Вы находитесь на странице: 1из 6

TOPIC_ _ ________________ DATE____________

TEACHER NOTES
CHEMICAL QUANTITIES
ATOMIC MASS SCALE- relative scale used to measure the mass of atoms
based on the mass of carbon-12.
ATOMIC MASS UNIT-unit used to measure atoms-eual to 1!12
the mass of the carbon-12 atom. Its s"mbol is u or amu
MOLECULAR MASS - the sum of the atomic masses of the atoms in a
molecule.
FORMULA MASS - the sum of the atomic masses of the atoms in a formula
unit
.
P#O$%E&' (ind the formula mass of Al2)*O+,-.
1. (ind the ATOMIC MASS of each element. (3 sig.digs)
2. MULTIPLY the atomic mass b" the NUMER of atoms of that element.
3. Add the atomic masses of all the elements.
2 . 1 Al / 2 . 20.1 )22.3415+, / !".#
- . 1 * / - . -2.1 )-2.12, $ %&.3
- . + O / 12 . 12.1 )15.334+, / 1%2
3"2.3 $ 3"2amu
(ormula and molecular masses are found the same 6a".
THE MOLE
1 mole / &.#2 ' 1#
23
7articles )atoms8 ions8 molecules8 formula units,
1 mole / A(O)A*RO+S number )9A, / 2.12 . 11
2-
7articles
1 mole / molar mass ):fm,.The mass of one atom in ATOMIC MASS UNIT is
numericall" eual to the mass of a mole of those atoms in )RAMS.
1 a,-m of Al / 20.1 amu 1 m-./ of Al / 20.1 g0ams

MOLAR MASS - the mass of one mole of a substance
MOLE CON(ERSIONS
A. M-./s ,- mass a1d mass ,- m-./s
1. (ind the MOLAR MASS of the substance.
2. ;rite do6n the )I(EN and use the correct CON(ERSION FACTOR
a. Mass ,- m-./s
<o6 man" moles in 11.5 : of C2H!OH=
2 C / 2 . 12.1 / 2".#
& < / 2 . 1.11 / &.#&
1 O / 1 . 12.1 / 1&.# "&.#& $ "&.1
11.5 : C 2<5O< > 1 MOL / #.2"% m-.
> "&.1 g
2. M-./s ,- mass
<o6 man" :rams in 2.51 moles of C2<5O<
2.51 mol C2<5O< > "&.1 g / 11! g
> 1 MOL
. Pa0,i3./s ,- m-./s -0 m-./s ,- 4a0,i3./s
Particles / molecules8 atoms8 ions8 formula units
1. ;rite do6n the )I(EN
2. ?se the conversion factor &.#2 ' 1#
23
7articles/1 mole
CLASS NOTES
a. Particles to moles
<o6 man" moles in 0.2- . 11
2-
formula units of 9aO<=
0.2- . 11
2-


formula units > 1 MOL / 1.2# m-./s
> &.#2 ' 1#
23
5-0mu.a u1i,s
2. M-./s ,- 4a0,i3./s
<o6 man" molecules in -.21 moles of <2O=
-.21 mol <2O> &.#2 ' 1#
23
m-./3u./s / 2.1&'1#
23
m-./3u./s
> 1 MOL
C. (-.um/ ,- m-./s -0 m-./s ,- 6-.um/
STAN*AR* tem7erature / #
-
C or 273 @
STAN*AR* 7ressure / 1#1.3 APa or 1 atmos7here
STP re7resents standard tem7erature and 7ressure.
The volume of 1 mole of a :as at *TP is 22." L
22.+ % at *TP is Ano6n as MOLAR (OLUME.
a. (-.um/ ,- m-./s
Determine the number of moles of <e in --.2 % at *TP.
--.2 % <e > 1.11 mol <e / 1.!# MOL
> 22." L
2. M-./s ,- 6-.um/
Determine the volume of +.2 moles of O2 at *TP.
+.2 mole O2 > 22." L / %" L
> 1.11 mol <e
Mu.,i8s,/4 C-16/0si-1s
A. Pa0,i3./s ,- g0ams -0 g0ams ,- 4a0,i3./s
1. ;rite do6n the )I(EN
2. Bo throu:h MOLES.
3. ?se the conversion factor &.#2 ' 1#
23
4a0,i3./s$1 m-./
for conversions bet6een moles and 7articles.
". ?se the MOLAR MASS for conversions bet6een mass C mole.
a. Pa0,i3./s ,- g0ams
<o6 man" :rams in 0.2- . 11
2-
formula units of 9aO<=
M-.a0 mass NaOH $ 23.# 9 1&.# 9 1.#1 $ "#.#
0.2-.11
2-


