1

EXAMPLE OF HITCHED PLUG DESIGN

2
1.0 INTRODUCTION
This document presents an example of the design of a hitched (or slab keyed into rock) type of plug.
The approach presented follows the Bulkhead & Dams for Underground Mines Design Guidelines
published by the Ontario Ministry of Labour, Occupational Health and Safety Branch (1995).
Hypothetical Case:
A mine would like to build a hitched plug to close the access to the 130 haulage portal (Elev. 130 m)
as part of the general closure plan for the mine. The plug will be required to retain water after mine
closure and the static groundwater level is estimated to be at Elev. 465 m. For reference purposes,
Figure 1 shows a typical cross-section of a hitched plug.
Figure 1 General Layout of a Hitched Plug



Chemical analysis of the water indicated that it has a ph at approximately 7 and does not contain
suspended solid. Any leakage water from the plug will not be used for domestic purposes.
The drift is 3.7 m wide and 3.4 m high at the planned plug location and the rock mass of granite has
been classified as Fair quality through rock mass characterization.
The specifications for concrete and formwork presented in the course should be used.
2.0 BEARING CAPACITY OF ROCK
The Bulkhead Design Guidelines prepared by the Ontario Ministry of Labour (1995) includes
estimation of bearing capacity of rock, which is reproduced here in Sections 2.1 and 2.2. These
3
guidelines are used to assess the rock mass strength for incorporation into the plug design
calculations of Section 4.0.
2.1 Homogenous Rock
The bearing capacity of rock that is homogeneous is dependent upon the geometry of the rock surface
that is undergoing loading, the unit weight of the rock, the cohesion of the rock and the internal angle
of friction of the rock. Ordinarily, homogeneous rock has a compressive strength that is higher than
that of concrete. Consequently, the bearing capacity of homogeneous rock in an anchor channel is
not likely to be exceeded by the load transferred to it from a concrete bulkhead.
For uniform loading on an area of rock having a width W, the bearing capacity is given as:
C b
N c N W q + =
g
g
2
1


where: g = the unit weight of the rock
c = the cohesion of the rock
and
N
g
and N
c
are bearing capacity factors
N
c
= (Nq - 1) cot f
N
g
= 1.5 (Nq - 1) tan f
Nq = e
ptanf
tan
2
(p/4 + f / 2)
f = the angle of friction of the rock
Cohesion and friction angle values for commonly encountered rock types are:
Rock Type Cohesion (c) (KPa) Friction Angle (f) (degrees)
Igneous Rock
- granite
- basalt
- porphyry
35000 - 55000 35 - 45
Metamorphic Rock
- quartzite
- gneiss
20000 - 40000 30 - 40
4
- slate
Sedimentary Rock
- limestone
- dolomite
- sandstone
10000 - 30000 35 - 45

2.2 Discontinuous Rock
Rock in mining environments is seldom homogeneous and is usually characterized by blast induced
fractures and geologic features such as joints, bedding planes or faults. Discontinuities ordinarily
adversely influence the bearing capacity of the rock. Notwithstanding its compressive strength, the
bearing capacity of a rock mass that is personified by discontinuities can be significantly lower than
that of a homogeneous rock mass composed of the same rock type.
In discontinuous rock the potential failure mechanism from bearing stress can be somewhat different
from that resulting from excess bearing stress in homogeneous rock. The spacing, orientation and
opening size of discontinuities in a rock mass will dictate how it responds to bearing pressures. In
rock masses that are typified by discontinuities that are open, have a spacing that is less than the
width over which the bearing load is applied and are oriented sub-parallel to the direction of the
applied load, the load is essentially supported by unconfined columns of rock. The bearing capacity of
such rock masses is approximately equal to the sum of the strengths of the individual rock columns,
provided that each column has the same strength and rigidity.
For bulkhead anchor channels that are excavated in jointed or fractured rock, it is crucial that the rock
mass is carefully mapped to assess what influences, if any, the rock mass discontinuities will have on
its bearing capacity. The outcome of such mapping endeavours may reveal the necessity to adjust
the bearing capacity as presented before for homogenous rock (Section 2.1).
For explanation on rock mass characterization and the derivation of rock strength parameters, refer to
Appendix B Rock Mass Characterization of the Plug Design Guidelines.
3.0 DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS
The Bulkhead Design Guidelines prepared by the Ontario Ministry of Labour (1995) includes a section
on plug design considerations, as presented in Sections 3.1 and 3.2. This outlines the basis for plug
design requirements, design criteria followed, typical layout of a plug, and coefficients used for design.
All are referenced to the design calculations of Section 4.0.
5
3.1 Plug Design Requirements
The design of the plug should account for the dimensions of the plug, the depth to which the plug will
be hitched (keyed) into the rock, as well as the following components relevant to design:
Factored Loads
Factored Shear Loads
Factored Moments (and reinforcement requirements)
Bar Spacing & Slab Thickness
Anchorage into Rock
Bearing on Concrete
3.2 Plug Design Criteria
The Ontario guidelines consider:
1. The bulkhead is designed in accordance with the CSA, CAN3-A23.3-M84, "Design of
Concrete Structures for Buildings", requiring that:
Factored Resistance Effect of Factored Loads
2. The Bulkhead is considered to be a two-way slab that is simply supported on four sides.
3. Tectonic pressure is not considered
4. Deep beam flexure "analysis" does not apply.
5. The potential of hydraulic fracturing within the rock around the bulkhead has not been
considered in the design of the Ontario guidelines.
6. The bulkhead design has been designed to withstand static hydrostatic pressure with
specific gravity equal to one.
6
3.3 Typical Plug Layout
The following is the layout of a typical plug for illustration purposes:


