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su mmar ie sar mosr n n n ic in tn 'c 'r n r c ENERGY.
Ap p lic ation ? le d ian u ar y illa, 1 9 4 2 1 , _ s r ia1 , 1 t6;" 4 ' 7, 1 '0 7. 7 i
J '0 all whom it may c on c e r n . - -
B e it k n own that I, Hn RMAisNPin r mtn v , v
. Esthon ian su bj e c t, - r e sidin g in Hambu r g ,
" Ge r man y , hav e ; in v e n te d c e r tain n e w an d
u se f u l Imp r ov e me n ts. 1 n . the Con v e r sion of
Atmosp he r ic Ele c tr ic En e r g y , of whic h the ,
- ~ f o1 lowin 'g isa sp e c i? c ation .
1 0
'- or an c hor e d k ite balloon smade of v f abr ic si
" an d ? lle d with hy dr og e n , ar e in the or y v al- -
Me thodsof obtain in g atmosp he r ic e le c - l'
tr ic ity by me an sof me tallic n e ttin g sse t with
sp ik e swhic h ' ar e he ld . by , me an sof or din ar y
r e ady k n own . _ Atmosp he r ic e le c tr ic ity ob
tain c d in thisway 'hasbe e n su g g e ste d tobe '
u se d in the f or m of dir e c t- c u r r e n tf or - the
c har g in g of ac c u mu lator s. - Thisk n owle dg e
1 howe v e r is' at p r e se n t on ly the or e tic al asthe
' c on v e r sion in p r ac tic e hashithe r tobe e n a
1 2 0
Y . n on - c on du c tin g mate r ialswhic h ar e liable ito ,
_ , be \tor n an dar e ' p e r me able tothe g as; 1 t> 1 s
30
f ailu r e . v No. me an sar e - k n own of p r ote c tin g
the ap p ar atu sf r om'de str u c tion by lig htn in g ,
The - balloon su se d f or c olle c tin g the c har g e
' mu st alsobe made - of v e r y z lar g e siz e in or de r
, v ' tobe able tof su p p or tthe we ig ht of the me - Y
5 tallic n e ttin g an d the he av y . j c able i c on n e c e ?
ti'on s. t
In ste ad 'of u sin g he av y me tallic n e ttin g -
c olle c tor sattac he d tosin g le - air b'alloon siof
p r op ose d tou se me tallic balloon c olle c tor s
whic h hav e the f ollowin g imp or tan t adv an
tag e s; - ' " i
. 4 ' ( a) The me tallic c ase sq am imp e n e tr able
- - '35
" - f ac e s.
4 0
toh'e liu man d hy dr og e n ; the alsor e p r e se n t;
c olle c tin g su r
lar g e me tallic we athe r f p r oo
( 1 ) ) Radioac tiv e - me an san dthe lik e n iay
be e asily ap p lie d in te r n ally or e x te r n ally ;
whe r e by the ion iz ation isc on side r ably 1 n - 4 '
c 'r e ase d an d the r e withalsothe q u an tity
. atmosp he r ic 'e le c tr ic ity c ap able of V'be - in g c ol
le c te d' 4 . _ ,
( 1 : ) Su c h balloon Colle c tor sof lig ht- me tal
dot n ot r e q u ir e tobe of lar g e siz e asthe y
4 5
hav e toc ar r y on ly the ir own mode r ate v
we ig lit, _ an _ d that of . the c on du c tin g c able or
wir e . . . I The e n tir e sy ste m the r e f or e o? ' r slit
an d isr e sistan t an d stable .
60 " tle - su r f ac e f or the ac tion - of stor m an d win d 5
I ( 6) Eac h balloon c an 'be e asily r aise d an d
' lowe r e dby me an sof a Win c h sothat all r e ,
p air sy r e c halr g in g an dthe lik e c an be c ar r ie d
'wtQWithOUt dan g e r v du r in g ] the op e r ation .
sc r ibe d with r e f e r e n c e to
It f u r the r p r op ose dtou se 'a c olle c tin g
ae r ial n e twor k of se v e r al se p ar ate c olle c tor s
sp r e ad ou t in the air . abov e the e ar th, whic h
c on du c tor s. v -
~ Ac c or din g tothis'in v e n tion c har g e s'of . at- j
lmosp he r ic e le c tr ic ity ar e n ot dir e c tly c on
_ . _
v e r te d in tome c han ic al e n e r g y , ban d, 'this';
-
f or msthe main di? e r e n c e f r om'p r e v ij ou sin '
v e n tion s, bu tthe static e le c tr ic ity whic h r u
toe ar th thr ou g h ae r ial. c on du c tor s~ _ in i .
f or m of . dir e c t ' c u r r e n t of v e r y } hig h = v olt8 g e
an d ' low c u r r e n t str e n g th " is. j c on v e r te dlin tq _ _ - e le c tr - o- dy n amic e n e r g y in the f or mj of - Tf hi'g h
f r e q u e n c y v ibr ation s. " Man y adv an tag e sar e ' "
. I
toiy ' c ir c u itsit isp ossible toobtain 'e le c t/ r o
mag j n e tic wav e sof v ar iou samp litu de an d g . ~ ,
" the r e by toin c r e ase the de g r e e of r e son an c e : " y
of su c h c u r r e n t. . Su c h r e son an c e allowsv a- 5 1 .
the r e by obtain e d an d. all, disadv an tag e s , av oide d, ~ - . _ l y . , The v v e r y hig h v oltag e of static e le c tr ic ity of . a low c u r r e n t. str e n g th'c an ' be c on v e r te d'l I . '
by thisin v e n tion to Voltag e smor isu itable ir f
f or te c hn ic al v p u r p ose san d of g r e ate r " c u r - f v
r e n t str e n g th. _ B 'y - the 'u se of g - c lose dosc illas
70
r iou s' v alu e s_ - of in du c tan c e tobe c hose n "
whe r e by ag ain the g ov e r n in g of the star tin g Y
an d stop p in g of mac hin e s dr iv e n ltli- e r e by lby ' I
simp ly ' tu n in g the . r e son an c e be twe e n c oils
of the mac hin e an d the tr an sf or me r 'c ir c u it
f or min g the r e son an c e , c an . e asily be ob- '
8 5 . .
tain e d. Fu r the r , " su c h c u r r e n tshav e the . -
p r op e r ty of j be iiig dir e c tly . - av ailable f or v a
? r iou su se s; e v e n withou t e mp loy in g the m f or
dr iv in g motor s, of whic htlie r e may - be p ar 9 0 - .
tic u lar ly me n tion e d, lig htin g , p r odu c tion of _
he at an d u se . in e le c tr o- c he n iistr y . _ I. _ .
Fu r the r , iwith, _ su c h c u r r e n tsa, se r ie sof ap
p ar atu smay be _ f e d withou t dir e c tv c u r r e n t
su p p ly thr ou g h c on du c tor s'an d alsothe
e le c tr o- mag n e tic hig h > f r e q u e n c y 'ic u r r e n ts'
may be c on v e r te d by me an sof 'sp e c ial motor s
adap te d f or e le c tr omag n e tic osc illation s
- . - in to- me c han ic al e n e r g y , " or f in ally c on v e r te d I
by sp e c ial'mac liin e sin toalte r n atin g c u r r e n t
of low f r e q u e n c y or e v e n in todir e c t c u r r e n t
of hig h p ote n tial. ' ' '
1 60 '
. The in v e n tion ismor e _ 'p ar ti ;- . u lar ly de - l
the ac c omp an y in g
diag r amsin whic h , v _ , ~ '_ - '
Fig u r e 1 is'an e x p lan ator y . ? g u r e . "
Fig u r e 2 is
1 0 5
[i
c olle c tor sar e ; in te r c on n e c te d by e le c tr ic al
a I '
I _ j aidiag r ammatic v ie w- of the }.
simp le st f or m. " I ' -
' ~ -
1 0
1 5
30
2
Fig u r e 3 showsa me thod of c on v e r tin g
atmosp he r ic e le c tr ic al e n e r g y f or u se with
motor s. '
Fig u r e 4 isa diag r am showin g the u se of
p r ote c tiv e me an s. , ' .
Fig u r e 5 is a diag r am of an ar r an g e me n t
f or c on v e r tin g lar g e c u r r e n t str e n g ths.
. Fig u r e 6 isa diag r am of an ar r an g e me n t
in c lu din g c on tr ollin g me an s. '
, Fig u r e 7 showsme an swhe r e by the sp ar k
g ap le n g th c an be adj u ste d. _
Fig u r e 8 showsa u n ip olar c on n e c tion f or
the motor . _
Fig u r e 9 showsa we ak c ou p le d sy ste m
su itable f or u se with small p owe r motor s.
