VIA University College Denmark

Constructing Architect
2
nd
semester
January 2010


BUILDING SITE REPORT








Alberta Albertsdttir
Egita Rumpane
Iris Norfjr
Jerome Amalraj Xavier
Oana Pasalau



2

Contents
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ..3
SUMMARY ...3
GENERAL INFORMATION ..4
ELEVATIONS ...5
1. Setting out the plot (leveling, measuring) .6
1.1 Excavation for foundation and chambers ..7
2. Foundation and ground supported floor ...9
2.1 Drain, sewer, waste water pipes 12
2.2 Floor heating pipes and manifold .13
3. Walls ..15
3.1 Load bearing internal and external walls .17
3.2 Electricity first stage ..17
4. Steel beams and columns ..18
5. Roof construction .19
5.1 Place the wall plates ..19
5.2 Erect trusses .19
5.3 Roof anchors and bracing ..20
5.4 Roof covering construction for roof tiles .21
5.5 Documentation on Roof Construction ..22
6. Placing windows and external doors ..24
7. Ceiling 25
8. Building the brick outer leaf of the external walls and placing the insulation ..26
8.1 Insulation .26
8.2 Ventilation gaps ..27
8.3 Bricks (type) ...27
9. Internal work .28
9.1 Electricity second stage ....28
9.2 Casting concrete floors ..28
9.3 Placing internal doors .. 29
9.4 Rendering ...30
9.5 Floor finishes .30
9.6 Painting ....32
10. Cleaning the site ..32
CONCLUSION.33
REFERENCES ..34
SUMMARY OF WORKING PROCESS..35



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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
At the very beginning of the report, we would like to thank our teachers for all the guidance and
information that we received from them. First, we would like to thank our class teacher and architect
Rene for organizing a trip to the building site and explaining the real life building process to us, and an
architect Ane Marie for helping us get started with finding more information on the particular house,
plans and the general information about the company and its products. Second, we would like to give
our thanks to our teacher Gordon for providing us with all the necessary knowledge and information on
writing a good report. Hopefully, during the process of writing this report, we have been able to show
our knowledge gained throughout the observation of the building process.


SUMMARY
This Building Site Report is written by 2
nd
semester Architectural Technology and Construction
Management degree course, class BK21E students - Alberta Albertsdttir, Egita Rumpane, Iris Norfjr,
Jerome Amalraj Xavier, and Oana Pasalau.
The purpose of this assignment was to compare the theoretical
and practical knowledge by an observation of the building process of a
house. In this report we have shown the gained knowledge by giving a
written explanation of what is shown in the photos added to the report
and comparing the theoretical knowledge with
real life observation. We were visiting the
building site once a week, taking notes and photos. This is how we
documented everything that we thought could be used later in the report.
This building site report gives an overview of the building process according
to the questions asked to be answered in the assignment.







4

GENERAL INFORMATION
This is one of our absolute best selling houses.
/FM-Skjr AS/

House of 149 m
2
with integral carport
Address: Overmarksvej 45, 8700 Horsens
Plot area: 937 m
2

Price: DKK 2,595,000


Interior: The plan of the house is very well arranged and organized, and worked out in detail. The U-
shaped kitchen with a bay window gives a nice view
to the garden and makes working in kitchen much
more enjoyable. Kitchen is combined with the living
room and has access to a terrace. Both the kitchen
and living room has high ceiling which provides room
more space. From the hall there is access to a large
and practical utility room as well as to a garage, so a
person can access house straight from the garage
which is highly appreciated when the weather is bad. Parents Division consists of a bedroom with a
spacious closet and private bathroom. The dwelling, in addition, has 3 bedrooms and 1 guest bathroom.

Exterior: External walls are built from yellow / brown clay bricks. The house has a black roof covering
roof tiles, and steel gutters, aluminum windows of whit/granite color and doors from Thema with low
energy glass.
Heating: The dwelling is heated by district heating.
SITE VIEW







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ELEVATIONS

South-West Facade

North-West Facade

North-East Facade

South-East Facade


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1. Setting out the plot (leveling, measuring)

It is Architect or a Constructing Architect, responsible of the placement or position of the
building on a given land. Setting out is the first stage of construction in a site. This involves
outlining the structure on the ground. For any new house or extensions or alterations setting
out or mapping out is very important. It is fairly a quick work, but obviously it has to be done
with great care to avoid any conflicts in the construction stage or later, because it is not so easy
to correct and it may be very expensive. There are factors to consider when laying out the
building plans on site. This includes the size of the plot, neighbors, driveways and sun direction.
The other factors to note are planning requirements by the local authorities and services
required to the site. These are electricity, water, sewers, communication and roads. Distance
between facade of a one storey dwelling building and a boundary with another parcel or path
shall be a minimum of 2.50 m in Denmark.

