1 Antenna Basics A

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Kathrein/Scholz 07/01
Antenna Basics
Theory
Basic terms
Basic antenna types
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An antenna is the converter between two kinds of electromagnetic waves :
cable bounded waves free space waves
Antenna Basics / Theory
What is an antenna ?
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Categorizing RF components into
dual-pole (one termination) or quad-
pole (two terminations) devices
example for a dual-pole device :
50 Ohm load
examples for a quad-pole device :
amplifier, filter
the antenna is a quad-pole device with
the second termination connected to
free space
Antenna
Coaxial cable
quad-pole
dual-pole
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antenna principle shown by bending a coax
cable open
the pulsing electrical field, created by the
transmitters high frequency power, cannot
leave the cable
the field lines become longer and are
orthogonal to the wires
the field lines have reached the maximum
length and allow a wave to free itself from
the cable
basic radiating element : /2 dipole
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2
3
5
[ ]
[ ] MHz f
m
300
=
The resonance frequency of the dipole is determined by its
mechanical length, which is half of the corresponding wave length
t [sec]
wavelength
Zero
Max.
Relation between frequency and wave length :
Example : f =935 MHz = 0.32 m dipole length ~ 160 mm
Frequency :
Number of cycles per second
Wavelength :
Length of one cycle
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electric field (E) magnetic Field (H)
voltage (U) current (I)
Electrical and magnetical field on a dipole
maximum voltage is between the ends
of the dipole; the electrical field lines
occur between these two charge
centers
the current on the dipole causes a
magnetical field with an opposite
amplitude distribution (max. at the
feeding point, min. at the dipole ends
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Antenna Basics / Reality
Electrical and magnetical field on a dipole (Simulation of the original dipole)
Voltage (e-plane)
Current (h-plane)
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Wave propagation :
Permanent conversion from electrical into magnetical energy
and vice versa
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For an optimized system performance, all
components have to be matched
professional applications use a nominal
impedance of 50 Ohms
exact value only for one frequency; over
the operating band deviations from 50
Ohms are specified by the VSWR
Antenna Basics / Impedance
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Input signal
Reflected signal
Termination
A generator will generate a frequency and send it to a termination.
Generator
The termination may not accept the entire input power (green
line), and therefore will reflect some of the input power (red line)
back to the generator.
Antenna Basics / VSWR
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The forward running signal together with the
return running signal create a standing wave
(VSWR = voltage standing wave ratio)
min
max
) (
U
U
s VSWR =
(range 1 to )
} log 20 log 20 { ] [ V R r U U dB a =
Return loss attenuation
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Standard values for mobile communication networks
VSWR < 1.5
return loss < 14 dB
VSWR 1.5 1.3 1.2
Missmatch loss (dB) 0.18 0.08 0.04
mismatch loss
The loss which is effecting the system performance due to the reflected/
returned power
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Example :
VSWR measurement
GSM 1800 antenna
739 494
(65 18 dBi 1710-1880 MHz)
CH1 S11 SWR 100 m / REF 1
START 1 690 . 000 000 MHz STOP 1 900 . 000 000 MHz

Cor

PRm

7 Sep 2000 15:38:18
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2
3
4
5
1: 1. 5450 1 690 . 000 000 MHz
CH1 Markers
2: 1. 2869
1. 71000 GHz
3: 1. 2455
1. 79500 GHz
4: 1. 0848
1. 88000 GHz
5: 1. 1922
1. 90000 GHz

VSWR 1.4
Spezified frequency range
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comparison of measurements directly
at the antenna and at the end of the
feeder cable
theoretically the VSWR and return loss
is improved by the feeder cable
attenuation
(providing an ideally matched cable
with VSWR = 1)
in reality this improvement is
compensated by mismatches due to
bad connector installations, bending of
the cable and other reflection points
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The polarization is defined as the direction of
oscillation of the electrical field vector
dipole orientation vertical :
vertical polarization mainly used for mobile
communication
dipole orientation horizontal :
horizontal polarization mainly used for
broadcasting
dipole orientation +/-45 slanted :
cross polarization used for polarization
diversity with digital cellular networks
Antenna Basics / Polarization
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for symmetrical antennas the 3-dimensional pattern can be described by
a vertical and horizontal cut
vertical polarization : horizontal pattern =H-plane (magnetic field)
vertical pattern = E-plane (electric field)
half power beam width
opening angle of the beam determined by the half power
points (reduction by 3 dB)
Antenna Basics / Radiation Pattern
Vertical pattern
Horizontal pattern
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Antenna Basics / Antenna Gain
to concentrate the radiated power into
the area around the horizon, half wave
dipoles are arranged vertically and
combined in phase
with every doubling of the dipoles
number
- the half power beam width approx.
halves
- the gain increases by 3 dB in the main
direction
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gain references
half wave dipole (dBd)
isotropic radiator (dBi)
relation : dBi =dBd + 2.15
Vertical pattern Horizontal pattern
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Standard omni gain antenna for cellular application
(gain 11dBi / 9 dBd)
Horizontal pattern Vertical pattern
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accordingly also in the
horizontal plane a beam
can be created
with each halving of the
beam width the gain is
increased by 3 dB (the
shown patterns are
theoretically)
the resulting gain of an
antenna is the sum of the
vertical and horizontal
gain
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Antenna Basics / Panel Antenna
Standard directional panel antenna
for cellular networks
65 / 15.5 dBi
gain benefit from both planes
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Three-dimensional radiation pattern
of a directional antenna
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Horizontal cut :
horizontal pattern (magn. field)
Vertical cut :
vertical pattern(electr. field)
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Antenna Basics / Panel Construction
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Antenna Basics / Yagi Antenna
Yagi antenna
only one active dipole, low side lobe
suppression, low front-to-back-ratio,
mainly used for inexpensive receiving
applications
Side lobes
F/B ratio
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Antenna Basics / Log.per. Antenna
Log. Per. Antenna (logarithmic periodic)
all the dipole structures are active,
excellent side lobes, specific application
in cellular networks
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Antenna Basics / Patch Antenna
Patch antenna
printed board technology, instead
of a dipole a patch above a ground
plane creates the electrical field lines
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Antenna Basics / Near-Far Field
spezified patterns and gain are only provided in the far field of the antenna
far-field (F) : plane wave front at the antenna antenna
small antennas (dimensions below one wave length) :
bigger antennas :
Example : 900 MHz Omni
L = 2,8m
= 0,325m
F = 48,25m
Near field
position
2
] [
L
m F >
10 ] [ > m F
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Isolation (decoupling) between 2 antennas 1800 MHz 65 18 dBi
signal level difference between and
Antenna Basics / Isolation
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