0 оценок0% нашли этот документ полезным (0 голосов)
99 просмотров8 страниц
This document summarizes the results of an electromagnetic transient study performed to assess performance requirements for 500 kV equipment on the 1,500 km North-South 500 kV interconnection in Vietnam. The study analyzed transient recovery voltages (TRVs) on circuit breakers, temporary and switching overvoltages, energy stresses on metal-oxide varistors protecting series capacitor banks, and secondary arc current extinction. TRVs on circuit breakers were found to reach up to 3.1 p.u. due to trapped charges on series capacitors. A protection scheme was devised to control temporary overvoltages during total load rejection events. The study results allowed for selection of circuit breakers and establishment of metal-oxide varistor design criteria
This document summarizes the results of an electromagnetic transient study performed to assess performance requirements for 500 kV equipment on the 1,500 km North-South 500 kV interconnection in Vietnam. The study analyzed transient recovery voltages (TRVs) on circuit breakers, temporary and switching overvoltages, energy stresses on metal-oxide varistors protecting series capacitor banks, and secondary arc current extinction. TRVs on circuit breakers were found to reach up to 3.1 p.u. due to trapped charges on series capacitors. A protection scheme was devised to control temporary overvoltages during total load rejection events. The study results allowed for selection of circuit breakers and establishment of metal-oxide varistor design criteria
This document summarizes the results of an electromagnetic transient study performed to assess performance requirements for 500 kV equipment on the 1,500 km North-South 500 kV interconnection in Vietnam. The study analyzed transient recovery voltages (TRVs) on circuit breakers, temporary and switching overvoltages, energy stresses on metal-oxide varistors protecting series capacitor banks, and secondary arc current extinction. TRVs on circuit breakers were found to reach up to 3.1 p.u. due to trapped charges on series capacitors. A protection scheme was devised to control temporary overvoltages during total load rejection events. The study results allowed for selection of circuit breakers and establishment of metal-oxide varistor design criteria
Abstract : To assess the performance required for the 500 kV equipment, an exhaustive electromagnetic transient study was performed for the design of the existing North- South series-compensated 500 kV interconnection in Vietnam. This study covered several aspects such as : the transient recovery voltages (TRVs) across the 500 kV circuit breakers (CBs), the temporary and switching overvoltages (TOVs and SOVs) in the 500 kV system, the energy stresses on the metal-oxide varistors (MOVs) protecting series- capacitor banks as well as the analysis of secondary arc current extinction. All those aspects were thoroughly investigated. These study results have allowed the selection of the 500 kV circuit breakers to withstand severe TRV conditions on series compensated lines. A special protection scheme has also been devised to control temporary overvoltages in the 500 kV system in case of total load rejection. Moreover, the MOV design criteria have been established in light of study results. Finally, the efficiency of the installed reactor neutral circuits for secondary arc current extinction has also been verified.
1. INTRODUCTION.
In 1994, the North-South 1487-km 500-kV transmission line in Vietnam was put into service interconnecting the three regional sub-transmission systems: The Northern, The Central and The Southern region. This interconnection has been built for the purpose of : unifying the national electrical network, exchanging the generated electric power between the three regions as well as optimizing the electricity production cost from various resources during the rainy and dry seasons in the country. The 500 kV line has interconnected, from North to South, to five substations namely : Hoa Binh, Ha Tinh, Da Nang, Pleiku and Phu Lam. From Hoa Binh to Phu Lam, each 500 kV line section is series compensated to approximately 60% (30% on each end) and shunt compensated to 70% (35% on each end). Furthermore, in order to improve the system transient stability following a spurious single-phase fault on the 500 kV line, single-phase auto-reclosing (SPAR) systems were used on the four 500 kV line sections. Fig. 1 presents the existing North-South 500 kV interconnection.
Fig. 1: The Vietnamese North-South 500 kV Interconnection.