Even though we missed to witness the setting out the plot and the excavation work at the
building site that we have visited, we feel that it would be more appropriate to add information
about it in this report.


Marking in the Field






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Preliminary work

It is necessary to tidy up the site first, removing trees that are on the way and just too close to
the new building, because it would be very hard to work around it and making scaffolding and
etc.

First Layout

Profiles consist of pegs, stakes driven into the ground with cross piece of timber attached to
them. Like formwork they are only temporary and they dont always look too neat but they
contain quite lot of information. Wooden pegs or range poles to be placed in the major corners
of the building. Bricklayers strings indicates precise location of the corners of the building on
profiles boards and it also shows the fixed points for construction modular lines.




1.1 Excavation

Excavation for foundation and chambers:
For small ditches or trenches, simply using a shovel is sufficient, but for excavating a deep trench
for sanitary sewer installation and foundation, special consideration should be made to dig
successfully and safely. Such as:

a) Proper planning of selecting the route and depth of excavation and determining the tools,
materials and equipment is necessary before starting the excavation work to avoid any
change after starting digging to save time and money.




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b) It is mandatory to get information from the government utility location service about the
underground gas, electric, water and communications pipes and cables and they should be
spotted and protected to protect the workers from injury or liability if they are damaged.

These flags are indicating the buried telephone cable.

c) Shovels, pickaxes, and other hand tools will be enough for minor excavations, but renting a
mini excavator can save a lot of work on large jobs. Backhoes and even track hoes may be
needed if the project requires a very deep and/or long trench.


d) Trees including small plants, even grasses should be removed and it can be stored for
replanting with proper care.

e) Usually, the topsoil is removed to a depth of 10 to 20 cm, depending on depth of the topsoil
layer.

f) After removing the topsoil, digging the trench is done with the care of observing the soil
conditions, so that the trench embankments do not yield. Removed soil is kept as far from
the trench as possible. The depth is checked with the laser level or builders level until the
whole digging process is complete.



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2. Foundation and Ground Supported Floor
When we first visited the building site, the foundation and the ground supported floor has been laid, so
that we couldnt get more information about it. However we decided to write about the process and SBI
directions for casting the foundation and laying the ground supported floor.

Foundation Brief: Foundations are one of the most important structures of any construction. These are
the structural members which transmit the loads from the structure above to the soil below. The shape
and size of the foundation is generally determined by the structure and load of the building. They can
be made from concrete, stone, concrete block, wood and steel. Since the foundation is interacting with
the soil, it should be properly designed and constructed.

SBI 189 Directions for Foundations: This SBI Direction contains guidance and examples of constructions
in one family houses. The examples all comply with the requirements written down in Building
Regulations for Small Dwellings, 1998 (BRS 98). According to SBI189, all houses shall be built in such a
way that they can transmit occurring loads. The loads can be divided into gravity based loads that is the
dead load of building components and the imposed load and snow load.

Foundation includes dimensioning and construction of foundations i.e. the structural elements that
transmit load from the house to firm load bearing stratum. The design and dimensioning of a foundation
and load bearing structures are usually requires the assistance of an engineer. Apart from resting on a
load bearing stratum, external foundations shall be constructed at least to frost-free depth. The frost
free depth for external wall foundation is 900mm below the surface. Since the Internal wall foundations
are not exposed to frost they can be taken down to load bearing stratum and not until the frost free
depth. SBI 189 recommends the width of an external foundation in a single storey house shall be at
least 0.3 m wide and internal wall should be minimum 0.2 m wide however the dimensioning is
calculated depending on the load from above.




The above figure from SBI-189 illustrates the simple design of a foundation for a single family house.


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The above figure illustrates the details of a foundation from the building site that we have visited.

