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II B.

CONSTRUCTION & INTERPRETATION; POWER TO CONSTRUE


1 Legis interpretatio / legis vim btinet. 139 b Judicial construction and interpretation of a statute acquires the force of law.
III - C AIDS TO CONSTRUCTION; CONTEMPORARY CONSTRUCTION
2 a Contemporanea expositio /est ptima et fortssima in lege. 190 t Contemporary construction is strongest in law.
b* ptima est legum interpres / consuetudo. Custom is the best interpreter of a statute.
[c] Rgula pro lege,/ si dficit lex. In default of law, the maxim rules.
3 a ptimus interpres rerum / usus. 194 m The best interpreter of the law is usage.
b* Communis error / facit jus. Common error sometimes passes as current law.
c* Quod ab intio non valet / in tractu tmporis / non cnvalescit. That which was originally void does not, by lapse of time, become valid.
4 Ratihabtio / mandato aequiparatur. 200 t Legislative ratification is equivalent to a mandate.
5 a Stare decisis / et non quieta movere. 202 b Follow past precedents and do not disturb what has been settled.
b Interest reipblicae / ut sit finis ltium. 203 t The interest of the state demands that there be an end to litigation.
IV - A ADHERENCE TO, OR DEPARTURE FROM, LANGUAGE OF STATUTE; LITERAL INTERPRETATION
6 a Index nimi / sermo est. Speech is the index of intention.
[b] nimus hminis / est nima scripti. 206 m The intention of the man is the soul of what is written.
c Verba legis / non est recedendum. 206 b Do not depart from the words of the statute.
d Maledicta est / expostio quae corrumpit textum. 208 b It is bad construction which corrupts the text.
[e] Littera scripta / manet. The written word endures.
[f ] Clusula rebus / sic stntibus. Things thus standing.
7 a Absoluta sentntia / expositore / non ndiget. 209 t When the language of the law is clear, no explanation is required.
b Dura lex / sed lex. 209 m The law may be harsh but it is the law.
c Hoc quidem / perquam durum est, / sed ita lex scripta est. 209 m It is exceedingly hard, but so the law is written.
8 a Aquitas / nunquam contravenit legis. 210 m Equity never acts in contravention of the law.
[b] Aquum et bonum / est lex legum. What is good and equal is the law of laws.
[c ] Jus / ars boni et aqui. Law is the art of good and equitable.
IV B. ADHERENCE TO, OR DEPARTURE FROM, LANGUAGE OF STATUTE; DEPARTURE FROM LITERAL INTERPRETATION
9 a Ratio legis / est nima legis. 214 t The reason of the law is the soul of the law.
[b] Lttera necat / spritus vivficat. The letter kills but the spirit gives life.
c Verba intentioni, / non e contra, / debent inservire. 215 m Words ought to be more subservient to the intent and not to the words.
d* Benignus / leges interpretandae sunt, / quod voluntas earum /conservetur. Law is to be construed liberally so that its spirit and reason be preserved.
e* Qui haret in lttera / haret in crtice. He who considers merely the letter of an instrument goes but skin deep into its meaning.
f* Quando verba statuti sunt speciali, / ratio autem generlia, / statutum / generliter est
intelligendum.
When the words used in a statute are special, but the purpose of the law is general, it should be read as the
general expression.
10 Cessante rationi legis, / cessat et ipsa lex. 230 m When the reason of the law ceases, the law itself ceases.
11 a Interpetatio talis / in ambguis / semper fienda est / ut evitetur inconveniens / et
absurdum.
236 m When there is ambiguity, the interpretation of such that will avoid inconvenience and absurdity is adopted.
b* Legis constructio / non facit injuriam. The construction of the law will not be as such as to work injury or injustice.
c* Argumentum ab inconvenienti / plrimum valet in lege. An argument drawn from inconvenience is forcible in law.
d* Verba / nihil operari melis est / quam absurde. It is better that words should have no operation at all than that they should operate absurdly.
e* Lex / semper intendit / quod convenit rationi. The law always intends that which is in accordance with reason.
f* Ubi edem ratio / ibi idem jus. Where there is the same reason, there is the same law.