form u> 1 mole > "#.# g / ":.# g
> &.#2'1#
23
5-0m u > 1 mole
2. )0ams ,- 4a0,i3./s
<o6 man" molecules in 25.- : of <2O=
M-.a0 mass H2O $ 2(1.#1) 91&.# $ 1:.#
25.- : <2O >1 mole > &.#2'1#
23
m-./3u./s / :."&'1#
23
m-./3u./s
> 1:.# g > 1 mole
. Pa0,i3./s ,- 6-.um/ -0 6-.um/ ,- 4a0,i3./s (gas a, STP)
1. ;rite do6n the )I(EN
2. Bo throu:h MOLES
3. ?se the conversion factor &.#2 ' 1#
23
4a0,i3./s$1 m-./ for conversions
bet6een moles and 7articles.
". ?se the MOLAR (OLUME / 22." L at *TP for conversions bet6een
volume C mole.
a. (-.um/ ,- 4a0,i3./s
<o6 man" molecules in ++.4 % of O2 at *TP=
++.4 % > 1 mol > &.#2 ' 1#
23
MOLECULES 1 $ 12.# ' 1#
23
/1.2# ' 1#
2"
&OLECULES
> 22." L > 1 mol
2. Pa0,i3./s ,- 6-.um/
<o6 man" %iters in 2.5- . 11
24
molecules of <2O=
2.5- . 11
24
molecules > 1 mol > 22." L > / %."1 ' 1#
!
LITERS
&.#2'1#
23
m-./3u./s > 1 mol
C. (-.um/ ,- g0ams -0 g0ams ,- 6-.um/(5-0 a gas a, STP)
1. ;rite do6n the )I(EN.
2. Bo throu:h MOLES.
3. ?se the MOLAR (OLUME / 22." L at *TP for conversions bet6een
volume C mole.
". ?se the MOLAR MASS to convert bet6een mass C mole.
a. (-.um/ ,- g0ams
<o6 man" :rams in ++.4 % of O2 at *TP=
++.4 % > 1 mol > 2(1&.#) g / &".# g
> 22." L > 1 mol
2. )0ams ,- 6-.um/
<o6 man" %iters 6ill 44.- :rams of O2 occu7" at *TP=
44.- : of O2 > 1 mol > 22." L / &1.: L
> 2(1&.#) g O2 > 1 mol
; COMPOSITION
The PERCENT COMPOSITION is the 7ercent b" mass of each element in the
com7ound.
E< 1. An 4.21 : 7iece of &: combines com7letel" 6ith 5.+1: of O2 to form
a com7ound. ;hat is the 7ercent com7osition of this com7ound=
1. Add u7 the ATOMIC MASSES of each ELEMENT in the com7ound
4.21 D 5.+1 / 13.&# g
2. Divide the mass of EACH element b" the TOTAL mass.
E&: / 4.21: . 111E / &#.3;
1-.21:
EO / 5.+1: . 111E / 3%.7;
1-.21:
E< 2. (ind the 7ercent com7osition of 7ro7ane C-<4.
1. Calculate the )RAM ATOMIC MASS of each element in the com7ound.
- mol > 12.1: C / 3&.#g C 4 mol > 1.11: < / :.#:g H
> 1 mol C > 1 mol <
2. Calculate the )RAM FORMULA MASS of the com7ound.
-2.1 : C D 4.14 : < / "".1 g C-<4
3. Divide the :ram atomic mass of EACH element b" the :ram formula
mass of the COMPOUN*.
EC / -2.1 : . 111E / :1.&; C
++.1 :
E< / 4.14 : . 111E / 1:.3; H
++.1 :
". ChecA to be sure that the 7ercenta:es add u7 to be 1##;
CHEMICAL FROMULAS AN* THE MOLE
EF. Aluminum o.ide )Al2O-,8 often called alumina8 is the 7rinci7al ra6
material for the 7roduction of aluminum. Aluminum occurs in the minerals
corundum and bau.ite. Determine the moles of aluminum ions )Al
-D
, in 1.25
moles of aluminum o.ide
The SUSCRIPTS :ives the number of atoms or ions in the formula. One
formula unit for aluminum contains 2 Al
-D
ions and 3 O
2-
ions. The ratio is the
same for moles of atoms )ions, in a mole of the substance.
One mole of aluminum contains 2 moles of Al
-D
ions and 3 moles O
2-
ions.
Biven' 1.2! m-./s of Al2O-
There are 2 moles of Al
-D
ions in one mole of Al2O-
1.2! m-./s Al 2O- > 2 mole Al
-D
ions / 2.!# MOLES A.
39
> 1 mole Al2O-
EMPIRICAL FORMULA
EMPIRICAL FORMULA - sim7lest 6hole number ratio of elements in a
com7ound.
E< 1= (ind the em7irical formula for a com7ound that contains 2.51 : Ca
and 1.21 : Cl.
1. Determine the number of MOLES of each element b" dividin: the
number of )RAMS b" the mass of 1 MOLE of that element. The mass of 1
mole is found from the atomic mass on the 7eriodic table.
Ca moles / 1.311 : Ca> 1 MOL / #.#22" g
> "#.1 g
Cl moles / 1.21 : Cl > 1 MOL / #.#"!1 g
> 3!.! g
2. (ind the SMALLEST >HOLE NUMER ratio b" dividin: the
number of MOLES of each element b" the moles of the element 6ith the
SMALLEST number of moles.
1.122+ mol Ca / 1 1.1+51 mol Cl / 2
1.122+ mol Ca 1.122+ mol Ca
3. If there is a FRACTION of a mole of an" element multi7l" the moles
b" a number that 6ill :ive "ou all 6hole numbers.
". The mole RATIO :ives the ATOM ratio.
em7irical formula / CaC.2