A turn-key contract for the construction of the above mentioned 500 kV substations was awarded to MG-SE. This paper presents the results of electromagnetic transient study that was subcontracted to HQI by MG-SE for the design and specification of 500 kV equipment supplied for these substations. This study covered several aspects such as : the transient recovery voltages on 500 kV breakers, the temporary and switching overvoltages, the energy stresses on MOV as well as the analysis of secondary arc current extinction. The analysis of electromagnetic transient phenomena in the 500 kV interconnection was performed with DCG/EPRI EMTP and based on the 1995 system configurations established in [1]. For the interpretation of study results, 1 p.u. of TRV or overvoltage presented in the paper is defined on the base voltage of 449 kV-peak.
2. TRVs ACROSS LINE CIRCUIT BREAKERS.
It is well known that the addition of series-capacitor banks on transmission line will substantially increase the TRVs across line circuit breakers due to the presence of trapped charges on 2 series-capacitor banks at the time of line trip [2]. Moreover, high temporary overvoltages on long radial transmission lines in case of total load rejection will result in severe TRV stresses on line breakers during out-of-phase and unloaded line interruptions. Therefore, TRV stresses on the 500 kV circuit breakers were analyzed for the following interruption conditions :
2.1 TRVs caused by fault clearings. To determine the worst TRV stresses on the 500 kV line breakers, the following parameters have been evaluated :
Both light and full load system configurations. Four types of faults : phase-to-ground (p-g), phase-to- phase ungrounded (p-p), phase-to-phase-to-ground (p-p-g) and three-phase-to-ground (3p-g). Five fault locations from 1 to 5 along the line section. Random fault applications and clearings.
Fig. 2: Simulation of TRV on Pleiku-Phu Lam line CBs.
Study results for the Pleiku-Phu Lam line section as presented in Fig. 2 have shown that TRVs for the light load system are less severe than for the full load system. This confirms the effect of trapped charges on series-capacitor banks in the increasing of TRVs as mentioned earlier. For other line sections, only the full load system configurations were analyzed. This will give more conservative results. The most severe TRVs are caused by 3p-g or p-p faults. The worst TRVs are listed in the Table-1 for any combination of fault types and locations :
Line section North line end South line end Hoa Binh-Ha Tinh 2.7 2.4 Ha Tinh-Da Nang 3.0 2.6 Da Nang-Pleiku 2.9 2.5 Pleiku-Phu Lam 3.1 2.5 Table-1: Maximum TRV levels (in p.u. based on 449 kV-peak)
Fig. 3 illustrates a waveform of TRV caused by a 3p-g fault. Fig. 3: TRV on the Pleiku-South CB during a 3p-g fault at 5.
2.2 TRVs during unloaded line openings under overvoltage conditions. For the Hoa Binh-Phu Lam interconnection, the separation of the network at Phu Lam will create important temporary overvoltages of which the duration must be limited by remote tripping of the Da Nang and Pleiku line breakers. These remotely controlled trips require to have the concerned breakers capable of withstanding the worst TRVs associated with the unloaded line openings under overvoltage conditions. The simulation of unloaded line interruptions at Da Nang and Pleiku subsequent to a network separation at Phu Lam was performed on both light and full load system configurations. The results obtained show that the worst TRVs will lie between 2.9 and 3.5 p.u. for the various conditions evaluated. There is no significant difference between the Da Nang and Pleiku TRV levels. Fig. 4 shows the waveform of the Pleiku TRV during unloaded line opening subsequent to a system separation at Phu Lam.
Fig. 4: TRV on Pleiku CB during unloaded line opening subsequent to the system separation at Phu Lam.
2.3 TRVs associated to out-of-phase interruptions. Two methods are proposed to energize the 500 kV interconnection. The first one [1] recommends the energizing of Hoa Binh-to- Phu Lam sections followed by a synchronizing at Phu Lam. The second method [3] rather suggests a synchronizing at Da Nang preceded by the energizing of Hoa Binh-to-Da Nang sections and Phu Lam-to-Da Nang sections. During a false synchronizing operation, there could be a situation where both parts of the system have opposite phasing at the time that the breaker is closed or tripped. Simulations were performed to determine the TRVs under these conditions according to both energizing methods previously mentioned. The results show a maximum TRV of 2.9 p.u. in both cases. Fig. 5 illustrates the TRV on the Da Nang CB during out-of-phase interruption.