Fig u r e s1 0 , 1 . 1 an d 1 2 show modi? e d ar
r an e me n ts. - '
Flg u r e 1 3 showsa f or m of in du c tiv e c ou ~ '
p lin g f or the motor c ir c u it.
Fig u r e 1 4 : isa modi? e df or m of Fig u r e 1 3
with in du c tiv e c ou p lin g . '
Fig u r e 1 5 isan ar r an g e me n t with n on
in du c tiv e motor . ' 7
Fig u r e 1 6 isan ar r an g e me n t with, c ou
p lin g by c on de n se r . _ ' I _
Fig u r e s1 7 , - 1 8 an d 1 9 ar e diag r amsof f u r
the r modi? c ation s. ' _
Fig u r e 2 0 showsa simp le f or m in whic h
the ae r ial n e twor k isc ombin e d withsp e c ial
c olle c tor s. ' I
Fig u r e 2 1 showsdiag r ammatic ally ~ an ar
r an g e me n t su itable f or c olle c tin g lar g e
q u an titie sof e n e r g y . , .
Fig u r e 2 2 isa modi? e d ar r an g e me n t hav
in g two'r in g sof c olle c tor s.
Fig u r e 2 3 showsthe c on n e c tion sv f or thr e e "
r in g sof c olle c tor s. . -
Fig u r e 2 4 showsa c olle c tin g balloon an d
diag r am of itsc on n e c tion of c on de n se r bat
te r ie s. ~ _
Fig u r e s2 5 an d 2 6 show modi? e d c olle c tor
balloon ar r an g e me n ts. I _
Fig u r e 2 7 showsa se c on d me thod of c on
n e c tin g c on du c tor f or the balloon ae r ialsp
Fig u r e 2 8 ' showsan au to- tr an sf or me r
me thod of c on n e c tion . > . >
Fig u r e 2 9 showsthe simp le st f or m of c on
str u c tion withv in c an de sc e n t- c athode . _
Fig u r e 30 showsa f or m with c ig ar shap e d
_ balloon .
- Fig u r e 31 isa modi? e d ar r an g e me n t.
_ Fig u r e 32 showsa f or m with c athode an d
e le c tr ode e n c lose d in a v ac u u m c hambe r .
Fig u r e 33 isa modi? e d f or m of Fig u r e 32 .
Fig u r e 34 showsan ar e lig ht c olle c tor .
Fig u r e 35 showssu c h an ar r an g e me n t f or
' alte r n atin g c u r r e n t. ,
60
Fig u r e 36 showsan in c an de sc e n t c olle c tor
with Ne r n st lamp . _ . 1
Fig u r e 37 showsa f or m with a g as? ame .
Fig u r e 1 illu str ate sasimp le diag r am f or
c on v e r tin g static e le c tr ic ity in tody n amic
e n e r g y 0 a hig h n u mbe r of osc illation s.
For the sak e of c le ar n e ssin the dr awin g san
in ? u e n c e mac hin e isassu me d tobe e mp loy e d
1 , 5 4 0 , 9 9 8
an d n ot an ae r ial an te n n a. 1 3- an d 1 4 ar e
c ombsf or c olle c tin g the static e le c tr ic ity or " ,
the in ? u e n c e mac hin e . 7 an d 8 ar e sp ar k
disc har g in g e le c tr ode s, 6 an d 5 c on de n se r s,
9 an in du c tiv e p r imar y c oil, 1 0 se c on dar y
c oil, 1 1 an d 1 2 e n dsof c on du c tor sof the se c
7on dar y c oil 1 0 . Whe n the disc of the static
in ? u e n c e mac hin e isr otate d by me c han ic al
me an s, the c ombsc olle c t the e le c tr ic c har g e s
on e the p ositiv e an d the othe r the n e g ativ e ,
an d c har g e the c on de n se r s5 an d 6 u n til su c h
ahig h p ote n tial isf or me d ac r ossthe sp ar k
g ap F 8 , that the sp ar k g ap isj u mp e d. As
the sp ar k g ap 7 8 f or msa c lose d c ir c u it
with c on de n se r s6 an d'5 , an d in du c tiv e r e
sistan c e 9 , asiswe ll k n own , wav e sof hig h
f r e q u e n c e le c tr omag n e tic osc illation swill
p assin t isc ir c u it. ,
The hig h f r e q u e n c y . of the osc illation s
p r odu c e d in the p r imar y c ir c u it in du c e s
wav e sof the same p e r iodic ity in the se c
on dar y c ir c u it. Thu sin the p r imar y c ir
c u it e le c tr omag n e tic osc illation sar e f or me d
by the p assag e of the sp ar k ov e r the sp ar k
g ap an d the se wav e s. ar e main tain e d by f r e sh
c har g e sof static e le c tr ic ity .
B y su itably se le c tin g the r atiobe twe e n the
n u mbe r of the c oilsin the p r imar y an d se c
on dar y c ir c u itswith r e g ar d toa c or r e c t ap
, o \ I v .
_ p l1 c at1 on of the c o- e ? ic ie n tsof r e son an c e
. ( c ap ac ity , in du c tan c e , an d r e sistan c e ) the
hig h v oltag e of the p r imar y c ir c u it may be
su itably c on v e r te d in tolow. v oltag e an d hig h
c u r r e n t str e n g th. . _
p . Whe n the osc illator y disc har g e sin the p r i
mar y c ir c u it be c ome swe ak e r Or e n tir e ly
c e ase , the c on de n se r sar e c har g e d ag ain by
the static e le c tr ic ity u n til the ac c u mu late d
c har g e ag ain br e ak sdown the sp ar k g ap . .
All thisisr e p e ate d aslon g ase le c tr ic ity is
p r odu c e d by the static mac hin e by e mp loy
in g me c han ic al e n e r g y . '
An e le me n tar y f or m of q the in v e n tion is
shown in Fig u r e 2 in whic h twosp ar k g ap s
in p ar alle l ar e u se d on e of whic h may be
_ te r me d the wor k in g g ap 7 in Fig u r e 2 . whilst
the se c on d se r v e sasa saf e ty de v ic e f or e x
c e ssv oltag e an d c on sistsof a lar g e r n u mbe r
of sp ar k g ap s' than the wor k in g se c tion ,
whic h g ap sar e ar r an g e d in se r ie san d ar e
br idg e d by v e r y small c ap ac itie sasisillu s
tr ate d in a1 , 1 ) , . 0 , , Fig u r e 2 whic h allow of
u n if or m sp ar k in g in the saf e ty se c tion .
In ~ Fig u r e 2 Aisthe ae r ial an te n n af or
c olle c tin g c har g e sof atmosp he r ic e le c tr ic ity .
1 3 isthe e ar th c on n e c tion of the se c on d p ar t.
of the sp ar k g ap , 5 an d , 6 ar e c on de n se r s, 9 a
p r imar y c oil. Now whe n thr ou g h the ae r ial
_ . Athe p ositiv e atmosp he r ic e le c tr ic ity se e k s
toc ombin e with the n e g ativ e c har g e toe ar th,
thisisp r e v e n te d by ( the air g ap be twe e n )
the sp ar k g ap s. The r e sistan c e of the sp ar k .
g ap 7 is, asshown in the dr awin g s, lowe r
than that of the othe r saf e ty se c tion whic h
c on sists- of thr e e 'sp ar k g ap sc on n e c te d in
S0
DU
1 0 0
1 0 5
1 1 0
1 2 0
' 1 , 5 4 0 , 9 9 8 ; - .
se r ie s, 'an d c dn se q u e n tl , a thr e e tiin e sg r e ate r '
> air r e sistan c e isof f e r e by the latte r . ' '
Solon g the r e f or e , asthe r e sistan c e of
the sp ar k g ap 7 isn ot ov e r loade d, so. that
the othe r sp ar k g ap shav e an e q u al r e sist- '
- an c e with it v the disc har g e stak e p lac e on ly ?
ov e r sp ar k g ap , 7. Shou ld~ howe v e r the
- . , v olta e be 'v in or e ase 'd by an y in ? u e n c e sso
, that it mig ht . be dan g e r ou sf or c har g in g
' ' > Withou t- thisse c on dv sp ar k g ap , ar r an g e d
so
the c on de n se r s5 an d 6 or f or : the c oil in ?
su lation 9 an d 1 0 in . c on se q u e n c e of br e ak 1
' down , - by a' c or r e c t r e g u lation of thissp ar k
' a ' ap the se c on d sp ar k g ap c an disc har g e f r e e
' Ir on ; in du c tiv e e ? 'e c tsdir e c t toe ar th with- .
