portal circulati on*
N* &escribe the structure of the hepatocyte and list some of its mai n functi ons
M* 5now the cellular components of the liver and their function(s
J* Be able to describe the components and functions of the different salivary
glands, list the differences between salivary glands and the pancreas
and understand the duct system*
GR// ,(/%$() -)-T.#
6* @ive the overall arrangement of the kidney structures and relate this to the
blood circulati on and urinary collecti ng system*
A* &escribe the nephron using the terms0 renal corpuscle, ju>tagl omerul ar cells,
glomerul us, pro>i mal convol uted tubule, loop of 3enle and distal convol uted
tubul e*
H* 5now the components of the 1u>ta @lomerul ar $pparatus and their
functi on(s
D* ,nderstand the (enin" $ngiotensi n system and its importance in blood
pressure control
E* &ifferenti ate between visceral and parietal epithel i um, vascular endothel i um
and mesangial cells* (ecogni<e the components in electron micrographs
GR//* (.2('&,+T/R. -)-T.#-
6* %ame the parts of the male reproducti ve system and describe the
microscopic structure of the testis*
A* 5now the testicular and e>current duct components and system and
speciali<ed structures and cells withi n those components*
H* &escribe the structure and function(s of the accessory glands*
D* &escribe how sperm are produced and the general hormonal control of this
process*
E* %ame and describe the components and cell types of the female
reproducti ve system*
C* &escribe the microstructure of the ovary and describe how an ovum is
formed, matures and released*
N* &escribe cellular and tissue changes associated with the menstrual cycle
M* &escribe the structure and components of the umbil ical cord
J* &escribe the cellular components of the breast and understand their
functi on(s and changes in a normal and lactati ng breast
6B* &escribe the structural (ducts, +T, etc components of the breast and
understand their functi on(s and changes in a normal and lactati ng breast*
)rief list of goals, ob*ecties and +ey words
Int%o,ucti on 1 ,nderstand the basic concepts of microscopyO ,nderstand the techni ques
used for histologi cal sample preparati onO /! ;o%,# 1 Microscopy, Resolution, H & E
Cll St%uctu% I " &escribe the structure and functi on of the major components of the cellO
understand the molecular arrangement of cell organel les and associated structuresO /!
;o%,# - Cytoplasm, plasma membrane, mi tochondri a, organel le, peroxisomes, lysosome
Cll St%uctu% II " ,nderstand the arrangement and function of the components of the cell
nucleus* ,nderstand the elements of cell division and the cell cycleO &escribe the mul ti pl e
forms of cell deathO &escribe the functi on and composi tion of cell surface speciali<ati onsO
&escribe composi tion and functi on of different intercell ul ar juncti onsO /! ;o%,# "
Nucleus, chromati n, cell division, cell death, cell cycle, microvi l l i, intercell ul ar juncti ons,
basement membrane, basal lami na
E)ithliu( an, Glan,# " /denti fy the different types of epithel ia, and describe their
cellular and functi onal characteristics, &escribe the methods of classificati on of glandul ar
epitheli a, &escribe the differences between e>ocrine and endocri ne glandsO /! ;o%,#<
imple and strati!i ed s"uamous, simpl e and strati !ied cuboidal, simple and strati !i ed
columnar, transi ti onal, pseudostrati !i ed, endocri ne gland, exocri ne gland
Conncti* Ti##u I " !ist major fiber types found in connecti ve tissue matri >O !ist E types
of collagen and their respecti ve distri buti onsO /dentif y the cell types of connecti ve tissue
proper, their origi ns, and major functi onsO (ecogni<e and classify H types of adul t
connecti ve tissue properO (eview the composi ti on of the basement membraneO /!