[g] Argumentum a smili / valet in lege. An argument drawn from a similar case, or analogy prevails in law.
[h] De simlibus / idem est judicium. Concerning similars, the judgment is the same.
[i ] Ubi edem est ratio, / ibi est edem legis dispostio. Where the reason is the same, there is the same verdict of the law
12 a Ea est accipienda interpretatio quae vitio caret. 243 b That interpretation is to be adopted which is free from injustice.
[b] Lex injusta non / est lex. An unjust law is not a law.
13 a Fiat justtia, / ruat coelum. 245 t Let right be done, though the heavens fall.
[b] Nemo est / supra legis. Nobody is above the law.
[c] Nulla potentia / supra legis esse debet. No power must be above the law.
14 Jurae naturae aequum est / nminem / cum altrius detrimento et injuria / 248 m It is certainly not agreeable to natural justice that a stranger should reap the pecuniary produce of another
feri locupletirem. mans work.
15 a Surplusgium / non nocet. 250 m Surplusage does not vitiate a statute.
b tile / per inutile / non vitiatur. 250 m The useful is not vitiated by the non-useful.
16 a Falsa demonstratio / non nocet, / cum de crpore constat. 252 t False description does not preclude construction nor vitiate the meaning of the statute.
b* Nil facit / error nminis / cum de crpore vel persona / constat. Error in name does not make an instrument inoperative when the description is sufficiently clear.
c* Certum est / quod certum reddi potest. That is sufficiently certain which can be made certain.
17 Ibi / quid generliter concditur, / inest haec exceptio, / si non liquid sit
contras / jus basque.
252 m Where anything is granted generally, exemption from rigid application of law is implied: that nothing shall be
contrary to law.
18 a Summum jus, / summa injria. 252 b The rigor of the law would be the highest injustice.
[b] Jus summum saepe, / summa est malitia. Extreme law is often extreme wrong.
19 a Nemo / tenetur ad impossiblia. 253 t The law obliges no one to perform an impossibility.
b Impossiblium nulla / obligtio est. 253 t There is no obligation to do an impossible thing.
c* Lex / non cogit ad impossiblia. The law does not require an impossibility.
d* Lex / non intendit liquid impossbile. The law does not intend the impossible.
IV C. ADHERENCE TO, OR DEPARTURE FROM, LANGUAGE OF STATUTE; IMPLICATION
20 a Ex necessitate legis. 255 m By the necessary implication of law.
b In eo / quod plus sit, / semper inest et minus. 255 m The greater includes the lesser.
c* Ci / jurisdctio data est, / ea quoque / concessa esse videntur / sine quibus jurisdictio /
explicari non ptuit.
When jurisdiction is given, all powers and means essential to its exercise are also given.
21

a Ubi jus, / ibi remdium. 257 m Where there is a right, there is a remedy for the violation thereof.
Where the law is uncertain, there is no right.
[b] Ubi jus incertum, / ibi jus nullum.
22 a Ex dolo malo / non ritur actio. 265 b An action does not arise from fraud.
b Nullus / cmmodum cpere potest / de injuria sua propria. 265 b No one may derive advantage from his own unlawful act.
c In pari delicto / ptior est condtio defendentis. 266 t Where the parties are equally at fault, the position of the defending party is the better one.
23 Quando liquid / prohibetur ex directo, / prohibetur et per oblquum. 267 t What cannot by law be done directly cannot be done indirectly.
V A. INTERPRETATION OF WORDS AND PHRASES; IN GENERAL
24 a Generlia verba / sunt generliter intelligenda. 276 m General words should not be understood in their general sense.
b Generale dictum / generliter est interpretandum. 276 m A general statement is understood in its general sense.
25 a Verba / accipienda sunt / secundum subjectam matriam. 288 b A word is to be understood in the context in which it is used.
b* Verba mere aequivoca, / si per communem usum loquendi / in intellectu certo sumuntur,
/ talis intellectus / preferendus est.