ou t e n dan g e r in g the mac hin e .
in p ar alle l hav in g . a , hig he r r e sistan c e than
the - wor k in g sp ar k g ap it isimp ossible to
c olle c tan dr e n de r av ailable lar g e q u an titie s . _ _
' - = I ' r . c har g e s. will~ _ ~ f or the sak e of simp lic ity be
diag r ammatic ally in dic ate d by twose mi~
of e le c tr ic al e n e r g y ; _ _ l H, _
v The ac tion of this'c lose d osc illation c 1 r _
c u it " c on sistin g of sp ar k p g ap . 7 , twoc on de n s
_ e r s'5 an d 6, p r imar y c oil 9 , an d alsose c ;
. y on dar 'y . c oil 1 0 ise x ac tly the . same asthe
on e de sc r ibe d in Fig u r e 1 with the ar r an g e - 5
me n t of the static in du c tion mac hin e with
the , on ly di? 'e r e n c e that he r e , the se c on d
' sp ar k g ap isp r ov ide d. The e le c tr omag n e tic
30
hig h f r e q u e n c y alte r n atin g c u r r e n t obtain e d
c an be tap p e d o? ' f r on r the c on du c tor s'll.
an d 1 2 - _ f or lig htin g an d . he atin g . p u r p ose s.
Sp e c ial k in dsof motor sadap te d f or wor k
in g with the se p e c u liar - e le c tr ic al c har g e s
ll'f may be c on n e c te d at 1 4 : an d I? whic h c an
hig h f r e q u e n c y osc illation s.
' wor k with static e le c tr ic ity c har g e sor with
In addition to, the - u se of sp ar k g ap - s;
i in p ar alle l a se c on d me asu r e of se c u r ity is
4 0
_ ; in v e n tion , in the in tr odu c tion of an d me thod .
- 'of c on n e c tin g c e r tain p r ote c tiv e e le c tr o
alson e c e ssar y f or tak in g of f the c u r r e n t.
. Thisp r e c au tion c on sistsac c or din g tothis
mag n e tsor c hok in g c oilsin the ae r ial. c ir
: 4 5
" 5 0
5 5
c u 'it' asshown by S in Fig u r e '3.
Asin g le e le c tr e mag n e t on ly hav in g a c or e
of the thin n e st p ossible se p ar ate lamin ation s'.
isc 'on n e c te dwith the ae r iaL.
In the c ase of hig h v oltag e sin the ae r ial 1 '
n e twor k or at p lac e swhe r e the r e ar e f r e
q u e n t thu n de r stor ms, se v e r al . su c h mag n e ts
may howe v e r be c on n e c te din se r ie s.
'In the c ase of lar g e u n itsor p lan tsse v i
e r al e le c tr omag n e tsc an be e mp loy e dlin p ar - '
_ alle l or in se r ie sp ar alle l. ' '
_ _ Th _ win din g sof the se . e le c tr omag n e ts
may be simp ly c on n e c te d in se r ie s with. the
ae r ials. - In thisc ase the win din g - p r e f e r ably
'- c on sistsof se v e r al thin p ar alle l wir e s, whic h,
mak e u p tog e the r , the n e c e ssar y 'se c tion . . .
_ The win din g may be _ made _ of p r imar y
an d se c on dar y win din g sin the . f or m of a
tr an sf or me r . The p r imar y 'win din g will be
the n c on n e c te d. in se r ie swith the ae r ial n e t
wor k , an d the se c on dar y win din g mor e or
. le ssSllOlt- CIYCUItGCl ov e r a r e g u latin g r e s1 st- '
. r e c tiv on ' asthe dir e c t c u r r e n t.
p r og r e ssisar r e ste d by two" sp ar k sg ap s
: an c e or an in du c tion c oil. In the f latte r v
c ase it'isp ossible tor e g u late to, a c e r tain
the , f u r the r . de sc r ip tion a of ' the c on n e c tin g
an d c on str u c tion al- diag r amsthe ae r ial e le c s
in
e x te n t the e f f e c t , of the c hok in g c oils; 5 1 1 1 i _ i
tr omag n e t c hok e c oil is in dic ate d by a '
simp le r in g S. _ ' . '
* , Fig u r e 3 showsthe simp le st way of c on - 1
v v e r tin g atmosp he r ic e le c tr ic ity in toe le c tr o
- _ mag n e tic wav e 'e n e r g y by the u se of sp e c ial . 75 . ,
motor sadap te d f or hig h. osc illator y . c 'u r - . j
r e n tsor _ stati_ c c har g e sof e le c tr ic al e n e r g y .
Re c e n tv imp r ov e me n tsin motor sf or , wor k - A
'iin g i'with static c har g e san d motor sWor k in g
by r e son an c e , that istosay , hav in g g r ou p s
of tu n e d e le c tr omag n e tic c oop e r atin g c ir
. c u itsr e n de r - thisp ossible bu tsu c h don ot
f or m p ar t of the . p r e se n t in v e n tion . 1 - .
. Amotor adap te d toop e r ate j with static
c ir c le slan d 2 ' an d the r otor of the motor
by a r in g M. ( Fig u r e 3. ) . Aisa v e r tic al
ae r ial or ae r ial n e twor k . " IS the saf e ty v
c hok e n or ' e le c tr omag n e t with c oil 0 asmay
be se e n 'iisc on n e c te d- with the ae r ialf A. Ad
8 0
9 . 0 '
j ac e n t the e le c tr omag n e t" _ S the ae r ial- c on - _ '
du c tor isdlv lde d in tothr e e , c ir c u its, the
. c ir c u it 8 g iv in g the saf e ty sp ar k g ap , the
c ir c u it 7. with the wor k in g sp ar k g ap , an d
the n a c ir c u it in c lu din g the stator te r min al
. 1 , the r otor an dstator te r min al 2 at whic h
a c on n e c tion ismade tothe e ar th wir e . The
' twosp ar k g ap s. ar e v alsoc on n e c te d me tal- '
li'c ally with the e ar th wir e . The . me thod of
' wor k in g the se diag r amsisasf ollows: '
The p ositiv e atmosp he r ic g 'e le c tr ic c har g e
c olle c te d te n dstoCOIIIblIIGLWIth the n e g ativ e
e le c tr ic ity ( or e ar th e le c tr ic ity ) c on n e c te d
- with the e ar th wir e iv " It tr av e lsalon g the '
ae r ial _ Athr ou g h v the e le c tr omag n e t ' S with
o'u tbe in g c he c k e d asit ? owsin 'the sai'n e dij
Fu r the r , its
p lac e d in the . way " v an d the stator . c on de n se r
su r f ac e s. The stator c on de n se r su r f ac e sar e
. . c har g e d u n til the c har g e is, v g r e ate r than '
the r e sistan c e of the sp ar k g ap - 7, whe r e u p on
a sp ar k sp r in g sov e r the z sp ar k g ap ) ? an d an "
osc illator y lc har g e isobtain e d asby me an s"
of the motor M, stator . su r f ac e s1 an d'2 , an d
. sp ar k v g ap 7, a c lose d osc illation c ir c u it'is'
obtain e d f or , p r odu c in g the e le c tr omag n e tic
' osc illation s. The motor he r e f or msthe c a- v
p ac ity an d the n e 'c e 'ss'ar y in du c tan c e an d r e
sistan c e , whic h, asiswe ll k n own , ar e n e c e s
sar y f or c on v e r tin g static e le c tr ic ity in to. '
e le c tr omag n e tic wav e e n e r g y . ' l
The disc har g e sf or me d ar e " c on v e r te d in to
me c han ic al e n e r g y in sp e c ial motor san d c an
n ot r e ac h the ae r ial n e twor k by r e ason of
te n dst6 ? ow toe ar th, a c ou n te r _ v oltag e is
. " the e le c tr omag n e t or j c hok e . If , howe v e r ;v .
' whe n a sp ar k sp r in g sov e r the sp ar k g ap '7.
a g r e ate r q u an tity of atmosp he r ic e le c tr ic ity - I
1 30 '
in du c e d in the e le c tr omag n e t, whic h is
g r e ate r the mor e r ap idly an d str on g ly the
? ow of c u r r e n t dir e c t tothe e ar th is. B y
I - the f or mation of thisop p osin g v oltag e a
1 0
is.
2 0
2 5
su ? ic ie n tly hig h r e sistan c e isof f e r e d tothe
? ow of atmosp he r ic e le c tr ic ity dir e c t to
e ar th top r e v e n t a shor t c ir c u it with the ~
e ar th. a > ' . . .