;o%,# O Mesenchyme, !ibroblast , macrophage, 5upffer cell, plasma cell, eosinophi l, mast
cell, collagen, ground substance, basement membrane
Conncti* Ti##u II " (ecogni<e brown and white adipose tissue in the light microscope
and know their respecti ve functi onsO &escribe the basic histologi c organi<ati on of cartilage
in general, distinguish H types of cartilage with regard to light microscopic appearance,
sites of distributi on, and composi ti on7 &iscuss A ways cartilage can growO /! ;o%,# O
#hite adipose tissue, bro$n adipose tissue, Hyaline cartilage, elastic cartil age, !ibrous
cartil age, apposi ti onal gro$th and intersti ti al gro$th
Conncti* Ti##u III " types, i*e*, osteoprogeni tor cells, osteoblasts, osteocytes and
osteoclasts, !ist three types of lamel lae, &iscuss similari ti es and differences in endosteum
and periosteum, &istinguish between bone, osteoid and cartilage with regard to
biochemi cal composi ti on, distri buti on and function* Be famil iar with the process of
remodel i ng, !ist the steps invol ved in intramembranous vs* endochondral bone fo%(ati on
and how they differ from endochondral bone :%o$t h> /! ;o%,#> pongy bone, compact
bone, Haversian system, intramembranous bone !ormati on, endochondral bone !ormati on
and endochondral bone gro$th
N%*ou# Ti##u " &escribe the ultrastructure of mul ti pol ar neurons and recogni<e them by
light #icroscopy, &istinguish between the two types of +%- glial cells with light microscopy,
!ist the types of glial cells and their main functions, &escribe the process of myel i nati on,
&iscuss differences in myeli nated and unmyel i nated fibers in the 2%- and +%-, (ecogni<e
peripheral nerves and gangli a with light microscopyO /! ;o%,#> astrocyte, myel i n,
oligodendrocyte, ch$ann cell, glia, neuron, Nissl substance, axon, microgl i a, cerebral
cortex, $hite matter and %ur&inje cell
R#)i%ato%! #!#t( " ,nderstand the differences between the conducti ng and respiratory
portion of the respiratory system* &efine the roles and composi ti on of these two regionsO
/! ;o%,# O Conducti ng, respiratory, alveoli, cartil age, trachea, bronchus, bronchioles,
vocal cords
Mu#cl " 4rom the material in this lecture (2arts / & // and lab you should be able to,
&escribe ultrastructural and histological characteristics of skeletal, cardiac and smooth
muscle, ,nderstand cellular and macromol ecul ar mechanisms governi ng regulated muscle
contracti on, ,nderstand basic adapti ve and regenerati ve capaci ti es of each muscle type,
%ame speciali<ed structures L spindle, etc* /! ;o%,# O &eletal, smooth, cardiac, striated,
intercal ated disc, t-tubul e, sarcoplasmi c reticul um, sarcolemma, epi- , peri- , and
endomysi um' (ast t$i tch v slo$ t$i tch' )lycolytic, oxidati ve' *, +, ,, H and M bands' ,ctin,
myosin, actini n' +ntermedi ate !ilaments, sarcomere, cal modul i n
Ca%,io*a#cula% " $fter this lecture and lab you should be able to distinguish and know, the
layers and cell types of the heart and vasculature, the differences between large arteries
and large veins, the differences between arteriol es and small veins, know the different
types of capillari es, 5now the originati on, termi nati on and archi tecture of lymphati cs* /!