Fig. 5: TRV on the Da Nang CB during out-of-phase interruption.
The high TRVs present on the Vietnamese North-South 500 kV interconnection can be explained by two main factors: the series-capacitor banks with their trapped charges considerably increase the TRVs and the particular system configuration which features a very long single line that will promote the creation of overvoltages each time a breaker is tripped. These high TRV conditions are not unusual events and there is no simple and efficient solution to reduce these TRVs to acceptable level for any system operating condition. Therefore, following this study and according to an agreement between MG-SE and the Vietnamese Authority, it was decided to install the 500 kV circuit breakers having four interrupting chambers to withstand the worst TRV conditions 3 on the North-South series compensated 500kV inter- connection.
3. TEMPORARY AND SWITCHING OVERVOLTAGES.
Important transient and temporary overvoltages can occur on long radial AC transmission lines in case of total load shedding. The use of single-phase tripping and auto-reclosing technique to maintain the system stability following spurious single phase faults can also produce high transient overvoltages should this scheme not operate properly. Temporary and switching overvoltages on the Hoa Binh-Phu Lam 500 kV interconnection were analyzed for the following events :
System separation. Faulty operation of SPAR systems. Energizing of a line section with single phase fault at the open end. Line energizing. Transformer energizing.
3.1 System Separation. The particular configuration of Hoa Binh - Phu Lam interconnection which features a very long single line subjects to network separation by the tripping of a single line breaker, either accidentally or by the system protection. The study has covered 7 possible separation locations along the interconnection as illustrated in Fig. 6.
Fig. 6: Separation possibilities along the Hoa Binh-Phu Lam line.
a) System separations at the locations 1 and 7. Under the condition of power transfer from Hoa Binh to Phu Lam, a system separation at the location 1 leaving the unloaded auto- transformers connected on the lightly loaded long 500 kV Hoa Binh-Phu Lam line will generate high magnitude and extended low frequency oscillation superimposed to the fundamental frequency voltages along the line as shown in Fig. 7. Similar overvoltage condition would be observed for a system separation at the location 7 in case of power transfer from Phu Lam to Hoa Binh. In order to avoid dangerous conditions associated with extended oscillation voltages, it is strongly suggested to initiate a fast shutdown of the auto- transformers at Phu Lam or Hoa Binh by tripping the 220 kV as well as the 500 kV breakers following a system separation at the location 1 or 7.
Fig. 7: Overvoltages caused by a system separation at the loc. 1
b) System separations at the locations from 2 to 6. The temporary overvoltages followed the system separations at the locations from 2 to 6 are caused by the Ferranti effect of the lightly loaded line sections that are still connected to the source side of the interconnection. Therefore, in the case of power transfer from Hoa Binh to Phu Lam, the highest overvoltage is observed during the system separation at the location 2. On contrary, under the condition of power transfer from Phu Lam to Hoa Binh, the system separation at the location 6 would generate the worst overvoltage condition. The network separations at the locations from 2 to 6 along the interconnection were simulated for both light and full load system configurations. The presence or absence of a fault prior to the separation has also been analyzed. Furthermore, the isolation of the Da Nang local grid from the 500 kV system as well as the outage of one shunt reactor along the interconnection have also been considered. Simulation results reveal that the temporary overvoltages for the light load system are more severe than for the full load system. The presence of a fault prior to the separation increases the transient overvoltage level immediately followed the network separation. The worst overvoltage condition for a power transfer from Hoa Binh to Phu Lam results from a separation at the location 2 on the light load system in which one shunt reactor at Pleiku is out of service and the Da Nang local grid is isolated from the 500 kV system. As illustrated in Fig. 8, important temporary overvoltages of 1.95 p.u. appear following the system separation. These overvoltages will impose very severe stresses on the 500 kV equipment such as: 468 kV system surge arresters, shunt reactors, power transformers and other internally insulated equipment. Therefore, protective measures to quickly limit the duration of those overvoltages are required.