We received this foundation diagram from the contractor but it doesnt show the materials and
dimensions. However we got some general information about the materials and its dimensions from the
contractors website. It was in Danish and we translated into English. The information as we got it is as
follows:

Blinding Layer: It is a layer of sand or unreinforced concrete of 5cm in thickness. It shall be laid at the
bottom of excavation to provide stable conditions at the bottom of the foundations or footings.
However, it is not required if the bottom of the excavation is very stable, relatively dry, non-reactive to
concrete and compactable. We couldnt get any information about this blinding layer at the building
site.

Earth Work and Foundation: Excavated for the normal level due to max.200mm topsoil. Foundations
are constructed 900mm below the ground level, with one row of 190 * 350mm Lecaterm block. The
Concrete for the foundation is cast in situ 5. Light clinker blocks with insulation layer in the middle are
placed on top of the foundation. The function of this Lecaterm blocks is to break the cold bridge through
the upper part of the foundation strip. Normally, one block with insulation and another one without
insulation layer are placed if the room inside is heated with radiators, but if the floor is heated with floor
heating then two blocks with insulation must be used to minimize the heat loss.



The above picture from the building site shows the top view of Lecaterm Blocks 190 * 350mm



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Bitumen Felt SBI 189: A 0.15 mm polyethylene foil is suitable as a damp proof membrane. It must,
however, be laid with an overlap of at least 200-300 mm.



The above figure from SBI 189 shows the placement of a Damp Proof Membrane (DPM) on top of the
foundation and ground supported floor.



The above picture from the building site shows the placement of DPM





Roof Truss Anchors: The details about the
roof anchors are explained in the Roof
chapter. Here the following picture from
the building site shows the anchors built in
the foundation.


Roof truss anchor: Number 1







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Ground Supported Floor SBI 189: A ground supported floor is a floor construction resting directly on the
ground. Ground supported floors shall be insulated against ingress of any moisture and loss of heat
down to the soil. Ground floor construction should have minimum U-value 0.15 and in case of floor
heating 0.12. To prevent this heat loss an insulating layer is most often used under the slab and a
Capillary breaking layer is laid against the load bearing soil.

Concrete slab: The load distributing layer is usually in the form of a concrete slab. The slab should be
minimum 100 mm thick using concrete 15 or better. Steel reinforcement should be used, for example 5
mm reinforcement mesh with 150 mm grid placed in the middle of the slab.


Insulating layer: Insulating material shall be pressure-resistant and may consist of: coated loose light
clinkers, floor blocks, pressure-resistant mineral wool, or polystyrene.


Capillary breaking layer: Capillary breaking layers may consist of: Pebbles, shingles or gravel with a
minimum grain size of 4 mm. Capillary breaking layer prevents absorption from the soil. The minimum
required thickness is 150 mm.





The above figure is the detailed drawing of the building we have visited. It gives the information about
the ground supported floors. The technical details are in Danish. It is translated into English as follows :
Joint with true end 220mm polystyrene and 80 to 100 mm concrete plus 50mm polystyrene, total 270
mm polystyrene, Concrete / stretching 80mm.


2.1 Drain, Sewer, Waste Water Pipes
SBI 189 explains that Drainage pipes that carry surface water and soil moisture must be placed around
the building to prevent water from penetrating the house. Surface water shall be drained off by
establishing an adequate slope in the ground away from the house. According to SBI 189 Drainage pipes
should be laid in this way: Drainage pipes shall be laid with a grade of at least 3 per mill. Due to the risk
of frost damage the overall bottom level should be at least 0.60m below finished ground level.
Moreover, the highest bottom level should be at least 0.3 m below the construction part to be drained.


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Excavations must not be carried out below the bottom level of the foundations. Pipe dimensions must
not be less than 70 mm as smaller dimensions may cause cleaning problems.



The above picture from the building site shows the drainage pipes inside the house and the
perimeter drain pipe.

Radon / Branch pipe: A branch pipe, which is connecting the capillary breaking layer to the
drain pipe is inserted to secure the discharge of water from the capillary breaking layer and also
serves as a pressure equalizer in order to prevent the radioactive gas radon from penetrating
the building. At least two branch drains must be established per building.


2.2 Floor Heating pipes and Manifold

Floor Heating: is a form of central heating which uses heat conduction and radiant heat or cold
for indoor climate control, rather than forced air heating which relies on convection. Heat can
be provided by circulating heated water or by electric cable, mesh, or film heaters. We heard
that under floor heating is used in all the bathrooms at the building we have visited. Fig-1 below
is just the example of floor heating arrangement and Fig-2 is taken from the building site which
shows the floor heating hot water connection.

