;o%,#> -unica +nti ma, media, adventi ti a. elastic artery, muscular artery, arteri ol e,
capillary, metarteri ol e, venule, muscul ar vein. valve. smooth muscle, lymphati cs
Bloo, an, .(ato)oi #i# " &escribe the composi ti on of normal peripheral blood,
includi ng the relati ve quanti ti es of the blood cells, /denti fy normal peripheral blood cells, H*
&escribe the functi on and Slife cycleS of normal peripheral blood cells, !ist the types of
hematopoi eti c tissues, &escribe the development of hematopoi esis throughout the life of
the indi vi dual , &escribe the developmental stages of erythroi d and myel oi d cell, /denti fy
the other types of cells in the bone marrow, i*e* megakaryocytes, lymphocytes, plasma
cells, macrophages, adipocytes, &escribe the factors which control hematopoi esis, e*g*
growth factors such as erythropoi eti n, @#+-4, /! ;o%,#> Erythrocytes, reticul ocytes,
neutrophi ls, eosinophi ls, basophi ls, monocytes, lymphocytes and platelets, blood cell
rene$al, hematopoi esis, bone marro$, erythropoi esis, granulopoi esis, mega&aryopoi esis,
gro$th !actors
I((un I " /denti fy the organs and tissues that comprise the lymphoi d system, 5now the
functi ons of the lymphati c system, &escribe the histologi c organi<ati on of the thymus,
&escribe the histologi c organi<ation of the lymph nodeO /! ;o%,#< /ymphocytes,
/ymphati c Circulation, Cortex, Medulla, -hymus, Hassall 0s Corpuscles, /ymph Node, High
Endothel ial 1enule 2HE13
I((un II " &escribe the histologic organi<ati on of the spleen, &escribe the histologic
organi<ati on of the H types of tonsils, 5now the types of unencapsul ated lymphoi d tissue
and their respecti ve locations in the bodyO /! ;o%,#< pleen, -onsils, 4nencapsul ated
/ymphoi d -issue, ,ppendi x, %eyer5s %atches
3itui ta%! an, 3inal " &escribe the development of the pitui tary, &escribe and identi f y
the cell types and hormones of the adenohypophysis, &escribe and identi f y the cell types
and hormones of the eurohypophysis, &escribe the histology and function of the pineal
glandO /! ;o%,# 0 Rath&e0 s pouch, chromophobes, acidophi ls, basophi ls, herri ng bodies,
pinealocytes, corpora aranacea
Th!%oi,, a,%nal# an, )a%ath!%oi , " $fter this lecture and laboratory session you should
know, 3ormones synthesi<ed by thyroi d, parathyroi d and adrenal glands, Targets of the
synthesi<ed hormones, +ell types in the endocrine organs, -ynthetic pathway of thyro>i ne
and triiodothyroni ne, Blood suppl y of endocrine organs (type and amount, $spect of cell(s
through which hormones are secreted (basal v apicalO /! ;o%,# 0 Hormones, vascular,
receptors, ,%46, !ollicular, para!oll icular, Calcitoni n, -hyroxi ne, -riiodothyroni ne, -H,
iodine7i odi de 2N83, chie! cells, oxyphi l cells, parathormone' *ona glomerul osa, !asciculata,
reticularis' ,ldosterone' Cortisol, dehydroepi andosterone' Catecholami nes' ,ngiotensi n
2converti ng en9yme3
Int:u(nt " !ist the basic functi ons of the skin and describe its overall structure,
&escribe basic skin embryol ogy, -tate the names of the layers of the epidermis and how to
disti nguish them histological l y, .>plain ultrastructural (electron microscopic features of the
epidermi s and the, epidermal ;dermal juncti on, &escribe the process of kerati ni<ati on in the
epidermi s, hair, and nail, &escribe the formati on of the water barrier in the epidermis,
%ame the non" kerati nocyti c cells in the epidermis and state their functi ons, .>plain the
structure and components of the dermis, includi ng types of nerves and, vascular system,
-tate the segments and layers of the hair follicle &escribe the relationshi p between hair
si<e and phase of hair growth, &escribe the structure, location, and functi on of different
types of cutaneous glands, &escribe the structure and growth of the nailO /! ;o%,# 0
arrector pili muscle, dermal papillae 2dermal ridges3, dermal sheath, dermi s, duct o! s$eat
gland, epidermi s, external root sheath, glassy membrane, hair bulb, hair !ollicle, hair
matri x, hair papilla, hair root, hair sha!t, hypodermi s, internal root sheath, interpapi l l ary
pegs 2rete pegs3, Meissner0 s corpuscle, melanocytes o! epidermi s, melanosomes 2melani n
granul es3, myoepi thel i al cell, %acinian corpuscle, papillary layer o! dermi s, reticul ar layer o!