Notes:
1. Anchorage distance of h/2 is based on anchorage in sound rock with an allowable bearing pressure
of 3800 kPa. If rock is fractured or allowable bearing is less than 3800 kPa, then appropriate
adjustment to anchorage depth is required.
2. Concrete cover = 75 mm 12 mm.
3. For rectangular bulkheads, place reinforcement parallel to short dimension (l
a
) on the outermost
layer.
4. For bulkheads that may be loaded from either side, place reinforcement, as indicated in tables,
on both sides.
5. Minimum bar spacing s = Bar dia. (d
b
) + largest of:
- 25 mm; or
- d
b
; or
- 1.33 x max. size aggregate.
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3.4 Coefficients and Notations Used in Design
The following are notations used in the design calculations of Section 4.0:
A Effective tension area of concrete surrounding the flexural tension
reinforcement and having the same centroid as that
reinforcement, divided by number of bars, mm
2
h

A
s
Area of tension reinforcement, square mm

D
Load factor on dead load (Clause 9.2.3)*

L
Load factor on live load (see Clause 9.2.3)*

Q
Load factor on wind or earthquake load (see Clause 9.2.3)*

T
Load factor in T-load (see Clause 9.2.3)*

Ratio of clear spans in long to short direction of two-way slabs

1
Ratio of depth of rectangular compression block of depth of the neutral axis
(see clause 10.2.7)*

c
Ratio of the long side to short side of the concentrated load or reaction area

b With of compression face of member, mm

b
o
Perimeter of critical section for slabs and footings, mm

b
w
Web width, mm

c Distance from extreme compression fibre to neutral axis, mm

C
ad
,C
bd
Moment coefficients for positive dead load moments in short and long spans
respectively

C
al
,
C
bl
Moment coefficients for positive live load moments in short and long spans
respectively

D Dead load, N

d Distance from extreme compression fibre to centroid of tension reinforcement,
mm

d
b
Nominal diameter of bar, wire or prestressing strand, mm

d
c
Thickness of concrete cover measured from extreme tension fibre to the centre
of the longitudinal bar or wire located closest to it, mm

E
s
Modulus of elasticity of reinforcement, MPa (see clause 8.5.2 or 8.5.3)*

!
s
Strain in reinforcing

f
s
Calculated stress in reinforcement at specified loads, MPa

f
y
Specified yield strength of nonprestressed reinforcement, MPa

8

* NOTE: For Clause numbers refer to CAN-A23.3-M84 Standard
f
c
Specified compressive strength of concrete, MPa

c f
Square root of specified compressive strength of concrete, MPa

g Gravitational acceleration, 9.81 m/s
2

H Head of water in metres

h Overall thickness of member, mm

h
s
Overall depth of slab, mm

L Live load N

I Span length of one-way slab as defined in clauses 8.7.1 and 8.7.2;* clear
projection of cantilever, mm
I
a
Clear span of a two-way slab in short direction, mm

I
b
Clear span of a two-way slab in long direction, mm

M
a
Maximum moment in member at load stage at which deflection is computed, N
mm

M
ad
Pos, Positive dead load moments in short and and long spans respectively, N.mm/m
M
f
Factored moment at section, N mm