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Manifold: At the centre of the under floor heating system is always a manifold. All the pipe
work in the building is brought back to a central distribution point, which is called the manifold.
The flow and return is taken from the manifold back to the heat source of the building. The
picture below is the manifold installed at the building site that we have visited.























The above pictures were taken from the building site which shows the fittings of
hot water and cold water pipes.





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3. Walls



External walls construction (360mm):
Outer leaf: 110 mm bricks
Insulation Isover 37, thickness 150mm
Top ending with insulation Rockwool 38 with thickness 150 mm
Inner leaf: 100 mm concrete

In building a house it is starting when to outer the wall is on the inner leaf, and in this house it is 100 mm
concrete. After that it is the bricks and the insulation. Outer leaf is connected by using wall ties to make
it stronger. It is plays on any 3 brigs. It is fore the wind load for exemplar





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External walls include walls in facades and in gables.
External walls must
1) be able to accept and transfer load,
2) fulfill the requirements for heat insulation,
3) be protected against moisture damages and
4) be fire resistant.
When a building is placed in noisy areas, external walls shall furthermore fu fill requirements concerning
acoustic insulation. (SBI) page 44



Bitumen felt is placed above all openings in the outer leaf

Bricks (type): Brickwork: Red brick bloodstone impure with joints filled and finished corners.




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3.1 Load bearing internal and external walls
Internal walls construction:
Aerated concrete 100 mm thick for this particular house.
Connection between ceiling and load-bearing walls:
Ceiling bottom layer (special formwork per 500mm) stud into the wall, upper side with 5 nails 3,8 x
100mm per m.
Heavy external walls are typically walls where the outer leaf is a masonry wall whereas the inner leaf is
either a masonry wall or a lightweight concrete element wall. (SBi) page 44



3.2 Electricity first stage

During the first stage of electricity, openings for the main cables are made and the connection
with the outside source is established.



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4. Steel beams and columns

Usually, the beams and the columns carry vertical forces and
horizontal loads (loads due to an earthquake or wind).
The beams loads transfer to a column or to a wall which is
supporting it. Steel beams all around the house are placed
there in order to support the roof, hold up the roof and the
joists.





Steel beams are connected to the columns with bolts and threaded fasteners. Columns are often
casted in concrete; the plasterboard or spraying with coating is to insulate it from the heat of
fire or it can be also protected by a fire resistant ceiling construction. Bricks, stones, concrete,
metal sheets and painting have been used to cover and protect the steel from the weather.
We could see on the building site that the steel beams had been casted to the foundation and
connected to hold up the roof construction and the joist. One of the beams is based in the
internal wall and the empty space is filled up with concrete but if the beam shifts than the
concrete can easily crack.









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5. Roof construction

As it is shown in the photos below and
described in SBI Direction 189, this
particular roof construction consist of the
roof cover, underlay, the load bearing
construction (rafters or roof elements)
and the ceiling construction.

Roof is built by using 25 prefabricated
trusses.




5.1 Placing the wall plates
In order to set up the trusses, wall
plates should be placed. The wall plate is
fixed to the inner leaf of the external
wall, and its purpose is to transmit the
load from the roof to the foundation and
into the soil. The truss is fixed to the
wall plate with steel brackets.
Truss Number 1
Bracket Number 2
Wall plate Number 3

5.2 Erecting trusses

The trusses used in construction of this particular house are set up in 25. The truss
consists of the rafter, foot and ties. By giving a manufacturer all the necessary
measurements a complete set of trusses can be made, which, later on, can be easily placed
on the walls and fixed to the wall plates and tied down with help of roof anchors for more
stability.




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5.3 Roof anchors and bracing

Roof anchors can be made of steel or carried out
using wire ties.
The purpose of having roof anchors and bracing is
to increase stability to the house and roof in
particular. The rafter should be anchored to
prevent wind suction from lifting the roof.

In order to know where the roof anchors have to
be placed, a roof anchoring plan is needed.
Therefore, to be able to show the exact placement
of the anchors in the plan, all the necessary load
calculations have to be made.
In order to counter horizontal wind action the
gable triangle is fixed to the battens along top
edges. Bracing is shown in the pictures to the left
Number 1; and Number 2.