The c ir c u it c on tain in g sp ar k g ap 8 hav in g
a dif f e r e n t wav e le n g th whic h v isn otin r e so
n an c e with the n atu r al f r c q u e n c y of the
motor , doe sn ot e n dan g e r the motor an d
se r v e sasse c u r ity ag ain st e x c e ssv oltag e ,
whic h, asp r ac tic al e x p e r ime n tshav e shown , ,
may still ar ise in c e r tain c ase s, bu t c an be
c on du c te d dir e c t toe ar th thr ou g h thissp ar k
g ap - ,
In the diag r am illu str ate d in Fig u r e 4 the
sp ar k g ap 7 isshu n te d ac r ossc on de n se r s5
an d 6 f r om the motor M. Thisc on str u c tion
atl'or dsmain ly a be tte r in su lation of the
motor ag ain st e x c e ssv oltag e an d a u n if or m
e x c itation thr ou g h . the sp ar k g ap 7'.
In Fig u r e 5 a diag r am isillu str ate d f or
tr an sf or min g lar g e c u r r e n t str e n g thswhic h
may be e mp loy e d dir e c t withou t motor s, f or
e x amp le , f or lig htin g or he atin g p u r p ose s.
The main dif f e r e n c e isthat he r e the sp ar k
g ap c on sistsof a star shap e d disc 7 whic h
c an r otate on itsown ax isan d isr otate d by
a motor op p osite similar ly ? tte d e le c tr ode s
. 7 . The n se p ar ate p oin tsof star sf ac e on e
35
60
an othe r , disc har g e stak e p lac e , thu sf or min g
an osc illation c ir c u it ov e r c on de n se r s5 an d
6. an d in du c tan c e 9 f or osc illator y disc har g e s.
It ise v ide n t that a motor may alsobe di
r e c tly c on n e c te d tothe e n dsof the sp ir al 9 .
The \c on str u c tion of the diag r am shown
in Fig u r e 6 p e r mitsof the osc illation c ir c u it
of the motor be in g c on n e c te d- with an in
du c tion c oil. He r e a r e g u latin g in du c tiv e
r e sistan c e isin tr odu c e d f or c ou n te r - ac tin g
e x c e ssv oltag e sin the motor . B y c u ttin g the
se p ar ate c oils9 v ( c ou p le d in du c tiv e ly tothe
' 1 ae r ial) in or ou t the in du c tiv e ac tion on the
motor may be mor e or le ssin c r e ase d or
v ar iable ae r ial ac tion may be e x e r te d on the
osc illation c ir c u it. ' ~ -
\ In Fig u r e the osc illation c ir c u it isc lose d
thr ou g h the e ar th ( E an d E1 ) . The sp ar k
g ap 7 may be p r olon g e d or shor te n e d by
mor e or f e we r sp ar k g ap sbe in g su c c e ssiv e ly
c on n e c te d by me an sof a c on tac t ar m 7* .
Diag r am 8 showsa u n ip olar c on n e c tion of
the motor with the ae r ial n e twor k . He r e
twoosc illation c ir c u itsar e c lose d thr ou g h
the same motor . _ The ? r st osc illation c ir c u it
p asse sf r om ae r ial Athr ou g h e le c tr omag n e t
S, p oin t : 0 , in du c tan c e . 9 a tothe e ar th c on
de n se r 6 an d f u r the r , ov e r sp ar k . g ap 7 to
the ae r ial c on de n se r 5 an d bac k tom. The
se c on d osc illation c ir c u it star tsf r om the
ae r ial c on de n se r 5 at the p oin t : 0 1 ov e r the
in du c tan c e 9 tothe e ar th c on de n se r . 6 at the
p oin t itsan d thr ou g h the c on de n se r 6 ov e r
. 1 , 5 4 0 , 9 9 8
the sp ar k g ap 7 bac k to$ 1 . The motor itse lf
isin se r te d be twe e n the twop oin tsof the
sp ar k g ap 7. Fr om thisar r an g e me n t slig ht
ly damp e d osc illation wav e c u r r e n tsar e p r o
du c e d. . _
In the diag r am illu str ate d in Fig u r e 9 a
loose ly c ou p le d sy ste m of c on n e c tion sisil
lu str ate d whic h isassu me d tobe f or small
motor sf or me asu r in g p u r p ose s. Ain di
c ate sthe ae r ial c on du c tor , S the e le c tr omag
n e t in the ae r ial c on du c tor , 9 the in du c tan c e ,
7 the sp ar k g ap , 5 an d 6 c on de n se r s, E the
e ar th, M the motor , an d l an d 2 stator c on
n e c tion sof the motor . The - motor isdi
r e c tly me tallic allv c on n e c te d with the osc il
lation c ir c u it. V, i
In Fig u r e 1 0 a p u r e ly in du c tiv e c ou p lin g
ise mp loy e d f or the motor c ir c u it. The mo
tor isc on n e c te d with the se c on dar y wir e 1 0
asmay be se e n in Fig u r e 1 1 in a some what
modi? e d diag r am c on n e c tion . The same
ap p lie stothe diag r am of Fig u r e 1 2 .
The diag r ams'hithe r tode sc r ibe d p r e f e r - i
ably . allow of motor sof small an d'me diu m
str e n g th tobe op e r ate d. For lar g e ag g r e
g ate s, howe v e r , the y ar e tooin c on v e n ie n t as
70
8 0 '
9 0
the c on str u c tion of twoor mor e osc illation .
c ir c u itsf or lar g e amou n tsof e n e r g y isdi? i
c u lt; the g ov e r n in g isstill mor e ditlic u lt an d
the dan g e r in switc hin g r on or of f isg r e ate r . - '
i Ame an sof ov e r c omin g su c h dif f ic u ltie sis
shown in Fig u r e , 1 3. The osc illation c ir c u it
he r e r u n sstar tin g f r om the p oin t a: ov e r c on
de n se r 5 , v ar iable in du c tan c e 9 , sp ar k g ap -
7 an d the twose g me n ts( 3 - an d 4 ) f or m
in g ar msof a VVhe atston e br idg e , bac k to: 2 2 .
If the motor isc on n e c te d by br u she s3 an d
4 tr an sv e r se ly tothe twoar msof the br idg e
lUU
asshown in the dr awin g s, e le c tr omag n e tic "
osc illation sof e q u al sig n ar e in du c e d in the
stator su r f ac e s1 an d 2 an d the motor doe s
n ot r e v olv e .
4 ar e mov e d in v c ommon with the 'e on du c t
in g wir e s1 an d 2 whic h c on n e c t the br u she s
with the stator p ole sa c e r tain alte r ation or
disp lac e me n t of the p olar ity isobtain e d an d
the motor c omme n c e s. tor e v olv e .
The max imu m ac tion will r e su lt if on e
If howe v e r , the lbr u she s3 an d
1 1 0
br u sh 3 c ome son the c e n tr al sp ar k in g c on ~ 5
tac t 7 an daj the othe r br u shf ll on the p ar t 0 0 . '
The y ar e howe v e r , u su ally in p r ac tic e n ot
br ou g ht- on tothe c e n tr al c on tac t 7 bu t on ly
he ld in the p ath of the br idg e se g me n ts4
an d 3 1 in or de r n ot toc on n e c t the sp ar k g ap s
with the motor osc illation c ir c u it. '
Ashowe v e r , the e n tir e osc illation e n e r g y
. c an the r e by n ot ac t on the motor it isbe tte r
toc ar r y ou t the same sy ste m ac c or din g tothe
diag r am 1 4 . The diag r am 1 4 : dif f e r sf r om
the f or e g oin g on ly by the motor n ot be in g
dir e c tly me tallic allv c on n e c te d with the se g
me n tsof . the \ c ommu tator , bu t on ly a p r i
mar y c oil 9 whic h in du c e sin a se c on dar y
c oil 1 0 , c u r r e n t whic h f e e dsthe motor M
an d tak e sthe p lac e of the r otor . B y this
1 2 0
' 4 0 , 9 9 8 .