Fig. 8 : The worst temporary overvoltages at Phu Lam followed a system separation at the location 2.
c) Remote transfer tripping and overvoltage protection schemes. As mentioned earlier overvoltages following a system separation are caused by the Ferranti effect of the line sections that are still connected to the source side. Fast removal of these line sections will reduce the magnitude as well as the duration of these overvoltages. The two following protection schemes have been suggested :
Initiate the remote transfer tripping of the Da Nang- Pleiku and Pleiku-Phu Lam line sections at both ends when one of the line breakers at Pleiku or Phu Lam receives a three phase trip order. This remote transfer tripping scheme could also be applied for the Da Nang- Ha Tinh and Ha Tinh-Hoa Binh line sections to cover the case of power transfer from Phu Lam to Hoa Binh as illustrated in Fig. 9 4 Implement an overvoltage protection in every 500 kV substation to limit the overvoltage maximum duration.
Fig. 9: Remote transfer tripping scheme for the Hoa Binh-Phu Lam interconnection.
The worst case of overvoltages following a system separation at the location 2 has been tested to verify the efficiency of the remote transfer tripping scheme up to Da Nang substation.
a) Overvoltages at Phu Lam
b) Overvoltages at Pleiku
c) Overvoltages at Da Nang.
Fig. 10: Effect of remote transfer tripping up to Da Nang on overvoltages following a system separation at the location 2.
It can be seen in Fig. 10 that the overvoltages at Phu Lam, Pleiku and Da Nang following a system separation at the location 2 were rapidly reduced once the remote tripping completed. Moreover, as shown in Fig. 11, maximum energy stress in the 468 kV system surge arrester is 5.5 MJ. Furthermore, it has also been suggested to implement overvoltage protection in every 500 kV substation in order to limit the overvoltage maximum duration following a system separation.
Fig. 11: System separation at the location 2 - Energy stresses in 468-kV surge arresters at Phu Lam, Pleiku and Da Nang.
3.2 Faulty operation of SPAR systems. The use of single phase tripping and reclosing technique to improve the system stability following a spurious single phase fault might produce transient and temporary overvoltages should this scheme not operate properly. Overvoltages can occur under the following conditions :
a) Single phase faulty reclosing at one line end. When a line phase is tripped followed a spurious single phase fault, the load current will cease to flow in that phase. The situation of faulty reclosing at one line end is similar to the network separation previously analyzed; here however, this is a line single phase separation as shown in Fig. 12-a.
a) Single phase separation during tripping/reclosing sequences.
b)Overvoltage at Phu Lam open end when reclosing at Pleiku. c) Overvoltage at Pleiku open end when reclosing at Phu Lam.
Fig. 12: Overvoltages caused by single phase reclosing at one line end only.
On the upstream sections (source side), the Ferranti effect on the open phase will generate overvoltages, and the reclosing on this side of the network will make the situation worse as illustrated in Fig. 12-b since the reclosed section susceptance is added on the open phase. However, on the downstream sections (load side), the open phase is still connected to the load grid, and recorded overvoltages when reclosing on this side are usually smaller as seen in Fig. 12-c.
5 b) Single phase false tripping at one line end. A false operation of a single phase trip system can produce an opening of the line phase without having a fault. This situation produces the overvoltages similar to the line single phase separation previously described. The maximum overvoltage reach 1.6 p.u. upon a breaker pole false trip at Phu Lam as illustrated in Fig. 13.