As shown in the pictures below, a roof anchor is
fixed to the truss reaching down to the foundation
where it is fixed to the anchor built in the
foundation.


Anchor in full height
Number 3
Anchor showing the connection to the foundation - Number 4
Anchor on top of the inner leaf of the external wall Number 5










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5.4 Roof covering construction for roof tiles

For the roof covering concrete tiles are used. The
construction for placing these tiles is the same one
used for placing the clay tiles.

In order to put tiles on the roof, a load bearing and
stable construction has to be made. As mentioned in
chapter 13.3 trusses (Number 1) has to be fixed to
the foundation with the roof anchors (Number 2).
The following action is to fix windbreakers and
windbreaker seals, followed by fascia boards and
flashing/tilting fillet.
To cover the very ridge of the roof, underlay has to be
installed on which two layers of sarking felt are laid on,
leaving opening for ventilation. On top on the sarking felt
distance strips and battens are fixed (Number 3). Once this is
done, tiles can be fixed (Number 4). In this particular house
black concrete tiles are used, which, the same as the clay
tiles are laid on each other with a little overlap. To avoid any
chance of rain water getting into the construction, the ridge
plank has to be installed and ridge tiles put on top of it.
This particular roof is built in such a way that it allows rain
and melt water from snow run off in an appropriate manner.
Roof water must is discharged into drains via gutters and
rainwater downpipes.
Gutter Number 5
Downpipe Number 6







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5.5 Documentation on Roof Construction
According to SBi Direction 189 and
SBi Guidelines 216 Guidelines on Building Regulations (First Edition 2008)


Thermal insulation

Single family houses shall be sufficiently insulated to avoid the unnecessary consumption of energy and
to secure the achievement of satisfactory health conditions. The insulation qualities of the construction
elements are described by their coefficients of transmission, the so-called U-values. The ceiling
construction and walls separating habitable space from roof space assume the U-value 0.15 in the Heat
loss frame. Insulation in roof and external walls must be connected or overlapping in order to prevent
cold bridges. /SBi Direction 189, page 60/

4.6 Moisture and durability

4.6(1) Building must be built so as to prevent water, moisture and damp from causing damage or
undermining serviceability, impairing durability and vitiating health and safety conditions.

C (4.6(1)) Moisture effects may arise from rain, snow, surface water, groundwater, soil moisture,
construction moisture, domestic water and humidity of the air, including moisture condensation.

In order to avoid moisture load, buildings must be designed so that:

- loading of water from the surroundings is minimized;
- water and moisture are directed away from the building;
- structures provide protection against the penetration of water;
- structures can withstand normal water and moisture loads;
- damaging condensation, including surface concentration, does not occur on or in structures.

4.6(4) The building envelope must be build so as to seal it against ingress of rain and snow melt water.

Roofs must be built so as to allow rain and melt water from snow to run off in an appropriate manner.
Roof water muse be discharged into drains via gutters and/or rainwater downpipes. Unless the
municipal council requires otherwise in individual cases, gutters may be omitted from buildings in
particularly open locations, including holiday homes, and from garages, outbuildings and similar small
building, provided the roof water does not represent a nuisance to a stretch of road or to an adjacent
plot. /SBi Guidelines 216 Guidelines on Building Regulations (First Edition 2008), Chapter 4/










23

Fire protection

For fire protection purposes, roof coverings shall be suitably fire-resistant class T roof coverings (i.e. they
must be only moderately fire spreading).
One example of this is:
Roof covering of non-combustible material for example roof tiles, fiber cement sheets and metal
roofing sheets on wood or steel battens. /SBi Direction 189, page 60/



Rafter and ceiling construction

The load-bearing construction is usually made of wood in the form of collar beam rafters, trussed rafters
or common rafters/joists. By using collar beam rafters it is possible to make use of the attic for
habitation while the use of trussed rafters creates an attic with limited possibilities for use.

Common joists carry the roof covering, the subroof and the ceiling construction of the rooms below. The
common joists rest on the wall plate which transmits the load from the roof construction to the load
carrying walls. The thickness of the wall plate should be minimum 38 mm.