ar r an g e me n t a g ood tr an sf or min g ac tion is
. obtain e d, asloose c ou p lin g an d alsoan . os_ - "
5
c illation c ir c u it withou t a sp ar k g ap . - -
In Fig u r e 1 5 the motor isn ot p u r e ly in - f - l
du c ti'v e ly asin llly bu tv dir e c tly me tallii'c ally
br an c he d of f f r om the p r imar y c oil \( at m
an d $ 1 ) af te r the p r in c ip le of the au to- tr an s
f or me r f y , V In Fig u r e 1 6 in ste ad of an in du c tan c e a
c on de n se r . 6 isin similar man n e r , " an d f or
the same obj e c t in se r te d , be twe e n " the . _ se g :
me n ts3* an d 4 ; . Thishasthe adv an ta _
that the se g me n ts3 an d 4 n e e d n ot; f ade
of solid me tal bu t may 'c on sist. of sp ir al c oils"
whe r e by . a mor e e x ac t r e g u lation lisp ossible . v p
. , su r f ac e 's'of the motor , 5 . 'a c on de n se r batte r y ,
an d f u r the r motor sof hig h in du c tan c e - may
'be e mp loy e d. v - , a
The ar r an g e me n tsv of 'i'Fig u r e s1 . 7, 1 8 an d
1 9 may be e mp loy e d f or u se with r e son an c e
an d p ar tic u lar ly with in du c tion c on de n se r
motor s; be twe e n the lar g e istator in du c tion
_ c on de n se r su r f ac e s, small r e v e r sin g p ole c on
" de n se r sar e c on n e c te d, whic h, asmay be se e n
f r om Fig u r e s1 7- , 1 8 an d 1 9 ar e le d tog e the r
toe ar th. Su c h r e v e r sin g p ole s_ _ hav e _ the
adv an tag e that with lar g e q u an titie sI of
e le c tr ic al e n e r g y the sp ar k f or mation v be
twe e n the se p ar ate osc illation c ir c u itsc e ase s.
Fig u r e . 1 9 showsa _ , f u r the r . me thod whic h
p r e v e n tse le c tr omag n e tic osc illation sof hig h
n u mbe r of alte r n ation sf or me d in the osc il
lation c ir c u it str ik in g . bac k ' tothe ae r ial c on - .
du c tor . It isbase d . on the we llk n own p r in
c ip le that a me r c u r y lamp , on e e le c tr ode of
35 whic h isf or me d of me r c u r y , the othe r of
solid m'e talsu c h asste e l'allowsan e le c tr ic
c liar g e top ass. in on ly on e dir e c tion f r om
the me r c u r y tothe ste e l an d n ot v lc e v e r sa,
The me r c u r y e le c tr ode of the v ac u u m tu be
4 0
65
Nisthe r e f or e c on n e c te d with the ae r ial
c on du c tor an d the ste e l v e le c tr ode with the
osc illation c ir c u it. } Fr om this. it- r e su ltsthat
c har g e sc an p ass'on ly f r om the ae r ial
thr ou g h the v ac u u m tu be tothe osc illation
c ir c u it, bu t n ot v ic e v e r sa. Osc illation s
iwhi'c h ar e f or me d on be in g tr an sf or me d in
the osc illation c ir c u it c an n ot p ass. tothe
ae r ial c on du c tor . , - v i
In p r ac tic e the se v ac u u m tu be smu st be
c on n e c te d be hin d an e le c tr omag n e tasthe
latte r alon e a? 'or dsn o
dan g e r of lig htn in g . _
Asr e g ar dsthe u se of sp ar k g ap s, all
ar r an g e me n tsasu se d f or Wir e le sste le g
r ap hy may be u se d. Of c ou r se the sp ar k
g ap sin lar g e mac hin e s mu st hav e . a su ? i
c ie n tly ilar g e su r f ac e . In v e r y lar g e station s
the y ar e c oole d in liq u id c ar bon ic a- c id or
be ttc r still in liq u id n itr og e n or hy dr og e n ;
in most c ase sthe c oolin g may alsotak e
, p lac e by me an sof liq u e ? e d low homolog u e s
of . the me tal se r ie sor by me an sof hy dr o
c ar bon sthe f r e e z in g p oin t'of whic h lie sat
be twe e n ~ 9 0 C. an d ~ 4 0 C. The sp ar k
g ap c asin g mu st alsobe in su late d an d be of
p r ote c tion ag ain st the
, the op e r ation
, walls. . -
- n e c tion g r u n . '
she athsp r e f e r ably _
mag n e siu m alloy , an d'ar e ? lle d with hy dr o
' g e n or he liu m' an d ar e attac he d'toc op p e r
p late d ste e l wir e s.
isse le c te d; sothat the ac tu al we ig ht of the
K
'su ilic ie n t str e n g th to'be iable an y . . .
p r e ssu r e whic h may ar ise ; An y u n de sir able
e x c e sssu p e r ~ p r e ssu r e whic h may be f or me d
mu st be au tomatic ally le t of f . v I hav e e 'm- "
p loy e d with v e r y g oodr e su ltsme r c u r y e le c ;
ac id, the c oolin g be in g main tain e d du r in g
. \ Fig u r e 2 0 isoiie Qf - the simp le st f ar msor
' c op str u c tion l , of an ae r ial n e twor k in c om - v
. x - shin ati'on with c olle c tor s, tr an sf or me r san d
the lik e illu str ate ddiag r ammatic ally . ' E is.
70 \
" tr ode swhic h we r e f r oz e n . in liq u ide ar bon ic '
f r om/ the ou tside - thr ou g h the i
he r e the e ar th wir e , 8 'the - saf e ty 'sp ar k a g ap , -
7_ the wor k in g sp ar k g ap , lan d 2 . the stator
S the p r ote c tiv e mag n e t whic h isc on n e c te d
with the c oil in - the ae r ial c on du c tor , A1 - to?
A1 " . ae r ial. an te n n ae j with c olle c tin g balloon s, I i
. Nhor iz on tal c olle c tin g or c on n e c tin g wir e s
f r om whic h, tothe c e n tr e
a n u mbe r of c on
The 'f j ac tu al c olle c tor sc on sist of , me tal
The siz e of the balloon
balloon " an d- the we ig ht of the c on du c tin g
v wir e issu p p or te d the r e by . On the . top of
the balloon alu min iu m sp ik e s, made an d
g ilde din a sp e c ial man n e r he r e in af te r , de - . I ' I
sc r ibe d, ar e ar r an g e d in or de r top r odu c e - a
c on du c tor - aClllOIl.
8 0
as" .
made of an alu min iu m. "
9 0
9 5 .
_ _ v Small q u an titie s of
r adiu m p r e p ar ation s, mor e p ar tic u lar ly f 1 0 0
p olon iu m- ion iu m or me sothor iu m' ;p r e p ar a- ' - ,
tion s" c on side r ably in c r e ase the ion iz ation ,
an d the r e with the ac tion of the se c olle c tor s.
loon swhic h ar e su p e r ? c ially me talc oate d"
ac c or din g to: Sc hoop sme tal sp r ay in g p r oc -
e ss, may howe v e r alsobe e mp loy e d; A'
? '- In addition to~ me tal balloon s, f abr ic bal- f . 4
1 0 5
me tallic su r f ac e may alsobe p r odu c e d v by f
lac q u e r in g with me tallic br on z e s, p r e f e r ably
'ac c or din g toSc hoop ssp r ay in g p r oc e ssor
lac q u 'e r in g with me tallic br on z e p owde r sin > _ _ '
twoe le c tr ic al se r ie s of wide ly dif f e r e n t
me tals, be c au se the r e by the c olle c tin g e f f e c t
isc on side r ably in c r e ase . _ - _ I ' ,
\ In ste ad of : the or din ar y r ou n d balloon s,
e lon g ate d? c ig ar shap e d on e smay be e m
> p loy e d. v 1 In or de r alsotou tiliz e the f r ic
tion al e n e r g y of the win d, p atc he sor str ip s
of n on ~ c on du c tin g su bstan c e swhic h p r o
du c e e le c tr ic ity by f r ic tion , may be attac he d
tothe me talliz e d balloon su r f ac e s. _ ' The
win d will imp ar t a p or tion of itse n e r g y in
the f or m . of f r ic tion al e le c tr ic ity , toithe
balloon c asin g , an d the r e by the c olle c tin g
e f f e c t issu bstan tially in c r e ase d.
' In p r ac tic e howe v e r , v e r y hig h towe r s
( u p to30 0 me tr e sisf u lly admissible ) may
be e mp loy e d asan te n n ae . In the se towe r s
1 1 0 ,
1 1 5
1 2 0
1 2 5
c op p e r tu be sr ise f r e e ly f u r the r abov e the .
top of the towe r . Ag aslamp se c u r e d
ag ain st the win d isthe n lit at the p oin t of
the c op p e r tu be an d a- n e ttin g isse c u r e d to
p the c op p e r tu be ov e r the ? ame of thislamp
2 0
IO c 1
30
, n e c te d with a hor iz on tal, c on du c tor .
tof or m a c olle c tor . The g asisc on v e y e d
thr ou g h the in te r ior of the tu be u p tothe
su mmit. The c op p e r tu be mu st be abso
lu te ly p r ote c te d f r om moistu r e at the p lac e
at whic h'it e n te r sthe towe r an d alsor ain
mu st be p r e v e n te d r u n n in g down the walls
of the towe r whic h mig ht le ad toa bad
c atastr op he . Thisisdon e by be ll shap e d e n
lar g e me n tswhic h e x p an d down war ds, be in g
ar r an g e d in 'the towe r in the f or m of hig h
v oltag e in su lator sof Siame se p ag odas.