Fig. 13: Overvoltage caused by a single phase false trip at Phu Lam.
c) Remedy measures. Generally, overvoltages caused by faulty operation of SPAR systems are less severe than those in system separation. However, these overvoltages will last as long as the line phase stays open at one end due to a stuck breaker pole or a failure of SPAR system. Therefore, the following measures have been suggested to limit the magnitude and duration of overvoltages :
To limit the reclosing overvoltage magnitude, it was suggested to apply the sequential SPAR systems that allow to reclose the load side line end before the source side line end. To control the maximum overvoltage duration in each line phase, it was suggested that the overvoltage measurement for overvoltage protection in each substation must be performed on single phase basis. It was also suggested to implement a line backup protection feature which could detect the condition one phase open at only one line end and initiate a three phase tripping of the line at both end.
3.3 Energizing of a line section with a single phase fault at the open end. High transient and temporary overvoltages can appear on the healthy phases when energizing a line section with a permanent single phase fault applied to the open end. Overvoltage conditions were analyzed according to both methods of 500 kV line energizing: first according to [1], the energizing from Hoa Binh to Phu Lam followed by the synchronizing at Phu Lam and second, as proposed by [3], the synchronizing at Da Nang after energizing the Hoa Binh-to- Da Nang and Phu Lam-to-Da Nang sections. The highest temporary overvoltage of 1.70 p.u. were recorded in Fig. 14 when energizing the Pleiku-Phu Lam section with a single phase fault applied at Phu Lam open end. However, the maximum overvoltage recorded for the energizing of the Ha Tinh-Da Nang section with a single phase fault applied at the Da Nang open end only reaches 1.30 p.u.
Fig. 14: Overvoltages at Phu Lam when energizing the Pleiku-Phu Lam line with a single phase fault applied at Phu Lam
Therefore, in order to minimize the overvoltage stresses to equipment when energizing the interconnection the following measures were suggested :
Disable the SPAR systems on the four line section when energizing the interconnection. This measure allows to prevent reclosing on a permanent fault when energizing the interconnection. Apply the method proposed by [3], i.e. the synchronizing at Da Nang after energizing the Hoa Binh-to-Da Nang and Phu Lam-to-Da Nang sections, for energizing the Hoa Binh-Phu Lam interconnection.
3.4 Line energizing. The 500 kV line CBs installed on the Hoa Binh-Phu Lam interconnection were equipped with closing resistors. They have the following characteristics: 1000 for the Pleiku - Phu Lam section, 600 for the other three sections. The specified insertion time of these closing resistors was 10 2 ms. To assess the performances of these closing resistors, switching overvoltages caused by line energizing were analyzed according to both methods of 500 kV line energizing previously described [1], [3].
a) Line energizing from Hoa Binh to Phu Lam as proposed by [1]. The maximum switching overvoltage of 1.55 p.u. was recorded when energizing the Pleiku-Phu Lam section as illustrated in Fig. 15.
Fig. 15: Switching overvoltage at Phu Lam when energizing the Pleiku-Phu Lam section with 1000 - 10 2 ms closing resistor
On these wave shapes, the beat around 10 Hz are superimposed to the fundamental frequency voltage.
Fig. 16: System impedance seen at Pleiku once energized from Hoa Binh-to-Phu Lam with 4 to 8 generators at Hoa Binh
6 This condition is originated by the excitation of the first system impedance pole to approximately 60 Hz during the line closing at Pleiku as seen in Fig. 16. Due to this low frequency beat, the short insertion time closing resistors have only little effect on the overvoltage level.
b) Line energizing from Hoa Binh-to-Da Nang sections and from Phu Lam-to-Da Nang sections according to [3]. The maximum overvoltage of 1.40 p.u. was recorded when energizing the Ha Tinh-Da Nang section as shown in Fig. 17. The beat phenomena were also observed on the fundamental frequency voltages. However the beat frequencies are higher because of shorter lines involved. In this case, the first system impedance pole seen at Ha Tinh was around 78-82 Hz as indicated in Fig. 18. Again, due to these low frequency beats, the short insertion time closing resistors have only little effect on the overvoltage level.