To avoid cold bridges at least one layer of the insulation should be placed on top of the tie beam. The
damp proof membrane must have sufficient strength and be absolutely airtight, for example 0.15 mm
polyethylene foil. Overlays should be clamped and when this is not possible the joint must be secured
using an appropriate tape. When the cavity between the roof cover/underlay roof and the insulation is
ventilated with the purpose of hindering moisture accumulation in the roof construction, the total area
of the ventilation gap must correspond to minimum 1/500 of the floor area (ground floor), and the
ventilation gap must be evenly distributed along the house facade. Rafters can be produced according to
TR 28: Trsprfag (Wooden rafters), but usually prefabricated rafters produced by a factory
affiliated with Trsprkontrollen (the wooden rafter control board) (TS marked) are used.
/SBi Direction 189, page 62/











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6. Placing windows and external doors
Windows and external doors have to be constructed in specific ways, following the Danish building
regulations. Another important matter is the sealing of these openings after windows and doors have
been fitted in.

Bitumen felt is inserted above all openings in the outer leaf. The bitumen felt is placed there to keep
moisture from gathering on top of the window or door. When using bricks in the outer leaf there is the
possibility of absorption of moisture through the brick. Normally bitumen felt is placed in the bottom of
the cavity to let the water leak out of the cavity wall through holes in the first course of bricks. When the
cavity wall is build up using aerated concrete blocks in the inner leaf and bricks in the outer leaf, the
bitumen felt is glued to the internal leaf.
When fixing windows
and external doors the
joint between the post of
frame and the window
reveal should always be
made as a so called two
step seal. The sealing
principles of the two
step seal consist of
placing a rain shield and
a wind seal in two
separate layers with a
pressure equalizing chamber and a heat insulating caulking in between SBI 189
Exterior doors and windows are made of pre-painted pine elements DVC approved (in factories). The
top-down windows (VELFAC) with one handle opens outwards and leaves in the fully open position of a
ventilation slit at the top of up to 200 mm. Window sills are Jura Gelb (marble); in the bathroom there is
used gulvklinken for window sills.


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7. Ceiling construction

Ceilings shall be constructed in such a way
that moist air cannot penetrate adjoining
building components or rooms. Special
precautions must be taken to prevent a flow
of warm and moist room air through cracks
and crevices in the ceiling. Consequently, the
ceiling shall consist of an airtight
construction for example by using a diffusion
tight panel as ceiling cladding combined with
the elastic mastic joint between ceiling and
wall. Alternatively the ceiling may be
constructed using a damp proof membrane.



When building ceilings many things have to
be taken into consideration. As the roof
construction is made of wood, the damp
proof membrane (DMP) has to be installed
underneath the foot rafter, which is folded in
the corners and reaches a few cm down the
wall. Once the DMP is placed, the furring can
be fixed which are used for fixing the ceiling
boards onto them. The very last thing to do is
to add the cornices in perimeter of the room.



After placing the insulation (Number 1) in the
attic, a catwalk has to be made. It is shown in
the picture below Number 2. Catwalk is
mostly used in emergency situations. Its
purpose is to the provide access to the attic if
needed.




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8. Building the brick outer leaf of the external walls and placing the insulation
To inner wall used 100 mm reinforced aerated concrete elements the partitions are also used 100 mm
reinforced aerated concrete elements.
Shrinkage cracks in plaster socket may occur. Gables are made of pressure treated wood.

8.1 Insulation



Dimensions: 200x1210 mm
Thickness: 150 mm
Lamda value: 32 W/mC
Density: 30 kg/m3
Temperature: 250 C (max)





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8.2 Ventilation gaps

Ventilation gaps are made to let the moister out of the outer wall.
In the outer leaf there were put ventilation gaps between the brick as
it is said in requirements.





8.3 Bricks (type)
Brickwork: The soft type of red brick will be used and the joints will be filled.

Brick work
Fully burnt, soft type of brick in first class quality, will be bricked up with the joints filled.
150 mm isolation will be used.
To the internal walls there will be used 10 cm of reinforced concrete elements. That includes the
partition walls and the internal part of the external wall.
These types of bricks are suitable for both renovation jobs and for new constructions.
The so called shrinkage cracks could occur in the foundation.





The bldstrgne brick machine produced by the same principles as the more rustic hndstrgne clay
bricks.

This yields the old distinctive appearance with curved surfaces with smrevner and lukewarm, and
simultaneously achieve good technical properties, as required by modern building materials.

Bldstrgne bricks are suitable for both renovation and for new construction.