Sp e c ial atte n tion mu st be de v ote d tothe
f ou n dation sof su c h towe r s. The y mu st be
we ll in su late d f r om the g r ou n d, whic h may
be obtain e d by ? r st e mbe ddin g a lay e r of
c on c r e te in a box f or m toa su f f ic ie n t de p th
in the g r ou n d an d in se r tin g in thisan
asp halt lin in g an d the n g lassbr ic k sc ast
abou t 1 or 2 me tr e sin thic k n e ss. Ov e r this
in tu r n the r e isa f e r r o- c on c r e te lay e r in
whic h alon e the me tal f oot of the tu be is
se c u r e d. Thisc on c r e te bloc k mu st be at
le ast 2 me tr e sf r om the g r ou n d an d be f u lly
p r ote c te d at the side sby a woode n c ov e r in g ,
f r om moistu r e . In the lowe r p ar t of the
towe r a wood or g lasshou se f or the lar g e
c on de n se r batte r ie sor f or the motor smay r
be c on str u c te d. In ior de r tole ad the e ar th
c on n e c tion tothe g r ou n d wate r , a we ll in
su late d p it c on str u c te d of v itr e ou sbr ic k s,
mu st be p r ov ide d. Se v e r al su c h towe r sar e
e r e c te d at e q u al distan c e sap ar t an d c on
The
hor iz on tal c on n e c tin g wir e smay e ithe r r u n
'4 0
dir e c tly f r om towe r totowe r or be c ar r ie d
on be ll shap e d in su lator ssimilar tothose in
u se f or hig h v oltag e c on du c tor s. . The width
of the n e twor k may be of an y su itable siz e '
an d the c on n e c tion of the motor sc an tak e
p lac e at an y su itable p lac e s.
In or de r toc olle c t lar g e q u an titie sof
e le c tr ic ity with f e w ae r ialsit is. we ll top r o
v ide the ae r ial c on du c tor with batte r ie sof
c on de n se r sasshown in twome thodsof c on ?
str u c tion in Fig u r e s2 1 an d 2 2 . In Fig u r e
2 l- the batte r ie sof c on de n se r s5 ar e c on
n e c te d on the on e han d with the ae r ial e le c - v
tr ic ity c olle c tor sZ by the ae r ial c on du c tor
A, an d on the othe r han d in te r c on n e c te d in
60
se r ie swith an an n u lar c on du c tor f r om
whic h hor iz on tal c on du c tor sr u n tothe c on
n e c tin g p oin tsC towhic h the e ar th wir e is
c on n e c te d. I .
Fig u r e 2 2 showsa similar ar r an g e me n t.
Shou ld twosu c h se r ie sof an te n n ae r in g sbe
shown by a v oltme te r tohav e a lar g e dif
f e r e n c e of p ote n tial ( f or e x amp le , on e in the
mou n tain san d on e in the p lain ) or e v e n of
dif f e r e n t p olar ity the se dif f e r e n c e smay be
c omp e n sate d f or by c on n e c tin g su f f ic ie n tly
lar g e c on de n se r batte r ie s( 5 , 5 , 5 " ) by me an s
of Maj i star - c on du c tor sD an d D1 . In Fig
me 2 3 a c on n e c tion of thr e e su c lr i'in g sof
c olle c tor stof or m a tr ian g le with alc e n tr al
c on de n se r batte r y isillu str ate d.
The c on de n se r batte r ie sof su c h lar g e in
stallation smu st be e mbe dde d in liq u e ? e d
g ase sor in liq u idsf r e e z in g at v e r y low
te mp e r atu r e s.
the atmosp he r ic e n e r g y mu st be e mp loy e d
f or liq u e f y in g the se g ase s. It isalsop r e f e r
able ltoe mp loy p r e ssu r e . B y thisme an sthe
c on de n se r su r f ac e smay be dimin ishe d, an d
still allow f or lar g e q u an titie sof e n e r g y to
be stor e d, se c u r e ag ain st br e ak down . For
smalle r in stallation sthe imme r sin g of the
c on de n se r sin we ll in su late d oil or the lik e ,
su ? ic e s. Solid su bstan c e son the othe r han d
c an n ot be e mp loy e d asin su lator s.
The ar r an g e me n t in the diag r amshithe r to
de sc r ibe d wasalway ssu c h that the c on
de n se r 'batte r ie swe r e c on n e c te d with both
p ole sdir e c tly tothe ae r ial'c on du c tor s. An
In su c h c ase sa p or tion of .
8 0
imp r ov e d diag r am of the c on n e c tion sf or v
obtain in g atmosp he r ic e le c tr ic ity f or the
c on de n se r batte r ie shashowe v e r , be e n f ou n d
tobe v e r y adv an tag e ou s, thisar r an g e me n t
c on sistsin that the y ar e c on n e c te d by on ly
on e p ole ( u n ip olar ) tothe c olle c tin g _ n e t
wor k . Su c h a me thod of ar r an g e me n t is
v e r y imp or tan t, asby me an sof it a c on stan t
c u r r e n t an d an in c r e ase of the n or mal wor k
in g p r e ssu r e or v oltag e isobtain e d. If f or
e x amp le a c olle c tin g balloon ae r ial whic h is
allowe d tor ise toa he ig ht of 30 0 me tr e s,
shows4 0 , 0 0 0 v oltsabov e e ar th v oltag e , in
p r ac tic e it hasbe e n f ou n d that the wor k in g
v oltag e ( with a withdr awal of the p owe r
ac c or din g tothe me thod he r e in be f or e de - _
sc r ibe d by me an sof osc illatin g sp ar k g ap s
an d the " lik e ) ison ly abou t 4 0 0 v olts. If
howe v e r , the c ap ac ity of the c on de n se r su r
f ac e sbe in c r e ase d, whic h c ap ac ity in the
abov e me n tion e d c ase wase q u al tothat of
the c olle c tin g su r f ac e of the balloon ae r ials,
todou ble the amou n t, by c on n e c tin g the
c on de n se r batte r ie swith on ly on e p ole , the
v oltag e r ise su n de r an e q u al withdr awal of
c u r r e n t u p toy an d be y on d 5 0 0 v olts. This
c an on ly be asc r ibe d tothe f av ou r able ac tion
of the c on n e c tin g me thod.
In addition tothissu bstan tial imp r ov e
me n t it hasalsobe e n f ou n d p r e f e r able to
in se r t dou ble in du c tan c e swith e le c tr omag
n e tsan d top lac e the c ap ac itie sp r e f e r ably
be twe e n twosu c h e le c tr omag n c ts. It has
alsobe e n f ou n d that the u se f u l ac tion of
su c h c on de n se r sc an be f u r the r in c r e ase d if
an in du c tion c oil be c on n e c te d asin du c tiv e
r e sistan c e tothe u n c on n e c te d p ole of the
c on de n se r , or still be tte r if the c on de n se r
itse lf be made asan in du c tion c on de n se r .
Su c h a'c on de n se r may be c omp ar e d with a
sp r in g whic h whe n c omp r e sse d c ar r ie sin
itse lf ac c u mu late d f or c e , whic h it ag ain
g iv e sof f whe n r e le ase d. In c har g in g , a
c har g e with r e v e r se d sig n isf or me d at Hw
9 0
9 5
in c
1 4 )
to
' 1
othe r f r e e c on de n se r p ole , an d if 'thr ou g h the '
sp ar k ' g ap a shor t c ir c u it. r e su lts, 1 the ' ac c u
mu late d e n e r g y isag ain g iv e n bac k sin c e '
n ow n e w q u an titie sof e n e r g y - ar e in du c e d
at the 'c on de n se r p ole 'oon n e c te d with the
c on du c tor n e twor k , whic h in f ac t c har g e s
with op p osite sig n stothat at the 'f r e e " c on
de n se r p ole . The n e w. in du c e d c har g e shav e
of c ou r se the same sig n asthe c olle c tor n e t
, wor k . . The whole v oltag e e n e r g y in the
ae r ial isthe r e by howe v e r in c r e ase d. In the "
same sp ac e of time . lar g e r q u an titie sof ;
e n e r g y ar e ac c u mu late d than isthe c ase
withou t su c h in se r te d c on de n se r batte r ie sf "
_ 'In . Fig u r e s2 5 1 an d 2 5 two_ di? e r e n t dia- r
g r ams of c on n e c tion s- ' ar e mor e e x ac tly illu se ;
an d the diag r am of - the c c n n e c tion stoe ar th.