Fig. 17: Switching overvoltages at Da Nang when energizing the Ha Tinh-Da Nang section with 600 - 10 2 ms closing resistor
Fig. 18: System impedance seen at Ha Tinh once energized from Hoa Binh-to-Da Nang with 4 to 8 generators at Hoa Binh
Although the specified closing resistors and their insertion time were not optimum to damp the natural system oscillations at the time of line energizing according to both proposed methods, they were considered acceptable since the overvoltages involved remain relatively low (1.55 p.u. max.)
3.5 Transformer energizing. Once the Hoa Binh-Phu Lam line is energized with either one of the above mentioned methods, the 500-225 kV, 450 MVA transformers will be progressively energized at Ha Tinh, Da Nang and Pleiku substations by the 500 kV CBs having the same characteristics as the 500 kV line breakers. To maximize the inrush currents, the transformer energizing was performed at the zero voltage crossing. The residual flux of 75% of rated flux was set for one of the three transformer phases at the time of transformer energizing. Simulation results reveal that the transformer energizing along the Hoa Binh-Phu Lam interconnection will not generate harmful overvoltages.
4. ENERGY STRESSES ON MOVs.
The series-capacitor banks on the existing Hoa Binh-Phu Lam 500 kV interconnection are protected by MOVs connected in parallel. This provides the advantage of a reinsertion time practically instantaneous following a fault thus greatly improving the system transient stability following a major disturbance. During a fault, the MOVs limit the maximum overvoltages across the series-capacitor bank to their protective level (normally 2-2.5 time the series-capacitor bank rated peak voltage). Therefore, they must be designed to absorb the energy associated to such a condition. Once the fault is cleared, the MOVs cease to conduct and the bank is somewhat instantaneously reinserted in the circuit. However, it is not economic to size the MOVs to take care of the worst possible faults. In extreme cases, it is acceptable to have the MOVs quickly bypassed by the protective controlled gap when their energy absorption capacities are likely to be exceeded. In general, for external faults to the line where the series capacitors are located, no bypass is allowed except for very severe faults (multiple faults or excessively long duration faults). For an internal fault where no fast reclosing is provided, MOV bypass is acceptable since the line will be tripped anyway and the series capacitor will be lost. For the Hoa Binh-Phu Lam interconnection, the line must be quickly reclosed to maintain the system stability following a spurious single phase internal fault, the fast bypass of the series capacitors on the faulty phase can be acceptable provided that these bypasses will help to accelerate the secondary arc current extinction and ensure a trouble free line reclosing. In order to establish reasonable design criteria, the energy stresses on MOVs were evaluated for 4-cycle single- phase and three-phase faults for the 1995 full load system configuration as illustrated in Fig. 19.
Fig. 19: Fault locations along the Hoa Binh-Phu Lam interconnection for the evaluation of energy stresses in MOVs.
Simulation results were summarized in the table-2 indicating for each series-capacitor bank, the external and internal fault locations that produce the worst energy absorption conditions in the MOVs and the worst associated energy levels.
Internal fault
External fault Series- capacitor bank Pos. E p-g (MJ) E 3p-g (MJ) Pos. E p-g (MJ) E 3p-g (MJ) Hoa Binh (S) 2 32 26 5 3.8 7.4 Ha Tinh (N) 4 3 6 5 4.4 7.6 Ha Tinh (S) 5 4.8 8 8 0.9 2.6 Da Nang (N) 7 1.1 2.1 8 1.2 2.7 Da Nang (S) 8 4.3 3.1 11 1.3 2.2 Pleiku (N) 10 0.9 1.4 11 1.4 2.0 Pleiku (S) 11 2 3.3 9 0.2 0.8 Phu Lam (N) 12 10.8 5.6 13 0.9 0.5 Table-2: Worst energy stresses on MOVs for various fault locations along the Hoa Binh-Phu Lam interconnection.
E p-g : energy in MOVs during phase-to-ground fault. E 3-pg : energy in MOVs during three-phase-to-ground fault
7 From these simulation results, the following MOV design criteria have been established for the series-capacitor banks on the existing Hoa Binh-Phu Lam interconnection considering the use of SPAR systems on the four line sections:
Fault location MOV design criteria proposed for the Hoa Binh- Phu Lam interconnection.