dermi s, sebaceous gland, stratum basale, stratum corneum, stratum granulosum, stratum
lucidum, stratum spinosum, s$eat gland
.ar " &escribe the structural and histologi cal components of the outer, middl e, and inner
ear, 5now the components of the membranous and bony labyri nths, &escribe the structures
found in the H scala of the inner earO /! ;o%,# 0 -ympanic cavity, external audi tory
meatus, Eustachian tube, tympani c membrane, cupula, organ o! Corti, peril ymph,
endolymph, ampul l a, utricle, saccule, otoconi a, crista ampul l aris, macula, stria vascularis,
vestibul ar membrane, basilar membrane, scalas
'ral and %asal " 5now the components of the oral and nasal cavi ti es and describe the
epitheli a lining each, &escribe and differenti ate the different papillae on the human tongue,
(ecogni<e the disti ncti ve musculature of the tongue, 5now the different cell types withi n a
taste bud and their different roles in the taste sensation, ,nderstand the structure, function
and development of the different histological components of the tooth, &escribe the
histologi cal composi ti on of the olfactory epitheli um and describe the roles of the different
cell typesO /! ;o%,#< %apillae, taste bud, ol!actory epitheli um, respiratory epithel i um,
denti ne, enamel, cementum
E! " !abel anatomi cal components of the eyeO 5now how components regulate light into
the eyeO 5now how components regulate focusO 5now layers and functi ons of cornea, iris,
ciliary body, and reti naO /! ;o%,#> Cornea, limbus, iris, ciliary body, choroids, reti na,
pigmented reti nal epithel i um, lens, accommodati on and eyeli ds
Li*% an, Gall Bla,,% " ,nderstand the normal liver archi tecture with special emphasis
on the blood flow, bile flow and microscopic anatomy of the liver, /denti fy the different
structural units of the liver and their roles, ,nderstand the roles the different cell types
have in the liver, /denti fy the microscopic anatomy of the gallbl adder and its functi onO /!
;o%,#> %ortal tract, sinusoid, :up!!er cell, hepatic artery, portal vein, central vein, limi ti ng
plate, bile
3anc%a# an, Sali*a%! Glan,# " ,nderstand the histology and functi on of the salivary
glands, /dentif y and know the differences between mucous and serous acini and where
they are located, 5now the types of ducts of the major salivary glands and where they are
found, /denti fy the basic histology of the pancreas and differenti ate endocri ne and e>ocri ne
both histologi call y and functional l yO /! ;o%,#< ,cinar cell, acini, mucous cell, serous cell,
islet cell, intercal ated duct, striated duct, paroti d, submandi bul ar and sublingual glands
Ga#t%oint#ti nal I " ,nderstand the organi<ati on of the four layers of the @astrointesti nal
tract, &escribe the D layers of the esophagus, with emphasis on the epithel i um and the
location of the gland types in the underl yi ng layers, &escribe unique features of the tunica
muscularis of the esophagus and stomach, !ist histologi c characteristi cs common to glands
throughout the stomach, %ame gland types in the different <ones of the stomach, !ist their
differences based on pit and gland length, gland shape, cell types, and 4unction, !ist cell
types, found in gastric glands, and know the functi ons of eachO /! ;o%,#> -unica
mucosa, lami na propri a, submucosa, muscularis, adventi ti a, serosa, Meissner5s plexus,