Fig u r e 2 5 f ou r c olle c tin g balloon s- an d the ,
p ar alle l c on n e c tion of a. the c on de n se r 'baty
te r ie sbe lohg in g the r e to. ~ - .
Aisthe c olle c tin g balloon in ade iof an
alu min iu m mag n e siu m alloy ( e le c tr on me tal,
' in ag n aliu m) of a sp e c i? c g r av ity of 1 . 8 an d
a- thic k n e ss'of p late 0 . 1 to0 . 2 mm. In side
the r e ar e . e ig ht str on g v e r tic al r ibsof T
shap e d se c tion abou t 1 0 to2 0 min , in he ig ht
an d'abou t 3mm . iin f thic k n e sswithj - j 'the p r o.
j e c tin g p ar t dir e c te din wa'r ds( in dic ate d by
a, 7) , '0 , d an d sof or th) : the y ar e r iv e te d to"
g the r tof or m a f ir m sk e le ton an d ar e stif f - V ;
e n e d in a hor iz on tal dir e c tion by p twoc r oss
r ibs. The j r ibsar e ~ f u r the r 'c on n e c te d with
" i on e an othe r in te r n 'ally an d tr an sv e r sc ly hby
. e x te r n al su r f ac e isobtain e d.
me an sof thin ste e l Wir e s, whe r e by the bal . .
'loon ohtain sg r e at p owe r of r e sistan c e an d
e lastic ity . Rolle d p late s0 1 0 . 1 to0 . 2 mm. in - thic k n e ssmade of mag n aliu r n p alloy ar e the n
e ithe r solde r e df or r iv e te doh thissk e le ton
soth'ata f u lly me tallic c asin g with smooth
\Ve ll silv e r e d
. o'r c op p e r - e d alu min iu m p late d ste e l wir e s'r u n
f r om e ac h r ib tothe f aste n in g r in g 2 . @ Fr ir
the r . the c op p e r e d ste e lhawse r Lp r e f e r ably
twiste d ou t of , se p ar ate 'thin wir e s. ( shown in
- dotte d lin e sin Fig u r e 2 4 ) an d 'whic h r iu st
' ~ be lon g e n ou g h toallow the iballoon tor ise
in the de sir e d he ig ht, le adsp toa me tal- r olle r
on p u lle y 3 an d f r om the n c e toa win c h W, I
" l . we ll in su late d f r om the e ar th. . B y me an sof
thiswin c h, the balloon , wh'ic his? lle d with "
hy dr og e n , or he liu m, c an be allowe d tor ise
toa su itable he ig ht ( , 30 0 to' 5 , 0 0 0 me tr e s)
v an d br ou g ht tothe g r ou n d f or r e c har g ii'ig "
or r e p air s. > ' H . .
The ac tu al c u r r e n t is tak e n - dir e c tly
thr ou g h a f r ic tion c on tac t f r om the me tal
r olle r '3 or f r om the wir e , or e v e n f r om the '
' mu c h or simu ltan e ou sly . f r om all thr e e by
me an sof br u she s( 3, 5 a an d 3b) . v B e y on d
the br u she sthe c on du c tor isv div ide d, the
p athsbe in g : 'f ir stly 'ov e r 1 2 tothe saf e ty
sp ar k g ap 8 , f r om the n c e toth'e 'e ar th c on
du c tor E1 , an d se c on dly ov e r e le ttr omag n e t
S1 , p oin t 1 3, toa se c on d loose e le c tr omag n e t
; , 1 , 5 4 0 , 9 9 8
hav in g ian ladj u stable c oil S2 , the n tothe
sp ar k g ap 7 an d to the , se c on d e ar th c on
du c tor E2 ; The ac tu al wor k in g - c ir c u it is. .
f or me d thr ou g hthe sp ar k g ap I7, c on de n se r s" I
5 an d '6, an d thr ou g h the p r imar v c oil 9 ;
he r e the static e le c tr ic ity lf or me d'iby osc il-
lator y disc har g e s: isac c u n iu late dan d c on - .
r e r ie d in tohig h f r e q u e n c y e le c tr omag n e tic
- I I _ . .
OSCIlla- tIOIIS. B e twe e n the e le c tr omag n e tsS1 <
an d S2 at the c r ossin g p oin t 1 3, f ou r c on - '
de n se r batte r ie sar e in tr odu c e d whic h ar e
on ly in dic ate d diag r ammatic ally . in the
* dr awin 'g sc ac h by on e c on de n se r , Twoof
f - the se batte r ie s. ( 1 6 an d 1 8 ) ar e made asp late
c on de n se r san d p r olon g e d by r e ig u latii'ig x in
hdu c tion c oils? or s'p ir als'l? an d 1 9 while the
tr ate d, Fig u r e 2 4 shows; a c olle c tin g balloon
't'woothe r s( 2 - 1 an d2 3) ar e in du c tion c on
Y? ( le n se _ r s. _ Asmay 'be se e n f r om the dr awin g s
e ac h of the f ou r c on de n se r batte r ie s1 6, l8 , w
. 1 2 1 5 " a
ae r ial- { or to; the v c olle c tor c on du c t- or . The
J isv c on n e c te don ly by on e p ole tothe
70
se c on d- p ole s, 1 7, 1 9 , 2 2 , 2 - 1 ar e op e n . In , the . 1 ,
c ase of p late 'c on de n se r shay in g 'n oin du c tiv e
r e sistan c e an in du c tion c oil isln se r te d; _ - 'lhc
Kobj e c t of - s'u c h a sp ir al or c oil isthe disp lac e
p e r iods, whilst the c har g in g c u r r e n t of the
c on de n se r p ole swhic h lie f r e e in the , air ,
. v wor k sbac k , toilthe c olle c tor v ae r ial. The c on
se q u e n c e of this'isthat- in disc har g e sin the .
c olle c tor ae r ialithe ibac k in du c tiv e ac tion of
the ir - c c p ole sallowsa hig he r v oltag e tobe
_ main tain e d in the ae r ial c olle c tin g c 'on - -
, du c tor than wou ld'othe r wise be the c ase . It
hasalsobe e n , f ou n dthat su c h a bac k ac tion
we ar of the c on tac ts.
v 9 , 0
me n tof p hase of the in du c tion c u r r e n tby 1 , 4
hasan e x tr e me ly , f av ou r able e f f e c t, on the
Of c ou r se the . in du c -
j tiv e e tf e c t may be r e g u late d at will within
9 5
the limitsof the siz e of the in du c tion c oil, \
the le n g th of the c oil in ac tion - be in g ad- ' 1 0 5
j u 'stable by me an so- f wir e c on n e c tion 'with- > '
ou t in du c tion ( se e Fig . 2 4 , No. 2 0 ) " . '
S1 an diS2 may ialsobe p r ov ide d with su c h
r e g u latin g 'de v ic e sf in the c ase of S2 ( illu s
v - tr ate d by 1 1 ) } v 'Ir j f e me sstv oltag e be f or me d
it isc on du c te d to e ar th thr ou g h the wir e 1 2
an d sp ar k 'g ap v 8 or - thr ou g h an y othe r su it
able ap p ar atu s, sin c e thisf or mation wou ld
be dan g e r ou sf or the othe r ap p ar atu s. _ '
The ac tion of the se c on de n se r batte r ie shas
alr e ady be e n he r e in be f or e de sc r ibe d. _
The small c ir c le s'on the c olle c tor balloon
in dic ate p lac e sat whic h z in c amalg amv or
1 1 0
g old amalg am- or othe r p hotoe le c tr ic ac tin g
me talsin the f or m of small p atc he sin X - _
tr e me ly thin lay e r s( . 0 1 to. 0 5 min , in
thic k n e ss) ar e ap p lie d to- the balloon c asin g
of lig ht r n e tal. Su c h me tallic p atc he smay '
alsobe ap p lie d tothe e n tir e balloon aswe ll
asin g r e ate r thic k n e sstothe c on du c tin g
n e twor k . The c ap ac ity of the c olle c tor is
the r e by . c o/ n side r ably ' str e n g the n e d at the
su r f ac e . The g r e ate st p ossible e lie c t in c ol
le c tin g v may be obtain e d by p olon iu m amals
g ain san d the lik e . , On the su r f ac e of the
1 30
la in
8
c olle c tor balloon me tal p oin tsor sp ik e sar e ,
alsof ix e d alon g the r ibs, whic h sp ik e sse r v e
p ar tic u lar ly f or c olle c tin g the c olle c tor
c har g e . Sin c e it iswe ll k n own that the r e
sistan c e of the sp ik e sisle ssthe shar p e r the
sp ik e is, f or thisp u r p ose it isthe r e f or e e x
tr e me ly imp or tan t to. e mp loy as shar p
sp ik e sasp ossible . Ex p e r ime n tsmade . as
r e g ar ds. the se hay e shown that the f or ma
tion of the body of the sp ik e or p oin t also
p lay sa lar g e p ar t. f or e x amp le , sp ik e smade
of bar sor r olle r swith smooth su r f ac e s,
hav e a man y time sg r e ate r p oin t r e sistan c e
asc olle c tor ac c u mu lator sp ik e sthan those
with r ou g h su r f ac e s. Var iou sk in dsof
sp ik e bodie shav e , be e n e x p e r ime n te d with
f or the c olle c tor balloon she r e in be f or e me n
tion e d. The be st r e su ltswe r e g iv e n by
sp ik e swhic h we r e made in the f ollowin g
way . Fin e p oin tsmade of ste e l, c op p e r ,
n ic k e l, or c op p e r an d n ic k e l alloy s, we r e f as
te n e d tog e the r in bu n dle san d the n p lac e d
asan ode with the p oin tsin a su itable e le c
tr oly te ( p r e f e r ably in hy dr oc hlor ic ac id or
mu r iate 'of ir on solu tion s) an d sotr e ate d
with we ak c u r r e n t at 2 to3 v oltsp r e ssu r e .