External faults The most constraining of the two following events : Three phase to ground fault of 4 cycle duration. The first phase-to-ground fault of 4 cycle duration (see note 1) followed by 0.5 s dead time followed by the second phase-to- ground fault cleared in 12 cycles (backup protection time delay). The bypass is allowed only 4 cycle after the initiation of the second phase-to-ground fault.
(1) It has to be added the energy stresses on MOVs due to power oscillation. Internal faults Bypass on single phase basis through external control signal is allowed when required.
5. ANALYSIS OF SECONDARY ARC CURRENT EXTINCTION.
In order to improve the system transient stability following a spurious single phase fault, the SPAR systems were used on the four 500 kV line sections of the Hoa Binh-Phu Lam interconnection. The reclosing dead times recommended by [1] for the four line sections: Hoa Binh-Ha Tinh, Ha Tinh-Da Nang, Da Nang-Pleiku and Pleiku-Phu Lam are respectively 0.6 s, 0.9 s, 1.0 s and 1.0 s. Therefore, the prime condition of a successful single phase reclosing is to have the secondary arc current extinguished on time and the arc canal sufficiently de-ionized to withstand the reclosing overvoltages. On the Vietnamese 500 kV series-compensated lines with shunt reactors connected to the middle between the line breakers and the series-capacitor banks, the secondary arc current during single phase reclosing is composed of the following four components :
A component due to the inter-phase inductive coupling. A component due to the inter-phase capacitive coupling. A component due to the series capacitor discharge in the fault. A dc component due to the energy trapped in the shunt reactors at the time when the fault is initiated.
The component resulting from the inter-phase inductive coupling do not create problems since its magnitude is generally less than 10 A. For the four line sections of the Hoa Binh-Phu Lam interconnection, the magnitudes of the capacitive coupling components which are given in Table-3, were calculated assuming perfectly transposed lines according to [4].
Line section Hoa Binh - Ha Tinh Ha Tinh - Da Nang Da Nang - Pleiku Pleiku - Phu Lam Is (A rms) 53.8 61.0 40.6 77.8 Table-3: Capacitive coupling components of secondary arc currents. The recovery voltage, also calculated according to [4], is 43.1 kV rms. Considering that above 40 Arms, the secondary arc extinction within 1.0 second is unlikely to take place and that other components will prolong the arc extinction time as well, it is necessary to reduce the capacitive coupling components by adding the reactor neutral circuits. For the four line sections of the Hoa Binh-Phu Lam interconnection the installed reactor neutral circuits have the following characteristics :
Neutral reactor Neutral resistor Line section Tap no. X () R DC () Hoa Binh - Ha Tinh 2 650 28 Ha Tinh - Da Nang 0 800 33 Da Nang Pleiku 0 800 33 Pleiku Phu Lam 1 550 25 Table-4 : Characteristics of the installed shunt reactor neutral circuits.
To verify the efficiency of these reactor neutral circuits, the secondary arc currents on the four line sections have been analyzed for the 1995 full load system configurations. The simulation results reveal that in case of no series-capacitor bypass, the secondary arc currents are of high magnitudes and dominantly the 5-7 Hz oscillating discharge currents as seen in Fig. 20. These currents will extend the arc quenching time and make it difficult to achieve the reclosing dead times recommended by [1]. Therefore, it will be necessary to eliminate the series capacitor discharge currents in order to accelerate the arc quenching process. The best way to do this is to short the series capacitors at both ends of the faulty phase by giving single phase closing orders to both bypass breakers. These closing orders could be initiated by line protection for single phase fault and must be operate as quickly as possible within the first time-out periods (Tbypass). At the instant of series-capacitor bypass the oscillating discharge currents disappear and the dc components show up on the secondary arc currents.
Fig. 21: Shunt reactor dc flow paths after series capacitor bypass.