M
r
Factored moment resistance, calculated using the assumption in clauses 10.2
and 10.3,* and the resistance factors given in clause 9.3,* N mm

m = 1
a

1
b

Ratio of short to long span of a two-way slab
" Ratio of nonprestressed tension reinforcement = A
s
/bd

Q Live load due to wind or earthquake, whichever produces the more
unfavourable effect
s Spacing between layers of reinforcement, mm

T Cumulative effects of temperature, creep, shrinkage and differential settlement

V
c
Factored shear resistance provided by tensile stresses in the concrete, N

V
f
Factored shear force at section, N

V
r
Factored shear resistance, N

V
s
Factored shear resistance provided by shear reinforcement, N

W
df
Factored dead load per unit area, kPa

W
f
Factored load per unit area,, kPa

W
lf
Factored live load per unit area, kPa (kN/m2)

For Clause numbers refer to CAN-A23.3-M84 Standard
9
z Quantity limiting distribution of flexural reinforcement kN/mm (see clause 10.6)*

# Importance factor (see Clause 9.2.6)*

Factor to account for low density of concrete (see clause 11.2.3)*

#
c
Density of concrete, kg/m3

$
c
Resistance factor for concrete (see Clause 9.3.2)*

$
s
Resistance factor for reinforcing bars (see Clause 9.3.3)*

% Load combination factor (see Clause 9.2.4)*



* Note: For Clause numbers refer to CAN-A23.3-M84 Standard


Table E-2 of the Ontario Ministry of Labour Guidelines (1995) is provided for reference purposes
which presents the coefficients for live and dead load positive moments. These coefficients will be
utilized in Section 4.0.


10

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4.0 DESIGN CALCULATIONS
The following section provides details related to the calculation of factored loads, and the ultimate
requirements for plug design, using the hypothetical case presented in Section 1.0. These
calculations are based on the Bulkhead Design Guidelines from the Ontario Ministry of Labour (1995).
Refer to Section 3.4 for an itemized list of notations used in the following calculations.
4.1 Initial Conditions
The following presents initial conditions related to data input such as geometries, material strengths,
etc.
Opening (long side x short side), l
a
x l
b
= 3400 mm x 3700 mm
Head of Water, H = 335 m (Elev. 465 m Elev. 130 m)
Concrete Compressive Strength, f
c
= 30 MPa
Reinforcing Yield Strength, fy = 400 MPa
Live load due to hydrostatic pressure, (w):
w = H x r
w
x g = 3287 kN/m
2


Where, g = 9.81 m/s
2


r
w
= 1000 kg/m
3
, (density of water)

4.2 Design Coefficients
The following are design coefficients related to the bulkhead geometrical requirements, and design
layout:
088 . 1
3400
3700
_
_
= = = =
a
b
c
l
l
side short
side long
b


919 . 0
3700
3400
_
_
= = = =
b
a
l
l
side long
side short
m

12

Moment coefficient, C
al
(See Table E-2 Case 1) = 0.0431

Moment coefficient, C
bl
(See Table E-2 Case 1) = 0.0305
4.3 Total Factored Load, Wf
The total factored load (W
f
) incorporates the various loads acting on the bulkhead including; dead
loads, live loads, wind and earthquake loads, and temperature loads. A factor is applied to the loads
to weight the loads accordingly.
Total Factored Load (W
f
):

W
f
= a
D
D + gc(a
L
L + a
Q
Q +a
T
T) (CSA 9.2.2)

Where, D = Dead load

L = Live load

Q = Wind, Earthquake

T = Temp

Load Factors ( a):

a
D
= 1.25, a
L
= 1.50, a
Q
= 1.50, a
T
= 1.25 (CSA 9.2.3)

Load Combination Factor (c):

c = 1.0 one of L, Q, T

c = 0.7 two of L, Q, T

c = 0.6 three of L, Q, T

Since only a live load is considered in this design, c = 1.0 is considered.

Importance Factor (g):
g = 1.0 (CSA 9.2.6)

Therefore, the total factored load (W
f
) is resolved to:

W
f
= W
df
+ W
lf


= 1.25D +1.50L

For vertical bulkheads (load acting horizontally across bulkhead), such as in the hypothetical
case analyzed, D = 0.00. For horizontal bulkheads (e.g., built in vertical shafts, the load
13
would be acting vertically across bulkhead), the dead load should be estimated based on the
plug volume and density of the concrete. For this example, D = 0.

\W
f
= 0 + 1.50 x 3287 kN/m
2


= 4931 kN/m
2

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4.4 Factored Shear Resistance, Vc
The following series of equations consider the bulkheads resistance to shear failure.

