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2. Are the Earth's seasons caused by the differences in the distance from the
Sun throughout the year or the tilt of the Earth's axis? The tilt of the Earth's axis
3. What is the tilt of the Earth's axis (in degrees)? 23.45 degrees
4. During which season do the Sun's rays hit the Earth at the most direct angle?
summer
6. What is the name of the shortest day of the year (and the beginning of
winter)? winter solstice
7. What is the name of the longest day of the year (and the beginning of
summer)? summer solstice
8. What is the name of a day in which the day and night are of equal duration?
an equinox
9. How many times each year do we have days in which the day and night are
of equal duration? 2 times
10. What are the names of each of these days? the vernal equinox and the
autumnal equinox
The vernal equinox occurs in late March (this is the beginning of spring in the
Northern Hemisphere and the beginning of fall in the Southern Hemisphere);
the autumnal equinox occurs in late September (this is the beginning of fall in
the Northern Hemisphere and the beginning of spring in the Southern
Hemisphere).
Before a leap-year calendar was used, the seasons drifted around the calendar
(the drift is about 1/4 day or 6 hours each year). For example, over three
hundred years, July would go from summer to spring. Our current calendar is
called the Gregorian calendar; this calendar was devised by Aloysius Lilius (an
Italian physician) and named for Pope Gregory who decreed in 1582 that it be
used in Catholic areas. This calendar wasn't adopted in Britain and the
American Colonies until 1752.
• Non-century years (a century year is a year ending in 00) are leap years
if they are divisible by four. For example, 2004, 2008 and 2012 are leap
years; 2009, 2010 and 2011 are not.
• Century years are leap years if they are divisible by 400. For example,
1600, 2000, and 2400 are leap years; 1700, 1800, 1900, 2100, 2200, and
2300 are not.