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25 of 36 Boardworks Ltd 2009
Stiffness, strength and toughness
Stiffness, strength and toughness are all different properties
of materials.
Toughness is a measure of the energy needed to
break a material. Toughness is equal to the area
under the stressstrain curve.
Strength refers to the ultimate tensile stress (UTS).
A greater UTS means a stronger material.
Stiffness reflects how difficult it is to change the shape
or size of a material. Greater stiffness means a greater
value for the force constant, k, and a steeper gradient of
stressstrain curve (representing the Young modulus).
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More about properties of materials
A strong material may also be brittle, though at first this
seems counterintuitive.
It is also possible for a plastic material to be tough. How
would such a material behave under tensile testing and what
would its stressstrain curve look like?
A strong but brittle material
would have a linear stressstrain
curve, i.e. would break without
any plastic deformation taking
place. However, it would only
break under high stress, so the
end-point of the line would be at
a high y-value on the graph.
tensile strain
t
e
n
s
i
l
e
s
t
r
e
s
s
(
N
m
2
)
high UTS
breaking
point
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Investigating stressstrain graphs
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Different types of material
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Measuring the Young modulus
The Young modulus of a wire can be measured in the
classroom without a tensile testing machine, using the set-up
below.
Young modulus =
stress
strain
=
FL
Ax
marker on wire
ruler
length of wire under test
How could the equipment could be used to find the
Young modulus? Remember the equation:
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Young modulus calculations
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Glossary
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Whats the keyword?
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Multiple-choice quiz