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9. Internal work

9.1 Electricity second stage
The second stage of the electricity work is in the internal work.
An electricity box is placed in the laundry room, and from there
the electricity pipes are led from room to room, through the
internal walls and ceiling. Later on cables will be pulled through
the electricity pipe and connected into the box.




9.2 Casting concrete floors
The floor is built up with 220 mm hard insulation, which is placed on a compact sand fill. Thereafter a
Vibreton is used with a thickness of 80 100 mm, with steel
fibers of 45 50 mm. Vibreton is a self-leveling concrete that
saves handling costs on the building site. On top of the
Vibreton a hard insulation will be placed with a thickness of
50 mm. At last a concrete slap will be casted with a thickness
of 60 80 mm.
In SBI direction 189, it is written that concrete slabs should have a minimum thickness of 100 mm. But in
this case the use Vibreton, the concrete slab can be decreased. When casting the slab the concrete
there will be placed a plastic layer which will prevent it from penetrating the underlay. Usually, in the
summer, when casting a concrete floor, a vapor tight membrane is used in order to protect concrete
against drying up and cracking. As this house was being built in the winter, no such protection is
required.
In all the wet rooms it is necessary to put a slope towards the floor drain.


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9.3 Placing internal doors
3.3.3 Door Widths
3.3.3(1) Doors on the access floor of a dwelling must have a clear width of no less than 0.77 meter
1
.
The internal walls are made of
light weight concrete. Many
people these types of walls
cannot bear heavy things or
doors. But with the right wall
plugs and screws, you can
hang heavy cabinets and
doors to the lightweight wall.
It is just very important to
make sure that there is used a
sufficient number of screws
because the screws are fairly
easy to pull out of a wall of
this type.
When we visited the site there
were no internal doors in
place. Therefore it was found a method for placing internal doors:
The door-post is put together with the bottom piece
The door is placed in the door opening, and the bottom piece is adjusted in horizontal position
Thereafter the post of the hinge side is fastened with some space from the wall
The hinge side is adjusted so it is 100% in vertical position. That can be done with a help of blocks or
small pieces of wood, and of course the screw.
Then the door is mounted into the post.
When the gap between door frame and door are almost exactly alike all around, the opposite side is
fastened
At last there will be put Gerichter around the frame, hiding the gap.



1
Building regulations : page 57
2
SBI direction, page 82


30

9.4 Rendering
The purpose of rendering is two-fold, mainly to weatherproof the
building wall and to provide pleasing finishes of various textures. In
the internal work it will be used for a pleasing finish of various
textures.
The proportions of cement, lime and sand to use depends upon the
purpose of the plaster and the nature of the building surface to
which it is to be applied.
When working on rendering it is essential to remove any dirt or
grime from the wall. The most efficient way of doing this is hosing
the area with a strong jet of water or pressure washer.


9.5 Floor finishing
Tiles in kitchen and bathroom
In the bathroom the areas of the floor directly exposed to water must slope towards drain. The slope
should be 1-2 percent.
The floors in the building is an heavy floor construction. An light floor construction is when the floor
construction is built with timber.
The floor is built up with 220 mm hard insulation and thereafter a Vibreton is used with a thickness of 80
100 mm. On top of the Vibreton a hard insulation will be placed with a thickness of 50 mm. At last a
concrete slap will be casted with a thickness of 60 80 mm.
The top concrete slap in the wet room will have to be a stiff plastic, with strength of 20 MPa and must
be at least 60 mm thick
2
. That fits well where we have a concrete slap from 60-80 mm. The slope in the
bathroom can be established directly on the concrete slab or in a 10-40 mm cement mortar screed.
When concrete is laid down and is working on getting fully strengthened, it shrinks, and therefore it is
necessary to lay down the tiles as late as possible in the building process. A polyethylene foil can speed
up the process if laid down during the first few days after casting.
Parquet: The most important thing when you are working with parquet is that the moisture in the
building and for the parquet is not too high. Most building materials expand and changes when
temperature rises and falls, because wood expands and contracts with changing humidity. The floors
must be able to contract and expand in relation to other building components.