E< 1= (ind the em7irical formula for a com7ound that is 21.1E C8 +.+4E <8 C
-5.5E O.
1. Assume the sam7le is 1## g.
2. This 6ill allo6 the ; directl" to be chan:ed to g.
3. (ollo6 directions for findin: the em7irical formula from :rams.
mole C / 21.1: C> 1 MOL / !.## mol C
> 12.# g
mole < / +.+4: <> 1 MOL / "."3 mol <
> 1.#1 g
mole O / -5.5: O> 1 MOL / 2.22 mol O
> 1&.# g
5.11 mol O +.++ mol < 2.22 mol O /
2.22 2.22 2.22
2.2! m-. C = 2 m-. H = 1 m-. O
multi7l" b" " to maAe all the moles 6hole numbers
" ' 2.2! m-. C = " ' 2 m-. H = " ' 1 m-. O / %=:="
The em7irical formula is C%H:O"
MOLECULAR FORMULAS
MOLECULAR FORMULA -sho6s the actual number of each atom in a
molecule of a com7ound.
P#O$%E& (ind the molecular formula for the com7ound 6hose em7irical
formula is P9Cl2 and molecular mass is 235 u.
1. (ind the MASS for the EMPIRICAL FORMULA
2. Divide the MOLECULAR FORMULA mass b" the EMPIRICAL
FORMULA mass for the com7ound to find ho6 man" times lar:er the
molecular mass is than the em7irical formula mass.
em7irical formula mass for P9Cl2 is
1 P / 1 . -1.1 / 31.# &%! u / &
1 9 / 1 . 1+.1 / 1".# 11&.# u
2 Cl / 1 . -5.5 / 71.#
11&.#
& )P9Cl2, / P&N&C.12
HY*RATES
HY*RATES - Cr"stal that contain 6ater molecules
A HY*RATE is desi:nated b"G
.
H2O?
Countin: atoms in an h"drate Cu*O+
.
5<2O
1 8 Cu
1 @ * or
" D )! . 1, / % O
! . 2 / 1# <
Fi1di1g ,A/ 5-0mu.a 5-0 a ABd0a,/
To anal"He a h"drate it must be *RIE* b" heatin:. The substance remainin:
after heatin: is ANHY*ROUS or I>ITHOUT >ATERC
E<= 5.11 :rams of the h"drate of barium chloride is heated. After heatin: the
mass of the anh"drous $aCl2 6as +.22 :.
The formula for the h"drate is aC.2 . ' H2O. To find .'
1. (ind the mass of the HY*RATE* aC.2 . ' H2O .
2. (ind the mass of the ANHY*ROUS $aCl2 )mass after heatin:,
-. To find the mass of the >ATER driven off SUTRACT the &A** of
the ANHY*ROUS $aCl2 from the mass of the HY*RATE* $aCl2.
!.## g <"drated $aCl2
8 ".2& g Anh"drous $aCl2
#.7" g <2O
+. Chan:e the mass of the $aCl2 and <2O to MOLES b" dividin: b" the
MOLAR MASS of each.
&oles anh"drous $aCl2/+.22: >1 mol $aCl2 / #.#2#!m-. $aCl2
> 214.2- : $aCl2
&oles of <2O / 1.0+ : > 1 MOL H 2O / #.#"11 m-. <2O
1:.# g
5. Determine the MOLE RATIO of the anh"drous $aCl2 to <2O
. / MOLE H2O / #.#"11 MOL H2O $ 2.## MOL H 2O $ 2
MOLE aC.2 #.##2#! MOL aC.2 1.## MOL aC.2 1
Each mole of $aCl2 has 2 mole of >ATER. The formula for the h"drate is
aC.2
.
2H2O
Nami1g HBd0a,/s
1. 9ame the ANHY*ROUS com7ound.
2. ?se HY*RATE and a PREFI< to sho6 the number of >ATER
molecules attached.
EF' aC.2
.
2H2O - ARIUM CHLORI*E *IHY*RATE
NOTE SUMMARY

Вам также может понравиться