,uerbach5s plexus, esophageal and mucosal glands, parietal cells and chie! cells
Ga#t%oint#ti nal II " %ame the cell types found in the epithel i um of small and large
intesti nes and their functions, &escribe villous structure with regard to epitheli um,
lymphati cs and blood suppl y, !ist the features and functi ons of 2eyerTs patches, !ist
functi ons of the small intesti nal epithel i um, +orrelate unique structural features throughout
the small and large intesti nes with their functi onal significance for that <one, &escribe how
the appendi > can be distinguished histologi call y from the colon, !ist unique features of the
rectum and anal canal not found elsewhere in the @/ tractO /! ;o%,#> 1illi, microvi l l i,
crypts, %aneth cells, absorpti ve cells, %ayer5s patches, 8runner0 s glands, ,uerbach0 s and
Meissner0 s plexus
Rnal " %ame the components of the functioni ng renal parenchyma versus the passive
collecti ng system, Be able to describe the flow of blood through the kidneys from the renal
artery back to the renal vein via either a superficial or a ju>tamedul l ary glomerul us,
(ecogni<e the main divisions of the nephron with light microscopy and know their mai n
functi ons, %ame the components of the ju>tagl omerul ar apparatus, !ist the components of
the glomerul ar filtrati on barrier, Be able to identi f y the followi ng components of the renal
corpuscle with light microscopy0 parietal;visceral epithel i um, mesangi um, capillari es,
urinary pole, vascular pole, and BowmanT s capsule, Be able to identi f y the followi ng
components of the renal corpuscle by electron microscopy0 epitheli al, endothel i al, and
mesangial cellsO mesangi umO basement membrane, ,nderstand the <ones of the kidney
and the locations of various parts of the nephron withi n those <onesO /! ;o%,#> Cortex,
medul l a, nephron, transi ti onal epithel i um, ureter, Renal corpuscle, glomerul ar !iltrati on
barrier and bladder, %roxi mal tubul e, thin limbs, thic& ascendi ng limb, ;),, distal
convol uted tubul e
?(al R)%o,uction " /denti fy the epithel i al lining of the different areas of the femal e
reproducti ve system, !earn the general morphol ogi c changes of the endometri um duri ng
the menstrual cycle and in other physiologi c condi ti ons, /dentif y the various components of
the ovary, !earn the stages of the developi ng follicles and the correspondi ng morphol ogi c
features, /dentif y the major types of the trophobl astic cells, /denti fy the components of the
placenta at its various developmental stages, /dentif y the duct system and lobules of the
breast, !earn the changes affecti ng the breast in pregnancy and lactati onO /! ;o%,# O
amnion, anchori ng villus, antrum, areolar, sebaceous gland, atreti c !ollicle, cervical canal,
cervi x, chorionic plate, chorioni c villi, ciliated cells o! the oviduct, corona radiata, corpus
albicans, corpus luteum, cortex o! ovary, cumul us oophorus, cytotrophobl ast, decidua
basalis, decidual cells, endocervi x, endometri al glands, endometri um, menstruati ng stage
endometri um< proli !erati ve stage endometri um< secretory stage, !ollicul ar cell, germi nal
epitheli um, granulosa cell, granul osa lutein cells, interlobul ar ducts, intralobul ar 2alveolar3
ducts, lacti !erous duct and sinus, mammary gland, maternal blood suppl y, medul l a o!