Factored shear resistance (V
c
):

V
c
= (1 + 2 / b
c
) 0.2 l f
c
(f
c
)
0.5
b
o
d Formula (1) (CSA 11.10.2.2)


But not greater than,
V
c
= 0.4 l f
c
(f
c
)
0.5
b
o
d Formula (2) (CSA 11.10.1.3)
Where, b
o
= perimeter of critical section

d = effective depth, mm

b
o
= 2 (l
a
+ l
b
2d)

= 2 (3400+3700-2d)

= 14200 4d (mm)

Importance factor (l ):
l = 1.0 (CSA g.2.6)

Resistance factor (f
c
):

f
c
= 0.60 (CAN g.3.2)

Design coefficient (b
c
):
b
c
= 1.088 (Section 4.2)

Strength of concrete (f
c
):

(f
c
)
0.5
= (30)
0.5
= 5.477

where f
c
is expressed in MPa

Evaluating Formula (1):

V
c
= (1 + 2 / b
c
) 0.2 l f
c
(f
c
)
0.5
b
o
d,
= (1+2 / 1.088) 0.2 x 1.0 x 0.60 x 5.477 x b
o
d
= 1.8654 b
o
d

Formula (1) cannot be greater than Formula (2).

15
4.5 Evaluating Formula (2):

V
c
= 0.4 l f
c
(f
c
)
0.5
b
o
d
= 0.4 x 1.0 x 0.6 x 5.477 b
o
d
= 1.3145 b
o
d

Which is less than V
c
in Formula (1)

Therefore, use V
c
in Formula (2) & substitute (14200 4d) for b
o
:

V
c
= 1.3145 (14200 4d) d
= 18665.9 d 5.258 d
2
(N)
= 18.6659 d - 0.005258 d
2
(kN) Formula (3)
4.6 Factored Shear Loads, Vf
The following equations consider the applied shear loads on the bulkhead:
Factored shear load (V
f
) :
V
f
= W
f
(l
a
d) (l
b
d)
= 4931 (3.400 0.001 d) (3.700 0.001 d) (kN)
= 4931 (12.58 0.0034 d 0.0037 d + 0.000001 d
2
) (kN)


= 0.004931 d
2
35.0101 d + 62031.98 (kN)

Where, Wf = total factored load = 4931 (kN) (Section 4.3)

4.7 Factored Thickness of Bulkhead, d
The following equations consider the factored thickness of the bulkhead based on the factored shear
resistance and factored shear load.
Let:
Factored Shear Resistance (V
c
)

= Factored Shear Load (V
f
)
18.6588 d - 0.005256 d
2
= 0.004931 d
2
35.0101 d + 62031.98
0.010187 d
2
53.6689 d + 62031.98 = 0
Solving quadratic equation for d:
ad
2
+ bd + c = 0
d = (-b 6 (b
2
4ac)
0.5
) / (2a)
= (53.6689 6 (2880.350827 2527.679121)
0.5
) / 0.020374
= (53.6689 6 18.77955554) / 0.020374
= 1713 mm

Use d = 1800 mm
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4.8 Factored Moment (Short Side), Mf
The following equation considers the moment acting along the short side of the bulkhead.
Factored moment, short side, (M
f
):

M
f
= M
al
+ M
ad
(CSA E2.8)
Where, live load positive moment, (M
al
):
M
al
= C
al
W
lf
l
a
2

= 0.0431 x 4931 x (3.40)
2

= 2457 kN.m per metre width

And, dead load positive moment, (M
ad
):
M
ad
= C
ad
w
df
l
a
2

= 0

Therefore, M
f
= 2457 kN.m per metre width

4.9 Reinforcement Steel Area for Preliminary Calculations (Short Side)
The following formulae consider the reinforcement steel area which is required for preliminary
calculations regarding the bulkhead reinforcing steel requirements. These formulae refer to the CPCA
Concrete Design Handbook 2.9.
Steel area, (A
s
):

A
s
= (M
f
x 10
6
) / (0.90 f
s
f
y
d) (CSA 9.3.3)

Where, M
f
= 2457 kN.m per metre width
d = 1800 mm
For f
s
= 0.85, fy = 400 MPa

Therefore, A
s
= (2457 x 10
6
) / (306 x 1800)
= 4461 mm
2
/ m

Consider two steel layers of 30M at 200 mm:

A
s
= 2 [p (30/2)
2
] / 0.200
= 7068 mm
2
/ m

Ratio of non-prestressed tension reinforcement, (r):
r = A
s
/ (b d)

