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Contents
Shear Failure Mechanism ................................................................................................................................... 1
Two-Way Shear with Negligible Moment Transfer ......................................................................................... 1
Critical perimeter ....................................................................................................................................... 2
Tributary Area (for V
u
calculations) ............................................................................................................ 2
Slab Shear Reinforcement................................................................................................................................ 2
Footings .............................................................................................................................................................. 3
0 - Size of Footing ............................................................................................................................................. 3
1 - Design of one-way shear ............................................................................................................................. 4
2- Design of two-way shear ............................................................................................................................. 4
3- Determination of reinforcement: Flexural Strength and Footing reinforcement ....................................... 5
4 - Development length of the Reinforcing Bars (compression bars) ............................................................. 5
Bearing Capacity of Column at Base ................................................................................................................ 6
Dowels in Footings ........................................................................................................................................... 6
Differential Settlement .................................................................................................................................... 6
General Requirements for Footing Design ...................................................................................................... 7
REINFORCEMENT- Minimum extensions for reinforcement ............................................................................. 7
Shear Failure Mechanism
Two types of shear failure mechanism in 2-way slabs
(A) One-way shear
(B) Two-way shear (Punching shear).
Two-Way Shear with Negligible Moment Transfer
Vu Vn , ACI Eqn. 11-1
where
= 0.85 ;
Vu = factored shear force (tributary area bounded by lines of zero shear) ;
Vn = nominal shear resistance of slab
Vc = shear resistance of concrete
Vs = Shear resistance of steel (Vs = 0) . Therefore Vu Vc
s c n
V V V + =
Critical perimeter
Critical perimeter is located d / 2 from column face, where d = effective depth of slab
Slabs with Drop Panels
ln = distance from footing to footing
Tributary Area (for Vu calculations)
Slab Shear Reinforcement
If Vc Vu , V
n
can be increased by : (Vn = Vc + Vs; Vu Vn )
1. Increase slab thickness
2. Use drop panel
3. Increase b
0
by increasing column size or adding a fillet or capital
4. Add shear reinforcement
Q=q(1-059q)
Footings
satisfying code limitations.
o The area of the footing based on the allowable bearing soil capacity
o Two-way shear or punching shear.
o One-way bearing
o Bending moment and steel reinforcement required
o Bearing capacity of columns at their base
o Dowel requirements
o Development length of bars
o Differential settlement
0 - Size of Footing
We start assuming:
- h (depth or overall thickness)
- clear cover to the rebar (4 in e.g)
- assumed rebar diam = (1 inch e.g.)
- effective diam, d = 31.5 in
TLU (total load including self weight) unfactored.
pressure soil allowable
TLU
footing of Area =
Allowable soil pressure = Permissible soil pressure fill (surcharge)
Pu = factored load trength design requirements .
q
u
to proportion the footing for strength: depth and area of steel reinforcement.
footing of area
u
u
P
q =
Calculate Vc (seen before)
1 - Design of one-way shear
For footings with bending action in one direction the critical section is
located a distance d from face of column
d b f V
0 c c
2| | =
CONDITION: If Vc > Vu then OK
ultimate shearing force at section m-m can be calculated
|
.
|
\
|
= d
c L
b q V
2 2
u u
Tributary area:
|
.
|
\
|
d
c L
b
2 2
If no shear reinforcement is to be used, then CHECK d , assuming V
u
= V
c
b f
V
d
2
c
u
|
=
2- Design of two-way shear
Assume d.
Determine b
0
:
b
0
= 2(c
1
+d) +2(c
2
+d) for rectangular columns of sides c
1
and c
2
.
shear force V
u
acts at a section that has a length b
0
and
a depth d; the section is subjected to
- vertical downward load P
u
and
- vertical upward pressure q
u
.
( )( ) columns r rectangula for
2 1 u u u
d c d c q P V + + =
Tributary area: Af (c1+d)(c2+d)
Allowable : Vc min (i, ii, iii)
d b f V
0 c c
4| | =
Let V
u
=V
c
, = 0.85
0 c
u
4 b f
V
d
|
= (check with d)
If d is not close to the assumed d, revise your assumptions
For two-way shear in slabs (&
footings), with Negligible Moment
Transfer , Vc is smallest of: i, ii , iii.
Where:
b
0
: length of critical perimeter
around the column .
When
c
>2 the allowable V
c
is
reduced.
d b f V
0 c
c
c
4
2
|
|
.
|
\
|
+ =
|
ACI 11-35
c: long side/short
side of column
concentrated load or
reaction area
d b f
b
d
V
0 c
0
s
c
2
|
|
.
|
\
|
+ =
o
ACI 11-36
s = 40 for interior
columns
= 30 for edge
columns
= 20 for corner
columns
d b f V
0 c c
4 =
ACI 11-37
3- Determination of reinforcement: Flexural Strength and Footing reinforcement
The bending moment in each direction of the footing must be
checked and the appropriate reinforcement must be provided.
a) Critical section for moment is at the face of the column
2
2
1 2
1 u
2
2
|
|
.
|
\
|
=
C
C L
L q M
s
b= L1 (if squared)
Af = L1 x L2
2
y
u
s
|
.
|
\
|
=
a
d f
M
A
|
Mu=q
s
b = qb x x/2
b) Compare the required area of reinforcement As
Another approach is to calculate
R
u
= M
u
/ bd
2
;