ovary, membrane granulosa, myomet ri um, nipple, oocyte, ovary, oviduct, ampul l a oviduct,
!imbri ae oviduct, in!undi bul um oviduct, isthmus, peg cells, placenta, plicae, pri mary !ollicle,
pri mordi al !ollicle, secondary !ollicle, secretory alveol us, stem villus, stratum basalis,
stratum !unctional is, syncyti otrophobl ast, theca externa, theca !olliculi, theca interna,
theca lutei n cells, uterus, vagi na, 9ona pellucida
Mal R)%o,uction I " 4rom the material presented in this lecture and in the laboratory
session, you shoul d be able to0 &escribe the investment tunics of the testes, &ifferenti ate
the morphology and functi on of the -ertoli cells and spermatogeni c (sperm cells, &escribe
the process of spermi ogenesis, &escribe the head and tail regions of the spermato<oa,
,nderstand the relationshi p among the hypothal amus, pitui tary, and intersti ti al cells of the
testesO /! ;o%,# O testes, semi ni !erous tubul es, ertoli cell, spermatogenesis,
spermatocytes, spermi ogenesis, spermato9oa, and /eydig cell
Mal R)%o,uction II " 4rom the material presented in this lecture and in the laboratory
session, you shoul d be able to0 %ame and describe the components of the male e>current
duct systemO &escribe the histology and histophysi ol ogy of the male se> accessory glandsO
&escribe the histology and histophysi ol ogy of the male copulatory organO ,nderstand the
neural and hemodynami c processes that lead to penile erectionO /! ;o%,#< -ubuli recti,
rete testis, ductul i e!!erentes, epididymi s, vas de!erens, spermati c cord, semi nal vesicles,
prostate, and penis
/n this course, rather than just identi f yi ng tissues and cells, we teach ,functional
histology-, instructi ng you on various aspects of cell and tissue function(s and structure,
target tissues of synthesi<ed products and outcomes* This is reflected in the e>am
questions which, rather than asking 8What is this tissue:, is more likel y to ask 8The product
from this tissues causes which of the followi ng to happen9: followed by mul ti pl e choice
answers* 3istology might be described as =%ormal 2athology7 , and serves as a prerequisi te
for 2athology in your second year* The 4unctional aspect of this course is to enable you to
link your studies in Biochemistry, /mmunol ogy and 2hysiology with types of cells and
tissues that you have seen in histology, and to give you an understandi ng of what cells and
tissues you are dissecting in @ross $natomy*
Institutional Objectives
Patient Care and Clinical Skills - The graduating student is expected to provide care for patients that is
compassionate, appropriate and effective and encompasses the promotion and maintenance of health and treatment
of disease.
Specific Objectives:
The graduating student will be able to:
Form an effective therapeutic relationship with patients
Obtain and record an accurate, comprehensive history from the patient andor caregiver
!ccurately perform and record a comprehensive physical examination and mental status examination
!ccurately document and interpret the findings from the history and physical examination
"evelop an initial differential diagnosis based on the patient history and physical examination, and
formulate an initial plan for investigation and management
Order appropriate studies #with awareness of sensitivity, specificity and cost$ and interpret diagnostic tests
in order to confirm or exclude a clinical diagnosis.
%ompetently perform routine clinical procedures, including at a minimum, venipuncture, inserting an
intravenous catheter, arterial puncture, inserting a nasogastric tube, inserting a Foley catheter, and
suturing lacerations.
&dentify and initiate treatment plans for common conditions and assess the effects of these interventions.
'ecommend age(specific, preventive and health maintenance practices appropriate for the patient based on
the best available evidence.
)lan and execute appropriate management plans for patient care, referral and follow(up.
!pply the scientific method #including evidence(based medicine principles$ to patient care whenever
applicable and feasible.
*anage patients mindful of salient legal, ethical, spiritual, and psychosocial constructs.
!pply the principles of pain management to reduce patient suffering.
Medical Knowledge - The graduating student is expected to understand the importance of scientific discovery and
to apply the scientific foundations of medicine to evidence(based practice.
"escribe the normal structure and function of the human body at molecular, cellular, tissue, and anatomic
levels.
"escribe the pathogenesis of disease.
"escribe the scientific principles #including genetic, molecular, and physiologic mechanisms$ basic to the
practice of clinical medicine, and be able to apply these principles to patient care.
"escribe pharmacological and other therapeutic interventions and apply to patient care.
"escribe the environmental, social, cultural and psychological determinants of patients+ responses to
health and disease states.
&nterpret common laboratory and diagnostic tests and describe the indications, complications, limitations
and cost(effectiveness of each study.
"escribe the principles of disease prevention and health maintenance in individuals and populations, and
apply to individual patient care.
,e aware of the organi-ation, financing, and delivery of health care in the ..S., both in the hospital and in
the community, and the role of the physician as an advocate for patients.