Equivocal words or those with double meaning are to be understood according to their common and ordinary
sense.
c* Verba artis / ex arte. Words of art should be explained from their usage in the art to which they belong.
d* Verba generlia / restringuntur / ad habilitatem rei vel personam. General words should be confined according to the subject matter or persons to which they relate.
26 Ubi lex non distnguit / necnon / distnguere debemus. 289 b Where the law does not distinguish, the courts should not distinguish.
27 Dissmilum / dissmilis est ratio. 297 b Of things dissimilar, the rule is dissimilar.
V B. INTERPRETATION OF WORDS AND PHRASES; ASSOCIATED WORDS
28 Nonscitur / a sociis. 302 t A thing is known by its associates.
29 Ejusdem generis. 309 m Of the same kind or specie.
30 a Expressio unus / est exlusio altrius. 318 b The express mention of one person, thing or consequence implies the exclusion of all others.
b Expressum / facit cessare / tcitum. 319 t What is expressed puts an end to that which is implied.
31 Argumentum a contrrio. 323 b Negative-Opposite: What is expressed puts an end to which is implied.
32 Casus omissus / pro omisso / habendus est. 336 b A person, object or thing being omitted from an enumeration must be held to have been omitted intentionally.
33 Ad prximum antecedens / fiat relatio / nisi impediatur sentntia. 337m A qualifying word or phrase should be understood as referring to the nearest antecedent.
34 Reddendo / sngular sngulis. 339 b Referring to each or referring each phrase or expression to its appropriate object, or let each be put in its
proper place.
V C. INTERPRETATION OF WORDS AND PHRASES; PROVISOS, EXCEPTIONS AND SAVING CLAUSES
35 Exceptio / firmat rgulam / in csibus non exceptis. 346 b A thing not being expected must be regarded as coming within the purview of the general rule.
VI A. STATUTE CONSTRUED AS WHOLE AND IN RELATION TO OTHER STATUTES; STATUTE CONSTRUED AS A WHOLE
36 a ptima statuti interpretatrix est / ipsum statutum. 356 m The best interpreter of the statue is the statute itself.
b* Ex tota matria / emergat resoltio. The exposition of a statute should be made from all its parts combined
c* Injustum est, / nisi tota lege inspecta, / de una liqua ejus partcula propsita / indicare vel
respndere
It is unjust to decide or to respond as to any particular apart of a law without examining the whole of the law.
d* Nemo enim aliquam partem / recte intellgere possit / ntequam totum / terum atque
terum perlegit.
The sense and meaning of the law is collected by viewing all the parts together as one whole and not of one
part only by itself.
e* Ex antecedntibus et consequntibus fit / ptima interpretatio. A passage will be best interpreted by reference to that which precedes and follows it.
f* Verba postrima / propter certitdinem ddita ad prioria / quae certitdine indiget / sunt
referenda.
Reference should be made to a subsequent section in order to explain a previous clause of which the meaning
is doubtful.
37 Interpretatio fienda est / ut res magis vleat quam preat. 360 t A law should be interpreted with a view of upholding rather than destroying it.
VI B. STATUTE CONSTRUED AS WHOLE AND IN RELATION TO OTHER STATUTES; STATUTE CONSTRUED IN RELATION TO CONSTITUTION AND OTHER STATUTES
38 a Pari matria 376 m Of the same matter.
b Interpretare et concordare / leges lgibus / est ptimus interpretandi modus. 376 b Every statute must be so construed and harmonized with other statutes as to have a uniform system of law.
39 a Distngue tmpora / et concordabis jura. 379 t Distinguish times and you will harmonize law.
[b] Tmpora mutantur / et leges mutantur in illis Times have changed and laws have changed with them.
[c] Mutatis / mutandis. With the necessary changes.