2
SBI direction, page 82


31

Wooden floor should be laid as late as possible in the
building process, like the tiles, in order to secure that
the indoor climate is sufficiently dry.
All brick and concrete work should be fininshed and
doors and windows has been placed. If the parquet is
clued to the concrete or to the screed it is necceary to
make sure there is no moisture in the concrete slab. If
there is still moisture in the concrete slab it is possible
to base the floor with a fluid/paint that helps the
concrete to dry, and then lay the parquet.

The parquet on the building site was not laid and we
had no drawings of which floor type would be used. So
we will assume that the floors will be either a floating
floor or a glued down floor.
Floating floors can move freely when the wood expands
and contracts with moisture variations. Floating floors
may be laid on top of a load distributing board or
directly on top of the intermediate layer
3
.

Glued wooden floors are always fixed firmly on top of a plane and stable structural floor and supported
throughout the entire surface
4
.





3
Wooden floors 1, laying and preparing : page 5
4
Wooden floors 1, laying and preparing : page 5


32

9.6 Painting
Paint is a material composed of a binder and a color pigment is applied to a surface. After the
lightweight wall is rendered, the walls will be painted with a base before putting the final paint on. The
rendering and painting will happen before the parquet and tiles are laid.


10.Cleaning the site
The construction process involves a large amount of materials and employees who are often working on
a tight schedule. It's no surprise then, that at the end of most projects the site is quite messy from extra
materials and dirt. Before the building can be considered complete, the site must be cleared of all
construction materials and the building
must be cleaned from top to bottom. This
work is typically performed by a
construction cleaning crew. Large
companies may have one of these teams
on staff, or they may subcontract the
work out to specialty cleaning companies.



33


CONCLUSION

As the Architectural Technology and Construction Management degree course students it is
necessary to observe the building process in order to gain better understanding and more knowledge in
construction field.
Overall, we are satisfied with the assignment and the work that we have done. By having been
given a chance to visit the building site, we were able to compare our theoretical knowledge with the
work being done in the building site. However, we did not get to see the very beginning of the building
process of the house, as well as the final stage of completion, we have definitely benefited to ourselves
as the future Constructing Architects. Some of the things we did not completely understand in
classroom became clear at the building site. For example, eave construction. Moreover, we noticed that
most of the materials being used in the building site we were already familiar with and got to use them
in our projects. We, of course, also came across some new materials and building solutions. Therefore,
we could easily compare the SBi Guidelines on Building Regulations with the real life building solutions.
We would have liked to have access to the contractors and constructing architects from the
drawing office to observe how the time schedule and site management is done.
We feel thankful for the given opportunity to observe the construction process in the building site and
for the knowledge we gained throughout this project.




34


REFERENCES

Internet:
http://www.fm-soekjaer.dk/
http://www.velfac.dk/
http://www.isover.dk
http://fronter.com/vitusbering

SBi Direction 189

SBi Guidelines 216 Guidelines on Building Regulations (First Edition 2008)

Wooden floors 1 (brochure, on Fronter)




35

SUMMARY OF WORKING PROCESS
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS .. Egita
SUMMARY . Egita
GENERAL INFORMATION . Egita
ELEVATIONS .. Egita
1. Setting out the plot (leveling, measuring) Jerome
1.1 Excavation for foundation and chambers Jerome
2. Foundation and ground supported floor Jerome
2.1 Drain, sewer, waste water pipes Jerome
2.2 Floor heating pipes and manifold Jerome
3. Walls Alberta
3.1 Load bearing internal and external walls Alberta
3.2 Electricity first stage . Alberta
4. Steel beams and columns . Oana
5. Roof construction . Egita
5.1 Place the wall plates ... Egita
5.2 Erect trusses . Egita
5.3 Roof anchors and bracing .Egita
5.4 Roof covering construction for roof tiles . Egita
5.5 Documentation on Roof Construction .Egita
6. Placing windows and external doors . Oana
6.1 Dimensions .Oana
6.2 Construction ..Oana
7. Ceiling ..Egita
8. Building the brick outer leaf of the external walls and placing the insulation Alberta
8.1 Insulation .Alberta
8.2 Ventilation gaps . Alberta
8.3 Bricks (type) Alberta
9. Internal work .. Iris
9.1 Electricity second stage ..Iris
9.2 Casting concrete floors . Iris
9.3 Placing internal doors Iris
9.4 Rendering Iris
9.5 Floor finishes ...Iris
9.6 Painting Iris
10. Cleaning the site .Iris
CONCLUSION..Group work
REFERENCES Group work