Af te r 2 to3 hou r sac c or din g tothe thic k
n e ssof the sp ik e sor p in sthe p oin tsbe c ome
e x tr e me ly shar p an d the bodie sof the sp ik e s
hav e a r ou g h su r f ac e . The bu n dle c an the n
be r e mov e d an d the ac id washe d of f with
wate r . The sp ik e sar e the n v p lac e d as
c athode in a bath c on sistin g of solu tion of
g old, p latin u m, ir idiu m, p aladiu mc r wolf
r am saltsor the ir c omp ou n dsan d c oate d
at the c athode g alv an ic ally with a. thin lay e r
' of p r e c iou sme tal, whic h mu st howe v e r be
4 O
60
65
su f f ic ie n tly f ir m top r ote c t. the m f r om at
mosp he r ic ox idation . _
Su c h sp ik e sac t at a 2 0 f old lowe r v oltag e
almost aswe ll asthe be stan d ? n e st p oin ts
made by me c han ic al me an s. Stillbe tte r r e
su ltsar e obtain e d if p olon iu m or r adiu m
saltsar e adde d tothe g alv an ic bath whe n '
f or min g the p r ote c tiv e lay e r or c oatin g .
Su c h p in shav e a low r e sistan c e at the ir
p oin tsan d e v e n at on e Volt. an d still lowe r
p r e ssu r e shav e an e x c e lle n t c olle c tor ac tion .
In Fig u r e 2 4 the thr e e u n c on n e c te d p ole s
ar e n ot c on n e c te d withon e an othe r in p ar - _
That 1 5 q u ite p ossible ID'PIJ CUCO'
alle l.
withou t alte r in g the p r in c ip le of the f r e e
p ole : It isalsop r e f e r able toin te r c on n e c t
in p ar alle l toa c ommon c olle c tor n e twor k ,
a se r ie sof c olle c tin g ae r ials.
Fig u r e 2 5 showsa diag r am f or su c h an
in stallation . A1 . A2 , A3, A;4 ar e f ou r mc tal
c olle c tor balloon swith - g old , or p latin u m
c oate d sp ik e s whic h ar e e le c tr oly tic ally
made in the p r e se n c e of p olon iu m e man a
tion sor r adiu m salts, whic h sp ik e sor n e c
dlc sar e c on n e c te d ov e r f ou r e le c tr o- mag n e ts
S1 , S2 , S3, i. 4 . thr ou g h an an n u lar c on du c tor
R. Fr om thisan n u lar c on du c tor f ou r wir e s
r u n ov e r f ou r f u r the r e le c tr omag n e tsS ,
1 , 5 4 0 , 9 9 8
S" , U9 , S , tothe c on n e c tin g p oin t 1 3. The r e
v the c on du c tor isdiv ide d, on e . br an c h p assin g
ov e r 1 2 an d the saf e ty sp ar k g ap 8 tothe
e ar th at E1 , the othe r ov e r in du c tiv e r e sist
an c e J an d wor k in g r sp ar k g ap 7 tothe e ar th
at E2 . The wor k in g c ir c u it, c on sistin g of
the c on de n se r 5 an d ( 3 an d a r e son an c e
motor or a c on de n se r motor M, su c h ashe r e
in be f or e de sc r ibe d, is c on n e c te d in p r ox
imity ' r ou n d the sp ar k in g g ap se c tion 7 .
In ste ad of dir e c tly c on n e c tin g the c on
de n se r motor of c ou r se the p r imar y c ir c u it
f or hig h f r e q u e n c y osc illator y c u r r e n t'may
alsobe in se r te d. _ . <
The c on de n se r batte r ie sar e c on n e c te d by
on e p ole tothe an n u lar c on du c tor R an d c an
be e ithe r in du c tion le ss( 1 6 an d 1 8 ) or made
asin du c tion c on de n se r sasshown by 2 1
an d 2 3. The f r e e p ole sof the in du c tion le ss
c on de n se r sar e in dic ate d by 1 7 an d 1 9 , those
of the in du c tion c on de n se r sby 2 2 an d 2 4 .
Asmay be se e n f r om the dr awin g sall the se '
p ole s1 7. 2 2 . 1 9 , Qtmay be in te r c on n e c te d
. in p ar alle l thr ou g h. a, se c on d an n u lar c on
du c tor withou t an y f e ar that the r e by the
p r in c ip le of the f r e e p ole c on n e c tion will be
in j u r e d. ,
alr e ady se t f or th the p ar alle l c on n e c tion
alsoallowsof an e q u aliz ation of the wor k - _
in g p r e ssu r e in the e n tir e c olle c tor n e twor k .
Su itably c on str u c te d an d c alc u late d in du c ~
tion c oils2 5 an d 2 6 may alsobe in se r te d in
the an n u lar c on du c tor of the f r e e p ole s, by
me an sof whic h a c ir c u it may be f or me d
in the se c on dar y c oils2 7 an d 2 8 whic h al
lowsc u r r e n t p r odu c e d in thisan n u lar c on
du c tor by ? u c tu ation sof the c har g e sor the
lik e ap p e ar an c e stobe me asu r e d or othe r
wise u tiliz e d.
Ac c or din g towhat hasbe e n he r e in be f or e
state d se p ar ate c olle c tor balloon smay be
c on n e c te d at e q u idistan t station sdistr ibu te d
ov e r the e n tir e c ou n tr y , e ithe r c on n e c te d di
r e c tly with on e an othe r me tallic ally or by
me an sof in te r me diate su itably c on n e c te d
c on de n se r batte r ie sthr ou g h v hig h v oltag e
c on du c tor sin su late d f r om e ar th. _ The
static e le c tr ic ity is c on v e r te d thr ou g h a
sp ar k g ap in tody n amic e n e r g y of : f hig h
n u in be r of 'osc illation san d may in su c h f or m
be c ou p le d asa sou r c e of e n e r g y by me an s
of asu itable me thodof c on n e c tin g , v ar iou s
p r e c au tion sbe in g obse r v e d an d with sp c
c ial r e g u lation s. The wir e sle adin g f r om
. the c olle c tor balloon shav e hithe r tobe e n
c on n e c te d thr ou g h an an n u lar c on du c tor
withou t thise n dle ssc on n e c tion , whic h c an
be r e g ar de d asan e n dle ssin du c tion c oil, be
in g able toe x e r t an y ac tion on the whole
c on du c tor sy ste m.
. It hasn ow be e n f ou n d that if the n e twor k
c on du c tor c on n e c tin g the ae r ial c olle c tor bal
lloon swith on e an othe r isn ot made asa
simp le an n u lar c on du c tor , bu t p r e f e r ably
shor t c ir c u ite d 1 n the f or m of c oilsov e r a
In addition tothe adv an tag e s.
8 0
1 0 0
1 1 0
1 1 5

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