!ddress the medical conse/uences of common societal problems #including domestic violence and abuse$.
"emonstrate 0nowledge of common clinical emergencies, acute and chronic problemsdiseases, and their
basic management.
.se critical appraisal of the medical literature as the foundation for an evidence(based practice of
medicine.
"escribe principles of /uality improvement, its use in patient care, and use of common patient
safety/uality tools.
"escribe the basic principles and ethics of clinical and translational research, and how such research is
conducted, evaluated and applied to the care of patients.
Interpretation of Medical Data/Practice-ased !earning and I"prove"ent - The graduating student is
expected to commit to lifelong learning and improvement.
.se technology to access medical information resources to expand personal 0nowledge and ma0e effective
decisions in patient care.
%ritically assess the validity of published medical studies by describing strengths, wea0nesses, limitations
and applications to clinical practice.
!pply the principles of information literacy to continuous /uality improvement.
.se evidence(based approaches as tools to decide whether to accept new findings, therapies and
technologies for incorporation into clinical practice.
1licit feedbac0 about performance and develop and implement a plan for self(directed learning and
improvement.
"efine the elements of scholarship and develop a scholarly product.
Interpersonal and Co""unication Skills - The graduating student is expected to demonstrate interpersonal s0ills
that facilitate effective communication with patients, families, and other members of the health care team.
2rite or present case histories that are accurate and well organi-ed3 accurately record information in the
patient+s chart to appropriately address the patient+s problemcondition.
%onvey diagnostic and management plans effectively both orally and in writing.
"emonstrate interpersonal s0ills that establish rapport and empathic communication with patients and
their families, and other health care professionals.
"emonstrate ability to communicate effectively and completely #evidence based$ both benefits and ris0s to
assist patients in their decision ma0ing.
"emonstrate respect for patients and colleagues that encompasses diversity of bac0ground, belief systems,
language and culture.
"emonstrate professionalism and compassion in addressing issues of a sensitive nature with patients and
families.
4elp patients ma0e and anticipate end(of(life decisions3 participate in communicating bad news and
obtaining consent for treatments.
1ducate patients and their families, peers, and other healthcare professionals.
Professionalis" - The graduating student is expected to approach medicine with integrity and respect for human
dignity and diversity and demonstrate awareness of and commitment to ethical principles.
"emonstrate honesty, trustworthiness and integrity in interactions with patients, families, colleagues and
other health care professionals.
"emonstrate personal /ualities of self(discipline, open(mindedness, and intellectual curiosity.
"evelop a collaborative relationship with patients by valuing the patient and hisher input, and by
maintaining continuing personal responsibility for the patient+s health care.
"isplay commitment to excellence in patient care3 place the patient+s welfare above self(interest.
"emonstrate respect and compassion towards patients and their families, including sensitivity to patients+
culture, age, sexual orientation and gender.
!pply ethical principles to the study and practice of medicine.
'espect patients+ rights, including confidentiality of patient information and informed consent.
*aintain balance between personal and professional life.
'ecogni-e and accept limitations in 0nowledge and s0ills with a commitment to continuously improve
0nowledge and ability.
"emonstrate commitment to life(long learning in order to maintain familiarity with scientific advances to
ensure integration with patient care.
)roject a professional image in interactions with patients, peers, family, residents and co(wor0ers.
-.(',-R.(-,--.('-$
serous pertains to a gland, and a serous gland secretes
proteinaceous material*

-erosa is a thin, squamous epithelial lining or covering such as this on the
outside (right side
GLAND NAME SITE SECRETION TY3E SECRETION MODE
.ccrine -kin -weat #erocrine
$pocrine -kin -weat #erocrine
-ebaceous -kin -ebum ('ily 3olocrine
-erous -alivary 2rotein #erocrine
@land
#ucous Rarious #ucous #erocrine
#ammary Breast #ilk"fat"colostrum $pocrine

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