Where b = 1000 mm unit width
\r = 7068 / (1000 x 1800),
= 0.003927

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4.10 Factored Moment Resistance (Short Side), Mr
The following formulae consider the factored moment resistance acting across the short side of the
bulkhead. Refer to CPCA Concrete Design Handbook 2.7 and CSA Appendix B3.
Factored moment resistance, (M
r
):
M
r
= r f
s
f
y
[1 (r f
s
f
y
) / (1.7 f
c
f
c
)] bd
2

= 0.003927 x 0.85 x 400 [1 (0.003927 x 0.85 x 400) / (1.7 x 0.60 x 30)] 1000 x 1800
2

= 4137 kN.m

Since M
r
$ M
f
, OK.
4.11 Ratio of Tension Reinforcement (Short Side), r
The following formulae consider the ratio of tension reinforcement of the bulkhead. Three criteria are
to be met:
Preliminary:
r = 0.003927 (Section 4.8)


1. Temp. & shrinkage reinforcing.

r
min
= 0.0020,
Since r > r
min
, OK

2. Max. allowable steel ratio r
max

(to ensure ductile failure)

r
max
= (f
c
/ f
s
) [(0.85 x f
c
x b
1
x 600) / f
y
(600 + f
y
)]

Where, f
c
= 30, b
1
= 0.85

r
max
= (0.60 / 0.85) [(0.85 x 30 x 0.85 x 600) / 400 (600 + 400)]
= 0.02295,
Since r < r
max
, OK

3. Minimum Reinforcing for Flexure

r
min
= 1.4 / f
y
or 1.33 x r
reqd
for flexure (CSA 10.5)
= 1.4 / 400 = 0.0035,
Since r > r
min
, OK

Therefore initial reinforcing steel area estimation (Section 4.8) of two layers of 30 M at 200
mm are satisfactory. (A
s
= 7068 mm
2
/ m)

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4.12 12. Factored Moment (Long Side), Mf
Factored moment, long side, (M
f
):

M
f
= M
bl
+ M
bd
(CSA E2.8)

Where M
bd
= 0 (dead load, D = 0)
M
bl
= C
bl
W
lf
l
b
2

= 0.0305 x 4931 x (3.70)
2
= 2059 kN.m per metre width

\M
f
= 2059 kN.m per metre width

4.13 Reinforcement Steel Area for Preliminary Calculations (Long Side)
The following formulae are the second iteration for considering the reinforcement steel area which is
required for preliminary calculations. The bulkhead reinforcing steel requirements for moments acting
along the long side of the bulkhead are considered. These formulae refer to the CPCA Concrete
Design Handbook 2.9.
Steel area, (A
s
):

A
s
= (M
f
x 10
6
) / (0.90 f
s
f
y
d) (CSA 9.3.3)

Where, M
f
= 2059 kN.m per metre width (long side)
d = 1800 mm
For f
s
= 0.85, fy = 400 MPa

Therefore, A
s
= (2059x 10
6
) / (306 x 1800)
= 3738 mm
2
/ m

Consider two steel layers of 30M at 250 mm:

A
s
= 2 [p (30/2)
2
] / 0.250
= 5655 mm
2
/ m

Ratio of non-prestressed tension reinforcement, (r):
r = A
s
/ (b d)

Where b = 1000 mm unit width
\r = 5655 / (1000 x 1800),
= 0.00314

4.14 Factored Moment Resistance (Long Side), Mr
The following formula considers the factored moment resistance acting across the long side of the
bulkhead. Refer to CPCA Concrete Design Handbook 2.7 and CSA Appendix B3.
19
Factored moment resistance, (M
r
):
M
r
= r f
s
f
y
[1 (r f
s
f
y
) / (1.7 f
c
f
c
)] bd
2

= 0.002618 x 0.85 x 400 [1 (0.002618 x 0.85 x 400) / (1.7 x 0.60 x 30)] 1000 x 1800
2

= 2800 kN.m

Since M
r
$ M
f
, OK.