VII A. STRICT OR LIBERAL CONSTRUCTION; IN GENERAL
40 a Salus ppuli / est suprema lex. 396 t The welfare of the people is the supreme law.
b Statuta / pro pblico cmmodo / late intepretantur. 396 t Statutes enacted for the public good are to be construed liberally.
c* Privatum incmmodum / pblico bono / pensatur. The private interests of the individual must give way to the accommodation of the public.
VII B. STRICT OR LIBERAL CONSTRUCTION; STATUTES STRICTLY CONSTRUED
41 a Actus / non facit reum / nisi mens sit ren. 408 m The act does not make a person guilty unless the mind is also guilty.
b Actus / me invito factus / non est meus actus. 408 m An act done by me against my will is not my act.
42 a Privilgia / recipiunt largam intepretationem / voluntate consonam
concendentis.
414 t Privileges are to be interpreted in accordance with the will of him who grants them.
[b] Renunciatio / non praesmitur. Renunciation cannot be presumed.
43 Strictssimi juris. 417 b Follow the law strictly.
44 Nullum tempus occurit / regi. 430 m There can be no legal right as against the authority that makes the law on which the right depends.
VIII B. MANDATORY AND DIRECTORY STATUTES; MANDATORY STATUTES
45 a Vigilntibus et non dormintibus / jura subveniunt. 474 b The law aids the vigilant, not those who slumber on their rights.
b Ptior est in tmpore,/ ptior est in jure. 474 b He who is first in time is preferred in right.
IX A. PROSPECTIVE AND RETROACTIVE STATUTES; IN GENERAL
46 a Lex prspicit, / non rspicit. The law looks forward, not backward.
b Lex de futuro, / judex de praetrito. 489 b The law provides for the future, the judge for the past.
c Nova constitution / futuris formam impnere debet non praeteritis. 489 b A new statute should affect the future, not the past.
d* Leges quae, retrospiciunt,/ et magna cum cautione sunt adhibendae / neque enim Janus locatur in legibus. 490 t Laws which are retrospective are rarely and cautiously received for Janus has really no place in the laws.
e* Leges et constitutiones / futuris / certum est dare formam / negtiis, non ad facta praeterita
revocari, / nisi nominatim / et de praeterito tmpore et adhuc pendntibus negtiis / cautum
sit.
Laws should be construed as prospective, not retrospective, unless they are expressly made applicable to past
transactions and to such as are still pending.
IX B. PROSPECTIVE AND RETROACTIVE STATUTES; STATUTES GIVEN PROSPECTIVE EFFECT
47 Nullum crimen sine poena, / nulla poena sine lege. 494 t There is no crime without a penalty. There is no penalty without a law.
48 Favorabilia sunt amplianda, / odiosa rstringenda. 497 t Penal laws which are favorable to the accused are given retroactive effect.
X C. AMENDMENT, REVISION, CODIFICATION AND REPEAL; REPEAL
49 Leges posteriores / priores contrrias brogant. 563 t Later statutes repeal prior ones which are repugnant thereto.
50 Generalia / specilibus /non drogant. 564 m A general law does not nullify a specific or a special law.

A* Ignorntia legis / nminem excusat Ignorance of the law excuses no one.
B* 1 In obscuris / nspici slere quod verisimlius est,/ aut quod plerumque feri solet When matters are obscure, it is customary to take what appears to be more likely or what usually often happens.
[2] Ambigitas verborum patens / nulla verificatione excluditur A patent ambiguity can be cleared up by extrinsic evidence (unless perfectly vague)
C* 1 Ad ea / quae frequntibus accident / jura adaptatur. Laws are understood to be adapted to those cases which most frequently occur.
2* Jus consttui oportet in his / quae ut plrimum accident / non quae ex Laws ought to be made with a view to those cases which happen most frequently and not those which are of rare or accidental occurrence.
inrdinato.
3* Quod / semel aut bis / existit / praetreunt legislatores. Legislators pass over what happens only once or twice.
[4] De mnimis / non curat lex. The law does not concern itself with trifling matters.
D* Nigrum / numquam excedre debet /rubrum. The black (body of the act printed in black) should never go beyond the red (title or rubric of the statute printed in red).

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