These dc components will dissipate through the arc resistance, the neutral circuit resistance and the system resistance as shown in Fig. 21. Simulation results, as illustrated in Fig. 20, indicate that under the effect of arc resistance, the shunt reactor dc currents can ultimately cause a maximum delay Tdc of 200 ms in the creation of the first current zero crossing and consequently, in the secondary arc maximum extinction time.
8
a) Capacitor discharge and dc components of secondary arc current on the Hoa Binh-Ha Tinh line section
b) Capacitor discharge and dc components of secondary arc current on the Ha Tinh-Da Nang line section
c) Capacitor discharge and dc components of secondary arc current on the Da Nang-Pleiku line section
d) Capacitor discharge and dc components of secondary arc current on the Pleiku-Phu Lam line section
Fig. 20: Capacitor discharge and dc components of secondary arc currents on the four 500 kV line sections
Once the major components of secondary arc current are eliminated and damped out, the remaining arc current components are associated with inductive and residual capacitive couplings. These residual arc currents have to be quenched before the line reclosing takes place. The test data gathered in [5] were used to predict the residual arc quenching time Tarc in function of the product of the residual arc current by prospective recovery voltage (Is x Vs) for the four line sections. Furthermore, assuming a time delay Tdielectric of 100 ms for the arc path dielectric regeneration, the total dead time for secondary arc current extinction should be :
Various dead time components for the four line sections were given in the Table-5.
Table-5: Residual arc current and various dead time components estimated for the four line sections Line section Is Arms Vs kV rms Tarc ms* Tdc ms Tdielectric ms Tbypass** ms HB-HT 17.8 35.4 200 200 100 100 HT-DN 28.3 35.4 470 200 100 130 DN-PK 18.4 43.1 320 200 100 380 PK-PL 25.0 30.0 270 200 100 430 (*) estimated residual arc quenching time in function of Is x Vs [5] (**) maximum allowable for series capacitor bypass time to meet the total dead time recommended by [1].
From these results, the reclosing dead time of 0.6 s, 0.9 s, 1. s and 1. s. respectively recommended by [1] for the four line sections: Hoa Binh-Ha Tinh, Ha Tinh-Da Nang, Da Nang- Pleiku and Pleiku-Phu Lam are achievable with the installed reactor neutral circuits and the application of fast bypass actions to the series capacitors at both end of the faulty phase. However for the Hoa Binh-Ha Tinh line section, the series capacitors bypass should be completed within the first 100 ms of the time-out.
6. CONCLUSIONS.
Extensive electromagnetic transient study has been performed for the design of the existing North-South series-compensated 500 kV interconnection in Vietnam. From these study results the following main conclusions could be drawn :
The 500 kV circuit breakers are subjected to severe TRV conditions of very long series-compensated single line that promote the creation of high transient overvoltages each time a breaker is tripped. Transient and temporary overvoltages in the North-South 500 kV system in case of total load rejection can be efficiently controlled by using the remote transfer tripping and overvoltage protection schemes. The reclosing dead times recommended by [1] to maintain the system stability following a spurious single phase fault are achievable with the installed shunt reactor neutral circuits and the application of fast bypass actions to the series capacitors at both ends of the faulty phase.
REFERENCES.
[1] Nippon Koei Co. Ltd. Tokyo Japan, North-South 500 kV Transmission System Project - Technical Report, September 1992. [2] B. Khodabakhchian and al., TRV and the Non-zero Crossing Phenomenon in Hydro-Quebecs Projected 735 kV Series-Compensated System, CIGR Paris 1992. [3] Pacific Power International - SECV International, North- South 500 kV Transmission Line Project - System Studies parts A and B, December 1992. [4] N. Knudsen, Single Phase Switching of Transmission Lines Using Reactors for Extinction of the Secondary Arc, CIGR report no. 310, Session 1962. [5] D. E. Perry et al., tude et valuation du R- enclenchement Monophas dans les Rseau Ultra Haute Tension des tats-Unis, rapport 39-08 de la CIGR Session 1984.