4.15 Ratio of Tension Reinforcement (Long Side), r
The following formulae consider the ratio of tension reinforcement of the bulkhead. Three criteria are
to be met:
Preliminary:
r = 0.00314 (Section 4.12)


1. Temp. & shrinkage reinforcing.

rmin = 0.0020,
Since r > r
min
, OK

2. Max. allowable steel ratio r
max

(to ensure ductile failure)

rmax = (fc / fs) [(0.85 x fc x b1 x 600) / fy (600 + fy)]

Where, f
c
= 30, b
1
= 0.85

r
max
= (0.60 / 0.85) [(0.85 x 30 x 0.85 x 600) / 400 (600 + 400)]
= 0.02295
Since r < r
max
, OK

3. Minimum Reinforcing for Flexure

r
min
= 1.4 / f
y
or 1.33 x r
reqd
for flexure (CSA 10.5)
= 1.33x A
s
/(b x d)
= 1.33 x 3738/(1000 x 1800)
= 0.0028
Since r > r
min
, OK

Therefore initial reinforcing steel area estimation (Section 4.8) of two layers of 30 M at 250 mm are
satisfactory. (A
s
= 5655 mm
2
/ m)
4.16 Bar Layer Spacing and Slab Thickness
The following formulae consider the spacing of reinforcement steel bar layers, as well as the thickness
of the bulkhead concrete slab.
20
Bar Layer Spacing, (s):

s = d
b
+ 1.33 x 35 mm (max. aggregate size)

Where, d
b
= diameter of the reinforcing bar (30 mm)

s = 30 mm + 46.55 mm
= 76.55 mm, use 80 mm

Slab Thickness, (h):

h = d + s / 2 + d
c
+ d
b
/ 2

Where, d = 1800 mm (effective depth)
d
c
= 75 mm (concrete cover to bar)

h = 1800 + 80 / 2 + 75 + 30 / 2
= 1930 mm
4.17 Anchorage in Rock
The following formulae consider the anchorage depth of the bulkhead into the rock based on the
bulkhead geometry and allowable bearing capacity of the rock.






Total bulkhead area, (A):
A = A
2
A
1

Where, A
2
= outside area of bulkhead (including anchorage in rock)
A
1
= inside area of bulkhead (not including anchorage in rock)

A = (l
a
+ h) (l
b
+ h) (l
a
x l
b
)
= l
a
l
b
+ l
b
h + l
a
h + h
2
l
a
l
b
= (h
2
+ l
b
h + l
a
h)

Where, h / 2 = Anchorage in Rock

Hydrostatic Pressure = 3287 kN / m
2


Allowable Bearing Pressure = 3800 kN / m
2


\ 3287 A
1
= 3800 A
A
1
/ A = 3800 / 3287 = 1.156
A
1
A
2
l
a
l
b
h/2
21
l
a
l
b
/ (h
2
+ l
b
h + l
a
h) = 1.156
22
Where, l
a
= 3.40 m
l
b
= 3.70 m

(3.4 x 3.7) / (h
2
+ 3.7h + 3.4h) = 1.156
12.58 = 1.156 h2 + 8.2076 h
h2 + 7.1 h 10.8824 = 0

Solving quadratic equation:
ah
2
+ bh + c = 0
h = (-b 6 (b
2
4ac)
0.5
) / (2a)
= (-7.1 6 (50.41 + 43.5296)
0.5
) / 2
= (-7.1 6 9.6922) / 2
= 1.30 m

Therefore, anchorage required = h/2 = 1.30 / 2 = 0.65 m

For additional factor of safety:

Anchorage required = h / 2, let h = d, 1800 / 2 = 900 mm = 0.90 m

4.18 Bearing on Concrete
The following formulae consider the allowable bearing pressure of the concrete slab compared to the
bearing pressure of the live load.
At support:
Pressure = 3800 kN / m
2
x 1.5 (live load factor)
= 5700 kN / m
2

= 5.70 MPa

On Face = 3287 kN / m
2
x 1.5
= 4931 kN / m
2

= 4.93 MPa

Allowable Bearing Pressure on Concrete:
= 0.85 f
c
f
c
(CSA 10.15.1.1)
= 0.85 x 0.60 x 30
= 15.3 MPa

Since Allowable Bearing Pressure on Concrete>Pressure on Face (due to live load), OK
23
Bulkhead Design Example

Figure D2 Results of the bulkhead design calculations for an opening 3400 mm x 3700
mm.














24
5.0 REFERENCES
Ontario Ministry of Labour, 1995, Bulkheads & Dams For Underground Mines Design
Guidelines, Occupational Health & Safety Branch, Sudbury, Ontario.
CAN3-A23.3-M84. Design of Concrete Structures for Buildings. Canadian Standards
Association.
CAN3-A23.1-M77.Concrete Materials and Methods of Concrete Construction, Canadian
Standards Association.
CPCA 1989, Concrete Design Handbook First Edition, Canadian Portland Cement
Association, Ottawa.




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